Pollution Engineering August 2011

FOR AIR, WATER, POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS SOLU SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

AUGUST 2011

Counting Calories Pg 18

Counting FOG Pg 22

Counting on RTO Pg 24 www.pollutionengineering.com

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INSIDE

AUGUST 2011

VOLUME 43

NO. 8

COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 In the fast-paced world of today’s technology, EPA is seeking to develop an app for the environment. By Roy Bigham

Legal Lookout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Because of the confusion and many objections, EPA has had to delay the reporting period and extend the comment period for the TSCA inventory update. More regs are coming. By Lynn L. Bergeson

Practical Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 It is possible with the proper preparation to avoid bad publicity and potential fines. Here are 10 steps that will accomplish just that. By Norman Wei

State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

SPECIAL REPORTS

Success Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

24

Learn about successful applications of environmental technology and perhaps discover a new idea.

DEPARTMENTS EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

FEATURES Remediation Roundtable Review – Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wastewater Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

14

A group of leaders in the remediation industry gathered to talk about properly applying technology to meet cleanup goals. This is part two of a review of the discussion hosted by Pollution Engineering.

Counting Calories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Environmental Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Classified Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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FOR AIR, WATER, POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS SOLU SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

Proper monitoring of caloric value in mixed gaseous fuels can result in significant savings for emission waste streams. AUGUST 2011

Seeing Through the FOG . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Nearly every company that discharges water has a FOG restriction in their permit and must analyze their effluent. While it has to be done, it does not need to be complicated and expensive.

Don't Stop the Presses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ON THE COVER

24

A pulp & paper mill needed to rebuild or replace its RTO, but shutting down the system was not an option.

Counting Calories Pg 18

Counting FOG Pg 22

Counting on RTO Pg 24 www.pollutionengineering.com

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EDITOR'SDESK Is There an App for That? In the fast-paced world of today’s technology, EPA is seeking to develop an app for the environment.

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martphones, electronic tablets and other gadgets have reached a status of ubiquity. Cell phones are quickly becoming a necessary business tool from New York high rises to the backwaters of developing nations. Whatever your business, whatever your market, it seems like these days there’s an “app” for that. EPA would like to join in on the action. Early in June, the agency announced that it was seeking help to develop applications (apps) that would benefit the environment. “By harnessing American ingenuity we can find new ways every day to better protect our health and environment,” said EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson. “Blending technology with a wide range of environmental data, Apps for the Environment will help present useful information in a user-friendly way for our families, neighbors and communities. I’m excited to see the innovations that professional software developers and high school students alike can create.” The staff at Pollution Engineering thought it might be fun to come up with a few ideas for apps that could be developed. Here are a few of the ideas tossed around. CFR Code Finder – 40 CFR is the source of all the environmental regulations. The app would allow a user to type in key words and bring every regulation from the codebooks to the screen. Key words could also be spoken into the device. What’s Dat – This would enable people to determine just what they are seeing. Imagine a citizen walking down the road and spying an offensive pile of something next to the road. Snap a photo and press

send. A database of all known pollutants would be instantly searched and the results displayed. It would solve the problem created by people looking at iron bacteria floating in the neighborhood ditch and calling to report an oil spill. Smell Dat – In addition to the previous app, a device would attach to the electronic gadget that could automatically sample an offensive odiferous emission and instantly alert the user. A hook would be built on the top of the attachment to allow the rather expensive device to be dangled down dark holes or over precipices to gather information from hard to reach places. Report Dat – Citizens could increase their involvement in protecting the environment by snapping photographs or recording video of suspicious activity. Just run the app and the information would automatically and anonymously be sent to the agency. Besides the visual record, date and time data, and GPS coordinates would be included. Next time someone is seen pointing their electronic device at something, it could be worth wondering why. For those interested, the link to EPA’s challenge website is www.epa.gov/appsfortheenvironment. Or just pull out your smartphone and follow the mobile tag. PE

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

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7

ENVIRONEWS PE Events SEPTEMBER 2011 12-13 Workshop on Future Air Quality Model

Development Needs, Washington, D.C.,

www.awma.org/Core/Events/eventdetails.aspx?iKey=S136310

13-15 10th International Conference on

Filtration, Leogong, Austria, www.p84. com/product/p84/en/about/eventsfairs/Pages/default.aspx 14-16 Excellence in Building Conference & Expo,

Las Vegas, www.eeba.org/conference 14-16 Biorefining Conference and Trade Show,

Houston, http://2011ibct.biomassconference.com/ema/DisplayPage. aspx?pageId=Home

15-16 Kazakhstan Wind Energy Summit, Astana,

Kazakhstan, www.kazwindsummit.com 18-21 2nd North American Conference on

Ozone and Ultraviolet Technologies – Green Technology Benefits Environment & Industry, Conference and Exposition, Toronto, Canada, www.io3a.org

20-22 Hydrovision Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, www.hydrovisionbrazil.com

20-22 RETECH 2011, Washington, D.C., www.retech2011.com

25-29 XIVth IWRA World Water Congress,

Recife, Brazil, www.worldwatercongress.com/en 27-29 Waste & Recycling Expo Mexico, Mexico

City, www.wasterecyclingmexico.com 28-29 Geotec Event 2011, Vancouver, B.C., www.geoplace.com

28-30 tcbiomass 2011 International Conference

on Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Science, Chicago, www.gastechnology. org/tcbiomass2011

29-01 Water Philippines 2011, Manila, the

Philippines, www.waterphilippines. merebo.com

OCTOBER 2011 3-9

28th International Activated Carbon Conf., Pittsburgh, www.pacslabs.com

14-16 10th International Exhibition &

Seminars on Bag Filter Technology and Equipment, Suzhou, China, www. bagfilter.net/english/englishi.html

15-19 WEFTEC 2011 84th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, www.weftec.org

17-20 ISA Automation Week, Mobile, Ala., www.isaautomationweek.org

U.S. Supreme Court Stands by Earlier GHG Decision In 2007, the Supreme Court decided that the EPA did have the authority to regulate the so-called “greenhouse gas” emissions if they determined they caused a threat. That decision was challenged and upheld. On June 20, 2011, the Supreme Court again issued a decision over the issue of whether the Clean Air Act authorized the EPA to regulate GHG emissions such as CO2. In the matter of the American Electric Power Co., Inc., et al. v. Connecticut et al, the high court reaffirmed that the EPA had the authority. The justices overwhelmingly agreed on the issue. An excerpt of the decision reads: “In Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U. S. 497, this Court held that the Clean Air Act authorizes federal regulation of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, and that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had misread that Act when it denied a rulemaking petition seeking controls on greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles. In response, EPA commenced a rulemaking under §111 of the Act, 42 U. S. C. §7411, to set limits on greenhouse gas emissions from new, modified, and existing fossil-fuel fired power plants. Pursuant to a settlement finalized in March 2011, EPA has committed to issuing a final rule by May 2012. “The lawsuits considered here began well before EPA initiated efforts to regulate greenhouse gases. Two groups of plaintiffs, respondents here, filed separate complaints in a Federal District Court against the same five major electric power companies, petitioners here. One group of plaintiffs included eight States and New York City; the second joined three nonprofit land trusts. According to the complaint, the defendants are the largest emitters of carbon dioxide in the Nation. By contributing to global warming, the plaintiffs asserted, the defendants' emissions substantially and unreasonably interfered with public rights, in violation of the federal common law of interstate nuisance, or, in the alternative, of State tort law. All plaintiffs ask for a decree setting carbon dioxide emissions for each defendant at an initial cap, to be further reduced annually. “The District Court dismissed both suits as presenting nonjusticiable political questions, but the Second Circuit reversed. On the threshold questions, the Circuit held that the suits were not barred by the political question doctrine and that the plaintiffs had adequately alleged Article III standing. On the merits, the court held that the plaintiffs had stated a claim under the ‘federal common law of nuisance,’ relying on this Court’s decisions holding that States may maintain suits to abate air and water pollution produced by other states or by out-of-state industry, see, e.g., Illinois v. Milwaukee, 406 U. S. 91, 93 (Milwaukee I). The court further determined that the Clean Air Act did not “displace” federal common law.” A copy of the entire decision is available on the U.S. Supreme Court’s website: www. supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/10-174.pdf.

Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for additional information. 8

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

ENVIRONEWS protect U.S. waters. These waters are critical for the health of the American people, the economy and ecosystems in communities across the country. This change in the public comment period will not impact the schedule for finalizing the guidance or alter the intent to proceed with a rulemaking. More information is available at water. epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/ CWAwaters.cfm.

AIR Texas Air Permit Update On July 12, 2011, the EPA announced that all flexible permit companies in Texas have agreed to apply for approved air permits, helping to achieve clean air in the state and providing for regulatory certainty. In September 2010, the EPA notified all of the 136 flexible permit holders that they needed to seek Clean Air Act compliant permits from the state. “I appreciate the on-going work by Texas Commission on Environmental Quality in processing new permits for these Texas businesses,” said Region 6 Administrator Al Armendariz. The EPA recognized several companies for being far ahead of schedule or reaching an important milestone toward obtaining the new permits that satisfies conditions set forth by the agency in 2010. Working closely with the EPA, each has chosen an appropriate transition process and established an enforceable commitment and schedule to obtain an approvable permit.

WATER

WASTE

Update on Waters of the U.S. Draft Guidance The EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers extended the public comment period by 30 days for the draft guidance on Identifying Waters Protected by the Clean Water Act to provide additional public input. In response to requests from state and local officials, as well as other stakeholders, the EPA and the Corps accepted additional comment until July 31, 2011 on this important draft guidance that aims to

EPA Proposes Revisions to RCRA Definition of Solid Waste On June 30, 2011, EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson signed a proposed rule seeking to narrow certain recycling exemptions under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act's (RCRA) Definition of Solid Waste (DSW) provisions. A prepublication copy of the rule and related information can be accessed online. The EPA will accept comments on the rule

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AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

9

ENVIRONEWS for 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register. The RCRA DSW is the most litigated and contentious provision in the federal hazardous waste regulatory regime. The DSW is actually a series of regulatory provisions that seek to define when a material that is recycled is “discarded” and thus a solid and potentially hazardous waste. Materials that are recycled in a manner that does not meet the DSW generally are not regulated as hazardous waste under RCRA, while those recycled in a way that the agency considers to be a “discard” by definition must be managed as hazardous waste. Over the two and a half decades since EPA first issued its DSW regulations, industry generally has argued that the definition is too narrow, while environmental groups and others contend that it is too broad. The EPA has revised the provisions numerous times over the years and virtually every revision has sparked litigation. The June 30 proposal is the latest offspring in a long progeny of EPA’s attempts

10

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

to fix the DSW provisions. The proposal specifically would revise and clarify certain conditional exclusions for hazardous secondary materials that are recycled. EPA promulgated these exclusions in October 2008 with the intent of encouraging the recovery and reuse of valuable resources. Read the entire announcement on this topic by Lynn Bergeson on her July 14, 2011 blog post on Pollution Engineering’s website.

Carbon Sequestration Monitoring Technology Verified The first step in verifying a method to sequester CO2 gases works is to agree on a method of measuring the process. That step is now completed. The ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems (AMS) Center, operated by Battelle, has verified the performance of the Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzer for

Isotopic Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Model G1101-i, developed by Picarro Inc. Santa Clara, Calif. One of the goals of this verification test was to provide information on the potential use of the analyzer for monitoring at or near facilities utilizing geologic carbon sequestration for captured CO2. Performance of the analyzer was verified for CO2 concentration and the stable isotope ratio of carbon in CO2. The machine was evaluated for the following parameters: accuracy and bias, linearity, precision, response time, minimum detectable leak rate, comparability, data completeness, and operational factors such as data acquisition, set-up and consumables. The technology was tested in a laboratory setting, in an ambient breeze tunnel, and at a geological carbon sequestration site located at a coal-fired power plant. The verification report and statement are available on the ETV website at www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/etv/vt-ams. html#csmt.

LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

Next IUR Reporting Period Suspended Because of the confusion and many objections, EPA has had to delay the reporting period and extend the comment period for the TSCA inventory update. More regs are coming. n May 11, 2011, EPA amended the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Section 8(a) Inventory Update Reporting (IUR) regulations by suspending the next IUR submission period, which otherwise would run from June 1 to Sept. 30, 2011.

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TSCA IUR reporting obligations The IUR requires manufacturers and importers of certain chemical substances included on the TSCA Inventory to report current data on the manufacturing, processing and use of the substances. The rule is used to gauge the volume and use of chemicals in commerce. Detractors of TSCA have long that the agency can and should use its Section 8 authority more aggressively to obtain more information regarding production, distribution, use and exposure information, and have urged significant modifications to the rule to achieve this end.

Proposed IUR modifications On Aug. 13, 2010, EPA did just that when it published a proposed rule that would modify the IUR regulations. The proposed changes are significant and elicited opposition from the chemical community, and some more muted support. Included in the proposed changes is a new requirement to report chemical substances that are the subject of certain TSCA rules and/or orders regardless of the production volume. This could significantly expand the scope of IUR reporting. EPA also proposed to increase the reporting frequency from five to four years, and to expand the scope of the data that certain entities would be required to submit. The proposed rule would also require reporting of processing and use information for all chemical substances by eliminating the current 300,000-lb. production volume threshold. The threshhold had triggered requirements in the previous reporting cycle, and eliminating it would diminish the protections afforded under current confidentiality provisions pertinent to chemical identity and processing/use information. Not surprisingly, the proposed rule drew the ire of some in Congress, who were invited into the debate by their industrial constituents. In an April 4, 2011 letter to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Representatives Fred Upton (R-Mich.), Chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, and John Shimkus (R-Ill.), Chair of the House Energy and

Commerce Subcommittee on Environment and the Economy, stated that EPA’s final IUR rule should be withdrawn because it would needlessly burden the economy, imposing new and unwarranted cost burdens with no added benefit. The letter is available at http:// republicans.energycommerce.house.gov/Media/file/ Letters/LEW040411.pdf. According to the OMB website, at www.whitehouse.gov/omb/oira_2070_meetings/, a number of meetings with stakeholders regarding the proposed IUR revisions were held, each of which is believed to have been critical of the proposed rule.

“

It is expected that certain of the more controversial proposals will be reconsidered.

In its Federal Register notice, EPA states that it is suspending the next submission period “to allow additional time to finalize the proposed modifications to the IUR regulations, and to avoid finalizing changes to the reporting requirements in the midst of the 2011 submission period. EPA expects to finalize, in the near future, changes to the IUR reporting requirements which will supersede this action.”

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Next steps The final rule is expected to be issued this summer. It is expected that certain of the more controversial proposals will be reconsidered, but perhaps not as much as detractors may wish. All of this must be viewed against the legislative backdrop of inaction on TSCA reform, which means administrative changes will be as much as EPA can reasonably expect to achieve any time soon. PE

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

11

PRACTICALMANAGEMENT By Norman Wei

10 Steps to Environmental Compliance It is possible with the proper preparation to avoid bad publicity and potential fines. Here are 10 steps that will accomplish just that. ver wondered why some companies never seem to get into trouble with EPA? There is never bad press about them on TV in the newspaper. Meanwhile other companies constantly seem to be in trouble with the agencies for environmental violations. What sets these companies apart? Simple: Preparation. Here are some practical tips on how to properly prepare for, and thus avoid, compliance nightmares. 1. Make sure to have a written environmental policy that is signed by the CEO and communicated to all employees. Post it in a prominent place such as a company website. It can be a simple declaration by senior management on how it plans to conduct its business in the context of the environment. The latest buzzword is “sustainability.” It means do no harm to the environment and save it for the next generation.

E

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Stay on top of emerging new environmental regulations.

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2. Have a designated senior company officer whose job it is to oversee environmental compliance. This person should have the confidence of senior management, and can muster the necessary financial resources and institutional commitment to implement the company’s environmental policy and plans. 3. Write and post a simple, straightforward emergency response plan. The main purpose of such a plan is to tell the employees what they need to do when something goes wrong. It must be concise, realistic and easy to understand. 4. The employees should have ownership of the company’s environmental plans. In other words, the employees charged with the responsibility of implementing an environmental plan should have been involved in some manner in the development of the plan. 5. Be sure to perform environmental due diligence prior to shipping hazardous wastes to a Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility. Check up on their compliance history by going to EPA’s Environmental Compliance History Online webpage. Never cede this responsibility to someone else.

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

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Instruct all employees to NEVER lie to an inspector.

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6. If planning on leasing a piece of property, make sure to perform a baseline environmental study on the site to identify any pre-existing conditions. In this way, when the leased property is returned to the landlord, it needs to be in at least the same condition that it was at the start. 7. Always maintain a good, cordial and professional relationship with the regulatory agencies. Instruct all employees to NEVER lie to an inspector. 8. Never automatically go with the lowest bidders when hiring vendors or consultants. Always go with the most qualified contractors to ensure compliance with environmental laws. 9. Stay on top of emerging new environmental regulations. There are free (Ed- e.g. Pollution Engineering’s website) as well as paid services to accomplish this task. 10. Always know the chemical spill reporting requirements before the actual spill occurs. Many states have additional spill reporting requirements that are more stringent than those of federal regulators. Do the homework and match the chemical inventory against EPA’s List of Lists to determine the reportable quantities of each chemical. This way if there is a chemical spill in the middle of the night, everyone will know exactly if the reportable quantity has been exceeded, thereby triggering a reporting obligation. PE

Norman Wei Norman Wei is the founder and principal instructor at Environmental Management and Training LLC. based in Cape Coral, Fla. He does consulting work for companies and also conducts environmental seminars throughout the country. His company website is www. proactenv.com and he writes a blog at www.normanswei.wordpress.com. His email address is [email protected].

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THE REMEDIATION

ROUNDTABLE

PART 2

B ROY BIGHAM By

A group of leaders in the remediation industry talked about properly applying technology to meet cleanup goals. This is part one of a review of the discussion hosted by Pollution Engineering. Figure 6: P ISTD Well Field, a thermal remediation site. Note the cover that prevents the escape of any vapors.

n June 8, 2011, Pollution Engineering hosted a webinar that included three leading experts that are intimately involved in applying science to overcome problems found in our environment. Nearly 200 people attended the free live event online. The speakers shared information about each of the technologies in a slide presentation. Once all of the presentations were completed, there was a question and answer period that lasted nearly 30 minutes. The questions that could not be addressed during the event were gathered and sent to the speakers to provide answers back to the participants. The goal of the project was to increase knowledge and application of the science behind each technology. Part one of the discussion was published in the July issue of Pollution Engineering, and is available from PE's website (use mobile tag). Here is the conclusion.

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Principles of bioremediation Presented by Sam Fogel Sam’s presentation focused on the lessons he has learned in lab-based microbiological consulting, using natural processes to 14

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

break down contaminants. Biodegradation of chlorinated compounds is a natural process, in that naturally occurring soil bacteria are already achieving biological breakdown of chlorinated contaminants at sites where conditions are favorable. The goals of bioremediation are to: • Document naturally occurring contaminant removal, • Enhance and optimize this process whenever possible, and, in some cases, • Introduce the correct dechlorinating bacteria where none exist, and reengineer site conditions to support the activity of the dechlorinating bacteria. There are two very different types of dechlorinating bacterial processes that complement each other to achieve site cleanup: 1. Anaerobic reductive dechlorination. This is better in low-oxidation reduction potential (ORP) situations, and requires the addition of an organic electron donor. The process is reductive dechlorination using Dhc dechlorinators. 2. Aerobic oxidative biodegradation. This is optimal in high-ORP sites with methane or ethene as an energy source. The process is oxidation, using methanotroph and ethenotroph bacterium. Biological treatment of groundwater con-

taminated with chlorinated solvents, such as TCE and TCA, can be accomplished using an anaerobic reductive dechlorination process, enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) as a cost-effective cleanup method. The preferred method for this is through groundwater recirculation (see Figure 3). Since biological degradation of contaminants is a natural process, the bacteria involved, dehalococcoides (Dhc) and dehalobacter (Db), can grow in-situ, degrading these contaminants over many months and perhaps years (see Figure 4). Other bacteria can convert PCE to DECE, such as sulfate reducing bacteria, but only Dhc goes all the way. A second advantage of EISB is that it generates methane and ethene as end products, which can promote downgradient, aerobic biodegradation of vinyl chloride. In contrast, chemical and thermal methods are usually one-time remediation applications. Success with EISB requires understanding the microbiology of the bacteria involved. Success is not guaranteed even with inoculation (bioaugmentation) of hundreds of liters of Dhc culture, as there are biological requirements for obtaining robust microbial growth in-situ. Experts are normally brought in to determine the most effective method of amending the

THE REMEDIATION

ROUNDTABLE

acids allows changes to be made in the amendment application to insure optimal conditions for the dechlorinating bacteria. The culture selected for a project should be tested in a microcosm with site groundwater to assure that it is compatible with site requirements. For example, if TCA is present, TCE dechlorinators that are resistant to the inhibitory effects of TCA should be selected, and Db should be included in the culture to degrade the TCA. BCI will use a different culture, for example, if TCA is 100 to 200 ppm versus a site with only 15 ppm. Similar considerations are necessary for high-salt or high-sulfate sites.

Figure 3: Pilot layout for groundwater recirculation

site, including delivery of electron donor, Dhc cultures, and mineral supplements. In EISB, each chlorine atom is replaced with a hydrogen atom. The widely used treatment process takes naturally occurring Dhc bacteria present at about half of contaminated sites. These are the only bacteria that can anaerobically degrade DCE and vinyl chloride. Dhc requires molecular H2 as its energy source. This is produced by the breakdown of donor, organics such as cocontaminants (methanol), decaying organic matter (organic acids), or added organics (soy oil, lactate). Anaerobic dechlorination can succeed with very high contaminant concentrations, such as 200 mg/L DCE, and at very low concentrations that are less than 100 μg/L. It is a neighborhood project – the existing microbial community supports Dhc dechlorination to produce molecular H2 and B12. These help the nitrate and sulfite reducers (which lower the ORP) break down the organic compounds to ethenes. Site evaluation begins with analyzing site samples not only for the chlorinated compounds, but also for several other important analytes that are important to predicting the site’s potential for supporting remediation. ORP and pH should be measured inline during low-flow sampling. These data are critical to understanding site conditions. Extremes of pH can develop during natural attenuation or during remediation, due to excess donor compounds. The ORP defines the ongoing processes, whether aerobic or anaerobic. Ethene and VC indicate the activity of Dhc, the only bacteria capable of reductively dechlorinat-

PART 2

ing DCE. Methane is an indication of strong reducing conditions. Chloroethane indicates the activity of Db, the bacteria needed for dechlorination of 1,1,1-TCA and 1,1-DCA. High DCE but low TCE/PCE, indicates a lack of Dhc. Acetate and other organic acids, indicate that donor compounds are present that could degrade to produce H2, the energy source needed by dechlorinating bacteria. Sulfate is not a contaminant, but it competes with dechlorination by using the donor to be reduced to H2S. Findings are confirmed with a microcosm test by placing a sample of site groundwater and soil in a bottle, and sealing it with a rubber septa through which small samples can be transferred by syringe. Amendments can be added, pH adjusted, and samples removed for analysis of dechlorination of contaminants and use of donor compounds. It is possible to force an aerobic site to become anaerobic. A very important aspect of anaerobic remediation is not to add excess donor compounds, since such use leads to the generation of acid conditions that are not tolerated by the dechlorinating bacteria. In order to move amendments from their injection points to all parts of the site, a groundwater recirculation system is usually advantageous. Groundwater is withdrawn from downgradient wells, piped to a mixing tank into which amendments are metered, and then pumped to upgradient injection wells. One advantage of a recirculation system is the ease of obtaining monitoring samples. During startup, frequent analysis of VOC, pH, ORP, sulfate and organic

Attributes of thermal treatment Presented by Ralph Baker. Ralph continued the discussion explaining in-situ thermal remediation (ISTR). In general, this suite of technologies is applied to source zones and is not appropriate for dissolved plumes. Contamination is volatilized using a heat source, achieving a level of decontamination on par with excavation, but without excavation. It is sometimes used to treat multiple source zones at once. The area is completely contained and the vapors are captured and treated. Since the materials are removed from the area, there can be no recontamination. The technology is sometimes used to treat separate, multiple source zones at once, and is particularly adept at being

Figure 4: A site in Pennsylvania was contaminated with TCE. After monitoring for a few months, cDCE was forming but not degrading quickly enough. After adding supplemental bacteria, the breakdown rate increased to form ethane.

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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THE REMEDIATION

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PART 2

Figure 5: ISTR technologies

able to treat heterogeneous sites, and lowpermeability zones. ISTR is applicable to a broad range of sites and contaminants. The vast majority of projects that are being done are for treating CVOCs (TCE, PCE, etc.), there are a fair number being used for other VOCs and SVOCs. The project will capture steams, which must be captured and treated. On average, a typical project will last from 12 to 18 months. There are three methods applied in thermal remediation. Those are thermal conduction heating, electrical resistance heating and steam enhanced extraction (see Figure 5). All of these are conducted below the surface of the ground. The photograph in Figure 6 provides an idea of what a typical site might look like. The cover is able to contain any vapors to prevent escape. The vapors are then moved to the on-site treatment system. These systems are designed specifically for the materials that are gathered and can differ from site to site. In thermal conduction heating, the thermal conductivity of the soils or media is a key consideration. The permeability of the material must also be taken into account. The application works well in low to moderate permeable materials. Electrodes are placed in boreholes at intervals that are determined by the conductivity of the area. When current is applied, the soils or groundwater heat up and the contamination is volatilized. An extraction well is placed between the electrodes and the vapors are drawn to the treatment system through a manifold with a low vacuum. The cover adds insurance that

all the vapors are contained and captured. Electrical resistance heating is also a candidate in low to moderate permeable materials. Whereas thermal conductivity was dependant on the thermal conductivity of the materials, electrical conductivity is the important parameter in electrical resistance heating. The setup is similar but the resistance of the materials adds to the heat generated. If groundwater is involved, then the temperature is limited to the boiling point of water. The third method described was steamenhanced extraction. The important factor here would be hydraulic conductivity of the materials. In this case, high-permeable materials are required so that the steam can freely move through to the extraction wells. Steam can enhance the removal process as it adds a scrubbing element to increase the cleaning power and effectively move the materials to the treatment system. If there is a mixture of compounds, it is often the case that the chemicals will come off at different temperatures. The compound with the lowest vapor pressure would come off first. Once the majority has been removed the next lowest chemical would be removed and so on. Breakdown or daughter products are not observed in this type of remediation project.

Q&A A robust question and answer session followed the presentations. There is not enough space available here to reproduce all of them. Those interested can register on PE's website for free to listen to the pre-

sentation and the Q&A. Here is a sampling of the inquiries. Q. Do you have to wait for a site to cool down before collecting data samples? Ralph. While we continually collect data, we often watch the production of off gases. When that begins to decline, we know it is time to begin collecting soil samples. We can use steel sleeves for that purpose and the samples are cooled following a strict protocol before testing. Many times we have found we can terminate a project early following this procedure rather than running for the entire scheduled time. So, hot sampling is an accepted process. VOCs are not lost if the process is followed. Q. How important are laboratory treatability studies in selecting the proper oxidants? Dan. Such studies for persulfate and especially for permanganate to determine soil oxidant demand are important factors. For specific contaminants that we normally deal with, the oxidation rates and requirements are usually known and studies might not be needed. But certain parameters such as the pH buffering capacity of the soils would need to be tested as they impact the reaction rates and they are critical to learn about from laboratory studies. Q. Do end products such as ethene continue to biodegrade or is further treatment needed? Sam. Ethene under strong reducing conditions can go to ethane. Not a common reaction but it is possible. Under aerobic conditions, the ethane will continue to be biodegraded by natural bacteria to CO2 and water. PE

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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Counting

CALORIES Proper monitoring of caloric value in mixed gaseous fuels can result in significant savings for emission waste streams. By CHRIS SCHAEFFER, President, Control Instruments Corporation

t is becoming increasingly important to measure the energy of fuels formed by complex mixtures of combustible/non-combustible gases, and vapors. Due to changing conditions, these can vary dramatically over time in concentration or composition. Non-traditional fuel sources present measurement challenges whether they are undesirable byproducts of a chemical processes that must be destroyed, or fuels used as alternative energy sources from landfills, biomass and the like. Perhaps it is the rate of change. Or maybe just a range of water vapor at different process temperatures. Maybe the combustibles compositions vary under different process conditions. Perhaps the heating value itself varies over a wide range, very lean at some times and very rich at others. In such cases, measuring the calorific value can be complicated.

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For fuel mixtures, the measurement should be fast and continuous with a universal response to any gaseous fuels over a wide measurement range. A heated sampling handling system is essential.

Background Calorific Value, also known as the Heating Value, is the energy density of a fuel – the amount of heat energy released when a

given amount of fuel burns. For gaseous fuels, some common units of measure are “BTU per cubic foot” or “Mega joules per Cubic Meter.”[1] Note that for gaseous fuels,[2] two calorific values are defined as the lower heating value (LHV), which excludes the heat energy present in the water formed by combustion, and the higher heating value (HHV), which includes it. This is because in addition to heat energy, fuels that contain hydrogen atoms create hot water vapor as a byproduct of combustion. For the HHV, the heat energy present in hot water vapor produced by combustion can be 5 to 15 percent of the total energy released by the fuel.[3] If it can be recaptured and put to use in the process, for example by condensation back into liquid, it can be an important contribution to the total energy available from the fuel.[4]

Counting

CALORIES are 22-percent higher in the partially dried sample than in the true 60ºC mixture. Measurements taken on partially dried samples have large errors.

Temperature control provides reliability

Processes that do not recapture this heat realize only the LHV of the fuel. In non-conventional fuels, significant varying amounts of water vapor might also be present in a gaseous fuel mixture before it is burned. This may mean that a so-called “wet basis” measurement should be made, in which a sample of the fuel is analyzed without removing any water vapor through condensation from temperature or pressure changes. Otherwise the loss of water vapor erroneously increases the concentra-

tions of the remaining gases in the mixture before reaching the analyzer, producing a large error.[5] At atmospheric pressure, saturated water vapor can constitute up to 20 percent of the mixture’s volume at 60ºC (140ºF), but only 2 percent at 20ºC (68ºF). If a sample saturated with water vapor is taken at 60ºC and is allowed to cool to 20ºC prior to measurement, 18 percent of the sample volume turns to liquid. When the remaining gases are measured at 20ºC, the concentrations

Keeping all parts of the sampling system and analyzer at 250ºF (120ºC) prevents this error under most conditions. A heated analyzer also prevents condensation of heavier, less volatile hydrocarbons. Keeping all sample-wetted parts of the sampling system and analyzer at a high temperature will ensure that these combustible vapors are properly measured. A related effect occurs in a sample pump system. Even without a drop in temperature, the pump’s pressure rise lowers the dew point and condenses water, unintentionally increasing the concentration of the remaining gases. For a 60ºC mixture saturated with water vapor at atmospheric pressure, a +15 PSIG pressure rise condenses half of its water vol-

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Counting

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20

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

ume. The concentrations of the remaining gases increase, causing an error of about 10 percent. Since many fuel mixtures contain a variety of combustibles, gases and vapors along with nitrogen, CO2, water vapor, etc., it is important to consider the response of the analyzer to each component. An analyzer’s response to a particular gas relative to a standard reference gas is known as the response factor. The response often varies. A calibration procedure can be used to correct the reading for a single gas, or a specific mixture, but is not practical for mixtures that change composition or are not well known. In an ideal analyzer, all response factors should be identical. In practice, no analyzer is ideal, but it is possible to have response factors close enough to minimize errors. Because it actually burns a sample to determine the calorific value, a micro combustion calorimeter is a direct measurement and therefore has good response factors.

Improve performance An analyzer should have a fast response time so it can quickly respond and activate controls for the optimization of gas blending. Applications include flare stacks, biofuels, turbine engines, and feed-forward controls. The performance and measurement of a combustion calorimeter can be greatly improved by adding a known controlled amount of hydrogen to the

sample stream prior to combustion. This stabilizes the flame and keeps the measurement accurate over a wide range of calorific values. The flame can be kept lit and measuring accurately even when the calorific value is zero. By necessity, the flame in a hydrogenfueled combustion calorimeter is small, and the hydrogen fuel requirement low. Careful control and compensation for fuel and sample flow allows a precise measurement from a small flame size in an apparatus that is small enough to be thermostatically heated to a high temperature. The small flame quickly responds to changes in concentration by using temperature detectors with low thermal mass. This analyzer has the characteristics needed to quickly and continuously measure the heating value of a variety of combustible gases over a wide range of measurement.

Summary Some key points to consider when designing a system for continuous monitoring of the calorific value of mixed gaseous fuels: • Heating prevents errors from water vapor condensation. The sample stays intact during measurement. • Heating allows combustible gases with low vapor pressures (high boiling points) to be measured without losses in the sampling system. False low readings are avoided. • The aspirated system does not increase pressure above the process conditions,

Counting

CALORIES preventing condensation of water vapor or combustible gas that would otherwise condense. The sample is not affected. • Combustion calorimeter has good response factors, especially useful for unknown mixtures, practically anything that burns. • The use of hydrogen fuel stabilizes the flame and widens the measurement range, including zero. The flame is always ready to measure. • Its speed provides a continuous measurement that is useful when process conditions can change quickly. Speed can be as important as accuracy. Often, speed is crucial. PE

2. Calorific Values that involve the effects of moisture and ash-producing substances on the amount of energy released by burning: ‘As Received,” “Dry,” “Ash Free,” “Dry and Ash Free,” etc., can be important for solid and liquid fuels, in particular wood and coal, but are not pertinent to most gaseous fuels. 3. This energy is the water’s heat of vaporization, sometimes called the heat of condensation. 4. All hydrocarbon fuels produce some water vapor, which contains about five to ten percent of the energy yield, but there are exceptions. Carbon monoxide (CO) has no hydrogen and burns without producing water vapor, so its Higher and Lower Heating Values are equal. But hydrogen, which produces proportionally more water vapor than other fuels, has a larger difference between

Christopher G. Schaeffer is president of

its Higher and Lower Heating Values than

Control Instruments Corporation, Fairfield,

other fuels – about fifteen percent of the

N.J. For more information, contact him at

energy from burning hydrogen is contained

[email protected] or visit www.controlinstruments.com.

in hot water vapor. 5. It is possible, but not preferable or practical, to recover and measure the removed

References

water vapor to correct for dry basis mea-

1. For conversion, 26 BTU/ft3 = 1 MJ/M3

surement error.

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7KH6RLO *URXQGZDWHU 6HUYLFHV&RPSDQ\ AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

21

Seeing Through

By SANDY RINTOUL, Wilks Enterprise Inc.

astewater professionals tasked with enforcing industrial effluent standards for fats, oil and grease (FOG) either must perform numerous gravimetric tests or spend a considerable amount of money with a contracted testing laboratory. Infrared analysis provides an alternative method that could significantly reduce costs and save time by dramatically cutting chemical use, analytical time and lab expenses.

Nearly every company that discharges water has a FOG restriction in their permit and must analyze their effluent. While it has to be done, it does not need to be complicated and expensive.

How it works

beam of infrared light travels through the extract-filled cuvette and measures the hydrocarbon content with either a filter set for C-H absorbance in a fixed filter infrared analyzer or the FTIR scan set to 2930 cm-1. S-316 can be reclaimed. • Add hexane to the sample and shake for two minutes. • Allow sample to partition. • Remove 50 μl from the top layer of hexane extract and deposit on sample plate. • Press the button marked “run” on the analyzer. After the timer countdown of five minutes, the measurement result is displayed.

The hexane/infrared method for FOG analysis is described in ASTM Method D 7066 – 04, and can replace the more cumbersome gravimetric procedure (EPA Method 1664) that also used hexane as its extraction solvent (hexane came into use after the Montreal Protocol banned the use of freon). Method D 7066 has an extraction procedure similar to D 3921 and EPA Methods 413.2 and 418.1. The sample is acidified, solvent (S 316) is added, and after two minutes of shaking, allow the sample to separate. For TOG, the extract is then placed in a quartz cuvette to be measured by the infrared analyzer. For TPH, the extract is passed though silica gel to remove the polar organics and then placed in the quartz cuvette. A

Step 2. Shake the sample for two minutes.

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Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

Above: Step 1. Add the required volume of hexane to the sample.

Infrared vs. gravity Method 1664 requires 100 ml of hexane per liter sample for the extraction procedure. The amount of solvent cannot be reduced with this method as the weight of the residual oil would be so low that it would be less accurate for lower levels of oil and grease. With the hexane/infrared extraction method, only 50 μm of extract are required for analysis, and the sample size can be reduced to 100 ml for a fairly well-mixed waste stream. This 100-ml volume only requires 10 ml of hexane for the extraction. Reduced solvent usage means less exposure to solvent fumes for the operator and less volatile fumes as a potential fire hazard. The infrared method is also a timesaver. The hexane/gravimetric method is time-consuming – taking up to two hours before obtaining a final result – as well as labor intensive. The hexane/infrared method takes less than 10 minutes. This means quick sample turnaround and less laboratory technician time consumed. One reason the hexane/infrared method is gaining favor is that like the old freon method, it can function in a portable instrument. Fixed-filter infrared analyzers can be compact (less than 6

Seeing Through the

FOG

inches square), lightweight (less than 5 lbs.) and can be operated from a 12-volt power supply, allowing them to be operated from a vehicle. This means wastewater effluent testing can be done at the site – making it easier to catch high FOG offenders. By screening for out-of-compliance effluent discharges, the number of samples collected, transported and ultimately tested Step 3. Pull 50 μl from the hexane in the laboratory can layer. be reduced. The same can apply for in-laboratory testing. Samples can be quickly screened and the effluent samples that are over the FOG permit limit can be tested by Method 1664, thus saving time, solvent and labor costs. In the field, bottles with milliliter markings on them can be used to collect the sample, add the hexane, shake the sample and take the 50 μl of extract from the top for measurement. In this case, only one piece of glassware is used for analysis, therefore requiring less solvent for cleaning. So, less solvent and less glassware means less breakage and spillage. If a technician has not broken a separatory funnel yet, he or she has not done enough extractions! This type of measurement is not new; infrared measurement of FOG levels in water has been used in the petroleum industry worldwide on highly regulated offshore and on-shore oil platforms for well over 30 years. PE More

in u yo e e S erica m A h t in Nor t n e v lit y e a u q r t wate s e g r The la

information

about infrared analyz-

84th Annual Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference

ers can be found at Wilks Enterprise Inc., East Norwalk, Conn., www.WilksIR.com, [email protected] or call (2030 855-9136.

Step 4. Place the sample into the cuvette and press the run button. The instrument shown above is the Wilks InfraCal TOG/TPH Analyzer.

Los Angeles Convention Center Los Angeles, California USA Conference: October 15 –19, 2011 Exhibition: October 17 –19, 2011

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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Don't Stop THE

PRESSES

A pulp & paper mill needed to rebuild or replace its RTO, but shutting down the system was not an option. By KEVIN NESBITT, National Sales Manager for Nestec Inc.

n today’s capital conscious industrial environment, manufacturers are eager to reduce both costs and interruption of operations or production. A southeastern U.S. pulp and paper mill needed to rebuild the regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO) used for controlling emissions from their black liquor oxidation exhaust that were high volume, low concentration. The stripper off gases and concentrated non-condensable gases were high concentration, highly corrosive streams. The rebuild had to be completed during the scheduled mill outage, which required 24/7 construction.

I

recovery baskets and adding new media. This would be followed by installing insulation on the lower section externally and internally. The mill would provide the labor, equipment and materials to build a sloped floor in the outlet of the oxidizer. The design, fabrication and installation of a new rotor wash system would be provided by the RTO manufacturer.

24

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

Because the RTO contractor was not original equipment manufacturer, dimensional measurements for fabrication had to be quickly collected and transferred to drawings. The entire project scope was aggressively scheduled for completion in a total of 12 weeks, with a scheduled twoweek RTO outage for completion of the work. Upon issuance of the purchase order and completion of any required fabrication drawings, the long lead time items were ordered. To finish the project in the time allotted, 24-hour workdays were scheduled.

Project commencement

Project assessment Although not the original equipment manufacturer, Nestec Inc., Douglassville, Pa., was approached by the customer to assess the equipment and provide a comprehensive quotation for rebuilding it. After initial meetings and site visits, the RTO manufacturer recommended the company remove and replace the existing combustion chamber, followed by the reinstallation of the top platform, burner, injection nozzles, piping and wiring. Furthermore, they suggested externally insulating and cladding the combustion chamber to prevent condensation of corrosive materials on the skin of the chamber by maintaining an elevated skin temperature. They also recommended removal of the existing media and fabrication of new heat

The combustion chamber is insulated and enclosed.

The old ceramic media had broken down and needed removal.

One major change made to the system was to replace the original water-quench nozzle with a cold-air quench to prevent over temperature conditions in the combustion chamber. This change included designing a new purge-air fan system and integrating the control of this valve into the existing RTO controls. The RTO manufacture offered to design, provide and install a modified control system for the burner. All welds in contact with the process stream required 100 percent Liquid Penetrant Testing for quality control.

Upon arrival at the mill, a walkthrough and safety review was completed. Regulations required the RTO combustion chambers be treated as a confined space, even without the top of the chamber installed. Due to welding, burn permits were obtained. As with any project, worker safety was a prime consideration and reaffirmed by daily safety meetings prior to commencement of each day’s efforts. As with any complex equipment rebuild project, the contractor was concerned about unseen conditions and damage leading to rapid adjustments in the field. While the initial electrical removal started well, all the existing wires and conduits showed signs of exposure to excessive heat, with both the conduit and fittings corroded and fused. The initial scope of supply was to remove and return the origi-

Don't Stop THE

The old ceramic media is removed from the heat-recovery baskets.

nal wire but the discovered damage would now require new materials. Another challenge was that the eight hours that were initially estimated to remove media were inadequate. However excellent contractors and clear communication with mill management meant these initial issues were quickly and successfully addressed. Removal of the combustion chamber, transition duct, media and media baskets was completed in the first three days. The new combustion chamber provided was fabricated from ¼-inch thick, 253-MA alloy steel with 310 stainless steel refractory anchors, and was comprised of two sections located above the heat-recovery chambers. The oxidation chamber was designed and constructed with a bolted and davited access door for routine inspection of the burner and internal insulation. Upon final install, the chamber’s flange connections were bolted and gasketed to ensure airtight construction. This effort was followed by the reinstallation of the top platform, burner, injection nozzles, piping and associated wiring.

Project construction The combustion chamber required internal and external insulation. Internally, a module soft ceramic blanket fiber, utilizing a 253-MA alloy steel anchoring stud and 310-SS reinforcement and mounting hardware was shop installed and inspected prior to shipment. The ceramic insulation

was seven inches thick, 10# density block and capable of operating at 2,400ºF. Due to the potential condensation of corrosive materials, the chamber was externally insulated with 1-inch K FRAX SR insulation with 0.024 embossed 300 series SS cladding. Caps made from the same cladding material bridged each stiffener. The combination of the internal and external insulation formed a system that would maintain an internal steel temperature between 475ºF and 575ºF with internal operating temperatures of 1,500ºF and 1,700ºF respectively. The outer surface temperature would remain below 150ºF. After removal of the eight heat recovery baskets, new heat recovery baskets, fabricated from 16-gauge, 253-MA alloy steel, were installed. The baskets were filled with ceramic heat recovery media consisting of a combination system of 25-cell monolith ceramic block regenerative heat recovery media stacked 4 feet high, followed by 1 foot of 32-cell monolith ceramic block regenerative heat recovery media. The installed media was specified to be chemically and thermally stable for rapid heat up and cool down of the system. The media would greatly reduce the previous pressure drop, as well as reduce the resultant stresses on the combustion chamber, valves and fans. Due to its cell sizes, the media was much more tolerant to particulates. The media change had the positive effect of reducing the pressure

PRESSES

drop by approximately 10 inches wc. The top 12 inches of media, which would be subjected to temperatures above 1,100°F, consisted of Ceram CR20 ceramic block. CR20 provides alkali resistance and posses a proven reliability record in this process environment. The lower levels used Ceram NT ceramic block, which also provided alkali resistance at lower temperatures. Similar to the combustion area, the lower section was modified with modules of soft ceramic blanket fiber capable of operating at 2,400ºF with 253-MA alloy steel reinforcement and mounting hardware. All internal insulation was shop installed and inspected prior to shipment. The ceramic insulation was 6 inches thick, 10# density block and capable of operating at 2,400ºF. Prior to cladding, the walls were power washed and neutralized. The cladding was fabricated from 16-gauge 253-MA alloy steel, and was field cut and welded into place. The lower chamber was modified to provide a sloped floor at the outlet of the oxidizer, the floor fabricated and installed from the same materials and in the same manner as the cladding. The rotor wash system used a manually operated, fixed-position nozzle to clean the valve rotor. A system fabricated from 253MA alloy material was designed, manufactured and installed. The system included a 3-inch coupling for connection to a water supply, a ball valve and the fixed nozzle. The original design of the purge fan removed air from the chamber being purged, directing it to a point just downstream of the forced draft fan. Over time the pressure differential across the heat

The heat-recover baskets were rebuilt and reloaded with new media.

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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Don't Stop THE

PRESSES

recovery media increased to a point equal to or greater than the positive pressure the purge fan was capable of providing, resulting in minimal or no purge volume. Additionally, the fan was experiencing problems with the bearings and the variable frequency drive (VFD). While the new media returned the pressure drop to its original operating condition, rerouting the purge system directly to the combustion chamber increased reliability. The new purge system consisted of a tap from the existing purge duct located downstream of the purge fan, and the addition of a new tee arrangement. One leg of the tee would direct the purge air to its original point, while the other leg would direct the purge air to the combustion chamber. System components consisted of two new 253-MA alloy steel two-position dampers with pneumatic actuators and open/closed limit switches. The damper for the combustion chamber was installed as close as feasible to the combustion chamber injection point. Integrating the system into the origi-

nal controls used the existing VFD to modulate the flow through the purge system, controlling the RTO exhaust to a temperature range between 455°F and 475°F. Rerouting the purge volume from the inlet directly into the combustion chamber, functionally increased the remaining capacity of the fan due to the lower pressure drop. Additionally, the system could act as an inlet bypass, thus increasing the exhaust temperature and reducing corrosion caused by condensation. In an effort to enhance energy consumption, a modified control system was designed and installed for the burner. It included removing the existing valves and replacing them with separate variable ratio regulators (one each for the independent propane line and natural gas lines). The system could be operated by modulating combustion air based upon combustion chamber temperature using a 4-20 ma signal. The natural gas or propane was then indirectly modulated into the burner based upon pressure at the supply side of the combustion air pipe.

Overall, fabricated components and other supplies were effectively managed to arrive in the needed sequence and appropriately staged for minimization of disruption to ongoing mill operations and the need for efficient material flow.

Project completed The project was completed successfully within in the scheduled downtime. During the complex process, the rebuild team continually worked diligently with vendors and fabricators to maintain the scheduled completion date in spite of unexpected conditions, which added incremental delays. As of August 2011, the rebuilt equipment has been operating efficiently and problem free for six months. PE Kevin Nesbitt, the national sales manager for NESTEC Inc., has been selling thermal oxidizers for 16 years. He holds a B.S. from Texas A&M Univ. College Station and an M.S. in Environmental Science from the New Jersey Inst. of Technology. He can be reached at (919) 303-0036 or [email protected].

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W

was going to stop me from reaching my goal of an MS and a new career in cleantech,” said Chris. Chris says his master’s from UMUC, combined with his undergraduate degree, have “absolutely been helpful” in his professional life. He is optimistic about his career with cleantech and green technologies, which he loves so much he also considers it a hobby. “My studies over the past two-and-a-half years brought out some great writing and research capabilities that I have used in both professional and personal life.” He believes firmly that his degree will take him far in the cleantech field, enabling him to work with green technologies—the behind-thescenes software, hardware, and other technologies that monitor the emissions of environmental pollutants. Armed with his UMUC degree, Chris is excited to break into this growing industry.

(800) 888-UMUC www.umuc.edu [email protected]

26

Pollution Engineering g AUGUST2011 1

Advertorial

Adventus EHC PRB for Treatment of CT Adventus Group

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Lead Consultant: Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. Installation Contractor: Redox Tech, LLC

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98 37

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300

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CHALLENGES Site groundwater was impacted with CT at concentrations of up to 2,700 ppb. The CT plume extends approximately 2,500 ft from a grain elevator where it discharges into a small creek. The remedial goal is to treat CT to <5 ppb, CF to <100 ppb, Chloromethane (CM) to < 20 ppb and methylene chloride (MC) to <5 ppb. The CT source area is elusive, but impacts are likely the result of using CT as a fumigant in the grain silos on the site. The CT is believed to have transported along the topography of the bedrock surface to the downgradient aquifer. Given the access restrictions at the source area, a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) intersecting the groundwater plume was selected as a remedial solution to limit plume migration. In f lo w in g c o n c e n tr a tio n s m e a s u r e d 8 5 f t / 2 6 m u p g r a d ie n t o f P R B

7 0 f t / 2 1 m d o w n g r a d ie n t f r o m P R B 1750 1500

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16

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Adventus EHC® has been shown to effectively treat carbon tetrachloride (CT) and its catabolites. A large-scale field effort was undertaken to: 1) validate EHC performance under field conditions, and 2) assess the effectiveness of the construction methodology (i.e., direct injection of EHC slurry). 24 tons of EHC were injected into a 270 ft long permeable reactive barrier (PRB) intersecting the groundwater plume downgradient of the suspected source area. EHC was applied at a rate of approximately 1% to soil mass into the upper and lower saturated sand units, and was mixed with water into slurry containing about 40% solids. The slurry was injected using a direct injection technique.

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SUMMARY

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Figure 2 shows CT plume extent prior to and 22 to 61 months after EHC PRB installation.

COSTS EHC product costs were less than $100,000. With PRB dimensions of 270 ft long x 9.7 ft thick (average), this results in $37/ft2 of PRB cross-section. Installation was completed in 12 days. With a confirmed life in excess of 5 years, the PRB has treated approximately 2,580,000 ft3 of groundwater at a product cost of $0.04/ft3.

CONCLUSIONS EHC technology offers a safe, effective, and cost-efficient remedial solution for similarly impacted environments. Removal Efficiency: Groundwater sampling results have shown up to 99.5% decline in CT concentration at the core of the plume 70 ft downgradient of the PRB (from an initial concentration of 1,000 ppb to 5 ppb measured in August 2006), without catabolite accumulation. Longevity: One EHC applications has remained active for more than 5 years, supporting >94% removal of CT, without catabolite accumulation. Plume Impacts: The EHC PRB has dramatically reduced the CT plume extent. In the past eight sampling events, EHC PRB treatment effects have been observed at least 600 ft (183 m) downgradient from the PRB. Figure 2 shows the dramatic reduction in plume area from a single injection event.

0 -1

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Figure 1 shows CT and daughter product concentrations in groundwater measured upgradient and downgradient of the EHC PRB.

ADVENTUS GROUP John Valkenburg, (517) 669-5400 [email protected] www.adventusgroup.com

AUGUST2011

www.pollutionengineering.com

27

FIELD & ANALYTICAL Challenges in Hydraulic Fracturing INTRODUCTION TO:

Practical Quantitation, Method Detection Limits, Interferences and Dilution Challenges

By KESAVALU M. BAGAWANDOSS, Ph.D., J.D., Accutest Laboratories, Technical Director

T

he extraction of natural gas from shale has been highly promoted as one of the remedies for satisfying the Nation’s energy needs. However, shale gas extraction operations include practices which may be harmful to human health and the environment if they are not carefully managed and monitored to assure that damage does not occur. The procedure used for extracting natural gas from shale is hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing in natural gas impregnated shale (shale plays) is the technique used for extracting the gas from the underground shale formations. The predominant shale plays in the United States are the Barnett

TABLE 1: Typical Analytical Methods • Acrylamide; SW846 – 8316 • Metals; SM 200.8/245.1 • Cyanide/Weak and Dissociable, Total; SM 4500 CN E & I • Fecal and Total Coliform; SM 9222D & B • Total Phenolics; EPA Method 420.1 • Herbicides; SW846; 8151 • Ion Chromatography; EPA Method 300 • Residual Chlorine; SM 4500 CL G • VOAs; EPA Method 624 • SVOAs; EPA Method 625 • Pesticides/ PCB’s; EPA Method 608 • 2,3,7,8; TCDD; EPA Method 1613B • Halo Acetic Acids; EPA Method 552.3 • 1, 2; Dibromoethane; EPA Method 504.1

28

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

Courtesy of EPA

Shale in Texas; the Marcellus Shale in Pennsylvania; the Bossier and Haynesville Shale in Louisiana; Eagle Ford Shale in Texas; the Fayetteville Shale in Arkansas; the Niobrara Shale in southern Wyoming and northern Colorado; the Bakken Shale in North Dakota, Montana and Canada; the Raton Shale in Colorado; the Denver Julesburg (DJ) Basin Shale in Colorado; the Piceance Shale in Colorado and other smaller shale plays. Some shale plays also produce liquids (Oil) and condensates (hydrocarbon liquids). Fracturing the shale formation to enhance natural gas recovery requires the injection of various fracturing fluids. The majority of

the flowback water generated from injection operations is reused in the fracturing process. Drinking water impacts have been cited in various parts of the country due to hydraulic fracturing. In some shale plays air quality impacts have also been cited. Accutest Laboratories has played an active role in the analysis of the complex fracturing fluids utilized in fracturing shale formations. Accutest provides analytical services (http:// www.accutest.com/testing-services-capabilities.htm) for pre-drilling activities as well as post drilling activities for its clients. Fracturing fluid matrices vary significantly in consistency and viscosity between their

Advertorial

pre-injection and post injection state. Laboratory challenges vary significantly with the viscosity of the samples provided for analyses. The samples on their own merits are generally representative. The backflow water samples are representative and uniform in nature unless the amount of sediment collected is significant. Fracturing fluid samples should be collected before and after fracturing to obtain a complete understanding of the contaminants present. This approach yields valuable information regarding chemical transformations that may occur in the drilling fluids during the fracturing process. It also provides information regarding the components of the host strata or the extracted materials that commingle with the fracturing fluid. Accutest suggests that a sample of the host material be collected and analyzed, if possible, to assess the material balance or source of components detected. Accutest also recommends that gas samples from the backflow water be collected at the point the water is released for discharge to determine if gaseous components are being emitted. The gaseous components of the backflow water from the wells can be determined using GPA 2174-93 (GPA=Gas Processors Association) (Constant pressure sampling method). This method allows for the samples to be captured under the same conditions as the stream of water.

Sample Preservation Sample preservation of fracturing fluids and backflow waters for the various analytical fractions follows existing method requirements and does not pose any preservation difficulties. Volatile components in the fractur-

ing fluids and the backflow waters should not be acid preserved and must therefore be analyzed within seven days of collection, which is consistent with the holding time specifications prescribed in the methods employed for volatile organics analysis.

Methods & Sensitivity Analytical methods used for fracturing fluids include the EPA 500 and 600 series methods and Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (SM) in combination with EPA SW846 methods. The typical methods employed are listed in Table 1. However, the practical quantitation limits (PQLs) of the analysis may be affected depending on the viscosity of the fracturing fluids and the interferences present in the various sample matrices. The method detection limits (MDLs) employed for fracturing fluids are identical to those employed for aqueous matrices and are statistically derived from experimental data on a laboratory specific basis as specified in the method requirements for each of the analytes.

Interferences and Dilution Challenges PQLs are affected when dilutions are performed because of matrix interferences. Dilutions are generally performed to reduce the viscosity or the interferent level. Backflow waters do not pose the same challenges as the fracturing fluid matrices depending upon the analyses performed. Matrix interferences, related to highly viscous samples are addressed through sample dilution. The behavior of spiked surrogate compounds and internal standards in the sample

Questions regarding Hydraulic Fracturing? Visit the Accutest Blog and ask Dr. Doss! (http://www.accutest.com/testingservices-hydraulicfracturing.htm)

matrix vary depending upon the samples. In some cases, matrix spike compounds may behave differently. For example, volatile gases in a volatile organics analysis may exhibit quantitative recoveries at the same time the recovery of the remaining compounds may be considerably lower. The acid surrogates in a semi-volatile organics analysis may exhibit poor recovery when base surrogate recoveries in the same sample may be adequately recovered. Approximately 10 percent of fracturing fluid matrices pose analytical challenges for the parameters analyzed based on Accutest’s experience. . To request a quote from Accutest Laboratories go to: http://www.accutest.com/testing-services-request-a-quote.htm. Kesavalu M. Bagawandoss (“Dr. Doss”) has been active on the speaking circuit with major conference and client presentations planned throughout the year. Visit: http://www.accutest.com/events for a complete listing of technical presentations.

CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 2235 US Highway 130 • Dayton, NJ 08810 P: (732) 329-0200 • F: (732) 329-3499 Locations Nationwide • www.accutest.com

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

29

Innovative Technologies Remediate an Army Superfund Site ARCADIS in alternative project delivery via its GRiP® program to provide cost and schedule certainty coupled with world-class design. The guaranteed, fixed-price remediation (GFPR) contract vehicle provided the U.S. Army with schedule and cost certainty, and would ultimately save millions of dollars in overall remediation costs by promoting value-added thinking and the development of innovative and integrated solutions.

Expert Team Employing an Innovative Approach

Seven mobile solar-powered systems were deployed for the recovery of hazardous liquids, including Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) and Light NonAqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL). The passive-energy equipment is low maintenance and low cost, and maximizes early mass removal, requiring no external utility power. The implementation of passive remedies limited the net environmental impact of the remedial actions by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, re-using extracted groundwater, and managing wastes onsite.

n 2003, ARCADIS partnered with the U.S. Army to remediate significant soil and groundwater contamination at the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant (LCAAP). As the world’s largest active small arms ammunition manufacturing plant, LCAAP was placed on the Superfund list by the U.S. EPA over a decade earlier. This presented ARCADIS with a daunting assignment — to achieve Remedy in Place at 33 Areas of Concern at the site in an unprecedented four-year timeframe. The American Academy of Environmental Engineers recognized the accomplishments of the ARCADIS remediation team on this LCAAP project by awarding the project an Honor Award for Design in their Excellence in Environmental Engineering competition in May 2011.

I

Multiple challenges confronted ARCADIS — implementing the complex remedies at an active arms manufacturing facility while meeting the aggressive schedule and cost goals, protecting human health and the environment, minimizing offsite waste management and providing for long-term environmental stewardship. To execute the remediation within the CERCLA framework, ARCADIS assembled a multi-faceted team of engineers and scientists with expertise in technical, regulatory, and project management to blend strategies, technical acumen and efficient project execution. ARCADIS' innovative design approach covered a spectrum of very different remedial strategies, incorporating multiple technologies from sustainable, state-of-the-art in situ approaches to more conventional source treatment, dissolved plume containment and soil remediation techniques. ARCADIS applied several highly creative strategies for addressing contaminated groundwater across the LCAAP. Refocusing the remediation dynamic from energy-demanding groundwater extraction via pump-and-treat wells to a sustainable injection process, ARCADIS employed patented in situ reactive zone (IRZ) groundwater remediation technology to clean up chlorinated solvent plumes through

A Complex, Challenging Project In the 15 years since being named a Superfund site, very little of the million pounds of mixed-waste material disposed at the LCAAP had been actively cleaned up. Significant contamination from sources such as abandoned disposal pits, sumps, firing ranges, dumps, burning grounds and old lagoons had impacted soil, groundwater and sediments with chlorinated solvents, metals, petroleum hydrocarbons and explosive chemicals. A primary concern was the spread of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) that were potentially impacting a prolific drinking water aquifer. Remediation at similar Superfund sites has historically been a lengthy process, requiring the preparation and approval of voluminous and detailed reports, taking many years to get through the various regulatory and administrative steps. Eager to move the project ahead, and seeking innovation and sustainability in design and implementation of the complex remedial systems, the Army turned to ARCADIS with its experience 30

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

ARCADIS’ patented in situ reactive zone (IRZ) technology for chlorinated solvent treatment has been incorporated into the remedial actions in all three Operable Units at the Lake City site. IRZs are an energy efficient alternative to the existing groundwater pump-and-treat system for chemical containment of the dissolved-phase plumes associated with each source area. The IRZs allow for the incremental replacement of the high-energy, pump-and-treat system with natural in situ bioremediation.

Advertorial Ad Adver rtorial

enhanced bioremediation processes. Another remedy used in one of the primary contaminant source areas applied an innovative technology, zero-valent iron (ZVI)-clay soil mixing, to destroy chlorinated ethenes passively and reduce the mass flux of contaminated groundwater. In a pioneering application, ARCADIS deployed several mobile, solar-powered systems to recover hazardous liquids including both LNAPL and DNAPL. This low maintenance, low cost passive energy equipment maximized early mass removal and decreased the net environmental impact of remediation. Besides using newly implemented technologies, ARCADIS integrated existing remedial technologies into the final remedy. Over 1,000 trees were planted as part of a phytoremediation system that results in the uptake of groundwater, designed to work in conjunction with an existing permeable reactive barrier system. The new passive, sustainable systems were integrated with ongoing facility operations, lessening their net environmental impact. Over 18 acres of vegetative cover were installed over treated contaminated soil, providing a cost-effective way to mitigate human exposure while adding habitat and food for local wildlife.

Over 1,000 trees were planted as part of the phytoremediation system that filters groundwater, designed to work in conjunction with an existing permeable reactive barrier. Significant reduced water levels have been observed to enhance the success of the reactive barrier and reduce groundwater concentrations. Together, these technologies take full advantage of nature’s tools. They prevent the use of heavy equipment, dust emissions and extreme risks, while protecting human health and the environment.

Project Success Reflects Team Approach

Although relatively passive systems with reagent injections occurring two to four times per year, the IRZ systems required extensive engineering of the reagent mixing and distribution systems. These engineered systems required flexibility and adaptive operation to account for the inherent variability in aquifer hydraulics and microbial and chemical responses during in situ system operation. Greater than 1,500,000 gallons of reagent per year are mixed and injected in the 10 IRZ systems employed for groundwater remediation at Lake City.

Commitment to Stewardship and Sustainability As part of ARCADIS’ commitment to long-term stewardship, the firm designed on-site treatment methods for impacted soil, reducing off-site transport and management of over 17,000 tons of soil. Use of passive sampling devices to collect groundwater samples from monitoring wells resulted in less energy usage and generated less waste. Extracted groundwater, which would otherwise have been discharged to local sewers, was beneficially reused as makeup water for additional remedial actions, minimizing fresh water consumption. The result was a robust design and comprehensive remedial approach designed and implemented within four years of contract award to achieve source treatment, in situ groundwater treatment, dissolved plume containment and soil remediation. In all, the ARCADIS team completed remedial investigations and feasibility studies at over 33 Areas of Concern, as well as Proposed Plans and Records of Decision (RODs) at three Operable Units.

Using a best team approach, a constant in all of ARCADIS’ project work, expert staff from over 20 U.S. offices participated in the project. They conducted detailed pilot and bench-scale tests to develop a thorough understanding of NAPL fate and transport mechanisms, performed field investigations, developed remediation designs, and conducted human health and ecological risk assessments at every area. The project’s success also reflects the close collaboration between ARCADIS and the U.S. Army, U.S. EPA and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). In fact, the director of the MDNR Environmental Quality Division Department stated that he “commends the U.S. Army for their efforts in using a new contracting approach to expedite the [Superfund] process to obtain acceptable remedies and move the project forward."

ARCADIS Corporate Profile ARCADIS is an international company that provides consultancy, design, engineering and management services in infrastructure, water, environment and buildings to the federal government, public and private organizations. With 200 offices and 6,200 employees in the United States and 16,000 employees in over 300 offices worldwide, ARCADIS ranks among the top 10 management and engineering consultancies in the world, with over $2.7 billion in revenues. This unique global network is based on a strong local presence that allows ARCADIS to maintain long-lasting relationships with clients and understand local conditions, while its international network enables the firm to leverage the expertise of staff worldwide. ARCADIS’ work addresses the most pressing themes and challenges facing society, including climate change, urbanization, energy supply, mobility, and the need for potable water, all with a focus on providing sustainable solutions that protect the earth and its resources for future generations.

ARCADIS Jennifer Williams • [email protected] 303-231-9115• www.arcadis-us.com

AUGUST2011

www.pollutionengineering.com

31

Advertorial

Avoiding the ‘Good Enough’ Trap Fluid Dynamics, division of Neptune Chemical Pump Company Inc.

M

anagers of production facilities that rely on mechanical equipment are constantly at risk of falling into the trap of “good enough.” That’s the self-defeating mindset where they know the equipment isn’t working up to par, but it’s still good enough to function.

In 2007, that was the frustrating situation that Steve Fiepke, superintendent of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Marengo, Ill, a northwestern suburb of Chicago, kept finding himself in. At that time, Fiepke began noticing that good enough was a common refrain when assessing the performance of the WWTP’s liquidpolymer feed system that was serving the facility’s 900,000 gallons-a-day wastewater operation. “It was failing a lot and didn’t function very dependably, and we were afraid that it would fail completely at some point so we knew we needed to look into getting a new system,” said Fiepke. For the solution, he turned to LAI Ltd., Rolling Meadows, Il., a manufacturers’ representative that serves the wastewater markets of Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. The answer

was the patented dynaBLEND® liquid-polymer-blending technology from Fluid Dynamics, a division of Neptune™ Chemical Pump Company Inc., North Wales, Pa. The dynaBLEND meets Marengo’s WWTP needs because it activates all types of liquid polymer through a nonmechanical mixing chamber that delivers trouble-free reliability, all in a compact 24” x 24” x 68” package. After a successful trial period, Fiepke, who has since moved to a WWTP of a nearby municipality, committed to the dynaBLEND in early 2008. The beneficiary has been Jay Berman, who replaced Fiepke as Marengo WWTP superintendent. “I was not familiar with the dynaBLEND, but it has been operating great,” said Berman. “It delivers the polymer at high or low flow rates, is maintenance-free, easy to operate and, perhaps best of all, it’s a workhorse.”

FLUID DYNAMICS (215) 699-8700 • [email protected] www.dynablend.com

Advertorial

VOC Abatement with Catalytic Oxidation Lantec Products, Inc. egenerative Thermal Oxidizers (RTOs) have long been the standard for VOC abatement in the US. However, catalytic oxidation (recuperative or regenerative) has been utilized in many industries to reduce total life-cycle costs and carbon footprint while eliminating NOx generation. Haldor Topsøe, one of the world’s leading catalyst manufacturers with more than 600 site references, has recently partnered with Lantec Products to supply VOC abatement catalysts in North America. Catalytic oxidation is best suited for stable processes with known contaminants and flow rates. For example, a European styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) production plant had to treat 65,000 SCFM of waste gas from rubber dryers containing 115-140 ppmv of styrene and other vapors, with a VOC emission limit of 3 ppmv. Topsøe’s CK-302 catalyst was used in an RCO for the above mentioned plant. CK-302 is an economical base-metal catalyst that converts VOCs to CO2 and H2O at low temperatures, while exhibiting a low deactivation rate by impurities in SBR off-gas. This RCO operates autothermally at 575 ºF, whereas an RTO would consume 5 MMBtu/hr of natural gas to operate at

R

32

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

1,500 ºF with 95% thermal energy recovery. Since 1994, this RCO has consistently reduced VOCs to 2 ppmv while avoiding over 500,000 MMBtu of natural gas consumption! The low temperature also eliminates NOx generation, thus improving the company’s green image.

PROCESS:

SOLUTION:

Flow Rate: 65,000 SCFM Contaminant: SBR Vapors Inlet Temperature: 95-150 ºF Inlet Concentration: 115-140 ppmv Outlet Requirement: 3 ppmv

System Type: RCO Catalyst Type: CK-302 Autothermal Operation: 575ºF Outlet Concentration: 2 ppmv

Lantec supplies heat recovery media to RTO manufacturers around the world. In partnership with Haldor Topsøe, Lantec is now a one-stop shop for all of your media, insulation and catalyst needs. Contact Lantec for free technical support and design assistance on your upcoming VOC abatement projects.

LANTEC PRODUCTS, INC. www.lantecp.com • Ben Caranci • [email protected] P: (617) 302-3269 • F: (617) 302-3694

Geo-Cleanse®

INTERNATIONAL, INC.

$GYHUWRULDO

Geo-Cleanse Completes Successful Pilot-Scale Treatment Program in Belgium Geo-Cleanse Internationl, Inc. uring site investigation activities at a former industrial drycleaner located in Flanders, Belgium, chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) contamination, including tetrachloroethene (PCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), was discovered across an approximate 1-acre area. The CVOC source area is primarily located beneath the former drycleaner, which presents several challenges from a remediation standpoint including limited access and the presence of a concrete cap. Average depth to groundwater is 8 feet below ground surface (ft bgs), and the geology in the treatment area consists of silty sands with a confining clay layer at approximately 15 ft bgs. Based primarily on the site challenges and high contaminant concentrations, an aggressive in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) approach was selected as the most appropriate remedial option. Geo-Cleanse International, Inc. (Geo-Cleanse) was contracted by a local consultant to design and implement the pilot-scale ISCO treatment program. Geo-Cleanse utilized the Geo-Cleanse® Process and catalyzed hydrogen peroxide to address the CVOCs. The primary goals of the pilot were to exhibit destruction of soil-sorbed and DNAPL contamination and confirm site design assumptions. The pilot was designed to address the impacted saturated zone from approximately 8 to 15 ft bgs. A total of nine injection wells and eight vent wells were installed over a 2,500 ft2 area in a grid-like pattern. During the 13-day pilot injection program, a total of 12,600 gallons of hydrogen peroxide and site-specific catalyst were injected. Daily process monitoring was conducted to determine if appropriate geochemical conditions were established in the subsurface, reagents were being distributed effectively, and an efficient reaction was occurring. The post-treatment sampling results collected by the consultant concluded that CVOC concentrations were significantly reduced in soil with the highest total CVOC soil concentration reduced from approximately 133.5 mg/kg to 0.59 mg/kg. Furthermore, PCE DNAPL was eliminated in the target monitoring well. Therefore, the treatment program was effective at addressing the soil-sorbed and DNAPL contamination while overcoming several site challenges. Full-scale injection and vent well installation is currently underway, and active injection is scheduled for the fall of 2011.

D

GEO-CLEANSE INTERNATIONAL, INC. Will Moody • [email protected] 732-970-6696• www.geocleanse.com

Full-Service In-Situ Chemical Remediation Since 1995

Services x Bench/Laboratory Testing x Pilot-Scale Design and

Implementation x Full-Scale Design and Implementation x Polish Design and Implementation

Oxidants Utilized x Catalyzed Hydrogen

Peroxide/Fenton’s Reagent x Sodium/Potassium

Permanganate x Activated Sodium Persulfate

For more information or for a free site evaluation, please visit our website WWW.GEOCLEANSE.COM

400 State Route 34, Suite B Matawan, NJ 07047 Phone: 732-970-6696 AUGUST2011

www.pollutionengineering.com

33

Advertorial

Better Exhaust, Less Maintenance, Less Space Greenheck Fan Corporation Owner: Texas Tech University, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Don Gamel, Project Estimator, Lubbock, TX Mechanical Contractor: Anthony Mechanical, Lubbock, TX Greenheck Representative: David G. Halley & Company, Lubbock, TX

THE VENTILATION CHALLENGE • Design and retrofit a complete lab exhaust system for an existing biology/environmental laboratory in a renovated university science building. • Minimize installation labor and expense. • Complete the project on a fast track to ensure use of existing grant money before the grant expired. Housed at Reese Technology Center, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), a research and academic program of Texas Tech University, contains a series of environmental laboratories that previously served as engineering work bays when the Center was still active as Reese Air Force base. This particular building was previously an Air Force civil engineering building. One of the laboratories needed a canopy hood and rooftop stack system to capture and exhaust odors and fumes created during the research experiments. Previously, the university’s physical plant engineering department had built its own custom hood stacks on site, but limited space, funding and time prompted the project estimator at Texas Tech to look into other options. External funding was available to fund the project if the university could find a way to complete the project during the timeframe in which funding was available.

GREENHECK’S SOLUTION • Satisfy building’s perimeter zone heating. Mike Halley of David G.Halley & Company, Greenheck’s representative in Lubbock, Texas, reviewed the merits of Greenheck’s Laboratory Exhaust System, TCB-LE with Don Gamel, Project Estimator with the Texas Tech engineering staff. Because the building had not been designed originally as a science building, there was very limited space on the roof for lab exhaust systems. The TCB-LEs compact footprint not only preserved valuable roof space but it also required only a single roof penetration. Another benefit - the TCB-LE stack is engineered to not require any unsightly guy wires. The TCB-LE was a cost effective alternative to standard field built-up fan and stack assemblies. In addition, the one piece TCB-LE met ANSI Z9.5, UL 705 and ASHRAE lab design guidelines. It was also important to Texas Tech that equipment maintenance could be accomplished easily for its staff. The TCB-LE provides safe, easy inspection and maintenance of internal fan components. By removing one 34

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

Reese Technology Center houses The Institute of Environmental and Human Health

access panel, service to the fan wheel, shaft and bearing assembly is accomplished without removing the fan from the system. This improved process not only is much easier, but also can be accomplished much more efficiently on the TCB-LE laboratory exhaust system. After reviewing the information on the Greenheck laboratory exhaust system, Don Gamel and Mike Halley got together with Mike Powell of Anthony Mechanical, the mechanical contractor. Collectively, all agreed that Greenheck's lab exhaust system was the right choice for the project. How does the exhaust system work? A high velocity exhaust cone incorporated in the TCB-LE displaces hazardous or noxious laboratory fumes high above the roof, preventing roof damage and re-entry of exhaust effluent into the building’s make-up air system. An optional bypass air plenum and damper adds ambient air to the exhaust, to further dilute fumes and provides additional exhaust displacement or allows the TCB-LE to be applied to variable volume lab exhausts.

THE RESULTS • A laboratory exhaust system that exceeds design and engineering specifications and space considerations. The TCB-LE lab exhaust system was specified, built, shipped and installed within six weeks—well within the deadline to qualify for the external funding to cover the costs for this project. The client avoided a lengthy and costly installation process for a built-up system and is very pleased with the performance of the lab exhaust system. The client was also very impressed with the Lab Exhaust Systems stability in high winds and the fact that it does not require unsightly and cumbersome guy wires. The client is considering installation of more Greenheck Laboratory Exhaust Systems in other laboratories in the building in the future.

GREENHECK (715) 359-6171 www.greenheck.com

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Dear Greyline, Thank you for the opportunity to put forth our application promoting yet again another wonderful product addition from Greyline Instruments. The following is a description of the process train and the solution the DLT 2.0 Differential Level Transmitter provides:

THE PROCESS:

Marathon Fluid Systems was selected as preferred systems supplier for The Municipality of the District of Lunenburg, Whynott’s Settlement, Nova Scotia. In this project the municipality added a septage receiving station to their landfill site. Part of the treatment train is a chlorinated duplex vertical turbine pump station delivering effluent from the sludge processing facility to a field of spray nozzles for dispersion. The pump station has two points of discharge and the twin vertical turbines are operated via VFD control. The station is active only during select times of the day. To deal with high flows during pump off times an overflow to a holding pond accommodates elevated levels of incoming effluent.

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THE PROBLEM: Control devices were required for the following: VFD pump control, flow measurement to the holding pond via a V-notch weir and pump station level all in one chamber. The output from the flow device needed to be added to that of an inline magnetic flow meter for accurate chlorination rates for the total flow of the two discharges. One discharge being the vertical turbines the other the overflow. At one point we were looking at three individual instruments to fully accommodate our needs.

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THE SOLUTION: Having previous experience with the Greyline product line and knowing their reliability I inquired as to a possible solution for the application. Greyline was able to solve our problem in a single meter, the DLT 2.0 with two PZ15 sensors. The result was one single box on the wall that was able to alternate the display between level and overflow rates, provide 4-20mA signals to accurately control the vertical turbines as well as our chlorination and monitor flow over the V-notch weir with substantial cost saving for our client. The interface on DLT 2.0 was simplistic and extremely easy to navigate compared to others on the market and allows me comfort that the operator will have no issues making changes if necessary. This is a powerful instrument that simplifies complex applications in a single analytical package. Regards, Ghislain Hachey, P.Eng.

GREYLINE INSTRUMENTS INC. 888-473-9546 www.greyline.com

AUGUST2011

www.pollutionengineering.com

35

Advertorial

Process Cooling of Engine/Generator Sets with Reuse Water WWTP Produces Electricity While Saving Enough Potable Water in Cooling Process to Supply 500 Area Homes By Dr. Marcus N. Allhands, PE, Vice President of Business Development, Orival, Inc. filtration system is reached due to captured debris. A manually set timer in the control panel can also initiate the cleaning cycle. During the cleaning cycle six “dime-size” areas of screen are forcefully cleaned by pulling water backward through the screen with nozzles connected to atmosphere at a velocity of over 50 feet per second which drags the debris from the screen surface. The “dime-size” areas of cleaning action are then moved across every square inch of screen surface to assure a completely clean screen element. Each filter takes less than 15 seconds to clean without interrupting the filtration process. Simplicity (no electric motors), dependability, performance and the manufacturer’s commitment to customer service drove the selection process by the engineering firm commissioned to design the reuse system. There have been no cooling process problems since the Orival automatic filtration water reuse system began operating in 2007.

Figure 1. V-12 engine/generator sets.

L

ocated along the banks of one of the largest tributaries to the Mississippi River, this 100 MGD (million gallons per day) trickling filter wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) has a large demand for service water with low suspended solids. Nearly 3 MGD of water are needed for various on-site services such as pump seals, yard hydrants, spray bars on bar screens and nozzles on dewatering belt presses, but perhaps none as important as cooling large V-12 internal combustion engine/generator sets shown in Figure 1. These engines run off of methane gas produced on-site from the anaerobic sludge digestion process. The cooling process passes water one time through the engine blocks and then discharges the water back to the head of the WWTP. Therefore, this cooling water must be free of organic and inorganic particles that could interfere with heat transfer at the engine wall/water interface. The power produced by these engines can supply nearly all the electricity needed to run the entire wastewater treatment plant. However, if the engines overheat, safety controls shut down the engines and stop electricity production until the cooling problem can be solved. This immediately switches all power necessary to run the myriad of motors on pumps, aeration blowers, sludge presses and automated treatment equipment to purchased electricity. If this cooling process was to use potable water, as in many other facilities, the cost of this cooling water would nearly offset the savings of onsite power generation. An automatic self-cleaning screen filtration system provided by Orival, Inc. was installed recently using effluent from the wastewater treatment process for this non-potable cooling requirement saving enough potable water each day to supply an additional 500 homes in the area.

About Orival, Inc.: Orival filters have been installed on reuse applications worldwide for over twenty-five years. Industries such as Petrochemical, Food & Beverage, Steel, Mining, Automotive, Paper, Power Generation and Ethanol production are just a few industries using Orival filters for water treatment in process cooling and reuse systems. Orival, Inc. provides a complete line of automatic self-cleaning filtration systems with sizes ranging from ¾” to 24” and filtration degrees from 3000 microns down to 5 microns. Orival filters are used to protect cooling towers, chillers, membrane systems and heat exchangers, spray systems, furnaces, internal combustion engines and mold jackets. Visit www.orival.com then contact [email protected] or call (800) 567-9767.

Figure 2. Filtration system: Two Orival OR-12-PS filters with manifold.

ORIVAL, INC. Figure 2 shows the operating installation of the reuse system provided by Orival, Inc. as a complete package with filters, controls, manifold and valves. The controls initiate a cleaning cycle when a 7 psi loss across the

36

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

(800) 567-9767 fi[email protected] www.orival.com

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São Paulo, Brazil, uses In Situ Chemical Reduction

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Sidney Aluani, Eduardo Pujol, Fabíola Tomiatti and Ricardo Martini (SGW Services, São Paulo, BRAZIL) Jim Mueller and Alan Seech (The Adventus Group, USA) Josephine Molin and Laura Moral (Adventus Brasil, BRAZIL)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A former industrial site located in São Paulo, Brazil, was acquired by a developer to construct a residential development with six high-rise buildings. Groundwater was impacted by halogenated compounds, especially tetrachloroethylene, due to former activities involving electroplating and solvent cleaning. The local lithology is composed of interbedded lenses of clay and sand. Three aquifer levels were described: a shallow one, between 6 and 10 mbgs, and a hydraulic conductivity of 3 x 10-4 cm/s; an intermediate, characterized by a semi-confined aquifer at 10 to 14 mbgs, with a hydraulic conductivity equal 3.5 x 10-6 cm/s; and a deeper level at 20 mbgs. Baseline concentrations showed tetrachloroethylene at shallow aquifer (maximum of 13,113 ug/L); intermediate (maximum of 23,757 ug/L) and deep aquifer (maximum of 16,805 ug/L). Groundwater baseline conditions varied from anoxic to oxic with dissolved oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 5.22 mg/L and ORP generally in the range of -103 to +130 mV. Risk assessment performed at site indicates an Figure 1 – Initial scenario indoor inhalation risk for residential receptors, due to tetrachloroethylene dissolved concentrations. Site Specific Target Levels (SSTL) were calculated: PCE = 296 ug/L; TCE = 1,100 ug/L and VC = 127 ug/L.

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REMEDIATION APPROACH Due to tight deadline and the site actual scenario (construction works) an In Situ Chemical Reduction Technology, using EHC® (Adventus Group), was selected by SGW Services to stimulate enhanced reductive dechlorination. EHC is a solid amendment composed of controlled-release complex organic carbon plus zero-valent iron, which quickly establishes reducing conditions and promotes both abiotic and biotic degradation of CVOCs. A distribution of 300 injection points was performed and a total of 228 tons of EHC was applied at saturated zone (from 5 to 20m) between July and September/2010.

Figure 2 – Current Scenario

RESULTS Since the first application period, groundwater samples were routinely analyzed for chlorinated ethenes, pH, ORP and DO. Five months after application (February 2011), monitoring indicated a significant reduction in the extent of the groundwater plume with only two monitoring points above SSTL. Eight months following the injections (May 2011), PCE concentrations were reduced below SSTL at all monitoring locations.

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800-259-1292 (in the US) • 815-599-1280 (International) sgwservices.com • [email protected] AUGUST2011

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37

PEPRODUCTS Product Focus: Wastewater Equipment Prevent Backflow Halt Odors

Underground Wastewater Management The company’s Recharger and Contactor underground septic chambers offer an effective wastewater management alternative to concrete galleries and conventional pipe and stone systems, especially for sites with space constraints. The company’s chambers are accepted in most parts of the U.S. for gravel-less leach fields. Their fully open bottoms and perforated sidewalls, along with the use of their filter fabric, offer greater contact with the primary leaching area, thereby delivering maximum infiltration capability.

The CheckMate Inline Check Valve will prevent backflow and mitigate odors in outfalls, stormwater, CSO and SSO applications. The all-rubber unibody design eliminates costly backflow from oceans, rivers or interceptors. The valve’s elastomer fabric- reinforced design provides a proven record of maintenancefree performance, cost savings and results that no other inline check valve can match. The major advantage is its extremely low head loss as the valve can open to a near full pipe diameter. Valves are readily available in 4- to 72-inch sizes.

Bubble Generator The company has developed two bubblegenerating technologies called Dynaswirl and Stratojet. The first generates a rotating flow to create low pressure at the center of a vortex for cavitation, which results in vortex breakdown near the orifice and generation of very fine bubbles. Air or other gases can be introduced into the generator to enhance gas transfer. The other bubble generator utilizes a passive acoustic resonance created by flow interaction with the nozzle and upstream chambers to induce the formation of large vortical ring cavities that break up to generate very fine bubbles.

Cultec

Tideflex Technologies

Dynaflow Inc.

Brookfield, Conn. •(800) 4-CULTEC www.cultec.com

Carnegie, Pa. • (412) 279-0044 www.tideflex.com

Jessup, Md. • (301) 604-3688 www.dynaflow-inc.com

Product Focus: Environmental Sensors Photoacoustic Infrared Gas Monitor The company’s PA4000 Photoacoustic Infrared Gas Monitor provides precise, high-performance readings and eliminates interference from water vapors. The monitor is designed with an advanced photoacoustic, infrared sensor to monitor a variety of gases including hydrocarbons, solvents, alcohols, CO 2 , CO and other dangerous gases. It is stable and highly selective to the gas of interest and can operate y for months with virtually no drift. The monitor is accurate to ± 2 ppm at zero to 100 ppm and ± 10 percent of readings from 100 to 1000 ppm.

General Monitors Lake Forest, Calif. • (909) 335-1941 www.generalmonitors.com 38

Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011

High Precision n Potentiometric c Continuous Level evel Sensors The company launched entiometric new CT-1000 potentiometric level sensors for OEM and end user applications. The sensors provide nuous level gaugaccurate, continuous ks or ing for filling tanks continuayer ous separating layer coverage in ally conductive nearly all electricalliliquids with resoolution of ±1 mm independent of pressure, temp perature and density. A major a sensor is extremely asset of the sshort measuring ti illi times iin th the milliseco ond range. The sensor is suitable for a w wide-range of tanks with lengths from 8 inches in to 19.7 feet and is available with 4-2 4-20 mA output or with Hart protocol.

Antifouling Turbidity Probe A T The company announced the OBS500 D Dual Turbidity Probe with antifouling techn nology. The probe combines a backsscatter sensor (better at measuring high tturbidity) with a second sidescatter senssor (better a at measuriing lower turbidit y) a and multip ple antifoulin ing methods tto improve measurem ments in biologically active water. The p patent pending antifouling method ensures the accuracy of its measurements. This antifouling method uses a shutter/wiper mechanism and includes a chamber filled with a biocide that continuously leaches out over the optics while the probe is in the closed position.

Gems Sensors & Controls

Campbell Scientific

Plainville, Conn. • (800) 378-1600 www.gemssensors.com

Logan, Utah • (435) 227-9000 www.campbellsci.com/obs500

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ADINDEX Pollution Engineering provides additional information from each of its advertisers. Visit www.pollutionengineering.com, then click on Buyers Guide and search by supplier. The buyers guide is an additional service provided by the magazine. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.

ADVERTISER

PAGE #

ADVERTISER

PAGE #

ABUTEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFC www.abutec.com

Greenheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 www.greenheck.com

ADVENTUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 www.adventusgroup.com

Lantec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 www.lantecp.com

Airgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 www.airgas.com

SGW Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 www.sgwservices.com

Air Quality VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

The Environmental Co Inc . . . . .20, 37

www.undeerc.org/AQ8

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ARCADIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 www.arcadis-us.com

Thermo Scientific, Enviromental Instruments . . . . . IBC

Arizona Instrument LLC . . . . . . . 21 www.azic.com

www.thermo.com/systemsolutions.com

Baldor Electric Co . . . . . . . . . . BC

University of Maryland University College . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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Fluid Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

WASTECON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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Frac Rite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

WEFTEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 www.weftec.org

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GeoCleanse International Inc . . . 33 www.geocleanse.com

PE Pollution Engineering (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

AUGUST2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

41

StateRules

brought to you by

9 7 4

1

6

2 8

5 3

1

CA – WHO MUST FILE UNDER SB14

The Hazardous Waste Source Reduction and Management Review Act of 1989, also known as Senate Bill (SB) 14, requires hazardous waste generators to consider source reduction as the preferred method of managing hazardous waste. SB 14 promotes source reduction over recycling, treatment and disposal. It applies when a company routinely generates more than 12,000 kilograms of hazardous waste or 12 kilograms of extremely hazardous waste in 2010.

2

CO – NEW WASTE TIRE HAULER REGS EFFECTIVE

New regulations require commercial haulers of waste tires and facilities that generate, collect, store, process and/or use waste tires to register with CDPHE. Anyone who transports a load of 10 or more tires at one time is required to register and receive a Certificate of Registration. Applications must include a vehicle description that lists each vehicle that will be used to haul waste tires. Waste haulers will receive decals for each vehicle along with the certificate.

3

FL – STATE LAW FAVORS DEVELOPERS

State legislation introduced by Rep. Ken Roberson (H.B. 993) would shift the long-standing burden of proof to those who challenge local development decisions. Current state law requires developers to show that their project will not adversely impact the environment. However H.B 993 amends the state Administrative Procedures Act requiring a challenger to new development to prove any environmental harm.

42 PLE01094Airg.indd Pollution Engineering AUGUST2011 1

4

IA – $2.1 MILLION AWARDED FOR BIODIESEL PROJECTS

The state Power Fund Board has approved $2.1 million in awards for construction projects for a biodiesel refinery near Forest City. The state says the projects will create jobs, increase biofuels production, and expand volunteer programs that train veterans for implementing energy efficiency measures throughout the state.

5

LA – EMERGENCY RESPONSE REGS UPDATED

The DEQ’s regulations outlining the requirements for emergency response for permitted solid waste facilities are being updated.The new regulations will require the facilities to submit an emergency response plan to the State Fire Marshal for review and approval before a new or renewal permit application is submitted to the department. A copy of the approval letter must be sent to or submitted with the application.

6

MD – RENEWABLE ENERGY PORTFOLIO EXPANDED

Maryland’s Renewable Energy Portfolio has been expanded. Senate Bill (SB) 690 provides financial incentives for producing energy from burning trash. SB 690 expands the definition of a Tier 1 renewable source to include waste-to-energy and refuse-derived fuel, and alters the definition of a Tier 2 renewable source to include wasteto-energy. The act is meant to help the state meet its goal of generating 20 percent of energy from Tier 1 renewable sources by 2022.

7

NY – WATER WITHDRAWAL BILL ON ROAD TO APPROVAL

The state Assembly unanimously passed Bill No. A05318, the Water Withdrawal Bill, that authorizes the state DEC to implement a water withdrawal permitting program to regulate the use of the state’s water resources. The bill’s focus is to create a permit program for water withdrawals of over 100,000 gallons.

8

OK – GO ONLINE BEFORE EATING FISH

The state DEQ recently launched the website Hook, Line and Supper (www.deq.state.ok.us/fish/) to provide the public with information about healthy fish consumption. Many bodies of water in the state have elevated levels of mercury, lead or pesticides, and the website contains all of the necessary information of the fish advisories issued by the DEQ for these lakes, reservoirs and streams.

9

WA – WA TO ADOPT REGS ABOUT CHEMO DRUGS

Gov. Chris Gregoire has signed into law a bill directing the Department of Labor & Industries to adopt requirements for the handling of chemotherapy and other hazardous drugs. This is the first state in the nation to require protection for healthcare workers that work with patients using these hazardous drug treatments. This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

12/10/08 2:54:47 PM

©2010 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. Copyrights in and to the Ethernet photograph are owned by a third party and licensed for limited use only to Thermo Fisher Scientific by Dreamstime.com.

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