Pollution Engineering March 2011

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE CONFERENCE BROCHURE INSIDE! May 16-19, 2011 Chicag...

Author: Roy Bigham

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POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

CONFERENCE

BROCHURE INSIDE! May 16-19, 2011 Chicago, IL Flip to Pages 23-30 to Check it Out!

MARCH 2011

The Mystery

of the

UPGRADIENT Contaminant Waste-Energy Emissions Pg 20

Clearing the FOG Pg 31

Controlling Pump Costs Pg 35 www.pollutionengineering.com

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INSIDE

MARCH 2011

VOLUME 43

NO. 3

COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 While politicians around the globe hype renewable green energy, it seems that goal is getting a lot of resistance. By Roy Bigham

Legal Lookout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 While EPA positions new regulatory requirements, we wonder if the new Congress will get in the way. By Lynn L. Bergeson

Green Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Achieving sustainability can provide profit and promotion. By Barbara Quinn

The Environmental Professional . . . . . . . . . 12 Finding the right path usually starts with having the right attitude. By Christopher Young

State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

14 FEATURES

32

The Mystery of the Upgradient Contaminant . . . . . . . . . . . .

DEPARTMENTS EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Air Monitoring Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Pumps, Pipes and Valve Products . . . . . . 39 Classified Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

14

Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Given that PCE was in the groundwater, finding the source turned into a real detective activity.

Waste of to Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

CONFERENCE

Air pollution control strategies and equipment can have a major impact on waste-to-energy projects.

BROCHURE INSIDE! May 16-19, 2011 Chicago, IL Flip to Pages 23-30 to Check it Out!

MARCH 2011

Clearing Away the FOG . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Population growth at a central Virginian town has stimulated business growth, which in turn is clogging the drains with increased food wastes. With costs getting out of control, something needed to be done.

Controlling Pump Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

The largest energy cost at water and wastewater plants is the cost of operating pumps. There are ways to manage such costs and provide many benefits.

The Mystery

ON THE COVER

of the

UPGRADIENT Contaminant Waste-Energy Emissions Pg 20

Clearing the FOG Pg 31

Controlling Costgate Pg 35 www.pollutionengineering.com

Member

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May 16-19, 2011

Subscribe to Pollution Engineering and our electronic newsletters at www.pollutionengineering.com.

© 2011 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. Copyrights in and to the image are owned by a third party and licensed for limited use by iStockphoto.

Know what you’re breathing in.

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EDITOR'SDESK Who Wants Renewable Energy? While politicians around the globe hype renewable green energy, it seems that goal is getting a lot of resistance.

W

ind, solar, nuclear and bio are considered green renewable energy sources. Politicians have given innumerable speeches about how embracing such technologies will benefit our lives. They claim it will eliminate our dependence on energy sources outside of our borders, that it will clean up the atmosphere and save us from destroying all life, that it will generate jobs.

“

Apparently it is because we just cannot reach agreements.

”

So if it will improve the economy, make us healthy, and supply us with an endless source of power, what is holding us back from moving forward? Apparently it is because we just cannot reach agreements. For example, there was a proposal years ago to build a wind farm about six miles off the coast of Cape Cod. The rather influential property owners on that tiny island fought hard against it, saying it would ruin their landscape. They went so far as to try to pass legislation at the federal level to prevent it from being built. In other cases, groups have published reports that energy-generating windmills are killing birds that fly into the whirling blades. In still other cases, the local utilities have refused to allow the farms to connect to the grid. Injunctions are sought to halt the construction of tie-in lines. Solar has faced similar headwinds. A developer once found a piece of property perfect for a solar array: of a

good size and quite flat, with transmission lines right next to it. The soil was dry and sandy, and the sun beat on it a majority of the time. Unfortunately, one of the neighbors allowed chickens to roam the property and another allowed cows to graze the sparse vegetation. The neighbors and an environmental group filed lawsuits to block the development, claiming the property housed rare animal and plant species that would be damaged if the solar collectors were put in place. Nuclear power has its detractors as well. While its problems have been rare, those occurrences have become household names. These incidents, and a public whose perceptions on nuclear technology were shaped during the Cold War, make nuclear expansion a dicey prospect in the United States. Nuclear power's waste stream is an undeniable problem. Yucca Mountain, a storage facility designed to safely hold such materials for one million years, has become a political dead end. Of course, the biggest obstacle to renewable energy sources is cost. In Europe and the United States, even with huge subsidies, renewable energy from a business standpoint is often simply not worth the investment. PE

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

Pollution Engineering Masthead 2401 West Big Beaver, Ste. 700, Troy, Michigan 48084 | Phone: (248) 362-3700 | www.pollutionengineering.com PUBLISHING & EDITORIAL STAFF Tom Esposito | Senior Group Publisher Doug Glenn | Group Publisher 412-306-4351 | [email protected] Seth Fisher | Publisher 248-244-6248 | [email protected] Roy Bigham | Editor 248-244-6252 | [email protected] Contributing Editors Erin Manitou-Alvarez Lynn L. Bergeson, Esq., Neginmalek Davapanah Barbara Quinn

Sarah Sajedi Dr. Dianne Saxe Norman Wei Christopher Young

Michelle Maki | Project Manager [email protected]

ADVERTISING & SALES STAFF Steve Roth | Midwest/West Coast Sales Manager 847-256-3040 | [email protected] Lori Koning | East Coast Sales 814-833-9303 | [email protected] Lydia Stewart | Inside Sales Manager and Classified Sales 248-758-0137 | [email protected]

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For subscription information or service, please contact Customer Service at: Tel. (847) 763-9534 or Fax (847) 763-9538 or e-mail [email protected]

CORPORATE DIRECTORS Timothy A. Fausch - Publishing John R. Schrei – Publishing Rita M. Foumia – Corporate Strategy Vince M. Miconi – Production Lisa L. Paulus – Finance Michael T. Powell – Creative Holly Banks – Marketing Directories Nikki Smith - Directories Marlene J. Witthoft - Human Resources: Emily Patten – Conferences & Events Beth A. Suroweic – Clear Seas Research

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Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Hayat Ali-Ghoneim | Audience Development Coordinator Alison Illes | Multimedia Specialist Catherine M. Ronan | Corporate Audience Audit Manager

BNP Media Helps People Succeed in Business with Superior Information

ENVIRONEWS Joining Forces

PE Events APRIL 2011 3-5

National Brownfields Conference 2011, Philadelphia, www.brownfields2011.

The two major water associations join together on water issues and regulation responses.

org/en/home

11-15 The Complete Groundwater Monitoring

Field Course, San Diego, www.envirofieldschool.com

11-15 The Remediation Course, Las Vegas, www.princeton-groundwater.com

12-14 2011 Energy Efficiency Global Forum,

Brussels, Belgium, http://eeglobalforum.org

13-15 Spring Carolinas Air Pollution Control

Association Meeting, Asheville, N.C., www.capca-carolinas.org

18-19 The Complete Surface Water & Sediment

Sampling Field Course, San Diego, www.envirofieldschool.com

26-27 27th International Activated Carbon

Conference, Seattle, www.pacslabs.com 26-28 Sanitary Landfill Design, University of

Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Engineering Professional Development, Madison, Wisc., http://epdweb.engr. wisc.edu/WEBL360

MAY 2011 2-5

ESTECH 2011, Schaumburg, Ill., www.iest.org

2-5

International Biomass Conference & Expo, St. Louis, www.biomassconference.com

5-7

IFAT China + EPTEE + CWS, Shanghai, www.ifat-china.com

10-12 13th Annual Electric Power Conference

The American Water Works Association (AWWA) and the Water Environment Federation (WEF) recently announced an agreement to more closely collaborate on programs, services and major policy issues. The resolution states the two associations “resolve to support and lead as necessary an effort to develop a cohesive voice for the water community by encouraging collaboration between our members, coordinating programs and services, and developing consensus on major water policy issues.” The agreement grew from a conversation among the association’s presidential officers and treasurers, who gathered in Washington, D.C., during the fall of 2010 to explore opportunities to work together. WEF’s board of directors approved the resolution at its Nov. 10 meeting and AWWA’s board completed the approval process in January at its meeting in San Antonio. With the resolution in place, leaders from both organizations will develop a work plan for 2011 and subsequent years to fulfill the spirit of the agreement. The agreement is not expected to combine the two organizations’ major North American trade shows (AWWA’s annual conference and exhibition, typically held in June, and Weftec, the massive October show). “This resolution enhances our existing efforts to work more closely together to advance sound water policy, the interests of our members and the publics they serve,” said WEF President Jeannette Brown. “Both AWWA and WEF are excited to explore future partnerships that make the water profession’s collective voice even stronger.” “The water industry has changed in recent years, and our work is no longer easily defined as either ‘water’ or ‘wastewater,’” said AWWA President Joseph Mantua. “AWWA and WEF recognize that, now more than ever, increased collaboration will benefit members from both organizations and improve our collective effectiveness, particularly in matters of public policy.”

& Exhibition, Rosemont, Ill.,

www.electricpowerexpo.com

16-19 RemTEC Summit 2011, Chicago, www.remtecsummit.com

17-19 56th Appalachian Underground

Corrosion Short Course, Morgantown, W.V., www.aucsc.com/index.htm 17-20 The Environmental Sampling Field

Course, Las Cruces, N.M., www.envirofieldschool.com

22-25 Windpower 2011 Conference and

Exhibition, Anaheim, Calif., www.awea.org/events

31-06 WasteTech 2011, Moscow, www.sibico.com/wt2005i

AIR EPA Proposes to Hold CO Standards Fears of a tougher standard for carbon monoxide may be put to rest for now: the EPA in February proposed to keep the current eight-hour 9-ppm, and one-hour 35-ppm national air quality standards for CO, while taking steps to gather additional data through more focused monitoring. However the agency does seem intent on requiring additional monitoring to enforce those standards. The agency said that its most recent data show that the current standards are sufficient to protect people, especially those susceptible to health problems associated with breathing CO from the outdoor air. The gas can cause harmful health effects by reducing oxygen delivery to the body’s organs (such as the heart and brain) and tissues. At extremely high levels, CO can cause death. The EPA did however propose to revise the air monitoring requirements. The proposed

Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for additional information. MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

7

ENVIRONEWS changes would require a more focused monitoring network with CO monitors placed near highly trafficked roads in urban areas with populations of one million or more. The data from these sites would be available for scientific studies that could help inform future reviews of the standard. CO monitors at the new locations would be required to be operational by Jan. 1, 2013. The EPA will accept comments for 60 days after the proposed rule is published in the Federal Register. If requested, the agency will hold a public hearing on the proposed rule on Feb. 18, 2011. The agency will take final action by Aug. 12, 2011. More information is available at www.epa.gov/airquality/carbonmonoxide or use the mobile tag with a smartphone.

PEOPLE New Sales Manager Oversees New Product Launches Gasco Affiliates LLC, Oldsmar, Fla., has appointed Kevin Wilson as national sales manager to direct sales efforts supporting the company’s impending new product

8

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

introductions for the specialty gas market. A 23-year veteran of the specialty gas and instrumentation industry with more than 30 years of sales experience, Wilson is responsible for developing and executing sales and launch strategies for new product initiatives. Company president Tom Hanway said Wilson will play a key role in ensuring the company achieves multiple successful new product launches through the addition of new distributors and by fostering an increased dedication to their products from its existing national distributor network. The company provides precision calibration gas, equipment and accessories. visit www.gascogas.com. .

WASTE EPA Releases 2009 MSW Report The EPA’s Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the United States: 2009 Facts and

Figure report is now available online. The annual report provides the most recent available data on waste generation, recycling and disposal of MSW in the U.S. from 1960 to 2009. The document provides additional detail by material types, including paper, glass, metals, plastics, food scraps, yard trimmings and other materials. It also examines trends in source reduction, recycling, combustion and landfill disposal. Visit www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/ municipal/index.htm for general information on MSW. To access the full report, use www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/ pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf.

LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

More 2011 Predictions Will the new Congress impede the EPA's regulatory agenda? he New Year offers both promise and trepidation in 2011 from EPA’s Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP).

T

EPA appropriations Many expect a freeze in domestic program spending, but that could just be the beginning of a general squeeze on EPA resources. Hiring restrictions, personnel ceilings, and reductions in contractor support can have a relatively immediate impact on program operations if critical skills are lost due to retirement, general turnover, or reduced contractor support. Also, EPA will likely be subject to a variety of restrictions or reductions in its operating programs. For example, if the cap and trade approach to climate change is not available, many will want to have the agency continue efforts to control carbon emissions via existing authority. This could inspire an effort by those opposed to such a plan to use the appropriations process to restrict the range of possible EPA options.

Endocrine – SDWA chemicals The year 2011 will see the first issuance of Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)/Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act orders requiring endocrine screening of “other SDWA chemicals” identified by EPA in its November 2010 Federal Register notice. Key issues in this regard will concern chemicals for which there is little evidence of their presence in sources of drinking water (the Contaminant Candidate List 3 listing for certain chemicals was based on the Toxic Release Inventory releases or production volume information rather than monitoring data) and that a substantial population may be exposed.

“

Key issues in this regard will concern chemicals for which there is little evidence of their presence in sources of drinking water.

TSCA legislation The particulars of the discussion of possible Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) changes made during the past two years are moot. Rep. Henry Waxman’s (D-Calif.) absence as the Chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee could have great implications for possible TSCA legislation and the congressman’s proposals will need to be reduced in scope to have a realistic chance of enactment. Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-N.J.) is expected to support more extensive changes, but even in the Senate some of the new members can be expected to oppose any legislation that could expand government, or adversely impact jobs.

Enhanced chemical management program A key proposed action is EPA’s effort to propose a chemicals of concern list under TSCA Section 5(b)(4). The rule is being subjected to close scrutiny because of policy implications of the creation of such a list. Other actions are also being developed by EPA’s Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and are expected to be submitted for review and released in 2011. On Jan. 7, 2011, EPA issued the High Production Volume (HPV) orphan TSCA test rule. Other rules expected soon include the rule promulgating proposed changes to the Inventory Update Rule (IUR) and the siloxanes Chemical Action Plan.

Regulation of nanoscale materials EPA is expected to propose in 2011 a Significant New Use Rule under TSCA Section 5 for nanoscale chemical substances. The agency is also working on a TSCA Section 4 test rule under which chemical manufacturers would be required to develop data production to determine the health effects of certain multi-wall carbon nanotubes and nano-sized clays and alumina. Additionally, EPA is reportedly working on a proposed TSCA Section 8(a) rule to establish reporting requirements for certain nanoscale materials. If nothing else, 2011 will be interesting, especially given the lack of alignment between EPA and Republican leadership in the House. PE

”

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.

MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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GREENCONNECTIONS By Barbara Quinn

Behind the Rhetoric Achieving sustainability can provide proﬁt and promotion. ehind the hard-line rhetoric that fuels arguments about the value of green jobs, the cost of environmental regulations or the long-term effects of industrial processes and accidents, there are companies that bypass rhetoric in favor of action that makes common financial and environmental sense. Some operate within the narrow sector of green products; others, such as Steelcase and Herman Miller, are long-time advocates of sustainable business practices; still others have implemented initiatives that target specific slices of the overwhelming goal known as sustainability. These companies, like their counterparts in government and the nonprofit world, are distinguished by tenacity and commitment. They are differentiated by the tone from the top and by company leaders who understand that tone is no substitute for action. The economic climate of the past three years would suggest that financial necessity might put environmen-

B

tal initiatives on hold. That prevailing wisdom would be wrong on several fronts. Customers continue to press for more natural products and environmentally responsible brands. The pressure from retailers and manufacturers on their suppliers for greater environmental accountability has escalated. Improved metrics are giving organizations better tools to measure their environmental impacts and results. And lessons learned by one company are more accessible to other companies, both as warning and as welcome. A look at EPA’s WasteWise award-winners of 2010 (use the smartphone mobile tag to access the website) highlights some of the actions that stretch beyond traditional pollution prevention activities. GE has launched the second phase of its Ecomagination Challenge. Phase II focused on home energy use, with the company committed to awarding five $100,000 cash awards to the most innova-

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

GREEN JOBS ARE A GROWTH INDUSTRY. Today’s fastest-growing job opportunities are green. Companies need professionals who can improve corporate safety, efﬁciency and compliance with government regulations. Be ready, with a bachelor’s or master’s degree or a certiﬁcate in environmental management from University of Maryland University College (UMUC).

Enroll now. Copyright © 2011 University of Maryland University College

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Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

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800-888-UMUC umuc.edu/ yourworld

GREENCONNECTIONS By Barbara Quinn

tive ideas submitted Neither GE’s challenge nor Herman Miller’s textiles through the challenge. provide a full picture of the actions or issues facing GE created the $200 the two companies. They do offer a glimpse at innomillion challenge as a vation in putting environmental mission statements way of bringing inno- into action. PE v a t ive www.epa.gov/epawaste/ technolopartnerships/wastewise/ gies to index.htm market. Phase I centered on the Smart Grid and produced awards and investments of some $55 million in late 2010. Vanton solid thermoplastic pumps More than a dozen Herman Miller prodto stainless, high alloy, plastic-lined ucts have earned the McDonough Braungart and fiberglass pumps for wastewater Design Chemistry Cradle to Cradle cerand corrosive treatment chemicals: tification (meaning environmentally safe • ZERO CORROSION and healthy materials, product design for (unlike stainless and alloys) material reutilization, efficient water use, • ZERO CONTAMINATION (unlike stainless and alloys) maximum water quality in production, All wet end components • ZERO CHEMICAL ABSORPTION and implementation of social responsibilof Vanton centrifugal OR WICKING ity strategies). A look at how the company pumps are molded of (unlike fiberglass reinforced plastics) solid PVC, PP or PVDF, chooses and uses textiles in its office prodand handle flows to • ZERO TEARING, CRACKING, 1450 gpm (330 m /h), ucts offers a closer look at their approach OR PEELING heads to 400 ft (122 m) and temperatures to (unlike plastic linings) to product development. Textiles and foam 275°F (135°C). • ZERO OR NEAR-ZERO materials are part of an open-loop system ABRASION that allows them to be recycled at the end (unlike stainless, alloys, of their useful life. Leathers are tanned with and fiberglass) an alternative to chrome and the company’s proprietary Kira fabric is derived from corn, which allows it to be quickly composted at Vanton molds all wet end components SUMP-GARD® the end of its useful life. The majority of the Vertical of solid, homogeneous thermoplastics products are low-emitting Greenguard cerCentrifugal Pumps that are 100% inert to the pollution Standard, bearingtified products. Even the company’s matetreatment chemicals you handle, such less, low headroom, as alum, ferric chloride, hydrofluosilicic wash down, integral rial sampling set has been scrutinized for motor/shaft and acid, polymer, sodium hydroxide, opportunities to make better environmental vortex sodium hypochloride, sulfuric acid and others. choices. Instead of using a typical sampling CHEM-GARD® Horizontal set, which is usually discarded at the end of Centrifugal Pumps It means you can say good-bye Standard, ANSI, its useful life, Herman Miller developed a to pumping problems you now DIN, mag drive, experience with chemical transfer, close coupled new book fabricated entirely of polypropyldisinfection, dosing, effluent and self priming ene and using no hardware, not even metal collection, lift stations, odor control, recirculation and other FLEX-I-LINER® rings. The single material allows the entire Rotary Peristaltic pollution control applications. book to be recycled. Pumps 3

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Z-0418

has written about environmental, public policy and economic development issues for over 25 years. She has been published in magazines serving the environmental, industrial and municipal communities. She can be contacted at [email protected].

11

ENVIRONMENTALPROFESSIONAL By Christopher Young

Achieving Ethos Finding the right path usually starts with having the right attitude. n almost every situation, there is a right way to do something or a wrong way. Many employment situations involve an either ethical or unethical way to gain monetary benefits. In a similar manner, there are major challenges and many opportunities that confront the ethics of an environmental professional. For an environmental professional’s job, the important yardstick to measure success should be the person’s ethics and the mission of working towards the betterment of the environment. Such betterment can only be achieved if a person has a strong work ethic. This, of course, invariably creates challenges: • Decision making is the major challenge for all environmental professionals. If a person accepts orders and proceeds further to conduct unethical or illegal work, he or she may feel safe at present but in the future, such a person could end up with serious consequences. To overcome such challenges, the environmental professional needs

I

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to maintain an open-minded approach, where educating the supervisor and employees about the unethical work before starting on it is the first step. • Educating all the employees is a major challenge that the environmental professional will often face, as only a few employees may understand and follow directions. This can be overcome by having strict rules and policies in place right from the start. • There are situations where a professional will stop being ethical for the benefit of some perceived relationship. To overcome any misconception, the professional must concentrate on thinking rationally: doing work for a friend that could give them liability is not the work of a friend, and asking it is less so. • Rational thinking will also help in overcoming the selfish thought of personal benefit.

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ENVIRONMENTALPROFESSIONAL By Christopher Young

The type of challenges faced daily by an environmental professional provides many opportunities for personal benefits. Indeed, taking the time to understand the situation and striving to act responsibly is the most tried and true method of gaining the kind of professional repute that leads to success in this business. In a recent legal action, a federal jury in Utica, N. Y., found an asbestos removal company, two of its managers and one of its employees guilty of conspiring to aid and abet Clean Air Act violations, commit mail fraud, and defraud the United States. As alleged in the indictment, the company, its employees and a supervisor from a former asbestos abatement company conspired over the course of nearly a decade to falsify lab results used to prove that asbestos removal had been properly done. In a number of projects, the asbestos removal company represented that homes, schools and other buildings were free of asbestos contamination when in fact asbestos debris had remained behind. Owners of local homes and buildings were unaware that asbestos had been left behind from sloppy abatement work because air quality reports had been falsified by the company. Due

to the false lab reports, people that lived or worked in the buildings had been potentially exposed to asbestos, putting them at risk for developing cancer. EPA investigators have notified affected building owners of the problem so proper cleanup could be conducted. The conspiracy and substantive Clean Air Act violations and false statements each carry a maximum possible term for incarceration of five years and a fine of $250,000. The mail fraud counts each carry a maximum possible term of incarceration of 20 years and similar fines. But the greatest damage is probably to the company’s name; who would contract them now? PE

Christopher Young is the director of operations for the National Registry of Environmental Professionals (NREP), Glenview, Ill., an internationally recognized professional certification organization that specializes in credentialing environmental health and safety and homeland protection professionals. Chris is a certified registered environmental manager and has extensive experience in environmental inspections, auditing t i i and project management. Contact him at [email protected].

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13

The Mystery of the

UPGRADIENT Contaminant

Given that PCE was in the groundwater, ﬁnding the source turned into a real detective activity. By ANTHONY J. MAGGIO, SCS Engineers and ALAN BACOCK, Big Pine Indian Reservation he Big Pine Indian Reservation comprises 279.08 acres of land adjacent to Big Pine, Calif., approximately 238 miles north of Los Angeles and 17 miles south of Bishop, in the central portion of the Owens Valley between the Sierra Nevada and White Mountain Ranges (see Figure 1). The terrain is relatively flat, sloping easterly towards the Owens River at grades ranging from 1 to 4 percent. The reservation’s highest elevation of 4,050 feet is located at the extreme southwest corner of the property. Two community water systems exist on the reservation. The first consists of two community-owned wells (Wells 1 and 2), which supply groundwater to 139 service connections. The second system is a privately owned well that supplies groundwater to 35 service connections in a trailer

T

14

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

park (see Figure 2). The population of the reservation is approximately 456. Although groundwater quality met most of the national primary and secondary standards, perchloroethylene (PCE, a chlorinated solvent) had been detected in the two water supply wells when a monitoring program began in 1995 to comply with the federal Safe Drinking Water Act. The detection of PCE was unexpected considering the location of the water supply wells. Located 0.70 miles southwest of the town, topographically the wells were 100 feet higher than the town. Likewise, the wells were located at the highest point of the area. In essence, they were higher in elevation than all of the downgradient locations where potential contaminating activities (PCAs) could have occurred. As a result of these topographical differences, there was an immediate con-

cern that the reservation’s source water had become vulnerable to possible illegal dumping of PCE that could have been occurring somewhere within the radius of influence of the supply wells. A systematic approach was undertaken in an effort to better understand the shape of the capture zone under pumping conditions, so that potential sources of PCE could be mapped and mitigation measures might be developed.

Environmental assessment A reservation-wide environmental assessment (EA) was performed on April 27, 1999, by SCS Engineers, Long Beach, Calif., as part of the work performed under a General Assistance Program (GAP) grant from the EPA Region 9. As part of the assessment, a preliminary evaluation was made of any potential sources of PCE in

UPGRADIENT

BRIDGEPORT PAIUTE RESERVATION BOUNDARY OF MONO BASIN WATERSHED

Contaminant

MONO BASIN

BENTON PAIUTE RESERVATION

HWY

Phase I EA

3 95 BOUNDARY OF OWENS RIVER WATERSHED

BISHOP BIG PINE

BISHOP PAIUTE RESERVATION

BIG PINE PAIUTE-SHOSHONE RESERVATION

OW S EN EY

LL VA

SAN FRANCISCO

LONE PINE PAIUTE-SHOSHONE RESERVATION

LONE PINE

OWENS LAKE (DRY) LOS ANGELES

HAIWEE RESERVOIRS

After the assessment was completed, a Phase I EA was conducted at the A&R facility on April 30, 1999. The site’s owner was present during the site visit, and answered questions about the operation. When asked about PCE, he responded that the compound had been used as a degreasing agent to clean parts before applying a powder coating; but that the operation had been changed and no longer included use of that solvent. Initially the owner refused to allow inspection of a small room with a closed door during the facility walkthrough. When pressed he permitted entry and a large-capacity vat, filled with PCE, was observed in the room. When questioned about it, the owner stated he was in fact still using PCE, but was distilling spent solvent to regenerate clean solvent, and so avoided the generation of waste. However no distilling equipment was observed on the premises. Sludge generated in the degreasing process was being removed from the vat and managed as non-hazardous waste, and ultimately disposed of at the municipal landfill in Bishop. This practice was in violation of hazardous waste management regulations. A review of available records showed that between 1994 to mid-1998, the company had contracted with Safety Kleen to remove and recycle spent PCE solvent and to replenish the facility with new solvent product. About 15 to 20 gallons per month of solvent continued to be utilized in the facility’s operations. The BAKER LANE

Fig. 1: Location of Big Pine Indian Reservation.

CALLINA STREET

BIG PINE INDIAN RESERVATION

633

APPROX. SCALE IN FEET

PIPER STREET

BOWERS STREET

RICHARDS STREET

U.S. HIGHWAY 395

N 0

BARTELL ROAD

CRATER STREET

BOWERS STREET

HILL STREET

X

WATSON STREET

HARRY STREET

SCHOOL STREET

groundwater that could affect the wells. Areas identified as potential sources of PCE contamination included: • The A&R Anchor (A&R) facility, located 0.65 miles eastsoutheast of the well field and 106 feet lower in elevation. A&R was a privately owned business that had a lease with the reservation and produced bathroom fixtures. As part of the manufacturing process, brass fixtures arrived at the facility where they were buffed and then soaked in a heated degreasing solution of PCE. After cleaning, a powder coating was applied then baked on in an oven. Some fixtures also received a polyurethane coating. • A closed public landfill, 0.7 miles south-southeast of the well field. While the landfill was 40 feet higher in elevation than the well field, it was considered cross-gradient from a regional groundwater flow perspective. • An old, exposed subterranean water tank, situated next to the well field about 20 feet away in the downgradient direction. The tank was formerly covered, but had been left open for years. The bottom of the tank showed evidence of random dumping. The tank was viewed as a possible source of PCE because of its proximity to the well field. • A junkyard, which formerly existed across the street from Well 1, about 100 feet away and topographically 5 feet lower than the wellhead elevations. While the junkyard’s existence was confirmed by Mr. Arnie Manriquez (the water system operator), few details of the types of waste dumped there were known. At the time of the assessment, the junkyard had long since been cleaned up and removed.

BP RES 4

WEST SEPSEY STREET

LEGEND X

DOMESTIC SUPPLY WELLS 1 AND 2 DOMESTIC SUPPLY WELL #3 #299 DWP OBSERVATION WELL OLD WELLS (CAPPED) WELL FOR STEWARTS MOBILE HOME PARK

BP RES 3

OLD WELLS NOT PROPERLY ABANDONED GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS

Fig.2: Above is a map of the neighborhood will locations. MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

15

The proximity of the former cistern to the water supply well can be seen in this photo.

contract was terminated in 1998, but presumably PCE was still being used as it had been before. The results of the Phase I study immediately raised concerns about disposal practices of spent PCE that was generated. With assistance from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the lease with A&R was terminated because of continued mismanagement of hazardous waste at the facility. The owner of the facility lived on an 8-acre parcel of land that was contiguous with the northwest corner of the reservation, and it seems plausible that the owner may have been dumping spent solvent in the remote alluvial fan area west of the reservation. The owner denied this when questioned about it. Nevertheless, he was put on alert by the tribe that illegal dumping of hazardous waste onto the ground is a federal violation.

Drinking water source assessment In September 2000, as part of a Wellhead Protection Program, a drinking water source assessment was conducted at Wells 1 and 2. The source assessment was developed to accomplish the following: • Define groundwater source locations. • Inventory PCAs within a one-mile area around the two main supply wells. • Provide a vulnerability analysis. • Delineate a source area protection zone around the well field. Methods used for the source assessment were taken directly from the Drinking Water Source Assessment and Protection Program, which was developed by the California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management, in January 1999. Table 1. Groundwater Protection Zones Based on Time-of-Travel

16

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

Zone

Time-ofTravel

Distance to Wellfield

DHS Recommended Minimum Distance

Well Site Control Zone

NA

NA

50 feet

A

2 years

214 feet

600 feet

B5

5 years

535 feet

1,000 feet

B10

10 years

1,070 feet

1,500 feet

Buffer Zone

20 years

2,140 feet

NA

UPGRADIENT Contaminant Aquifer pumping test As part of the assessment, an aquifer pumping test was performed on Well 1 to observe and measure the aquifer’s response to pumping. By comparing the drawdown curve of the pumping well to a Theis type curve, a recharge barrier could be observed, and a graphical expression of the influence of Big Pine Creek on local recharge developed. Test results provided the data necessary to calculate aquifer characteristics, such as transmissivity, the storage coefficient, and the radius of influence. These parameters were utilized to evaluate wellhead protection parameters, including the source area and protection zones.

Groundwater gradient and flow direction Pre-aquifer monitoring of the water table elevations under static conditions revealed that regional groundwater at the well field flowed to the southeast at a rate of about 0.30 feet per day. Big Pine Creek acted as a local groundwater divide. Groundwater flowed southeast towards the Reservation on the south side of the creek, and flowed northeast towards town on the north side of the creek. The creek provided a constant source of groundwater recharge over this portion of the alluvial fan, and is the principal source water to Wells 1 and 2 (see Figure 4).

Well field protection zone The protection zone around the well field was calculated using uniform flow equations for determining the area of contribution to a pumping well. The shape of the protection zone is an ellipse that terminates at Big Pine Creek. The point of stagnation is 115 feet southeast (downgradient) of the pumped well (Well 1). This is the point at which any contaminant that passes cannot be pulled back into the well or captured (see Figure 4). Additionally,

Fig 4: The zone of influence for the water supply well on the reservation is shown in the graphic above. MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

17

UPGRADIENT Contaminant

Fig 3: Potential sources of PCE in the groundwater near the reservation are shown in the graphic above.

other sources of contaminants further downgradient from this point will also not affect the well. Table 1 shows protection zones based on time-of-travel to the well field per results of the aquifer analysis and in comparison to California DHS recommended minimum distances. A map showing the elliptical zone and the subzones is provided as Figure 4.

PCA evaluation An initial list of PCAs within a one-mile radius of the supply wells was included in the EA performed at the reservation by the engineering consultant in 1999. These included businesses such as gas stations and auto repair shops in the town, a closed public landfill south of the well field, and the A&R facility (see Figure 3). Though further assessment was performed by the tribe at the Anchor facility, and PCE was detected in soil and groundwater, the facility, like nearly all of the identified PCAs, was located outside of the radius of influence of the supply wells. Only two PCAs inside the source area of the supply wells were observed: • The old subterranean water tank • The former junkyard These potential sources of contamination are situated directly within the zone 18

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

of influence of the pumping well, and contaminants entering the aquifer system from these locations would be captured by the well. No other PCAs are known to exist within the source area (zone of contribution). Surface waters from Big Pine Creek were also sampled and evaluated in an initial assessment under Section 106 of the federal Clean Water Act. The water was found to be contaminant-free. Four potential sources of contamination remained to enter groundwater, as follows: • The old, open-topped water tank could have been used as a dumping ground by one or more persons. Solvents could potentially have been discarded in the tank. • The former junkyard could have contained discarded oils and solvents in sufficient concentrations that, over time, could have percolated into the soil and reached the aquifer. • Some combination of the two abovelisted scenarios could have contributed to contamination at the Reservation. • PCE could have been dumped on open ground in sufficient quantities within the zone of contribution, percolated into the aquifer, and reached the reservation’s supply wells. Knowing that the owner of A&R Anchor had terminated his contract with

UPGRADIENT Con Contaminant ntaminant Safety Kleen in 1998, and also that PCE had been detected in the supply wells since 1995 (approximately 5 years before the assessment was performed), it was considered most likely that any dumping to the ground would have taken place inside the B5 zone (given a 5-year travel time) and within 535 feet of the well. A foot search was conducted over the B5 zone, looking for evidence of PCE dumping. Since the compound is extremely volatile when exposed to the atmosphere (especially during hot summer months), the PCE can be especially hard, if not impossible, to detect. Nothing was ever found to confirm the practice of PCE dumping on the ground. From December 1995 to June 2003, PCE levels consistently exceeded the MCL at the two water supply wells. The MCL for PCE is 5 parts per billion (ppb), and both wells at various times had PCE concentrations in excess of 20 ppb. In December 2000, PCE levels began to drop, with concentrations approaching the MCL; by September 2005, PCE was no longer detected in the water supply wells. In order to protect the health of residents on the reservation, a new well was completed and connected to the community water system in 2004. No PCE has been detected in the new well. The reservation continued to investigate PCAs by collecting air, soil and liquid samples at various sites. Sampling results indicated that the A&R facility had elevated concentrations of PCE; as a result, remedial activities were conducted to remove PCE-impacted areas. Monitoring wells were installed at and around the facility to determine if PCE had infiltrated groundwater, but results for PCE were non-detect. Soil-vapor wells were installed at the location of the former junkyard; results of PCE sampling there were also non-detect. It appears that PCE concentrations at the reservation have degraded to non-detectable levels; consequently, no further delineation has been conducted. PE Anthony J. Maggio is a California Professional Geologist and Certified Hydrogeologist for SCS Engineers in Long Beach, California. Alan Bacock is a tribal member of the Big Pine Paiute Tribe of the Owens Valley, and works as the Water Program Coordinator on the Big Pine Indian Reservation.

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19

to

WASTE OF ENERGY

Air pollution control strategies and equipment can have a major impact on waste-to-energy projects By BRAD GINGER, Engineering Product Manager, Eisenmann Corporation xperts from universities and industry have predicted that waste-to-energy will be a major growth sector for 2011. With energy prices again trending upward and many businesses now implementing the “green” initiatives they committed to in recent years, environmental planners are expected to spend much of the next three quarters implementing company goals that often include converting a waste stream (or several) to energy and income. The business model of converting waste into energy can offer very strong rates of return. However, handling waste presents substantial and diverse challenges that must be overcome to make a project successful. Among these challenges, perhaps the trickiest is air pollution control. Although a small fraction of the total facility cost, air pollution control technology has a significant impact on all phases

E

20

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

The photo above show a multi-pollutant control system that is supplied by the Eisenmann Corp., Crystal Lake, Ill. Photo courtesy of the Eisenmann Corp.

of a waste-to-energy project. Since it can influence the success or failure of the project, it needs to be evaluated and decisions made early in the design phase. Doing so will put the developer in a stronger position to tackle all stages of the project’s development. When discussing the selection of environmental control equipment required for the system, it is important to ask whether the Best Available Control Technology (BACT) should be applied. BACT is defined as an emission limitation based on the maximum degree of emission reduction (considering energy, environmental and economic impacts) achievable through application of production processes and available methods, systems and techniques. BACT does not permit emissions in excess of those allowed under any applicable Clean Air Act provisions. Use of the BACT concept is allowable on a case-by-case basis

for major new or modified emissions sources in attainment areas, and applies to each regulated pollutant. While there are many complex details and nuances involved, a typical wasteto-energy project comprises several key components that are impacted by the air pollution control technology such as: • Availability of reliable feedstock • Power purchase agreements • Permitting • Financing • Technology selection

Availability of reliable feedstock The project developer needs access to low-cost, reliable and available feedstock. Economics change over time as does the value of the feedstock. Having the flexibility to pull from a diverse selection of feedstock minimizes the risk to the project. It is important to understand

to

WASTE O OF F ENERGY GY the feedstock and all of its characteristics in order to properly determine the emissions control technology needed. Emissions change depending on the nature of the feedstock. For example, the salt content may vary if the feedstock has been transported by sea or is grown on the coast. NOX emissions may be generated if the soil in which the feedstock grows is subject to heavy fertilization.

Permitting The environmental permitting stage can be the most lengthy and unpredictable segment of the project. Public concerns regarding the environmental and health factors associated with the combustion of waste material, specifically the resulting air pollutants released, need to be addressed early

and often. Securing community support cannot be emphasized enough. Educating the public and addressing all concerns will help smooth the way for permit approval. Selecting BACT will assist the permitting process; once the community is convinced the best control technology is being implemented to safeguard local

“

Public concerns regarding the environmental and health factors associated with the combustion of waste material, specifically the resulting air pollutants released, need to be addressed early and often.

”

Installing multi-pollutant control technology is advisable because it mitigates all harmful emissions regardless of the feedstock. It also provides the flexibility needed to accordingly respond to the feedstock available, transportable, or most easily processed and handled – all factors in which the up and down agricultural market could rapidly change.

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Agreement with purchaser Power purchasing agreements (PPAs) need to be in place to secure long-term commitments for the energy produced from any potential project. The air pollution control technology that is chosen plays a role in this process as well. Many utilities, communities and states offer additional incentives for energy-efficient electricity derived from either renewable or low-carbon energy sources. Some feedstocks command more money on the open market than others. Energyefficient, multi-pollutant control technology provides the flexibility to alter feedstocks as market demand, incentives or availability change.

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to

WASTE O OF F ENERGY GY

concerns they may be more receptive to the project. Long-term, multi-pollutant control technology secures against future regulations since governing authorities will be unlikely to issue future guidelines more stringent than what the current system achieves. Since it is the best available, the

technology becomes the benchmark. Equally important is using high-quality monitoring equipment. Citizen groups, the public and control authorities will be watching permit reports very closely. Well-maintained, high-quality monitoring equipment will head off many public relation problems.

Financing Generally, financing for a waste-to-energy project comes down to proof of steps taken to minimize risk and the distillation of the other factors already discussed. Financial institutions are looking to see how reliable the key technology proposed for the project has performed in the past and how strong are the guarantees of the technology providers. They need to be assured that feedstock costs are fixed and the period of time involved. What value can be applied to the PPAs, and over what timeframe? Has the project been able to obtain regulatory and local permit support?

Technology selection

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22

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

Some would argue that a waste-to-energy project starts with technology selection, as it defines the overall best-case economics and achievable possibilities. There are three major points to consider in regards to any technology evaluation: 1. Capability: Can the technology provider supply the technical solution that is offered? Is the solution the first of its kind or has it been proven? 2. Viability: Can the technology provider meet their commercial guarantees? How financially sound is the provider? An established company will have a track record that will demonstrate how well the technology has worked at other installations in addition to how well the company has supported their customers. 3. Sustainability: Is the technology truly a long-term solution? Understanding the total costs, including the expected maintenance cycle, operating and consumable components as well as the projected utility costs will help answer this question. A successful waste-to-energy project has many complexities and nuances. It is important to keep in mind how important the air pollution control selection really is to the total project, and how selecting a multi-pollutant BACT increases the project’s chances of success. PE Bradley Ginger is engineering product manager for renewable technologies at Eisenmann Corporation He has over 19 years experience in the engineering, design and management of custom environmental and process systems for the chemical and fuel ethanol industries. E-mail: [email protected]. Visit www.eisenmann.com/usa.

Clearing Away the Population growth at a central Virginian town has stimulated business growth, which in turn is clogging the drains with increased food wastes. With costs getting out of control, something needed to be done. By BUCK COX, PH.D. rive one and a half hours northwest from Washington, D.C. to be in Baltimore. Drive an hour an a half in the opposite direction to enter the quaint Northern Virginia town of Culpeper. As with much of the region, the town has experienced rapid growth in recent years. There are now approximately 15,000 residents within town limits, and over 46,000 within Culpeper County. The population grew by a notable 30.2 percent from 2000 to 2006. Two shopping centers with several restaurants have also come on line in the last couple of years. Wastewater generated from the restaurants and associated new contributors resulted in significant oil and grease issues for the town’s Montanus pump station. A significant grease mat routinely has been forming across the top of the wastewater within the pump station, resulting in regular interference with the floats that control the wastewater level. The comprimised system caused backups and overflows. Station staff have had to clear the grease from the pump station using a costly and private vacuum truck. Typically, the vacuum trucks have had difficulty

D

offloading the grease at the local publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Hoses frequently would clog and the activity associated with dumping activity created a significant mess at the plant. The cost of the truck was $1,500 for the first four hours and $500 for each additional hour. A $2,000 pumping fee was not uncommon. As the problem has built up over time, it has not been unusual for the mat to reform in only a week’s time. Typical flow into the pump station is about 70,000 gallons per day. It is believed that meal times likely represent peak flow. Cursory analyses for fats, oil and grease (FOG) seems to confirm the staff ’s suspicions that the bulk of the issues at the station was during these periods. Data gathered for FOG concentration within

the wastewater during these times have ranged between 1,000 to 6,000 ppm. Overall, grease levels within the pump station could reach several inches of thickness in a short period of time.

Collecting FOG FOG can clog wastewater collection and treatment systems, causing sewage spills, manhole overflows and/or sewage backups in homes and businesses. Animaland vegetable-based oil and grease generated by restaurants and fast-food outlets and from high-density residential areas, especially during holidays, are a big part of the problem. Grease is singled out for special attention because of its poor solubility in water. Large amounts of FOG in wastewater often This study represents the weight of FOG in grams after treatment with Vapor X. Samples contained approximately 3.5 grams of FOG added to 150 milliliters of wastewater. All wastewater and FOG were gathered fromt he Mantanus lift station. Grames of Grease Remaining Untreated control 3.2g Control 1 3.79g Control 2 3.3g Vapor X replicate 1 1.53g Vapor X replicate 2 1.48g

Figure 1. Cursory demonstrations of the effect of VaporX on FOG MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

31

Clearing Away the

FOG

can decrease pipe capacity, and requires the piping systems be cleaned more often and/ or some piping to be replaced sooner than budgeted. FOG also hamper effective treatment at the wastewater treatment plant. Grease in a warm liquid may not appear harmful. However, as the liquid cools, the grease or fat congeals and causes nauseous mats on the surface of settling tanks, digesters, and the interior of pipes and other surfaces. This situation can result in a shutdown of wastewater treatment units. Problems caused by restaurant wastes and other grease-producing establishments have served as the basis for ordinances and regulations governing the discharge of grease materials to the sanitary sewer system. This type of waste has forced the requirement of the installation of preliminary treatment facilities, commonly known as grease traps or interceptors. A grease trap is a small reservoir built into the wastewater piping a short distance from the grease producing area. Baffles in the reservoir retain the wastewater long enough for the grease to congeal and rise to the surface. An interceptor is a vault with a minimum capacity of approximately 600 gallons located on the exterior of the building. The vault includes a minimum of two compartments, and flow between each compartment is designed for grease retention. The capacity of the interceptor provides adequate residence time so that the wastewater has time to cool.

FOG 200 162.5 mg

Figure 3. Untreated wet well at the Montanus lift station

New technology introduced

The treatment method

Advanced Oxidation Technology, Fredericksburg, Va., approached wastewater staff with a product that had been demonstrated to have a positive effect on FOG issues. However, very little had been done with this product outside of a laboratory setting to confirm its efficacy under real world conditions. The staff was willing to provide an opportunity to test the product at the Montanus pump station. Early results were very encouraging and the study was extended to three months. The product is a combination of several ingredients including an emulsifying agent along with additional chemistry that provided natural bacteria with the nutrients needed to digest the FOG once emulsified. Concerns about the approach included the following: 1. Would the process prove to be too costly? 2. Would the process solve the grease build up problem? 3. Would FOG reform downline? 4. Would the product have a negative affect on the biological population within the POTW?

The dose rate for the pump station wet well was administered at 4.5 gallons of the treatment per day, split between two dosing periods. The dosing rate was determined by assuming the total estimated mass of FOG that daily entered the lift station from previously collected data. Based on information provided by the collection system staff, it was determined that the hours between 10 a.m. and 10 p.m. represented the the highest concentration of FOG entering the wet well. It was concluded that treatment should be administered approximately one hour after these times to best accommodate saturation of the floating FOG. The system turned on at 11:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. each day to spray approximately 2.25 gallons of the product over a 30-minute period. Spray application was accomplished using a Walchem E-Class metering pump. BETE spray nozzles were fitted to 3/8-inch I.D. HDPE tubing for delivering the mixture. The pump was set up to turn on at the prescribed times using an intermatic timer with 30-minute on/off switch capability. The discharge side of the pump was fitted with a backpressure valve to assure an even flow to the spray nozzles. An inline liquid filter was installed to assure that particles that might obscure flow to the spray nozzles would be filtered out. Two weeks prior to the pilot study, the FOG within the wet well was removed by a vacuum truck. The pilot test was initiated on Oct. 29, 2008. Some collection of FOG was noticed upon the initiation of treatment. Because of pending cold weather the entire liquid pump system

150

The Montanus lift station 100

50 4.0 mg

1.6 mg

0 Untreated Sample Concetration Mixed Liquor Treated Sample Mixed Liquor/VaporX Treated Sample

Figure 2. FOG concentration after treatment 32

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

The lift station is located on Montanus Road behind a new shopping center. The town was unaware of whether the businesses had grease traps and/or how the were maintained. The flow into the lift station was about 70,000 gallons per day on a normal day with documented FOG concentrations often exceeding 1,000 mg/l to as high as 6,000 mg/l. The resulting buildup of FOG in the wet well was rapid, with problematic levels at times occurring within a week of a wet well cleaning.

Clearing Away the was outfitted with insulation heat tape. Further, a 220-gph submersible pump was placed into the 300-gallon chemical storage container to move liquid and impart heat to the special mixture during extreme cold events.

The treatment test Samples were collected from the wet well prior to initiation of the pilot study to determine if the spray application dose rate would be adequate. Wastewater samples containing significant amounts of FOG were obtained. Dewatered grease was added to each of five 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Approximately 3.50 grams of grease was added to each flask along with 150 milliliters of filtered wastewater. One untreated flask sample was analyzed for total FOG immediately upon readying the vessels for treatment. The remaining four flasks were placed onto a 25-flask shaker table. The flasks were rotated at 175 rpm for a 24-hour treatment period. Two of the flasks were designated “untreated controls.” The remaining two treated flasks received an equivalent surface spray dosage of new mixture that equated to the 4.5-gpd rate. Appropriate dosages were sprayed twice per day. All four flasks were removed after 24 hours of shaking, and then analyzed for total FOG. Figure 1 provides the findings of the test.

FOG

The results After 24 hours, the treated beakers had approximately 2 grams less FOG than did the control beakers. The data suggests that the population of micro-organisms within the wastewater sample may have altered the chemical makeup of the FOG to a point that it was not detected as FOG, or the new product was somehow involved in altering the chemical structure. Additionally, no reformation of FOG was noted in test beakers after the 24-hour study. Visually there appeared to be less floating FOG at the end of the study.

BIG

Get Performance

The demonstration In order to demonstrate that the mixture would not adversely affect the biological population within the aeration basins, an experiment was conducted to treat a relatively heavy concentration of the mixture within the lift station wastewater containing FOG. A sample of activated sludge was taken from the wastewater treatment plant aeration basins along with a sample of wastewater from the influent to the lift station. FOG results for the lift station indicated that the concentration was 162.5 mg/l. Two one-liter beakers were filled to the one-liter mark with activated sludge from the plant. The activated sludge was allowed to settle below the 500-milliliter mark. The clarified supernatant was

Figure 4. The Montanus lift station after VaporX treatment. Note the decrease in FOG.

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33

Clearing Away the

FOG

decanted from the surface of the beakers, leaving the settled activated sludge. The decanted supernatant was replaced with the lift station wastewater (162.5 mg/l FOG). Beaker 1 received 500 milliliters of Montanus wastewater without the new mixture. Beaker 2 received 500 milliliters of wastewater with the equivalent dosage of 4.5 gpd of the new mixture applied to the surface foot of the lift station (about 5.3 ml/l). The intent of the high dose was to determine if high dosages would adversely affect the biological population and/or reduce the ability of the activated sludge to degrade FOG. The two test beakers were vigorously aerated for six hours. Airflow was cut off after that period to allow the biosolids to settle. A sample was collected from the supernatant of both beakers and sent to the lab for FOG analysis. See Figure 2 for the final results of the test. As noted, degradation of FOG within the treated sample and the untreated sample occurred within each sample. The

assumption would be that the biological population was responsible for degrading the FOG. The results indicated a drop in FOG concentration in both samples by over 95 percent (95-percent for sample not treated with the mixture and 98-percent with the treatment) within the six-hour treatment period. These results would support the presumption that the mixture does not inhibit the degradation of FOG-related organics within an activated sludge wastewater system. A test for oxygen uptake rate was conducted on the activated sludge within each beaker after the treatment event to determine if there was a substantial difference in the uptake rate of oxygen between the treated and untreated samples. The oxygen uptake rate for both treated and untreated samples was similar at about 3.2 mg/l/min for both samples.

A visual conclusion Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the visual effects of the treatment. The untreated

photo was taken two weeks after the wet well was cleaned with a vaccuum truck (Figure 3). Two weeks of FOG buildup is obvious in this picture. Figure 4 is the same wet well a few days after treatment was initiated. Conclusions were as follows: 1. The FOG treatment was effective and represented a lower-cost alternative to mechanical removal. 2. The new mixture did not appear to adversely affect the biological population. 3. There was no sign of reformation of FOG downline from the treatment application. 4. Lab treatability results indicated that more than 98-percent destruction after six hours of contact with aerated activated sludge. The new FOG treatment system has been in place since the pilot test. PE For more information, contact Advanced Oxidation Technology, (540) 710-5711 or visit www.advancedoxidation.com.

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34

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

CONTROLLING PUMP COSTS

The largest energy cost at water and wastewater plants is the cost of operating pumps.

By JACK CREAMER, Market Segment Manager, Pumping, Schneider Electric and LEE E. FERRELL, P.E., BCEE, CEM, LEED Green Associate, Schneider Electric Water Wastewater Competency Center oving liquids is an integral function that is often required at all types of facilities, from commercial buildings to industrial plants to irrigation and water/wastewater treatment. Pumps represent a universal source of energy consumption that can range as high as 50 percent of a facility’s energy usage depending on the installation, in turn creating an enormous energy-saving opportunity. As regulation and higher costs force facilities to take a closer look at their energy consumption, pumping applications are an area that should be closely examined. Many facilities must treat and move massive amounts of water for influent and distribution flow, or risk various public health issues. On the clean-water side of such facilities, pumping accounts for at least 85 percent of all energy usage; and on the wastewater side, 16 percent. Some of the challenges for pumping include: • Oversized pumps – a result of conservative application and/or provisions for capacity expansion • Varying duty cycles – rarely do pumps run full speed 24/7, but they have to be sized for the maximum operating condition • Best efficiency point matching – the opportunity to run pumps closer to their most efficient operating point The best approach to energy management in a water/wastewater facility is a

M

Another item that is considered as a passive measure is repairing any air leaks in compressed air systems used for hand Pumping tools or valve control. Lighting is another 2% Lighting & Buildings typical way to find energy savings. Upgrading fixtures with higher efficiency 67% 11% Treatment replacements or components to include Process Distribution lamps will result in a short payback Pumping period, and allow for investment in other active energy conservation measures. In Figure 1: Typical water process energy other circumstances, natural lighting can usage breakdown. be brought into the shop area to reduce electrical lighting requirements. combination of Passive Energy Efficiency and Active Energy Efficiency measures, Active energy complemented by a formal energy audit Variable frequency drives (VFDs) provide and measurement process. an excellent active energy management

9% In-Plant Pumping 11% Raw Water

Passive energy Because the market is a motor-rich environment, proper operation and maintenance of motors is a low hanging fruit that is ripe for energy savings. These are more passive energy measures a facility can use. First, an operator must complete and manage detailed records of motor data for trending and evaluation of energy costs and failures, then evaluate the life cycle costs and payback for replacement with higher efficiency motors. Second, when a motor fails, an operator should consider replacement versus rewinding with life cycle cost in mind. The projected energy cost increase, which can be obtained from the Energy Information Administration, must also be considered over the life cycle.

approach. VFDs can regulate motor speed and, in turn, pump speed, which results in: • The ability to adjust motor speed to address oversized pumps – reducing energy consumption. • The ability to match motor speeds to duty cycle demands – reducing energy consumption in low run situations.

16% Influent Pumping

7% Solid Disposal

70% Treatment Process

7% Lighting & Buildings

Figure 2: Typical wastewater process energy usage breakdown.

MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

35

CONTROLLING PUMP COSTS • The ability to run pumps closer to their best efficiency point – again reducing energy consumption. VFDs’ energy efficiency principles are based in the Affinity Laws: 1. Flow is proportional to motor speed 2. Pressure is proportional to the motor speed squared 3. Power is proportional to the motor speed cubed. Using the law for power, it is clear that reducing the speed of the motor, and in turn the pump by as little as 10 percent reduces power consumption by more that 25 percent. By reducing the speed by 20 percent, the power consumption is reduced by close to 50 percent.

Pump system approaches Proper application of pump systems is an important aspect to improving energy management. Developing the ability to monitor efficiencies can reduce overall operational expenditures. There

36

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

Figure 3: Combine passive and active energy efficiency measures to improve overall efficiency.

are many documented reports from the EPA, AWWA and WEF outlining the general increase of operational expenditures for water and wastewater. The increased costs are due to aging infrastructure and increased legislative pressure on the market. In addition, decreasing revenues due to water supply and conservation added to the present downsized economy contribute to increased operational costs. With proper monitoring, efficiencies can be trended and the information

used for demand response programs or increased energy costs due to energy tariffs. Proper utilization of pumps can be decided with adequate monitoring to assist operators in running the pumps at optimal times for the measured efficiencies. Strategies can be developed to look at the total distribution network, along with storage capability and automation of the most efficient pump run times, to reduce demand charges from the local power utility.

CONTROLLING PUMP COSTS Automation is also required to reduce operational costs for pumping. Automation is used to control the speed of the pump system as well as optimization strategies that are too complex for manual control. Such strategies may consider the best times to run pumps based on rate structures from power utilities, when to store water or wastewater, and which systems operate the most efficiently. Additionally, automation will allow for better alarming for proactive maintenance and operation of the facility.

Standard operating procedures Successful energy management for pumps is using the least amount of electrical power as possible for proper operation. Proper operation and maintenance procedures are the first step in keeping a pump system efficient. Additional activities to consider are keeping the discharge and suction lines clean to prevent additional

Figure 4: Apply the law for power to see that reducing the speed of the motor, and in turn the pump by as little as 10 percent, reduces power consumption by more that 25 percent. Reduce the speed by 20 percent to reduce power consumption by about half.

friction head and maintaining water levels in suction and discharge tanks at the optimum point. An additional method of reducing energy is by reducing the overall head of a pump. Reduction of head is proportional to a reduction in energy consumption. Head reduction is accomplished by reducing lift or frictional losses. Over sizing a pump to increase margins will result in reduction of the pump’s lifecycle and increased energy

costs. Managing the flow of a pump with a VFD, in most cases, or a reduction in impeller diameter will increase the efficiency of an oversized pump. Low flow conditions from a drought or a reduction in water usage in a community will result in an inefficient pump. Again, VFDs or reduction in the impeller diameter could help in this situation. Restriction of flow due to pipe clogs or excessive encrustation are a detriment to energy efficiency.

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CONTROLLING PUMP COSTS Calibrating for efficiency Instrumentation calibration is an important part of improving energy efficiency. Proper function of devices such as flow meters and pressure sensors will allow the pump to run properly. For example, if a flow meter is out of calibration and reads higher than actual flow, as discussed earlier, very small changes in speed will cause a significant increase in power due to the cubed relationship of speed to power. As an example of successfully implementing such a strategy, Schneider Electric North America implemented an energy action plan for a company in 2004 designed to improve energy efficiency at 26 facilities. In addition to various passive energy activities, the company deployed VFDs for HVAC and pump applications. From 2004 through 2008, the company saved $6.1 million in energy costs, reduced energy usage 14 percent, and avoided 40,000 tons of CO2 emissions.

Power monitoring is an important aspect of active energy management. In particular, a complete plant power monitoring system can be implemented to the component, process or overall plant level with feedback directly fed into the plant SCADA system. Energy savings is an important component for water and wastewater facilities to reduce their operational expenditures. Reduction of energy also reduces a facility’s carbon footprint due to the association of energy production with carbon emissions. Implementing pumping and other motor energy conservation measures, as well as simple measures such as lighting and power usage monitoring, have proven to be reliable steps. There is no better win for a facility than cutting costs while helping the environment. PE Jack Creamer is the market segment manager for pumping equipment at Schneider Electric North America, working with pump/pump system

Jack Creamer

Lee Ferrell

manufacturers to define, develop and design pump system solutions. He can be reached at (919) 217-6464, [email protected], www.schneider-electric.us Lee E. Ferrell is a registered professional engineer in South Carolina, an American Academy of Environmental Engineers Board Certified Environmental engineer, an Association of Energy Engineers Certified Energy Manager, a U.S. Green Building Council accredited LEED Green Associate, and a water and wastewater energy and process consultant for Schneider Electric. He can be reached at (864) 886-1640 or [email protected].

LITERATURE&PRODUCTSHOWCASE NEW Liquid Hypochlorite Injection System Fluid Metering Inc. Fluid Metering Inc. has introduced their NEW Chloritrol™ valveless metering system for accurate, maintenance-free injection of liquid sodium & calcium hypochlorite for purification of municipal drinking water and other sanitizing operations. Accurately metering liquid sodium hypochlorite presents a unique challenge because of the fluid’s tendency to out-gas. The Chloritrol™ has been field tested in very demanding applications and demonstrated that it exceeds performance expectations. Details of the Chloritrol™ System are available at the Fluid Metering website.

Metering Pumps Neptune Chemical Pump Co. The Neptune Series 7000 “dia-PUMP” is a mechanically actuated diaphragm metering pump designed for water, wastewater and process applications. Designed for superior performance when pumping chemicals, the Series 7000 is self-priming, can easily handle viscosities in excess of 5000 cps, and has a suction lift exceeding 20 feet on water-like chemicals.

North Wales, PA • (215) 699-8700 www.neptune1.com

(800) 223-3388 or (516) 922-6050 • www.chloritrol.com

WEBLOCATOR BUSCH USA Busch manufactures high quality vacuum pumps and systems. Contact us today to save up to 25% off your energy bill by switching to energy-efficient Mink vacuum pumps.

www.buschusa.com 38

Pollution Engineering MARCH2011

Sealless, Self-Priming Chemical Pump FLEX-I-LINER® sealless, self-priming chemical pump for safe transfer dosing of acids/caustics throughout the complete pH range. Quick Delivery. Prices for pump with motor begin @ $687. www.vanton.com

Vanton Pump & Equipment Corp. www.vanton.com or www.flex-i-liner.com

PEPRODUCTS Product Focus: Air Monitoring Equipment Maintenance Free GHG Flow Meter With the EPA recently calling on 13 states to update their Clean Air Implementation Act Plans in support of its greenhouse gas (GHG) objectives, the ST51 Air/ Gas Flow Meter offers industrial plant engineers a highly reliable solution to GHG monitoring and supports the agency’s BACT initiative. GHG monitors provide clean air data necessary for industrial process control. The robust thermal mass flow-sensing element has no moving parts and no orifices to clog or foul, so little maintenance is required, even in wet, dirty biogas applications.

Fluid Components International LLC San Marcos, Calif. (760) 744-6950 www.fluidcomponents.com

Particulate CEM for Stacks The company’s particulate continuous emissions monitor (CEM) meets environmental regulations such as the EPA’s MACT, and other standards such as ASTM D22, for monitoring particulate emissions from fabric-filter baghouses, cartridge type dust collectors, cyclones or some electrostatic precipitators. Particulate levels down to at least 0.1 mg/m3 can be monitored. The non-optical charge induction-sensing and protected-probe technologies provide reliable measurements in tough environments such as cement, power, steel, carbon black, asphalt plants, incinerator’s, lead smelters, chemical or pharmaceutical dryers. The system’s advanced signal analysis and automatic self checks meet the required EPA instruments standards.

Gas Detector and Software As part of the company’s release of the ALTAIR 4X gas detector, a new ALTAIR 4 QuickCheck Station software version is now available and is currently installed in production units. This version allows the station to bump test both of the gas detectors; units manufactured prior can only bump test the older model. Users can check to see if their unit has the latest software by contacting MSA Customer Service at the phone number below.

FilterSense

MSA

Beverly, Mass. (978) 927-4304 www.filtersense.com

Cranberry Township, Pa. (800) MSA-2222 www.msanet.com

Product Focus: Pumps, Pipes and Valves Solenoid Control

Progressive Cavity Pump

The new three-way, normally closed, direct-acting Banjo Valve complements the company’s range of process control valves. The valves screw directly into the piston or diaphragm actuator of the company’s family of angle seat valves. The input pressure port uses 1/8 inch NPT threads. The standard locking manual override allows manual operation during setup and system control in case of power failure. It comes standard with a freely rotatable DIN plug and NEMA 4 cable gland connector as part of a costeffective installation. AC and DC voltage compatible, the valve offers 4.5 to 5.0 watt coils, depending on the application’s voltage needs.

The company’s Moyno L-Frame Progressing Cavity Pump is designed for dependable performance and maximum operating efficiency. These versatile pumps are ideal for handling materials from clean, thin, shear-sensitive products to viscous, corrosive, abrasive slurries and sludges in chemical, petrochemical, water and wastewater treatment, mining, food processing, pulp & paper and general industrial applications. Pumps are available in a range of materials and drive options to suit specific applications.

Parker Fluid Control

Moyno Inc.

New Britain, Conn. (800) Valve05 www.parkerfluidcontrol.com

Springfield, Ohio (877) 4UMOYNO www.moyno.com

Weir Style Valves The Type 514519 High-Flow Diaphragm Valve Series are weir-style valves that ffeature optimized, turbulence-free flow geometry, significantly increasing the flow while lowering energy consumption. These features expand the valve’s suitability for applications where diaphragm valves were previously not considered due to flow restriction. The modified geometry provides linear flow and control characteristics that improve processing stability, resulting in reduced operating costs and more cost-effective media transport. A self-draining feature minimizes dead space and achieves improved hygiene and better resistance to crystallizing fluids. The valves are available in various materials.

GF Piping Systems Tustin, Calif. • (800) 9854-4090 www.gfpiping.com MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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PE Pollution Engineering (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualiﬁed individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualiﬁed individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualiﬁed individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing ofﬁces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

MARCH2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

41

StateRules

brought to you by

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5

2 4

1 3

AL – LEAD NONATTAINMENT The EPA has determined that 16 areas nationwide, including Troy, in Pike County, Ala., failed to meet the national air quality standards for lead. The state DEM had initially recommended that an area in Troy within a 0.8-mile radius of the Sanders Lead Company be designated nonattainment for lead. However, the department later changed that recommendation to unclassifiable because the company has shown a willingness to enclose the facility processes to abate lead emissions. The EPA went with the first recommendation and designated the area nonattainment.

1

CO – GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM AT CAPITOL A Recovery Act grant from the Department of Energy will allow the installation of a geothermal heating and cooling system at the state Capitol building. The building, which opened in 1894, will be among the first in the nation to benefit from a geothermal system. The grant will provide $4.6 million for an open-loop geothermal system that is estimated to save the state $95,000 in heating and cooling costs in the first year of operation.

2

MO – FAILING WATER SYSTEMS LIST PUBLISHED A list of 34 drinking water systems in the state that are chronically failing to complete state-required drinking water testing has been published by the state’s DNR. To be listed, systems must have had at least three major monitoring violations in a 12-month period. While failing to monitor does not necessarily mean that a system’s water is unsafe, routine testing is required.

4

NJ – CAMDEN PORT DIESEL ENGINE UPGRADES The EPA has awarded $1.1 million to upgrade 48 pieces of cargo-handling equipment at the South Jersey Port in Camden. Older diesel engines, such as those at the port, generate significant amounts of fine particles, hydrocarbons and CO. The port districts of Waterfront South and South Central Camden have the highest concentrations of contaminated sites and operating facilities. These areas are sources of air pollution in the state and include two EPA Superfund sites and over a dozen state-identified contaminated sites.

5

LA – NEW ENFORCEMENT POLICY

OR – REPORTING VIOLATORS BECOMES EASIER

The DEQ recently announced a new policy intended to enhance and streamline enforcement actions at the regional level. According to the department, the new policy will enable the department’s regional offices to manage a full range of enforcement actions without having to channel each action through its headquarters.

The DEQ has simplified filing a pollution complaint with its online reporting form. According to the state, entities in compliance with all state and federal environmental laws have nothing to worry about. For those unsure, the department has a variety of tools to assist in compliance with state and federal environmental laws.

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42 PLE01094Airg.indd Pollution Engineering 1

MARCH2011

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PA – SUPERFUND CLOSURE In 1976, the EPA became involved with a Superfund site in Havertown, Pa., contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP), a probable carcinogen. The site had been used by National Wood Preservers for wood treatment operations and the company allegedly disposed of the wood preservative PCP in an on-site well, and spilled other liquid wastes on-site. The agency recently announced that the final phase of the cleanup was complete, which according to EPA Regional Administrator Shawn M. Garvin, “ends decades of environmental threats.”

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WA – STATE GHG REPORTING Owners and operators of large stationary sources, as well as those in charge of various mobile fleets, should be preparing to report their GHG emissions as required by the bill signed by Washington Gov. Chris Gregoire in 2008. In addition to reporting dates, requirements under the federal and state programs have other key differences. For stationary sources under EPA’s rule, the reporting threshold is 25,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year covering the six primary GHGs. Under the state’s requirement, the stationary source reporting threshold is 10,000 metric tons of GHGs per year. The 10,000 ton threshold also covers fleets of aircraft, marine vessels and rail equipment.

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This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

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