Pollution Engineering June 2011

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS SOLU FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

JUNE 2011

Cost of Carelessness Pg 22

Old Spill Needs New Fix Pg 25

Calculating ROI Pg 29 www.pollutionengineering.com

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INSIDE

JUNE 2011

VOLUME 43

NO. 6

COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Subsidies help control user costs while helping companies in need stay solvent. By Roy Bigham

Legal Lookout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Disastrous oil and gas pipeline failures are increasing and the DOT is ready to make changes. By Lynn L. Bergeson

Casebook Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The question of what is more important, quantity or quality, is answered. By Dr. Dianne Saxe

Practical Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Hazardous waste generators must have a plan in case of an emergency and that plan must be communicated. By Norman Wei

Air Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

25 FEATURES

EPA has awarded $32 million this year to fund four Clean Air Research Centers. By Sarah Sajedi and Ross O’Lochlainn

State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

DEPARTMENTS

16

EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

An overview of the current state of U.S. air pollution control policy, the dates, deadlines, and outlook for 2011 through 2015.

PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The Consequential Cost of Carelessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Computer Controlled Equipment. . . . . . . 44

Control: The Next Five Years . . . . . . . . . .

22

Properly handling liquid hazardous wastes may not be rewarding but it can save a ton of money.

Air Pollution Control Equipment . . . . . . . . 44 PE Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Classified Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

The Green Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 25 The cleanup of a North Dakota diesel spill required expertise, patience and above all, collaboration.

Calculating Software ROI . . . . . . . . . . . .

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS SOLU FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

29

JUNE 2011

Modern environmental management systems can save money and help environmental managers, but the approval road is not an engineer’s blueprint.

Fashionable Water Treatment. . . . . . . . .

ON THE COVER

34

Darker clothes are quite fashionable these days. However as the use of strong dyes increases, treating the resulting wastewater becomes an ever-greater challenge.

Cost of Carelessness Pg 22

Old Spill Needs New Fix Pg 25

Calculating ROI Pg 29 www.pollutionengineering.com

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EDITOR'SDESK Do Subsidies Really Help? Subsidies help control user costs while helping companies in need stay solvent.

T

his is shaping up to be a major topic right now. California requires utilities to provide at least 33 percent of the energy generation from renewable sources by 2020. Most states require 10 to 20 percent of their energy be produced from such sources. Support groups say we need such a move to avoid the egregious impacts that carbon-based energy will be sure to cause. Opponents say there is too much disparity in the costs to make major moves to renewable sources a viable alternative. In his State of the Union address in January 2011, President Obama promised to submit a budget to Congress that would include funding for clean energy support. In February, he proposed adding $8 billion in clean energy subsidies in 2012. Department of Energy Secretary Steven Chu recently pledged nearly $4 billion to California for alternative power technology development. Currently most clean energy technologies cannot supply energy as cost efficiently as fossil fuel sources. Countries across the pond sought to increase the use of renewable sources through high subsidies. Renewable sources were expected to be available at higher efficiencies and lower costs and allow more adoption. Unfortunately that is not happening. Countries are beginning to pull back on subsides for various reasons but mostly because the costs are remaining too high. Here is a scary thought: What if our government suddenly dropped subsidies for all energy sources? Costs would dramatically escalate. Such a proposal is not completely out of right field: a dramatic shift

toward libertarianism within conservative politics in the U.S. in recent years has led several prominent candidates to include ending subsidies on their platforms. They are making a strong case against the wisdom of subsidization, but as yet nobody seems to know how to wean us off them without skyrocketing prices. Currently energy supplies are strictly controlled as permits are required to gather the energy, build processing plants, run wires, store the power, etc. Permit negotiations are handled by large, expensive law firms and many layers of politicians and bureaucrats in order to get permissions to sell their product. On the other hand, nearly anybody can start a business growing food and selling it. While there may be some paperwork involved, a room filled with lawyers and stacks of forms filled out in triplicate are not needed. That results in more supply and lower prices. Personally I think we should drop subsidies and remove the mountain of bureaucrats that have to be climbed. Improve the oversight mechanisms, whether EPA or DOE. With more energy companies and energy product available, the prices will naturally be competitive and consumers will have a proper choice. PE

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

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KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS for Laboratory Selection

HOW TO: Choose a Laboratory for the Analysis of Environmental Samples BY DAVID SPEIS, Vice President, Technical Support Accutest Laboratories Selecting qualified laboratories for environmental sample analysis can be a daunting and expensive process. The cost of poor selection can have broad impacts on analytical data and remedial costs if the selection process is conducted without regard to the key factors reflective of a solidly performing laboratory. Commercial programs may offer shortcuts to improved laboratory selection at reduced costs using narrow, imprecise methodology and criteria that is subject to interpretation errors. Abbreviated approaches are contrary to the comprehensive national approach developed for the accreditation of environmental laboratories. Laboratory services purchasers should always employ selection processes that incorporate key laboratory qualification elements. Typically, this process relies upon existing laboratory qualification information that is available from the laboratory without cost. An effective laboratory selection process must be comprehensive, incorporating the following key elements. This approach assures that selection is based on essential laboratory performance factors instead of single factors which may be misrepresented or misinterpreted:

Identify Potential Candidates. Candidate laboratories that are capable of delivering the data and services needed by the purchaser are identified. These laboratories are typically identified based on size, reputation and geographical proximity to the buyer or buyer’s project. Qualified consultants can contribute recommendations based on their experiences. The entire laboratory qualification process can be managed internally or through an engineering or quality assurance consultant.

Pre-Qualification. Candidate laboratories should be asked to submit a qualifications package tailored to the buyer’s needs. These qualifications are evaluated by individuals experienced in laboratory accreditation and operations. • ACCREDITATIONS. A list of accreditations and accreditation venues should be provided. The buyer compares this information to his accreditation needs for the analysis being performed. An accreditation is the laboratory’s license to report regulatory data and is granted on a method, matrix and analyte basis. • PRODUCTS. Product listings, including all sample preparation and analysis methods, data delivery formats, including electronic products must be provided. Laboratory capability should be evaluated in relationship to project needs, validation needs or regulatory agency requirements.

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Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

• CAPACITY. Laboratory capacity data provides the buyer with a measure of a laboratory’s size with quantitative information on their ability to deliver data for specific analyses. Turnaround information informs the buyer how quickly data is delivered. Assuring that a laboratory has sufficient capacity to perform the required analysis within a desirable turnaround period is essential to project success. • EXPERIENCE. The laboratory’s staff credentials and experience reflect broad, in-depth knowledge of environmental analytical chemistry and longevity with the organization. A relevant project experience summary to obtain a flavor for the types of projects the laboratory performs provides a perspective on their ability to perform to the buyers needs. • QUALITY SYSTEM. All laboratories maintain a documented quality system manual, which they will provide to clients freely on request. The majority of laboratories have NELAC quality systems which are based on ISO/IEC Standard 17025. Descriptions of active quality system programs should be evaluated to determine if they reflect industry standard, regulatory and buyer expectations and that the system fosters an environment where data of known and documented quality is being produced. • STANDARD OPERATION PROCEDURES. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) are required for all laboratory activities. Key process SOPs that are within the scope of analytical activities required for client projects can be requested and should be reviewed to assure that the laboratory’s methods applications are compliant with the published method and laboratory activities conform to standard practices. • ACCREDITATION AUDIT. Accredited laboratories receive a comprehensive on-site assessment from their Accrediting Body (AB - State). The laboratory will provide a copy of the latest laboratory audit performed by their primary AB. Laboratories are required to prepare corrective action responses to audit findings, which they will also provide. Audit findings can be evaluated to determine if they could jeopardize data or program execution. • STATISTICAL PERFORMANCE DATA. Laboratories generate annual statistical data based on previous performance that defines the criteria which is used to assess method control. This data includes performance ranges for quality control parameters and method detection limits for every method. It can be obtained for methods of interest and reviewed to verify that the laboratory’s method execution complies with expected performance requirements and method sensitivity is sufficient for buyer needs. • PERFORMANCE METRICS. Performance metrics provide an overview of delivery timeliness, which can be essential to meeting regulatory reporting commitments or limiting downtime awaiting analytical data for remedial activities. Performance metrics can be extended to other performance areas including error rates and client complaints. Each provides specific information regarding laboratory performance and client satisfaction.

PRACTICALMANAGEMENT By Norman Wei

• PAST PROFICIENCY TEST (PT) SCORES. Laboratories regularly perform comprehensive PT studies to maintain their accreditation. They frequently are requested to provide PT data reports to clients, which they do without cost. Each PT vendor employs a different format to report PT results. Although general information about a laboratories performance can be obtained from PT scores, they are of limited value in demonstrating a labs true performance in “real world” situations. The international community recommends that PT data not be used to rank laboratories in ISO/IEC Guide 43-1:1997 (E) 6.6.5 stating that “Reporting of performance by ranking laboratories in a table according to their performance is not recommended in proficiency testing. • CLIENT SERVICES SYSTEM. The relationship between the buyer and the laboratory is critical to project management. Understanding the processes a laboratory uses to manage clients and their projects indicates how that client can be expected to be treated. The client services system should be clearly documented and reflect the level of communication the client expects from the laboratory. • REFERENCES. Buyer assessments of laboratories provide valuable information on the laboratory’s performance and relationships with clients even though the feedback may be biased by the laboratory’s selection of the reference. Nonetheless, feedback on the attributes and shortcomings of a client’s interaction with the laboratory may be obtained through brief interviews with the referenced individual.

Site Visits. Sufficient information to qualify a laboratory can be obtained through a pre-qualification information package. However, it behooves buyers to conduct a formal laboratory site visit to verify operational functionality and the quality system described in the pre-qualification package. Site visits can be as brief or as comprehensive as the buyer desires and can also take the form of a qualification audit where the laboratory is evaluated to existing accreditation and performance standards. • QUALITY SYSTEM VERIFICATION. Verify the functional ele-

ments of the quality system with the laboratory demonstrating through documentation or action that the system is in use or functional. Verifying documentation practices assures that all

analysis conducted by the laboratory is traceable and can be reconstructed upon challenge. • SAMPLE MANAGEMENT. Proper sample handling upon labo-

ratory receipt is essential to the production of valid environmental data. Sample management activities should be assessed to assure that incoming samples are properly documented on arrival, are checked for thermal and chemical preservation, maintained under custody, properly preserved until analyzed and disposed in accordance with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requirements. Improper sample management practices may invalidate data and/or create waste disposal liabilities for the buyer. • ANALYTICAL COMPETENCY. Assessing analytical compe-

tency through an evaluation of paper documents only provides limited information on the laboratory’s application of a method. Assessments of individual methods of importance to the buyer can be evaluated through analyst interviews, designed to obtain information on sample handling at the bench, method application, data review, documentation and corrective action for quality control failures. Assessments include a review of relevant data packages to obtain a first hand view of the procedures, process and outcome of all data production activities. • HEALTH & SAFETY. A strong health and safety program not

only protects individual employees, but also protects the laboratory from liability associated with insufficient health and safety training. This philosophy can be extended to the buyer with a strong health and safety program insulating them from liability as well. It also reflects a higher level of operational discipline consistent with a well functioning quality assurance system. Although there are strong economic incentives to employ qualification programs that rely on limited factors for the basis of laboratory selection, these types of processes are likely to result in the selection of unqualified organizations because they fail to consider essential information that contributes to the accreditation process. Accordingly, it is essential to rely on a laboratory selection process that is based on an accreditation system which is designed to foster the generation of environmental data of known and documented quality.

CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS 2235 US Highway 130 • Dayton, NJ 08810 P: (732) 329-0200 • F: (732) 329-3499 Locations Nationwide www.accutest.com Read the entire paper on PE's White Paper website section.

APRIL2011

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45

ENVIRONEWS Coal Gets Renewed Respect With the recent disaster at the nuclear plant in Japan and studies indicating gas-fired generating plants will emit more greenhouse gases than new coal generators, countries around the globe are taking another look at coal-fired electrical generation. Of the $1.9 trillion now planned for new fossil and nuclear power in 2011-20 period 62 percent will be coal based. This is the new forecast in Fossil and Nuclear Power Generation, a continuously updated report published by the McIlvaine Company. The biggest investments in new coalfired electrical generation will be in Asia. Gas Turbine, However, ultra supercritical coal-fired Coal, 350 power plants will replace aging inefficient 600 coal-fired power plants in much of the rest of the world. Nuclear, Replacing old coal power plants with new 90 coal power plants will have very large environmental benefits while not increasing the cost of electricity. Plants built prior to 2020 can be replaced in 2045 with whatever is the best choice at that time. Solar and wind could be competitive by that date. Nuclear could be viewed as safer than it is today. Coal with CO2 sequestration may also be an option, but not in the near term. More info is available at mcilvainecompany.com.

Worldwide New Construction Power Plants. Thous. MW 2011-2020

Correction April State Rules Item 8 -

UL Offers to Detect Chromium-6 Contamination

We reported in the April issue on page 50 that the state Air Management Services Division recently finalized regulations to limit exposures from drycleaning facilities. The original information from Business & Legal Reports Inc. correctly mentioned that it was Philadelphia’s Air Management Services Division and was not a state regulation. We would like to thank Lynda Rebarchak, the community relations coordinator for the Department of Environmental Protection for pointing out our error and allowing us to correct it. The Philadelphia Health Department has authority to regulate air quality within the city.

Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) is offering municipalities and customers across the country access to its globally recognized testing and certification services to detect Chromium-6, also known as hexavalent chromium, in drinking water supplies. UL has begun testing water samples using EPA Method 218.6 revision 3.3, which allows detection limits down to 0.02 ppb. The company can also use EPA Method 200.8 to measure total chromium to a detection limit of 0.1 ppb. Based on study results released by the Environmental Working Group last fall, the EPA has warned that chromium-6 may be more prevalent in drinking water that previously thought. The group reported finding hexchrome in 31 of the 35 municipal water systems that were tested, though not at levels currently considered dangerous by the EPA. Most current permits only require total chromium testing and the EPA is changing that with new permits and requirements. For more information on UL’s testing and analytical services for the water industry, visit www.ul.com/water.

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

Pipeline Safety Action Plan Disastrous oil and gas pipeline failures are increasing and the DOT is ready to make changes. ccording to Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood, more than 2.5 million miles of pipelines are responsible for delivering oil and gas to communities and businesses across the United States. Much of the pipeline network is old and in a state of disrepair. The Obama Administration launched on April 4, 2011, a national pipeline safety initiative to repair and replace aging pipelines to prevent potentially catastrophic incidents. As discussed below, the initiative contains other elements comprising its pipeline safety action plan.

A

Background Over the last three years, according to DOT statistics, annual fatalities have risen from nine in 2008, to 13 in 2009 to 22 in 2010. The ten-year average number of fatalities is 15. Following several fatal pipeline accidents, LaHood called upon U.S. pipeline owners and operators to conduct a comprehensive review of their oil and gas pipelines to identify areas of high risk, and urged each to accelerate critical repair and replacement work. DOT has agreed to provide technical assistance in helping to identify high-risk pipelines. Pipeline safety is a key priority for the current administration in light of the high-profile pipeline accidents over the past several years. Serious pipeline incidents are down nearly 50 percent over the last 20 years but the recent spike in fatalities is alarming. According to DOT, there are three major causes of significant pipeline failures resulting in oil spills or gas explosions. These are: damage from digging; corrosion; or failure of the pipe material, welds, or equipment. DOT has announced a multi-faceted action plan to bolster pipeline safety. The White House announced federal legislation designed to strengthen pipeline safety oversight. Pipeline Safety Forum in Washington, D.C., is also being planned. The forum would enable stakeholders, including state officials, industry leaders and others involved in pipeline safety to discuss steps for improving the safety and efficiency of the nation’s pipeline infrastructure. The legislation would increase the maximum civil penalties for pipeline violations from $100,000 per day to $250,000 per day, and from $1 million for a series of violations to $2.5 million for a series of violations. LaHood urged Congress to authorize DOT to close regulatory loopholes, strengthen risk management requirements,

increase the number of pipeline inspectors, and improve data reporting to help identify potential pipeline risks early. The department’s pipeline safety action plan seeks to address immediate concerns such as ensuring that pipeline operators know the age and condition of their systems; proposing new regulations to strengthen reporting and inspection requirements; and making information about pipelines and the safety record of pipeline operators easily accessible to the public.

“

The legislation would increase the maximum civil penalties for pipeline violations from $100,000 per day to $250,000 per day, and from $1 million for a series of violations to $2.5 million for a series of violations.

The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration also intends to create a new web page to provide the public with immediate access to information about their local pipeline networks. DOT believes that ensuring the public has access to information about local pipelines will help keep people safe and reduce the potential for serious accidents. These measures should go a long way to blunt the recent spike in pipeline accidents causing catastrophic injury or death. While the adage “safety first” is the number one rule to follow to avert disaster, the likelihood of adverse incidents significantly increases when ancient pipelines are involved that lack maintenance. The action plan is properly directed at providing leadership and resources to address this latent problem. PE

”

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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CASEBOOKCANADA By Dianne Saxe, Ph.D.

From Paperwork to Atom Smashing The question of what is more important, quantity or quality, is answered. Properly completed forms are essential he Environmental Review Tribunal (ERT) has reminded all potential appellants that they must correctly file their appeals if they want their case to be heard. In Waterdown Gardens v MOE, a prolonged dispute between the ministry and the company resulted in two separate orders that ended up suspending their certificate of approval. The company then appealed the first suspension. During mediation by the ERT, they reached Minutes-of-Settlement with the MOE to allow them to reopen. Under the Minutes, the ERT retained jurisdiction, and either side could ask to reopen the mediation action. Unfortunately, the company failed to completely comply with the settlement, which prompted the MOE issue a second suspension order. The company, which was self represented, protested in writing Nuclear Liability Act: to the MOE that the issue was http://www.canlii.org/ already before the ERT, and en/ca/laws/stat/rscshould be resolved there as 1985-c-n-28/latest/rscstated under the first order. 1985-c-n-28.html The MOE did not respond to the letter, and the company thought that meant the MOE had agreed to proceed under the first order. Thus they did not file a formal appeal of the second

T

“

Because of their misunderstanding of the legal process, Waterdown Gardens is out of luck.

”

order, and were shocked to discover that the ministry now considered their original appeal to be moot. This month, the ERT issued their decision. They cannot hear an appeal from the second suspension, because no notice of appeal was filed on time. Also they would not be allowed to hear the appeal from the first order, because it is now considered to be

moot. That is, the original appeal and the first order are irrelevant, because the certificate has now been suspended by the second order. Because of their misunderstanding of the legal process, Waterdown Gardens is out of luck.

“

If a nuclear incident were to happen here, who would be responsible to cover the costs for containment and cleanup?

What if a nuclear meltdown happened in Canada? As Japan battles to prevent a nuclear catastrophe at the Fukushima nuclear energy power plant, with the assistance of the International Atomic Energy Agency, anxious eyes around the globe are turning to nuclear safety in other countries. Canadian constructed reactors boast a relatively safe design, but still require cooling, and are therefore vulnerable to a major earthquake. If a nuclear incident were to happen here, who would be responsible to cover the costs for containment and cleanup? To induce the private sector to invest in nuclear plants, the Nuclear Liability Act of Canada allows the federal government to cap the liability of a nuclear plant operator at $75 million, and to require taxpayers to pick up all additional losses. In other words, all Canadians guarantee the unlimited financial (and health) losses that could result from a public or private nuclear incident. I continue to be amazed that this provokes less than a 1,000th of the public opposition currently directed at wind power. PE

”

Dianne Saxe is one of Canada’s leading environmental lawyers, is a certified specialist in environmental law and member of the Ontario Bar Association Environmental Section Executive. She also holds one of Canada’s only Doctorates of Jurisprudence (Ph.D.) in environmental law.

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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PRACTICALMANAGEMENT By Norman Wei

10 Steps for Emergency Preparedness Hazardous waste generators must have a plan in case of an emergency and that plan must be communicated. enerators of more than 100 kg of hazardous wastes in a calendar month must determine if they are small or large-quantity generators as defined by federal regulations. A large-quantity generator generates more than 1,000 kg of hazardous wastes in a calendar month. That is roughly equal to five 55-gallon containers a month. As a waste generator, there are certain requirements pertaining to preparedness and prevention that must be followed: 1. Have an accessible communication or alarm system capable of providing emergency instructions to plant personnel. In the event of an emergency, instruct plant personnel to evacuate to a safe area.

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“

My advice is to make a written plan regardless of generator status.

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2. A two-way communication device is needed to communicate the emergency and request assistance from local authorities, such as the police department, fire department or emergency response teams. 3. The preparedness plan must clearly identify the locations of fire extinguishers, water hose stations, automatic sprinklers and other forms of fire control equipment. It should also include a plant layout showing all exit routes. 4. Have a complete, up-to-date list of on-site spill control equipment such as pumps and absorbents. 5. Include a description of routine procedures to test and maintain emergency equipment, so that they are always in a state of operational readiness. It is critical to assign someone the responsibility of replenishing any expended spill control material. 6. All on-site hazardous wastes storage areas must maintain adequate aisle space to allow access for emergency and spill response personnel. The federal regulation does not specify how large the aisle space needs to be. As a general rule of thumb, the space should be at least 24 inches, or wide enough for a 55-gallon container to pass through.

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

7. Store waste containers in such a manner that each container is easily accessible to an inspector. The inspector must be able to read and inspect every label on each container without having to go through some physical contortion. 8. Have documented procedures in place to minimize the possibility of fire, explosion or spills. That includes required emergency and warning signage. 9. The federal rule requires previous arrangements with local authorities on providing emergency response. That means is that a copy of the emergency plan must be on file with the local fire department, police station and hospital, and that these institutions know what kind of wastes are stored at the facility. Make sure to document any effort made to reach out to these local authorities because it is your responsibility to do so under federal law. Not all local authorities are aware of the requirements. 10. If there are contractual arrangements with a private emergency response company to handle any spills at the facility, make sure to include the contract in the preparedness plan. One last point: the rule requires only large quantity generators need to have a written plan. A small-quantity generator does not have to have a written plan – but must have a qualified plan nonetheless. My advice is to make a written plan regardless of generator status. A large quantity generator must designate an Emergency Coordinator who must have delegated authority from senior management to shut down operation in case of an emergency. This person must be accessible and reachable at all times. The Contingency Plan must also be kept up-to-date. Failure to do so is one of the more frequently cited violations during Resource Conservation and Recovery Act inspections. PE

Norman Wei Norman Wei is the founder and principal instructor at Environmental Management and Training LLC. based in Cape Coral, Fla. He does consulting work for companies and also conducts environmental seminars throughout the country. His company website is www. proactenv.com and he writes a blog at www.normanswei.wordpress.com. His email address is [email protected].

THE AIRMONITOR By Sarah Sajedi and Ross O'Lochlainn

EPA Expands Air Research EPA has awarded $32 million this year to fund four Clean Air Research Centers. uch of the research will focus on health impacts generated by air pollution mixtures. Currently the Air Quality Index, used to grade the quality of air we breathe, is scaled by the concentration levels of only a single pollutant that is classified as most harmful. This does not address health risks associated with concurrent exposure to multiple air pollutants. As with most health related topics, the effects on those most at risk in our societies will be the primary focus. Impacts of pollution mixtures on children and older citizens will be used to determine the varying degrees of health effects that occur at different life stages. Also of keen interest during the studies will be at-risk populations, including those with pre-existing conditions and people living in communities where the health risks associated with air pollution are greater. Four research institutions will each receive $8 million over five years.

M

Research focus The research at the University of Washington’s Center for Clean Air Research (CCAR) will be focused on the cardiovascular health effects of near-roadway pollution. Near-road pollution is emissions composed of components that can vary by vehicle-type, road surface, extent of physical aging, and atmospheric conditions. The CCAR expects that “identifying the most hazardous components of near-roadway exposures will allow more focused, coordinated and effective air pollution health policy based on sound science to reduce health impacts of this multi-pollutant exposure.” Michigan State University’s Great Lakes Air Center for Integrative Environmental Research (GLACIER) sets out to explore the interrelationships between facets of the cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS) and air pollution. CMS is among the leading causes of death worldwide, and has been on the increase since first being defined by the World Health Organization in 1998. Exposure to air pollution, most notably fine particle matter, also remains highly prevalent and ranks among the leading causes of global mortality. GLACIER expects to address issues that contribute to CMS, ranging from time-based effects, to the effects of ozone and fine particulate matter mixtures in different locations, and the role of pre-existing conditions in individual susceptibility.

The Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology in Georgia is proposing to address the “critical issues relating to the public health impacts of ambient air pollution.” The center brings together researchers with significant access to rich air quality and health outcome databases to focus on characterizing ambient air pollution mixtures and uncovering their role in the development of human health risks. It is intending to address the biological considerations of oxidants and the impacts of correct management of various sources of pollution by using evidence-based traffic emissions.

“

Impacts of pollution mixtures on children and older citizens will be used.

Harvard University’s research aims to investigate “the acute and chronic health effects across life stages of six exposure metrics.” These include short- and long- term exposures to individual pollutants, various pollutant sources and also multi-pollutant mixtures. The effects these have on neuropsychological function, cardiovascular function, early human development and CVD-related hospitalization will act as the primary focus. Additionally it will aim to identify susceptibility and vulnerability factors that modify these effects in the general population. They expect these to be a mixture of gender, diabetes, obesity, socioeconomic disparities, stress, depression, violence, smoking, and omega-3 fatty acid intake in children, adults and elderly conditions. As with all areas of this research grant, regional and temporal differences in air pollution risks are also expected to play a part. PE

”

By Sarah Sajedi & Ross O'Lochlainn Sarah Sajedi is the Director of Research and Development. Ross O’Lochlainn attended University of Limerick, Ireland where he graduated with honors in mechanical engineering, completing a thesis in wavelet analysis of turbulent flows, and an internship with processor-chip giant, Intel Ireland Ltd. After graduating, he relocated to Montreal, Canada to complete his Masters in environmental engineering with a focus in Water Resources.

JUNE2011

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AIR CONTR

The Next Five Y An overview of the current state of U.S. air pollution the dates, deadlines, and outlook for 2011 By ROY BIGHAM

E

arlier this year EPA air chief Gina McCarthy told a gathering of power industry professionals that she is quite aware agency dithering on air regulations has retarded meaningful investment, and vowed to stick to current deadlines. The candor is appreciated, but the regulated community can be forgiven for feeling a bit skeptical when the agency is pursuing wholly new emission controls while a decade or more behind on some old ones. Air issues have been top priorities for people around the globe for a long time. The damage wrought from poor air quality is well documented. It often seems that 16

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solutions are just out of our reach. Results from study after study in every country on the planet have demonstrated that poor air quality directly causes respiratory ailments, heart ailments, neurological damage, productivity loss, and increased health and hospital expenditures. At the extreme end of the spectrum, it can lead to death as was demonstrated in the Bhopal disaster in 1984. Few places are not touched in some way by air pollutants. Environmental damage can be aggravated by poor air quality. Emissions can lead to acid rain, eutrophication, smog formation, damage to buildings, crop damage, forest damage and many would argue climate alteration.

Air pollution controls are nothing new. This month the industry will get together in Orlando for the Air & Waste Management Association’s 104th meeting. Even before that first meeting in 1907, Progressives had spent nearly two decades lobbying for controls on “smoke.” Were one of those early municipal smoke inspectors to come to this year’s meeting he might be forgiven for thinking he had stepped into a fantasyland, and not just because the show is at Disney World. The serious legwork began in the 1960s. People around the world were highly concerned over the obvious damage resulting from air and water pol-

AIR CONTROL

ROL:

GDP Up; Pollution Down

Years

Figure 1

control policy, through 2015.

lution. Death rates and illnesses were increasing. Buildings and statues were suffering deterioration much quicker than should be expected. Fish populations were drastically impacted. Water was noticeably dirtier. The United States under then President Nixon formed a new federal agency called the Environmental Protection Agency in 1969 to turn the tide.

Status of the ‘Crit-Six’ Gaining control over what appeared to be a runaway issue of pollution control seemed overwhelming. The first EPA administrator, organizational guru William D. Ruckelshaus, methodically

set about the task as required by the 1970 Clean Air Act. That legislation required the EPA to establish national ambient air quality standards through original research. In 1990, Congress realized that the regulations needed to be tightened in order to achieve improved control over air quality. The 1990 Clean Air Act required the EPA to address additional problems such as acid rain. As a result of the agency’s efforts, the list of six “criteria” pollutants were compiled: groundlevel ozone, particulate matter, lead, NO2, CO and SO2. Since 1970, the EPA reports that through 2008 the level of the six common emissions has dropped by about 60 percent, despite population and energy use increases of about 48 percent, and a GDP increase of 209 percent (see Figure 1) over that same time. This is a direct result of regulations put in place by the agency in cooperation with the states. Every engineer involved with air permitting or reporting is (or should be) familiar with EPA’s AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These fac-

Source: USEPA

tors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages for all facilities in the source category (i.e., a population average). The agency will continue to develop additional emission factors for other industries and tweak existing ones over time. It is very important for an air pollution control engineer to make certain the latest updates are included in his or her copy of AP-42.

2005 Standings: Judges 2, Regulations 0 In the past decade, the EPA did pass new regulations to control air pollutants. Most notable were those controlling fine particulates and ozone pollution that can cross state lines – the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) – and controlling mercury – the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR). However in 2005 the courts found that each of these rules were legally flawed. The JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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AIR CONTROL

Stationary Source Emissions of NOX, SO2 and GHGs Power Plants 100% Residential Combustion 90%

Pulp & Paper Other

80%

Oil and Gas Production & Distribution Metals/ Iron & Steel and NonFerrous Consumer/Commercial Prod. Mfct & Services Crop Production

70%

60%

50%

Chemical Manufacturing Boilers & IC Engines

40%

Minerals (incl. Cement) 30%

Petroleum Refining

20%

10%

0% NOX Emissions

SO2 Emissions

GHG Emissions

† For GHG bar, boilers are within each industry sector.

NOx and SO2 emissions from draft 2005 NEI version 2 GHG emissions from 2006 GHG inventory

Figure 2

agency was ordered to replace the CAIR rule – leaving the old one in place until the “Heir to CAIR” could be approved, but CAMR rule was vacated, meaning the future of the agency’s mercury regulations were once again mercurial. The new Transport Rule is due to be announced this month, June 2011. As for mercury, a consent decree required the agency to propose an air toxic rule to control releases from coaland oil-fired electric utility steam generating units by March 2011, to be finalized by November 2011. The agency met its obligation by proposing a national standard for mercury pollution from power plants and air toxics standards on March 16, 2011. The new rule would control mercury in addition to the following hazardous air pollutants (HAPs): HCl, HF, arsenic, chromium, nickel and acid gases. The regulation would establish numerical emission limits, but include alternative standards, e.g., tighter controls of SO2 instead of HCL, and other more dangerous air toxics instead of mercury. This means the standard will effectively change regulations for PM, SO2 and NOX, or at least reward companies who currently control their emissions to a higher standard. More information on the proposal is available at www.epa.gov/ airquality/powerplanttoxics. 18

P Pollution ll ti ll E Engineering i i JUNE2011

4

Source: USEPA

States refused to ratify it. None of them denied the importance of pollution control but the major emitting nations could not agree as to the details. In 2007, the Supreme Court determined that the EPA did have authority under the Clean Air Act to regulate any air pollutant that might pose a danger to human health or the environment and that could include the so-called greenhouse gas (GHG) list. The agency did conduct further studies and with recommendations from their research groups declared that there was cause for concern over GHG emissions and have moved to required business to track and report such emissions as CO2 equivalents. New Source Performance Standards are expected to be released in 2012.

The new challenge

Focus on power industry

In 1997 representatives from around the globe met in Kyoto, Japan, to discuss air issues. Out of that meeting came the Kyoto Protocols, better known for calling to reduce CO2 emissions to set levels below 1990 emissions, but including many more air issues. As countries signed on and agreed to meet the stipulations of the protocols, it was most notable that China, India and the United

Emissions from power companies burning fossil fuel are the largest single emitter of NOX, SO2 and GHGs, and it’s not even close (see Figure 2). That industry is also the single largest source of Hg emissions as shown in Figure 3. The New Source Review (NSR) provisions of the Clean Air Act were meant to grandfather older plants until they had enough money to make the neces-

Mercury Air Emissions Estimates for Stationary Sources (2005) Coal-fired Power Plants Residential Combustion 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Pulp and Paper Other Metals/Iron & Steel & Non-ferrous Waste Management Consumer/Commercial Prod. Manuf. Chemical Manufacturing Boilers and IC Engines Minerals (including Cement) Petroleum Refineries

Figure 3

5

Source: USEPA

AIR CONTROL

Industry Capacity to Add New Emissions Controls Added 20+ GW of SO2 scrubbers per year 2008 - 2010

Figure 4

Source: USEPA

sary upgrades; for the power industry the result was a lot of older plants that have avoided making major upgrades for decades. There are 991 power plants

capable of producing a total of more than 300 gigawatts of power by burning coal. Of these, 821 or 83 percent are more than 30 years old. Most of the older plants are

grandfathered from requirements to add controls such as SO2 exhaust air scrubbers. Thanks to NSR and generations of managers anxious not to trip it, there are in the U.S. today 425 plants that are over 30 years old that do not have adequate air pollution control gear in place. While the U.S. has an abundance of coal reserves, only seven coal-fired plants have been built in the past 10 years. Many plans were put on hold or cancelled due to the idea that the plants might not be able to afford to control some emissions, and it was unclear just what some of those required controls might be at the time. On the other hand, the power industry has seen an increase in the number of controls added to their systems. Although the world economic slowdown did cause a pullback in investment, there has been a trend since 2006 to add controls such as Selective Catalytic Reduction and Flue Gas Desulfurization systems to power supply plants. See Figure 4.

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JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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AIR CONTROL

Rulemaking Schedule Criteria air pollutant rules: driven by statutory and judicial deadlines Toxics rule and GHG NSPS: court ordered deadlines

Transport Rule II (F) GHG NSPS (F)

2013

2014

2012 2011

Transport Rule (P)

2010

F = Final Rulemaking P = Proposed Rulemaking GHG_Green house gases NSPS= New Source Performance Standard

Transport Rule (F) Transport rule II (P) Toxics Rule (P & F) GHG NSPS (P) 8

Figure 5

Additionally, the power industry has sought out new energy sources to enable them to meet an ever-increasing demand. In the past decade, there was a resurgence of natural gas power plants but since 2006, renewable sources such as biomass, wind and solar have seen a significant increase in numbers. Many states require companies to produce specific percentages of power from renewable sources by a certain date. California recently increased their requirement to 33 percent by 2020. The previous goal had been 20 percent by 2020. The current requirement is the highest in the nation at this point. Additional research is under way to develop cleaner means of using coal as a fuel.

EPA's new direction In the late 2000s, first came $4.00 gas at the pump. Then came “Green.” As the color of the year became regulatory policy, this was translated into a core focus on 20

Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

Source: USEPA

pollution prevention through energy efficiency. The concept was hardly new to this industry, but the widespread greening of America has produced a bevy of funded mandates and new ways that companies can meet regulations (and save money) by reducing power consumption of their processes. EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson set the following guiding principles for her agency regulators: • Promote common-sense strategies that encourage investment in energy efficiency and updated technologies • Use similar strategies to capture multiple pollutants • Set clean, achievable standards while maintaining maximum flexibility on how to get there • Seek input from citizens, industry, affected entities, other stakeholders, and partners in state, local and tribal governments. • Set the standards that make the most sense – focusing on getting the most

meaningful results through the most cost-effective measures. The agency plans to continue to educate business and the citizenry about energy conservation. The agency believes that the largest impact on carbon emission control can come from Americans using less energy. According to a report from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, funding for energy efficiency programs will increase by 250 to 400 percent by 2020 and is expected to provide a savings of electrical demand by up to 8.6 percent.

The future The EPA has set in motion plans to reduce a number of emission controls and more are in the works. Many of the coming rule changes are to meet requirements established by the courts and many are mandated by the rules. A glimpse of that schedule can be seen in Figure 5. The planned steps will set the pace for other nations to follow. PE

PE Events JUNE 2011 12-16 AWWA Annual Conference and Exposition 2011,

Washington, D.C., www.awwa.org/ace11 21-24 A&WMA 104th Annual Conference & Exhibition,

Orlando, Fla., www.awma.org

JULY 2011 4-8

Singapore International Water Week, Singapore, www.siww.com

18-21 Plug-in 2011 Conference & Exposition, Raleigh, N.C., www.plugin2011.com

AUGUST 2011 25-27 2011 China International Environmental Protection Fair, Dalian, China, www.sinoexhibition.com/ep/en

SEPTEMBER 2011 13-15 10th International Conference on Filtration, Leogong, Austria, www.p84.com/product/p84/en/about/ events-fairs/Pages/default.aspx 14-16 Excellence in Building Conference & Expo, Las Vegas, www.eeba.org/conference 14-16 Biorefining Conference and Trade Show, Houston, http://2011ibct.biomassconference.com/ema/ DisplayPage.aspx?pageId=Home 20-22 Hydrovision Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, www.hydrovisionbrazil.com 20-22 RETECH 2011, Washington, D.C., www.retech2011.com 25-29 XIVth IWRA World Water Congress, Recife, Brazil, www.worldwatercongress.com/en 27-29 Waste & Recycling Expo Mexico, Mexico City, www.wasterecyclingmexico.com 28-29 Geotec Event 2011, Vancouver, B.C., www.geoplace.com 28-30 tcbiomass 2011 International Conference on

Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Science, Chicago, www.gastechnology.org/tcbiomass2011

29-01 Water Philippines 2011, Manila, the Philippines, www.waterphilippines.merebo.com

OCTOBER 2011 3-9

28th International Activated Carbon Conference, Pittsburgh, www.pacslabs.com

14-16 10th International Exhibition &Seminars on Bag Filter

Technology and Equipment, Suzhou, China, www.bagfilter.net/english/englishi.html Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for information.

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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THE

CONSEQUENTIAL COST OF S S E N S S E E L R CA Properly handling liquid hazardous wastes may not be rewarding but it can save a ton of money.

By GLEN CARTER, Chief Technology Officer, Justrite Manufacturing Co.

n December 2010, the EPA announced that in the 2010 fiscal year they “took enforcement actions that require polluters to pay more than $110 million in civil penalties.” In that time the agency’s criminal enforcement program opened 346 new environmental crime cases. The cases led to 289 defendants charged for allegedly committing environmental crimes, the highest number in five years. One-hundred ninety-eight criminals were convicted and $41 million was assessed in fines and restitution. The federal government can make it expensive to ignore regulations. However these costs may only be the tip of the iceberg. Any spill requires some cleanup time depending on the volume and location of the occurrence. Time spent on cleanup operations is non-productive, resulting in

I

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reduced output and lower profits. When injuries occur costs quickly escalate. Slips and falls are common when spills create slippery floors. A typical minor slip or fall accident requiring medical attention averages about $5,000 on the low side. Add to this another $2,800 for lost time and perhaps six to eight weeks of medical care and treatment, along with a Worker’s Compensation settlement of $7,000, and it is easy to see how a simple slip quickly adds up to nearly $15,000. For more severe cases, lost time accidents can average $40,000. Many hazardous liquids are flammable. Flammable liquids, and the release or spill of flammable vapors create a significant danger of fire. The costs from industrial and commercial fires are staggering. Indeed, government regulations are only one reason to treat hazardous liquids with respect.

Containment the key A drum, tank or intermediate bulk container (IBC) used to store a free liquid that is considered to be hazardous must be inspected for its integrity on a regular basis. Such inspections must be properly documented as well. When found to be leaking the contents should immediately be transferred to another container. Again, make certain to document the transfer. To prevent the spread of a leaking liquid, every drum, tank or IBC must rest on a properly engineered form of containment system as required by EPA regulation 40 CFR 264.175. A spill-containment pallet can be used to store 55-gallon drums containing hazardous liquids. This type of pallet is designed with a leak-proof sump to capture leaks from a damaged drum or a spill that might occur when filling or pumping from the drum. The pallet features a removable grate

COST OF

S CARELES SNE S

that allows easy access to the sump area to visually check if any leak has occurred and subsequent cleanup as needed. Containment pallets are available in two, three or four drum capacities. Square or space-saving linear styles are also available. The containment standard is a minimum sump capacity of 66 gallons. When specifying spill containment pallets for their facilities users also should be aware of the Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) rule, which applies to facilities with 1,320 gallons or more of above ground storage or 42,000 gallons of buried storage of petroleum oils, non-petroleum oils, animal fats, oils and greases and fish oils, marine mammal oils, and vegetable oils (including oils from seeds, nuts, fruits or kernels). An owner or operator must demonstrate in their SPCC plans all considerations for secondary containment solutions for containers 55 gallons and larger. Each secondary containment area shall be as follows: (1) to hold the entire capacity of the largest container and (2) to have sufficient “freeboard” to hold precipitation. Freeboard refers to the vertical distance to the lowest point of overflow. Adequate freeboard needs to be determined by the owner, the operator or their engineer as outlined in their plan. Pallets that are sheltered do not require freeboard to hold precipitation. This would be implied under good engineering practices.

Additional green objectives Saving oil, electricity and landfill space are additional objectives to be considered. By specifying spill control pallets constructed of recycled polyethylene, it is possible to achieve a double good impact for the environment. Not only do containment pallets protect against ground water contamination; but their material of construction conserves resources and saves landfill space. Wellengineered spill control products made of recycled resin have undergone an extensive review process and some suppliers have obtained recycled content validaA pallet like the one from Justrite shown above can safely contain spills from leaking drums to transfer errors.

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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COST OF

S CARELES SNE S tion by a recognized third-party auditor, such as UL Environment. This independent validation assures customers that a product claiming to be green, really is; and therefore assures a positive impact on the environment. Why the use of recycled resin? Consider this: one ton of recycled plastic saves: • 6.3 barrels of oil • 5,774 kwh of electricity • 30 cubic yards of landfill space Considering these types of savings, it is no wonder the federal government, under Executive Order 13514 as signed by President Obama last October, is required to establish an integrated strategy towards sustainability. EO 13514 requires agencies to ensure that 95 percent of federal purchases, amongst other initiatives, contain recycled content. PE Glen Carter, chief technology officer, Justrite Manufacturing Co., is a recognized authority on flammable liquids storage and handling. He is currently a member of the NFPA 30 Technical Committee and sits on three UL Standards Committees.

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40 CFR 264.175 - Containment (a) Container storage areas must have a containment system that is designed and operated in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section, except as otherwise provided by paragraph(c) of this section. (b) A containment system must be designed and operated as follows: (1) A base must underly the containers which is free of cracks or gaps and is sufficiently impervious to contain leaks, spills, and accumulated precipitation until the collected material is detected and removed; (2) The base must be sloped or the containment system must be otherwise designed and operated to drain and remove liquids resulting from leaks, spills, or precipitation, unless the containers are elevated or are otherwise protected from contact with accumulated liquids; (3) The containment system must have sufficient capacity to contain 10% of the volume of containers or the volume of the largest container, whichever is greater. Containers that do not contain free liquids need not be considered in this determination; (4) Run-on into the containment system must be prevented unless the collection system has sufficient excess capacity in addition to that required in paragraph (b)(3) of this section to contain any run-on which might enter the system; and (5) Spilled or leaked waste and accumulated precipitation must be removed from the sump or collection area in as timely a manner as is necessary to prevent overflow of the collection system. (c) Storage areas that store containers holding only wastes that do not contain free liquids need not have a containment system defined by paragraph (b) of this section, except as provided by paragraph (d) of this section or provided that: (1) The storage area is sloped or is otherwise designed and operated to drain and remove liquid resulting from precipitation, or (2) The containers are elevated or are otherwise protected from contact with accumulated liquid. (d) Storage areas that store containers holding the wastes listed below that do not contain free liquids must have a containment system defined by paragraph (b) of this section: (1) FO20, FO21, FO22, FO23, FO26, and FO27.

The GREEN

FRONTIER

By TIM KENYON, Senior Vice President at Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Inc

The cleanup of a North Dakota diesel spill required expertise, patience and above all, collaboration. he official slogan of Mandan, North Dakota is Where the West Begins. It is situated directly across the Missouri River from the state's capital city. Founded in the late 1800s, it served as a hub for the western expansion of the railroad. But while its pioneering days are long gone, the city is currently facing an environmental challenge that was a long time in the making. They are coping with diesel contamination throughout the downtown business district that has required a complex, multi-million dollar remediation effort. In 1984, technicians undertaking soil tests for the construction of a new law enforcement center in the downtown area smelled diesel. Results of the subsequent assessment revealed that the long-term release of an estimated three million gallons of diesel from the adjacent railyard had spread beneath 12 city blocks of the town’s business district. Some 20 years

T

later, following several partially successful cleanup attempts by the railroad, the city and the North Dakota Department of Health jointly won a nearly $30 million settlement from the railroad, $24 million of which was earmarked to finish the cleanup. Realizing the detrimental effect that pollution was having on real estate values and investments in the impacted area, the city and the state sought a solution that would address the issue once and for all. In response to a Request for Proposals, Leggette, Brashears & Graham, Sioux Falls, N.D., quickly assembled a project team, prepared a $11 million proposal to remove the diesel fuel and was awarded a contract to design and install a comprehensive system to remediate a nearly 21-acre plume of free-phase diesel fuel and contaminated groundwater in the downtown area. The project called for installation of the largest remediation system in the state.

Above photo showing placement of the MPE and SVE system piping in the area near the main remediation building in the foreground with an extraction well completion in the background.

In for the long haul Information gained from more than 100 existing monitor wells showed that site conditions were very amenable to remediation techniques the engineering consulting firm had successfully applied on other largescale projects. Installation of the remediation system, including a total of three remediation buildings, 15 remote manifold structures, and multi-phase and soil vapor extraction (SVE) wells along with water and air treatment systems, was a threeyear process. The reason: the project was not being undertaken on a remote industrial site, but rather in a densely developed downtown business district. Partnership with city officials and close coordination with local residents was required in order to JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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The

GREEN

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install the nearly 300 remediation wells that were necessary to extract the product, and over 20 miles of piping to connect them all. The city purchased a number of distressed downtown buildings where extraction wells could be housed. In addition, two satellite treatment buildings were constructed, one of them at the fire station, which will be utilized as an additional truck bay after the remediation process is complete. Extraction wells were installed in several basements to reach diesel fuel beneath some of the buildings. To get at diesel fuel beneath the recently repaved, four-lane main street without disrupting the traffic flow, slant wells were installed to extend beneath the street from the right–of-way. The system was designed to utilize SVE and multi-phase extraction (MPE) to remove the diesel product. Initially the subsurface conditions were strongly anaerobic, with considerable concentrations of methane present. The use of SVE has resulted in the conversion to aerobic conditions, providing substantial removal

Photo showing a computer-controlled remote manifold system that allows automated switching between MPE and SVE modes.

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Enroll now. Copyright © 2011 University of Maryland University College

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

™ BH^c:ck^gdcbZciVaBVcV\ZbZci^hgZXd\c^oZYWni]Z8djcX^ad[
800-888-UMUC ™ umuc.edu/ yourworld

The

GREEN

FRONTIER of residual product by bioremediation. The widespread free product that was initially present – up to four feet in some wells – has been reduced to less than a foot in all but five wells through the application of MPE. Due to the complex geology of the area, the wells recharge at differing rates after a pulse of MPE has removed the product accumulated in the well. Because of this differing recharge, the duration of the MPE interval in each well is periodically adjusted for optimal product recovery. SVE is operated between MPE operations. The wells are designed to be cycled between SVE and MPE via computer-controlled valves. At the time of this writing, the extraction system has been fully operational for about three years. Optimization of the system is ongoing. MPE has been discontinued in areas where free product is no longer persistently present and is being focused where free product remains. SVE remains in operation in all areas. It is anticipated that at least one more year of full-scale operation will be needed.

All in all, over 2 million lbs. of hydrocarbons have been recovered, including 220,000 lbs. of vapor-phase hydrocarbons and 1.27 million lbs. of hydrocarbons consumed by bioremediation in addition to about 100,000 lbs. of methane that had developed as a result of the anaerobic conditions on the site.

Putting Mandan back on the map Though the project continues, some positive results of the remediation effort are already visible. To jump-start the depressed downtown economy, the engineering firm partnered with Real Estate

Meeting the challenges Given the scale of the spill and its presence in a densely populated commercial area, the remediation effort has proven to be extremely challenging. The estimated three million gallon diesel spill was over 60 years old, making it harder to extract because of the increased viscosity of the product due to weathering. Beyond that, operation of the groundwater treatment system, with complex fluid properties, limited facility residence time and fairly strict discharge limits, requires a continuous evaluation process. On top of that, weather conditions have not been favorable. High rainfall has increased water levels, smearing the diesel in the soil, making it harder to extract. Despite the difficulties, remediation efforts have been able to achieve impressive results. During the first three years of full-scale operation, the extent of the free product has been reduced from approximately 21 acres to just under one acre. By the end of 2010, over 60,000 gallons of free-phase diesel had been recovered for recycling, with some of it sold to a local contractor able to use it as heating oil.

Visit us at 2011 EPRI CEM Users Conference June 8-10, 2011 Call Bob Davis at (610) 675-6854

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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Photo showing free-phase diesel that accumulated in a vapor-phase waterknockout tank for one portion of the MPE system.

Recycling, Minneapolis, and assisted the North Dakota Department of Health in successfully introducing state legislation that protects investors from liability when purchasing impacted properties. With the removal of liability came a responsibility to protect human health, so local ordinances were passed requir-

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

ing engineering controls on all new construction to prevent any exposure from the existing contamination. The downtown area is starting to come back to life. A new restaurant announced its intention to open on Main Street. Construction of a major apartment and commercial business complex was completed in 2010 and the city is seeking investors for a retail and commercial structure on another site in 2011. Though the process has been disruptive, the remediation team continues to be a welcome sight in town. That was because residents and business owners were actively included in the planning process. For example, before scheduling excavation outside a specific business, team members would consult with the owner to determine what times of operation would be least intrusive. As a result, some of the work was done after hours or on weekends. Despite the complexities of the project, it looks like it will be completed well below

budget, thus preserving the legal settlement to the greatest extent possible. Total project cost is projected to be well short of the total $24 million award. This means several million dollars will be available for other improvements in the town. With a well-thought-out technical approach and a carefully executed communications strategy that enlisted local residents, business owners and officials as stakeholders in the process, creative solutions were found that allowed remediation to be effective, while the affected community continued to operate as closely to business as usual as possible. PE Tim Kenyon is a senior vice president in the Sioux Falls, S.D. office of Leggette, Brashears & Graham Inc. His 33 years of professional experience includes design and installation of monitoring systems and soil and groundwater treatment systems for numerous contaminated properties. He is a registered professional geologist in Minnesota, Kansas and Nebraska, and a certified petroleum release remediator and registered well driller in South Dakota.

Calculating

SOFTWARE ROI By PAUL LEAVOY, Researcher and Writer for Intelex Technologies Inc.

Going to modern environmental management systems can save money and help environmental managers do their jobs much better, but articulating a major systems management shift to the C-level is seldom as cut and dry as an engineer’s blueprint. common source of frustration in the environmental industry is that managers and those that hold the purse strings in any organization tend to speak different languages. One speaks in terms of GHGs and VOCs, the other of bottom lines and ROI. The language barrier often comes to a head when environmental managers head to the corner office with a request for a solution to improve environmental performance, such as environmental management software. The business value of such solutions – increased efficiency, risk mitigation, continuous improvement and, critically, return on investment (ROI) – can be lost in translation if environment personnel are not prepared to

A

communicate the value of a purchase in terms executive management can understand. Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are a loose set of management principles adopted worldwide for responsible environmental controls. The EPA has adopted them as an optional standard of best practices for facility- and enterprise-wide management of environmental and regulatory responsibilities. Keys to a successful EMS include a clearly defined plan-do-check-act process, with the goal of continual improvement. In recent years EMS software solutions have become the standard for any organization seeking to craft a streamlined, effective and proactive EMS. Such tools are designed to ensure ongoing regulatory compliance, JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

29

Calculating

SOFTWARE ROI conformance to widely accepted environment management standards (e.g. ISO 14001), conservation of resources, and improved perception of environmental responsibility among the company’s stakeholders. At this point in time, more familiar to most environmental managers are paperbased systems, or computerized systems based on siloed, disparate software products. Such systems represent an increasingly insufficient means of boosting environmental performance and cutting costs. They often place an enormous burden on environmental personnel and consume substantial time and effort that could be better spent analyzing environmental metrics and leveraging quantifiable data into cost savings, risk avoidance or opportunities for revenue generation. Problem is, while the advantages of an EMS software solution are painfully obvious to environmental managers, the direct benefits can be unclear to those who approve budgets. The difference is exacerbated by the fact that, when making a pitch, environmental personnel often slip into a soft sell, focusing on software and soft dollars – in other words, understating the essential business benefits decisionmakers want to hear about.

“

savings and cost avoidance opportunities, and incorporating the values that flow from those two areas into a final calculation. No environmental manager needs to be convinced that direct savings emerge from conservation efforts, namely reducing waste, lowering energy usage and, to a smaller extent, minimizing water consumption.While the direct savings generated by a robust, software-based EMS can be significant, it is also important to consider the indirect savings that can be achievable. These savings – or cost avoidance – factors are harder to quantify concretely, but may represent the most significant opportunities for a company to capitalize on the benefits of EMS software.

Environmental managers should be sensitive about who will be involved in the decision-making process behind a software acquisition.

ROI is king The clear impetus behind the consideration of an EMS software solution must be the projected ROI the proposed solution will generate. Environmental personnel should arrive at the decision to recommend the purchase of EMS software only after determining the short- and longterm payoff of such an acquisition. The good news: there’s no mystery behind the returns of a software-based EMS. An approximate estimate of ROI can be determined by evaluating direct 30

Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

”

Businesses that violate environmental regulatory requirements may receive a notice of violation from the EPA, ordering them to initiate corrective actions, and restore regulatory compliance. Fines generally follow notices of violation – penalties that can be substantial, and are tabulated for each day and each violation that remains unaddressed. For example, a California business that receives a notice of violation for polluting above permitted thresholds could face penalties of up to $1 million per day,

per violation, until air emissions are reduced and fall within permitted thresholds. In any business environment, fewer notices of violation mean fewer fines and lower costs. Once again, no environmental manager needs to elaboration on this logic, but avoiding fines through risk management is the surest way of avoiding the substantial fines that accompany reactive environmental management. By tracking and managing permit requirements and receiving ongoing, proactive notifications, a business will be able to closely monitor all of its environmental aspects and impacts to proactively ensure violations are avoided, and costs and risks are minimized. It is also worth noting that proven corrective and preventive action plans carry the potential of mitigating fines associated with notices of violation. Consider a company that receives a notice of violation because a plant has emitted air pollution at levels that exceed permitted tolerances. The company has a chance of having EPA-imposed fines mitigated or forgiven if it can prove it has implemented an electronic EMS, thereby taking preventive measures to avoid future violations.

Unlocked efficiency: from data collection to assessment A new management software solution is worthwhile if will save time. For example, it is not uncommon among companies that use a paper- or spreadsheet-based approach to spend a significant portion of their time (15 to 25 percent, by some

Calculating

SOFTWARE ROI estimates) manipulating data: pushing and pulling data to and from spreadsheets, paper forms, other software products, and data sinks. The time spent on these tasks could be more effectively spent determining how to implement effective environmental management policies and procedures, ensuring employees are well trained, and discovering additional cost savings opportunities. A fulsome EMS software solution can entirely eliminate the silos of data created by unintegrated software and enable environment personnel to focus on more important responsibilities. For example, software should be capable of reaching out to environmental managers to alert them when a task deadline is coming or has not been accomplished on time. The ROI of such a software solution can be vast, but the savings are indirect and harder to quantify concretely than the savings that flow out of curbing other environment impacts.

Preserving and improving brand integrity While it is difficult to concretely quantify costs associated with brand damage – as well as the revenue generated by a positive brand image – these factors have the potential of representing the most significant costs and opportunities a business can confront as a consequence of environmental performance and, in many cases, are the determinant of a company’s success or failure. Poor environmental performance – such as repeated notices of violation or a significant environmental episode like an oil spill – has the potential to damage a company’s brand image and hurt confidence in the company among stakeholders and customers in the shortand long-term. Conversely, if a company adopts a fulsome EMS and proves it is a good corporate citizen by demonstrating a clear commitment to environmental responsibility, stakeholders and

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SOFTWARE ROI

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Reconciling the language barrier Since environmental personnel typically are preoccupied with different day-today concerns than a CEO or CFO, it is important to maintain a strong sense of the latter parties’ responsible focus to the bottom line when developing a business proposal. While the particular advantages of a software solution under consideration are worth mentioning in a business proposal, it is fundamentally important that the details of the software and environmental jargon do not distract from the most significant aspect of the proposal: ROI. This is the bottom line a decision-maker will want have clearly defined and stated. Some ROI-generating

factors of an EMS software solution to focus on might include: • Improving organization-wide visibility. • Boosting efficiency and reducing costs. • Minimize risks, including the chance of brand damage, litigation and loss of employee morale/production. • Improving the accuracy and timeliness of reports to senior management. • Reducing departmental costs. • Ensuring compliance with laws affecting global operations. • Maintaining customer relationships by fulfilling conformance requirements (e.g. ISO 14001). • Avoiding costs associated with lost time/production, spill cleanup, penalties, fines, stop orders, etc.

EnviroFacts: Benefits of Recycling · Recycling protects and expands U.S. manufacturing jobs and increases U.S. competitiveness. · Recycling reduces the need for landfilling and incineration. · Recycling prevents pollution caused by the manufacturing of products from virgin materials. · Recycling saves energy. · Recycling decreases emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change.

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

Calculating

SOFTWARE ROI

“

While the particular advantages of a software solution under consideration are worth mentioning in a business proposal, it is fundamentally important that the details of the software and environmental jargon do not distract from the most significant aspect of the proposal: ROI.

• Reducing costs associated with energy consumption, waste disposal and treatment, etc. • Requiring fewer personnel to manage training programs. • Eliminating maintenance and support fees from an older commercial software system. Quantify such factors whenever possible. Three key steps to illustrate ROI involve conducting research (e.g. providing estimates of historical legal fees and fines), estimating time and efficiency-related savings, and generating ROI spreadsheets with examples of each line item. ROI is very important and often tied to two other financial indicators decision-makers will want to hear about: the internal rate of return (IRR) and the net present value (NPV). The latter is the present value of an investment’s future net cash flow, minus the initial investment, and the former is a more complicated calculation based upon NPV and used to decide what projects will get investment. A representative from a prospective EMS software solution provider should be available to work with environmental personnel to provide ROI calculators and craft a tailored quote form with a clear breakdown of ROI, NPR and IRR, as well as an implementation plan timeline and resource allocation details. Environmental managers should be sensitive about who will be involved in the decision-making process behind a software acquisition. Such factors include: the solution price, whose budget will cover it, who will use the solution, whether capital or operational funds will be used, corporate procurement rules, and how the solution will be deployed. When making a pitch, environmental personnel should be

”

prepared to overcome potential objections to the proposed acquisition. From all the above research, an environmental manager, along with a representative from a prospective vendor, should be able to develop a Capital Appropriation Request featuring the following components: • Business Proposal: Addresses what is being purchased and why. • Scope and Objective: Outlines what departments and business units will be affected, and what is the highlevel deployment strategy.

• Alternatives/Risks: An assessment of reasonable alternatives (including no action) and the associated risks. • Benefits/Savings: A rundown of soft and hard dollars associated with the proposed solution. • Signoff by Key Departments: Proof that buy-in from affected parties has been achieved. So, the language barrier between environmental personnel and those that hold the purse strings is not insurmountable after all. Environmental managers simply have to convince executive staff their second language is finance by following the above steps and framing a proposed purchase in terms of its net benefit to the organization. PE Paul Leavoy researches and writes about environmental issues affecting organizations around the globe for Intelex Technologies Inc., a developer of environmental management software solutions. Contact him at [email protected].

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Fashionable

WATER TREATMENT DARKER CLOTHES are quite fashionable these days. However as the use of strong dyes increases, treating the resulting wastewater becomes an ever-greater challenge. By HUANG XIAO-XIA, LIU RU, CAI BANG-HONG, School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University

T

34

Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

50.3 kJ/mol with a pre-exponential factor of 3.88×105 per min. The dye degradation efficiency peaked when the initial pH of the dye solution was strongly basic (pH=12).

Introduction With the development of the textile and dye industry, the variety and quantity of dye consumption is increasing. Consequently, textile wastewaters are considered major water pollutants. Textile wastewaters characteristics include strong colors, high chemical oxygen demand (COD), low biodegradability, fluctuating quality, etc. They are considered one of the harder industrial wastewaters to be treated.[1, 2] Recently advanced oxidation processes, such as photo-catalytic oxidation, ozone oxidation, H2O2 photo-oxidation, Fenton reaction, etc., have received considerable attention as alternatives or complements to conventional water and wastewater treatments. Levafix Navy is a dye used in the clothing industry and was used in this study to mimic textile wastewaters.

Equipments and reagents An XPA photochemical reactor, an 18-watt UV lamp with the main wavelength at 254 nm, a 722S spectrophotometer, an FA2004A electronic balance, an HK-2A thermostatic water-circulator bath, a pHS2C precision acidity meter, analytical reagent grade H2O2 and Levafix Navy CA dye were used in this study. 1

0 .8 degradation ratio

he fashionistas have spoken: dark is in. Darker jeans are thought by the fashion industry to be slimming and slightly more “dressy.” But creating those colors comes with a cost: darker dyes, and more of them, mean more work to keep the process clean. Removing the dye from wastewater can be accomplished with a mix of ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The authors studied the reaction determining parameters and the reaction kinetics for photo-oxidative degradation of the dye Levafix Navy in a UV/H2O2 system. The UV/H2O2 system was shown to be highly efficient in degrading the dye, with only a small amount of H2O2 needed. The UV photodecomposition of the dye molecules was concurrent with photo-oxidative degradation, both of which were apparent first-order reactions. The former reaction had an activation energy of 9.71 kJ/mol with a pre-exponential factor of 1.61 per min, and the latter had an activation energy of

0 .6 UV/ H2O2

0 .4

UV H2O2

0 .2

0 0

20

40

60

t / min

Fig.1 Degradation ratio of the dye vs. time in different systems

80

Fashionable

WATER TREATMENT 5.0 4.5

y = -0.000 83x + 4.605

4.0

2

R = 0.998

Inc

3.5 UV/ H2O2 UV

3.0 2.5

y = -0.0329 x + 4.6 73 2

R = 0.998

2.0 1.5 0

20

40

60

80

t / min

Fig.2 Plot of lnc against t in different systems

Photo-catalytic reactions Photo-catalytic experiments took place in a photo-catalytic reactor, in which the main component was a cylindrical container with a jacket. The container was filled with reactant solutions and the jacket was filled with water kept at a constant temperature. The UV light source was closely attached to the outside of the container. A 150-mL aqueous dye solution was prepared at varying concentration. Each aliquot was poured into the container, and the water bath was maintained at a constant temperature (30°C, unless specified otherwise). The mixer was turned on when H2O2 solutions of various volumes and concentrations were being added into the container. The dye molecules underwent photo-oxidative degradation under the UV source. Samples were taken at constant time intervals.

tion times in the UV/H2O2, UV and H2O2 systems, respectively. The initial dye concentration was 100 mg/L and the dosage of 2-percent H2O2 was 0.5 mL. From the figure almost no degradation was observed in the H2O2 system, which suggests that the H2O2 oxidation was not strong enough to initiate dye degradation. In the UV system a small amount of the dye molecules underwent pure photodecomposition; the decomposition ratio increased almost linearly with the reaction time. At 80 minutes the decomposition ratio was only 6.4 percent. In the UV/H2O2 system, the decomposition ratio was much higher. At the beginning of the reaction the decomposition was rapid. After 30 minutes, as H2O2 was consumed, the decomposition rate decreased. At 80 min, the decomposition ratio was 93 percent. All the observations suggest that the OH radical produced by H2O2 under UV was a stronger oxidizer, and there was an evident synergistic effect between UV and H2O2. The dye concentration (c) and reaction time (t) data were fitted using linear regression. In the UV/H2O2 system the dye photo-oxidation reaction fit a firstorder reaction the best (linear confidence coefficient R2 is greater than 0.995); this will be shown again in the temperature-

dependence experiment. In the UV system, the dye photo-oxidation reaction fit zeroth-order, first-order, and secondorder reactions well (R2 greater than 0.996). However a better agreement went with first-order reaction, therefore the photo-oxidation reaction (accompanied with photodecomposition) and the photodecomposition reaction of Levafix Navy were both first-order reactions.

Effect of H2O2 dosage Figure 3 shows the correlation between the degradation ratio and the reaction time after UV lighting. The initial dye solution was 100 mg/L with different dosages of H2O2 (0.5 ml, different concentrations). As the H2O2 dosage increased, the degradation ratio increased. The degradation ratio was about 100 percent at 60 minutes when 0.5 ml of 5-percent H2O2 was added. Under UV, as the amount of H2O2 increased, the number of OH radicals increased, and the degradation rate increased. At the same time, H2O2 showed it could capture the OH radical to produce the weak oxidant HO2, therefore as the amount of H2O2 continued to increase, the degradation ratio flattened and sometimes even decreased [6]. The initial rate method was used to process the data and a reaction order of 0.92 was obtained for H2O2.

1

0 .8

From top to bottom c(H2O2):

0 .6

5% 2% 1% 0.5% 0.25% 0%

Samples were analyzed using the spectrophotometer method. The spectrophotometer was used to scan the full spectrum (340 nm to 780 nm) of dye solutions referenced against distilled water, with a maximum absorption peak of 600 nm. Then the absorption of different reaction systems was measured at the maximum absorption wavelength at different reaction times, and the remaining dye concentration and degradation ratios were calculated.

degradation ratio

Analytical methods

0 .4

0 .2

1

0 0

10

30 t / min

Results and discussions Figure 1 shows the degradation ratios of the dye solutions at different reac-

20

40

50

60

0.8

Fig.3: Relation between the degradation ratio and the quantity of H2O2 VH O = 0.5 mL 2 2

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

35

Fashionable

WATER TREATMENT

1

degradation ratio

0.8 60m g/L

0.6

80m g/L 100m g/L 120m g/L

0.4

140m g/L 160m g/L

0.2

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

t / min Fig.4a: Relation between degradation ratio and the initial concentration of dye V2 percent H O =0.5mL 2 2

Figure 4a shows the relation between the degradation ratio at various initial concentrations, the UV lighting time, and when 2-percent H2O2 was added at a fixed dosage (0.5 mL). Figure 4b illustrates the same relation but with 2-percent H2O2 proportionally added to the solution volume. As the initial dye solution concentration increased, the degradation ratio gradually decreased. The decrease trend slowed in the proportionally added H2O2 cases. However when two samples with concentration as high as 160 mg/L, were dosed with 0.5 mL and 0.8 mL of 2-percent H2O2, respectively, the degradation ratio still reached 32 percent and 56 percent. This showed that the UV/H2O2 system was capable of processing highconcentration Levafix Navy solutions. Nevertheless if the concentration was too high the degradation became less efficient and required longer time. The reason for that is that once the H2O2 dosage and light intensity were fixed, the amount of photo-induced oxidant OH was also fixed. When the concentration was low, the oxidant was in excess, which led to faster reactions. When the concentration was high, the oxidant ran out and the reactions slowed down. Furthermore 36

Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

when the concentration was too high, the dye molecules interacted more vigorously with the OH. But at the same time, the molecules also shielded more UV light, which hindered the OH formation and adversely affected the degradation.

Initial pH effect Figure 5 depicts the relation of the degradation ratio and the reaction time at different initial pH values of the dye solutions. Experiments were at 30°C and 1

0

0.8 40m g/L + 0.2mL

degradation ratio

Initial dye concentration effect

the initial dye concentration was 100 mg/L. Diluted HCl or NaOH were used to adjust the initial pH of the solutions dosed with 0.5 mL 2-percent H 2O2. From the figure, we can see that the dye always degraded within the experimental pH range. The degradation ratio increased monotonically with the pH value. Within the pH range of four to 10, the change of degradation ratio was small, increasing dramatically only at pH 12. At 60 minutes, the ratio was 98 percent. The reason for that is that H2O2 is stable and slowly dissociates under mild acidic conditions. Furthermore, since the pKa of H2O2 is 11.75, under such a strong basic condition, the dissociation results into ionic HO2-, whose extinction coefficient is much larger than that of H2O2. HO2- adsorbs UV more strongly, and facilitates the formation of OH radicals. The acidity and basicity of the solution play an important role in determining the conformation of organic molecules in solution. Different conformers have different absorptions [7] and different reactivity. Also, the stability of organic molecules that are sensitive to acid/base values varies at different pH values. All these suggest that the effect of the initial pH on the degradation ratio is related to the target degradation species.

60m g/L + 0.3mL

0.6

80m g/L + 0.4mL 100m g/L + 0.5mL

0.4

120m g/L + 0.6mL 140m g/L + 0.7mL 160m g/L + 0.8mL

0.2

0 0

10

20

30 t / min

40

50

60

Fig.4b: Relation between degradation ratio and the initial concentration of dye V2 percent H O is in proportion 2 2

Fashionable

WATER TREATMENT Table 1: Photo-degradation rate constants of the dye at different temperatures in UV/H2O2 and UV systems

Effects of temperature Figures 6a and 6b show the effects of temperature on the degradation ratio in the UV/H2O2 and UV system respectively. Experiments were done with 100 mg/L dye solution dosed with 0.5 mL of 2-percent H2O2. As temperate increases, so too did the degradation ratio. The effect was not evident in the UV/H2O2 system, but fairly evident in the UV system. Moreover the enhancement of temperature accelerated the degradation but reduced the oxygen concentration in solution. As previously described, photo-oxidation and photodecomposition reactions of the dye molecules in UV/H2O2 system were first-order. The linear regression fit both sets of data results with linear confidence coefficients (R2) greater than 0.995) and greater than 0.996 respectively. The apparent rate constants (slopes of fitting lines) under different temperatures are listed in Table 1. The apparent activation energy (Ea=6051.1 R= 50.3 kJ/mol) and the preexponential factor (A=e12.87=3.88×105 / min) of the photodecomposition reaction of Levafix Navy in the UV system were obtained by plotting lnk versus 1/T. For the photo-oxidation reaction of Levafix Navy in the UV/H2O2 system the apparent activation energy was 9.71 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential factor was 1.61/ min. There was a huge reduction of activation energy as H2O2 was added to the UV system, which helped the dye degra-

t/oC

30

40

50

60

70

k(UV/H2O2)/min k(UV)/min

0.0329

0.0407

0.0439

0.0474

0.0533

0.00083

0.00152

0.00306

0.00497

0.00837

1

degradation ratio

0.8

0.6

pH=2 pH=4 pH=6

0.4

pH=8 pH=10 pH=12

0.2

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

t / min Fig.5: Relation between degradation ratio and the initial pH of dye solution

dation. Meanwhile the photo-oxidation was concurrent with photodecomposition. Moreover, as the activation energy of photo-oxidation was lower than that of photodecomposition, the photo-oxidation was deemed preferable at lower temperature. On the other hand, higher temperature facilitated photodecomposition. PE

References [1] LIU Mei-Hong. Advances in Dyeing and

Printing

Wastewater

Treatment

Technologies. J Textile Research [J], 2007, 28(1): 116-119 [2] HE Zhen-Bao. Characterization of Dyeing Effluents and Their Treatment Techniques. Dyeing & Finishing [J], 2007, (17): 41-44 [3] LIU Yan, SUN De-Zhi. Study Progress of

1

0.5

Dye Wastewater Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Processes Ind Water Treat [J],

30_

0 .8

0.4

2006, 26(6): 1-5

40_

[4] ZHEN Jie, ZHANG Bao-Jie, MENG Xian-Lin.

degradation ratio

degradation ratio

50_

0 .6 30_ 40_

0 .4

50_ 60_

0 .2

Treatment of Nitrogen-Based Waste Dye

60_

0.3

Water with UV/H2O2 J Harbin Institute of Technology [J], 2006, 38(12):2188-2190

70_

0.2

[5] QIAO Rui-Ping, LI Nan, QI Xin-Hua WANG Qi-Shan, ZHUANG Yuan-Yi. Removal of Microcystin-LR by UV/H2O2 Photocatalytic

0.1

Oxidation J Safety & Environ [J], 2005,

70_

5(2):46-49

0

0 0

20

40

60

t / min

Fig.6a: Plot of time dependent of dye degradation ratio at different temperature in UV/H2O2 system

80

0

20

40 t / min

60

Fig.6b: Plot of time dependent of dye degradation ratio at different temperature in UV system

80

[6] KANG Chun-Li, SUI Hai-Qing, GAO HongJie, GUO Jing, GUO Ping YU Hong-Bing, LIN Xue-Yu Study on Photodegradation of Acetic Acid by UV/H2O2 Processes J Jilin Univ(Earth Sci Edit) [J], 2007,37(2):371-37

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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Craig A. Cox, CPG, President/Principal Scientist [email protected] • www.CoxColvin.com

In USA: (800) 259-1292 or (815) 599-1280 In Brazil: +5 (511) 3217-6300 www.sgwservices.com

A&WMA Booth: 526

TECHNOLOGYSNAPSHOTS Energy Savings Tool from Baldor BE$T® Baldor Energy Savings Tool, a software program that easily and accurately calculates potential energy savings, is available as an application for your iPhone. Baldor’s BE$T iPhone app offers the functionality of the desktop program in a smaller, easy-to-use package. Enter the electricity rate and existing motor parameters, then tap the calculate button. BE$T shows the recommended Baldor • Reliance® Super-E® motor, the selling price, annual kWh use, annual electricity cost and estimated payback months. The BE$T iPhone application is available from iTunes and can be located by searching the keyword “Baldor.” The desktop version is available for download at baldor.com.

Control Instruments Becomes Save Energy Now Ally Organization Control Instruments Corporation has volunteered to become an ALLY organization in the Department of Energy’s Save Energy Now program. As an ALLY organization we will help to reduce industrial energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions, achieve national energy security goals and increase U.S. sustainability and competitiveness. This is a national initiative designed to drive a 25 percent reduction in industrial energy intensity in 10 years. Energy savings can be achieved cost-effectively today using proven technology with economically attractive rates of return. As a result, industrial energy efficiency can contribute to energy cost savings and improved productivity while reducing the nation’s carbon footprint.

CONTROL INSTRUMENTS CORP. BALDOR ELECTRIC (479) 646-4711 • www.baldor.com

(973) 575-911 • [email protected] www.controlinstruments.com

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

39

TECHNOLOGYSNAPSHOTS

Measuring Sub-Slab Soil Gas Cox-Colvin & Associates Inc. is proud to introduce the Vapor Pin™, a reusable sub-slab soil-gas sampling device. The Vapor Pin™ lowers the cost and improves the quality of subslab soil gas investigations and vapor intrusion evaluations. The unique, patented design of the Vapor Pin™ eliminates the need for grout or other adhesives. Simply drill a small diameter hole through the slab and drive the Vapor Pin™ in place using the installation/extraction tool and a hammer. The Vapor Pin™ is machined from a single piece of metal, essentially eliminating the potential for leaks during sample collection.

COX-COLVIN & ASSOCIATES INC. Craig A. Cox, CPG, President/Principal Scientist [email protected] • www.CoxColvin.com

A&WMA Booth: 526

Greenheck Introduces Model ERCH-HP Energy Recovery Ventilator with Integral Water Source Heat Pump Greenheck’s new Model ERCH-HP, a pre-engineered energy recovery ventilator incorporating an integral water source heat pump, provides a high quality, economical alternative for 100% outdoor air applications traditionally requiring custombuilt equipment. The integral water source heat pump module is capable of conditioning outdoor air throughout the year as it includes both heating and cooling cycles, and coupling the heat pump with a total energy recovery wheel optimizes the unit efficiency. Ideal as a dedicated outdoor air unit that provides ventilation for water source and geothermal applications, Model ERCH-HP features performance ranges from 1,000 to 10,000 cfm and 4-30 tons of mechanical cooling capacity. Model ERCH-HP is licensed to bear the AMCA Seal for Air Performance.

GREENHECK (715) 359-6171• www.greenheck.com

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

Accurate Delivery of Caustic Soda The NEW “CTS” Chemical Treatment System from Fluid Metering Inc. is the solution for accurately delivering caustic soda and other pH adjusting chemicals for treatment of water and wastewater. There has been wide acceptance for the application of Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) for the treatment of industrial and potable waters, as well as wastewater in recent years. The use of caustic soda serves to raise the pH of well water which, untreated, is typically acidic and damaging to distribution system piping.

FLUID METERING INC. (516) 922-6050 or (800) 223-3388 [email protected] • www.fmipump.com

Catalytic Oxidation Reduces Costs Lantec Products, the global leader in heat recovery media for regenerative thermal oxidizers, now supplies catalytic oxidation products (RCO, CO) by Haldor Topsoe, a world leader in heterogeneous catalysis and process technologies. Catalytic oxidation significantly reduces oxidation temperatures, reducing fuel consumption and eliminating secondary pollutants such as NOX and CO. Haldor Topsoe’s base and noble metal catalysts for VOC removal offer superior activity, high tolerance to poisons such as silicon and sulfur, and reduced life cycle cost.

LANTEC PRODUCTS (818) 707-2285 • [email protected] www.lantecp.com

TECHNOLOGYSNAPSHOTS

Unprecedented Mercury Reduction GE Energy’s ThermoPleat® Pleated Filter Elements As regulators in the U.S. debate plans to significantly reduce mercury emissions, GE has completed testing on its ThermoPleat® Pleated Filter Element (PFE) that will potentially empower plant owners and operators to meet these forthcoming standards. With the threat of having to close existing plant facilities looming, tests conducted by PCT at the Mercury Research Center (MRC) show the new technology will potentially reduce emissions by more than 90 percent. Until now, coal-fired boiler air pollution control operators have been unable to achieve these high levels of mercury scrubbing without costly powdered activated carbon injection. “Against an uncertain regulatory backdrop, this technology could be a game-changer for plant, environmental and maintenance managers who are looking for smarter, cost-effective upgrades to reduce emissions,” said PCT Technical Advisor Ralph Altman. “The filters performed very well and are so compact that they open up a whole new range of casing designs for both new and retrofit applications.” The tests by PCT and GE allowed researchers to use the facilities’ unique full-scale testing capabilities to determine the best method for reducing mercury emissions: • By using ThermoPleat elements, GE found that some coal-fired boiler air pollution control operators may be able to capture up to 98 percent of mercury. The results can occur when the plant lowers the flue gas temperatures, allowing a more efficient utilization of the capture capacity of the unburnt carbon in fly ash. • At other flue gas temperatures, ThermoPleat elements may help some coal-fired boiler air pollution control operators capture around 75 to 80 percent of its mercury by inherent loss-onignition (LOI) of fly ash. The operator may be able to increase the capture percentage by using powdered activated carbon but at a much lower injection rate than typically used today with standard filter bags – which can also help substantially reduce the yearly operational costs. GE’s ThermoPleat Pleated Filter Technology has earned ecomagination approval following research and verification. Ecomagination is GE’s clean energy business strategy to drive growth and solve

the world’s energy challenges. It brings technology, innovation, investment and partnership to deliver a sustainable future for generations to come. “Our customers expect us to bring innovative solutions to the table that solves their current and potential business challenges,” said GE’s Bryan Yetter, product manager at GE Energy Services. “With powdered activation carbon injection a costly measure, the results from this test show ThermoPleat Pleated Filter Technology to be a highly efficient, reliable and cost effective alternative. With the results in mind, this technology is clearly a smart alternative should future regulations concerning mercury come to pass.” Learn more about GE Energy’s ThermoPleat® elements at http://info.ge-energy.com/go/5413 Note: References to the Mercury Research Center should not be considered an endorsement by Southern Company.

For more information, please contact: Susan Waldron

Michael McCullough

GE ENERGY SERVICES

EDELMAN

(816) 313-4840 [email protected]

(404 ) 832-6782 [email protected]

JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

41

TECHNOLOGYSNAPSHOTS

Providing Clean Exhausts Using a custom Nacah Tech two thermal oxidizer design, a new WV asphalt plant employs efficient, sustainable technology with high up-time capabilities to meet local, state and federal air emission requirements. Incoming exhaust gases vary with VOCs reaching high organic levels in a very dirty, particulate laden, liquid entrailed process producing a difficult off gas to handle. Innovative heat recovery minimizes the fuel required; auxiliary fuel is at minimum for most of the operating cycle. Nacah Tech LLC incorporates the latest engineering methods to provide the most sustainable solutions that also meet the toughest of operating parameters and stringent emissions.

The Snap Sampler is a regulatoryaccepted passive groundwater sampling system that seals groundwater samples in situ, and eliminates most of the effort required to collect samples. The Snap avoids transport of pumps, controllers, meters, purge water waste containers and your sample goes directly to the lab in the container that was sealed downhole. The Snap Sampler is quick and easy – you can collect 15 to 20 samples in a single day, while saving 50 percent or more on sample collection cost. With in situ sealed samples, nothing beats Snap Sampler data quality.

NACAH TECH LLC

ProHydro INC.

(412) 833-0687 • [email protected] www.nacahtech.com

(585) 385-0023 • [email protected] www.SnapSampler.com

Integrated Site Remediation

using RegenOx with HRC Integrated Site Remediation using RegenOx® and a controlled-release electron donor such as Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC®) can successfully treat high concentration source areas and dissolved-phase groundwater plumes faster and more cost-effectively than physical extraction and mechanical remediation systems. At an active manufacturing facility, a chlorinated solvent plume with concentrations as high as 35,000 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in groundwater was treated using a highly effective combination of RegenOx and HRC. This combined technology strategy provided contaminant remediation below an active facility and eliminated costly installation of machinery and continuing extraction events. Chlorinated solvent concentrations were reduced by 96% within 3 years and site closure was achieved.

REGENESIS (949) 366-8000 • [email protected] www.regenesis.com

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Passive Groundwater Sampling

Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

SGW Services – The Best Way into Brazilian Market SGW Services is the leading environmental consultancy company in the Brazil Market. Based in Sao Paulo, the biggest commercial and industrial center in South America, SGW Services is used to develop sophisticated projects for several multinational companies with plants in Brazil and Latin America. From environmental audits, due diligences, site investigations and risk assessments, up to the most sophisticated remediation technologies, SGW Services’ skilled staff is able to provide the best results with the most competitive costs. We provide local expertise at international standards.

SGW SERVICES In USA: (800) 259-1292 or (815) 599-1280 In Brazil: +5 (511) 3217-6300 www.sgwservices.com

TECHNOLOGYSNAPSHOTS EXHIBITORSPOTLIGHTS

Air Liquide and EPA PGVP

Breakthrough Catalyst Filter Technology

SCOTT™ EPA protocol gas mixtures from Air Liquide are instrumental in helping industry avoid noncompliance fines and downtime caused by inaccurate instrument calibration. And, all five of our specialty gas facilities are registered participants of EPA’s Protocol Gas Verification Program. EPA PGVP vendor ID numbers for these facilities can be found on our website. ALL OF OUR

SPECIALTY GAS FACILITIES

Controls PM, SO2, HCl, NOX and Dioxins Tri-Mer Corporation announces a significant advancement in the control of NOX at temperatures as low as 350°F. UltraCat Catalyst Filters provide up to 95 percent NOX removal at the operating temperatures of most boilers. Dioxins are destroyed by the catalyst at 97 to 99 percent efficiency. UltraCat filters capture particulate to exceptionally low levels. Typical outlet levels are less than 0.001 grains/ dscf (2.0 mg/Nm3). For boiler MACT compliance, a level of 0.002 lbs/MMBtu is typical; less than 0.004lb/MMBtu is guaranteed.

Air Liquide America Specialty Gases LLC Robert Jefferys • (800) 217.2688 [email protected]• www.ALspecialtygases.com

AWMA Booth: 311 WEBLOCATORS

ABUTEC LLC ABUTEC is an international manufacturer of Enclosed Flares, Vapor Combustors, Incinerators, and Thermal Oxidizers all aimed at reducing plant emissions and increasing efficiency.

TRI-MER CORP. Contact Kevin Moss • (801) 294-5422 [email protected] •www.tri-mer.com

www.abutec.com

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JUNE2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

43

PEPRODUCTS Product Focus: Computer Controls

Managing Groundwater Data Hydro GeoAnalyst is the all-in-one groundwater and environmental data management software that integrates a complete range of easy-to-use analysis, visualization and reporting tools, with a powerful yet flexible SQL Server database technology. It provides instant chemical data importing, built-in data quality assessments and reporting, flexible map and cross section labeling, enhanced cross section interpretations, and has an improved look and feel with easier navigation.

Schlumberger Water Services Waterloo, Ontario (519) 342-1141 www.swstechnology.com

Conductivity Connection

The Thinking Man’s Pump

The TCS3020 sensor, constructed from Noryl, withstands solvents, temperatures to 105°C and pressures to 150 psig. The inductive conductivity sensor is designed for optimal performance from zero to 1,000 mS. CombinedIt can provide measurements with minimal maintenance when used with the company's transmitter. The transmitter is a menudriven, loop-powered (16 to 35 VDC) toroidal conductivity transmitter with 4-20mA isolated output that is suitable for use with the sensor. This transmitter is ideal for online monitoring of water treatment applications and aggress process chemicals.

The company announced an intelligent monitoring device to provide an early warning signal of pending pump troubles. The i-Alert Condition Monitor continuously measures parameters such as vibrations or temperature. Conditions can be preset so that when they are exceeded, the system will blink LED lights to warn the operator of problems that should be addressed, saving labor and downtime events. Measurements are taken at five-minute intervals and two consecutive exceptions will result in an alarm.

Sensorex

Morton Grove, Ill. (847) 966-3700 www.bellgossett.com

Garden Grove, Calif. (714) 895-4344 www.sensorex.com

Bell & Gossett, a brand of ITT Corp.

Product Focus: Air Pollution Control Portable Emission Testing

No Idle Threat

The company has redesigned its portable emission tester. Capable of measuring NO, NO2, SO2, CO, CO2, O2 and H2S, the system has an improved HD color graphic display, sensor design, housing, bump protection and industrial connectors for use in any field conditions. Options include features such as Bluetooth remote operation, a fresh air valve, dilution factors to extend the range and auto zeroing of the pressure sensor for continuous flow velocity/differential pressure measurement.

Heavy-duty trucks and buses can now keep the driver’s cabs warm or cool without idling the engines. Many states require trucks to shut down engines to reduce pollution. The company’s solenoid valve is part of the vehicle’s auxiliary equipment. The device also extends the useful life of the engine. The valve’s electrical capabilities allow for 12 volts of direct current and 11 to 16 watts of power consumption, depending on the valve type. Additionally, the valve can withstand a maximum pressure differential of 25 psi or more and a maximum ambient temperature of 150ºF.

Testo Inc.

Parker Fluid Control

Sparta, N.J. (862) 354-5001 www.testo350.com

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

New Britain, Conn. (800) Valve05 www.parkerfluidcontrol.com

Baghouse Leak Detector Continuous particulate emission monitor and baghouse filter leak detector incorporates automatic self checks (Zero and Span) to automate EPA MACT requirements for periodic instrument validation. The particulate monitor features automatic signal diagnostics to improve performance and setup. The features add to the company’s induction-sensing and protected-probe technologies to improve performance in difficult applications such as coal, steel, cement, carbon black, lead smelters, chemical plants and pharmaceutical spray dryers. Benefits include stack monitoring, detecting filter leaks for maintenance, eliminating cleanup costs, preventing the escape of valuable powders and protecting downstream equipment such as blowers and HEPA filters.

FilterSense Beverly, Mass. • (978) 927-4304 www.filtersense.com

PEPRODUCTS Dissolved Air Floatation Process Engineered Water Equipment LLC, Camas, Wash.

The Doctor is In Hach, Loveland, Colo.

Several design features make the Poly-E2 series DAF system especially helpful at wastewater treatment plants. Working in concert, the plate pack, weir, pipe flocculator and the regenerative turbine aeration system creates a complete treatment system. The rugged design includes all welded polypropylene with the chassis made of AISI 304 stainless steel. Model sizes range from 25 gpm to 150 gpm. (360) 798-9268, www. pewe-llc.com

Point Source Sampling Solinst Canada Ltd., Georgetown, Ontario The Point Source Bailer is ideal for obtaining high quality, representative

groundwater samples from distinct depths in a well. It is easy-to-use, transport and cost effective for aquifer profiling. This stainless steel sampler consists of dual ball valves, top and bottom, to prevent sample water from mixing with water above the sampling zone during retrieval. A narrow miniature model is also available. (905) 873-2255, www.solinst.com

Forward and Reverse Flow Meter McCrometer, Hemet, Calif. The model 394L FPI Mag flow

meter provides bi-directional measurement, which is important in many municipal water treatment, distribution and storage applications. Common applications include storage tanks, water selling or sharing, multiple water sources, and ring main distribution systems. The flow meter also helps users with complex, problematic piping configurations. Valuable flow data can be gathered where it was previously cost prohibitive, such as in areas affected by multiple expansions and retrofits or locations where two or more pipes converge, and are consolidated into a single line. (951) 652-6811, www.mccrometer.com

Liquid/Gas Filtration Mott Corp., Farmington, Conn. The company added the 7710 Series Filters to their family of products. The filters are designed to accommodate lower pressure liquid and gas applications at a value price point. Porous metal elements for this model are 10 inches long, 316L SS cartridges in either a double openended

or 1-inch NPT connections. The SS housing comes standard with a Buna N housing seal for strength and dependability. The filters are designed for maximum operating pressures of 300 psi and include a ¼-inch NPT housing drain, ¼-inch NPT gauge ports and 1-inch FNPT line connections. (860) 747-6333, www. mottcorp.com

The DR 3900 spectrophotometer gives consistently accurate results in a simpler testing format. The unit provides step-by-step testing instruction. Multiple readings eliminate flawed-glass errors. The program calibration is automatically updated by RFID technology. Connect to a computer via the Ethernet connection or the three USB ports. The optional sampleID system allows the use of smart tags to enhance sample tracking and eliminates mixups. (800) 2274224, www.hach.com

WWTP Valve Selection Guide Red Valve, Carnegie, Pa.

Top

5

An 18-page, full-color, brochure details the company’s total system approach to wastewater treatment. A detailed treatment plant layout illustrates applications for their products at every stage, from influent flow through effluent discharge. Find detailed information for a full line of pinch valves, check valves, knife gate valves, pressure sensors, air diffusers and rubber products. (412) 279-0044, www.redvalve.com

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Covering the full water cycle, WEFTEC is the leading source for research, design, and operation of collection systems, stormwater management, wastewater treatment plants, water reuse and supply, watershed management, and much more.

Through the largest annual water quality exhibition, WEFTEC connects operators, managers, consultants, and buyers with more than 900 leading manufacturers and service providers.

Los Angeles, California

By attracting thousands of professionals from around the world, WEFTEC strengthens the ties of the international water community by creating business opportunities for individuals and organizations with global perspectives.

| October 15 –19, 2011 | www.weftec.org

WEFTEC 2011 Registration Now Open For more information visit www.weftec.org

Registration Code: WF11PE

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Pollution Engineering JUNE2011

ADINDEX Pollution Engineering provides additional information from each of its advertisers. Visit www.pollutionengineering.com, then click on Buyers Guide and search by supplier. The buyers guide is an additional service provided by the magazine. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.

ADVERTISER

PAGE #

ADVERTISER

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ABUTEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 www.abutec.com

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Accutest Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9 www.accutest.com

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Airgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 50 www.airgas.com

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NACAH TECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 www.nacahtech.com

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PE Pollution Engineering (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

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StateRules

brought to you by

6 7 4 9 2 8

1 5

3

AR – E-WASTE FUNDING PROGRAM INTRODUCED A bill was introduced to the state’s House of Representatives to establish a means of keeping e-waste out of landfills. According to ADEQ, in 2009, Solid Waste Districts in the state gathered close to 2,500 tons of old electronic devices to take to recycling facilities. However, studies suggest residents will need to dispose of larger volumes of electronic waste.

1

IA – AIR QUALITY COMMUNITY GUIDE In efforts to promote better, more informed decisionmaking to voluntarily improve air quality and public health in communities, the state DNR has released the Community Land Use Planning for Air Quality guide. The guide identifies particular air quality concerns and how they affect citizens’ health as well as the economic impacts if air quality does not meet federal standards.

4

LA – WASTE RULES IN UPDATE PROCESS CO – PLAN FOR CONSOLIDATING DNR DIVISIONS Gov. John Hickenlooper is shaking things up at the DNR. In an attempt to streamline state government, conserve state resources, and improve service, the governor has announced a plan to combine the Colorado Division of Wildlife and the Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation into a new division – the Division of Parks, Wildlife and Outdoor Recreation, or CDPW.

2

FL –NUCLEAR EMERGENCY PLANS REVIEWED Following the events at nuclear power facilities in Japan, Gov. Rick Scott requested a review of state’s nuclear emergency plans in the event of a natural or manmade disaster. The Florida Division of Emergency Management reported that the state is prepared for a rapid and effective emergency response. The division has the overall responsibility for coordination of federal, state and local agencies in response to a nuclear power plant emergency.

3

50 PLE01094Airg.indd Pollution Engineering JUNE2011 1

The DEQ is updating the state’s solid waste regulations. The new regulations would change the way solid waste permits are issued along with the application process for solid waste permits. Other changes would include definition changes, more exemptions, and a new annual compliance certification requirement.

5

MA – BILL SEEKS TO REPLACE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS Some 78 Massachusetts legislators are co-sponsors of a measure calling for replacement of dangerous chemicals in many common products.The Safer Alternatives Bill, An Act for a Competitive Economy to Replace Toxic Chemicals with Safer Alternatives, would expand the state Toxics Use Reduction Act. Advocates say the law has successfully reduced toxic chemicals use and saved businesses money.

6

NJ –PROPOSED RULE TO FACILITATE GROWTH

7

The state DEP proposed a rule to enable it to remove unreasonable impediments to economic growth while

ensuring net environmental benefits. According to the DEP, the rule was developed through extensive consultation with environmental advocates, local government officials and the business community. It would allow waiver of strict compliance with regulations in certain limited circumstances that do not compromise environmental or public health protections.

SC – UST TRAINING REMINDER Every state UST facility must have at least one individual trained as a Class A/B operator by Aug. 8, 2011. The state DHEC combined training for Class A and B operators who are responsible for the daily operations of a UST system. It is the responsibility of the tank owner, under the direction of a trained Class A/B operator, to provide training for Class C operators who are responsible for emergency response.

8

VA – NEW SOLID WASTE FACILITY REGULATIONS Solid waste regulations 9 Virginia Administrative Code (VAC) 20-80 and 9 VAC 20-101 were repealed and reissued with revisions and additions at 9 VAC 20-81. One provision concerns a solid waste facility’s operations manual. The revised regulations remove the operations manual from the facility’s Part B application, requiring it to be maintained now in the facility’s operating record. As one consequence: a facility does not need to amend its permit when it wants to revise its operations manual.

9

This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

12/10/08 2:54:47 PM

UltraCat Catalyst Filters: NOx at 350°F New 10 ft. lightweight ceramic fiber filter

Catalyst-embedded Filters Control NOx and Dioxins at Low Temperatures, PM to Ultralow Levels • One system for PM, NOx , SO2 , HCl and dioxins, or any combination. • Particle removal to below 0.001 grains/dscf, typically 99+%. • NOx removal at 350°F (and higher), up to 95% using catalyst-embedded filters and upstream ammonia/urea injection. • SO2, HCl, acid gas control – over 90% removal using upstream sodium bicarbonate dry sorbent injection. • Dioxin removal by catalyst-embedded filters, typically 97-99%. • Mercury removal options available.

UltraCat Controls PM, SO2 , HCl, NOx and Dioxins Urea/Ammonia Injection for NOx Control

Sorbent Injection for SO2 / HCl Control

Ceramic Filters with Embedded Catalyst for NOx and Dioxin Control, PM Capture

6 in.

BoilerMACT Solution

Clean Gas

Pollutant Gas

Tri-Mer offers the complete system, installation, and service E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (801) 294-5422

Cloud Chamber Scrubber ® Charged Water Droplets Capture PM and Gases • CCS treats submicron particulate, plus PM2.5, PM10 and condensables. • Simultaneously treats all soluble gases, including SO2 , HCl, H2S, HNO3 , Cl2 , at 99% efficiency. • Low total energy use, less than 1.5 inches pressure drop. E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (801) 294-5422

Whirl Wet® Dust Collector for Particulate Over 3 Microns Most Important: Low Water Use, Low Maintenance • Highly advanced dust and particulate scrubber has no internal moving parts to wear or replace. • 99% efficient for a wide range of micron sizes. • Whirl Wet units will not clog under any operating condition. E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (989) 723-7838

Tri-NOx® Multi-Chem® NOx Wet Scrubber System Tri-NOx Handles Any NO/NO2 Ratio, Guarantees a Clear Stack, Free of NO2 Plume • Wet destruct technology simultaneously removes SO2 and other acid gases. • Systems operate in tough California southcoast region. • Virtually any target stack output can be met, including reducing loads in excess of 100,000 ppm to below 5 ppm. E-mail: [email protected] • Ph: (989) 723-7838 ®

Tri-Mer CORPORATION

Since 1960

®

(989) 723-7838 E-mail: [email protected]

www.tri-mer.com © 2011 Tri-Mer Corp.

Big on Reliability

Baldor•Reliance® large motors are trusted to get the job done! Designed and built for superior reliability, energy savings and rugged performance…Baldor•Reliance is the preferred choice. With ratings to 1,500 Hp delivered from stock and the shortest lead-times available for custom motors to 15,000 Hp, no application is too tough for Baldor•Reliance motors. You expect absolute reliability from your motors and Baldor•Reliance delivers every time. Accept nothing less than Baldor•Reliance for your next motor purchase. baldor.com

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©2011 Baldor Electric Company

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