Pollution Engineering January 2012

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS SOLU FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE WAST

JANUARY 2012

2012 10 Top Techs Pg 17 RO Applications Pg 23 Chelated Metals Removal Pg 27 www.pollutionengineering.com

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INSIDE 17

JANUARY 2012

VOLUME 44

NO. 1

FEATURES Advanced Air Pollution Control in One System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

Unlike other filter systems, advanced, low-density ceramic filter systems are now capable of removing particulate matter (PM), NOX, SO2, HCl, dioxins and mercury, all within a single system.

23

2012 Ten Top Technologies . . . . . . . . . . .

17

Pollution Engineering takes a sneak peek into future technologies that could impact the environmental industry.

Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processing – Applications Insights. . . . . 23 How can reverse osmosis technology be applied to wastewater and process water to maximize efficiency?

Treating Citrate Chelated Metals . . . . . . 27

27

As many scientists and engineers have discovered in recent years, the treatment of citrate-chelated metals may not be as complicated as some researchers originally believed.

COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Sometimes, politicians seem to try to get in the way of progress and cause more harm than good. Such is the case in energy management. By Roy Bigham Legal Lookout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 . 10

Due to concerns with former regulations, the DTSC has recently offered more effective regulations to improve the safety of California’s consumer products in 2012. By Lynn L. Bergeson

Air Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The reporting period for the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program will last from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 2012. The reporting deadline is currently March 31. By Erin Manitou-Alvarez and Alex Chamberlain

DEPARTMENTS EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Air Emission Control Products . . . . . . . . . . 11 Flow & Level Monitoring Equipment . . . . 11 Classified Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

Cover caption: Special graphics supplied by the Tri-Mer Corporation.

SPECIAL REPORT Technical Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

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Keep up with changing industry news with Pollution Engineering's This Just In section.

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Greenhouse gas Emissions Forge Higher Representatives meeting in Durbin are learning that emissions continue to accelerate. The reasons given this time might be a surprise.

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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

the

ALERT

EDITOR'SDESK When Politics Create Pollution Sometimes, politicians seem to try to get in the way of progress and cause more harm than good. Such is the case in energy management.

F

or the most part, people agree that nuclear energy production is more earth-friendly than burning coal. The handling of nuclear waste products is a hassle for everyone involved. There had been a plan to bury the wastes under a mountain. Huge sums of money were invested in developing a suitable site, engineering the systems and writing unique environmental regulations that would have to be in place for one million years. Of note, as hard as it may be to believe, that is not a typo and it is not an exaggeration. In the end, however, a few politicians and special interest groups successfully derailed the project known as the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Depository. According to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, there are presently 104 commercial reactors located throughout the United States. Uranium is the most common fuel that is used at these facilities. Manufacturing nuclear rods is a long, expensive process. Nonetheless, the military still uses some of the processed materials for their atomic bombs. Of course, all of these facilities, as well as some of the bombs, produce wastes at the end of their lifecycles. Unfortunately no acceptable methods have been developed for long-term disposal of such wastes. Undoubtedly, the nation needs to produce more energy to meet future requirements. It does not need to make more waste with no disposal plans though. Despite the fact that President Obama has ordered the decommissioning of some of the country’s bomb inventory, the military does not want to allow nuclear facilities to be shut down. Politicians constantly fight against placing wastes in their own states, yet they too do not want to shut down the nuclear energy plants that are powered by uranium.

There is a solution The uranium isotope that is used remains deadly for more than one million years. Wastes from these reactors will have to be monitored for that period of time, unless science can find a way to decommission the fissile material. It is important to note that uranium does not have to be the only fuel that is used in nuclear reactors. Enter thorium. This material has been known for many years as a material that can be used to drive nuclear power producing plants. It is highly abundant, with heavy concentrations in Australia, India

and the United States, and is three times as abundant as uranium. Not only is it easier and safer to process, but the waste materials only remain deadly for hundreds of years, rather than millions.

What is holding up the conversion? In the 1950s and 60s, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory worked to develop reactors that used thorium. However, much of the work was abandoned after tests conducted by the military concluded that they were able to adapt uranium power for their navel fleets. Further work with thorium was heavily curtailed.

“

…nuclear energy production is more earth-friendly than the burning coal.

It was also noted by the researchers that thorium could not be used to manufacture nuclear weapons. Still, as the nation’s political and military climate was quite uncertain at the time, the United States needed to continue to build and develop nuclear weapons.

”

A change in the wind Lately, China and Russia have announced that thorium nuclear power systems are currently being developed to meet their future energy needs. But, the two countries have encountered the same problems that the United States is facing – there is no place to put the wastes. In addition, while our nation had an issue with the Three Mile Island nuclear facility, the United States’ problems have paled in comparison to Russia’s Chernobyl and Japan’s Fukushima Daiichi disasters. Maybe we should consider handing over all of our centrifuges to the military and refitting our nuclear power reactors – and then tell our politicians to stay out of it. PE

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

JANUARY2012

www.pollutionengineering.com

7

ENVIRONEWS PE Events JANUARY 2012 30-1

15th Annual EUEC, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, www.euec.com

FEBRUARY 2012 9-11

Everything About Water, India Expo Centre, Delhi, India, www.eawater.com

14-17 RCRA Compliance Workshop, San

Antonio, www.epaalliance.com/rcraworkshopsanantonio12.html

MARCH 2012 6-9

WQA Aquatech 2012 USA, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, www.wqa.org

11-15 Pittcon Conference and Expo 2012,

Orlando, Fla., www.pittcon.org 13-15 Water, Energy, Technology and

Environment Exhibition 2012, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, www.wetex.ae

14-16 Environmental Industry Summit, San

Diego, www.ebionline.org/environmental-industry-summit

19-23 8th International Conference on Air

Quality - Science Application, Athens, Greece, www.airqualityconference.org

27-29 7th AsiaWater 2012 Expo & Forum,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,

www.asiawater.merebo.com

APRIL 2012 16-20 11th World Filtration Congress, Graz,

Austria, www.wfc11.at 18-20 The Carolinas Air Pollution Control

Association Spring Meeting, Asheville, N.C., www.capca-carolinas.org

MAY 2012 7-11

IFAT 2012, the 17th International Trade Fair for Water, Sewage, Refuse and Recycling, Munich, Germany, www.ifat.de/en/Home

21-23 Global Conference on Oceans, Climate

EPA Enforcement Actions Reduce Pollution The EPA has released its yearly enforcement and compliance results. The agency reported that FY2011 actions eliminated more than 1.8 million pounds of pollution, including 300 million pounds in the Great Lakes region alone. As examples of action within Region 5, the EPA and the Department of Justice reached a settlement with the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District for Clean Water Act violations. The settlement will keep untreated sewage out of Cleveland-area waterways and Lake Erie. The agency also settled with Northern Indiana Public Service Co. to install state-of-the-art air pollution control technology at four coal-fired power plants, which will eliminate more than 68,000 tons of harmful emissions. In a final example, Honeywell International Inc. pleaded guilty to hazardous waste storage violations and was ordered to pay a criminal fine of $11.8 million. More information on enforcement and compliance activities is available at www.epa. gov/compliance/resources/reports/endofyear/eoy2011/index.html.

Mercury is a Hot Topic The final Mercury and Air Toxics Rule was expected to be published in December 2011. Individual states have been taking action on mercury emissions for quite some time but, when the federal rule is released, industry watchers, such as the Robert McIlvaine Company, are expecting the market to greatly impact air pollution control suppliers. Treating mercury sources from water has been the biggest market, with activated carbon suppliers providing 500 million pounds of product each year. Activated carbon that is used to treat mercury in air emissions has grown to roughly 50 million pounds per year; such usage has grown sharply over the past two years. However, when the federal mercury control rule is finalized, it is expected that carbon use, as a result of this single rule, will result in about a $1 billion per year market to treat coal-fired power plant air emissions. Coal is the fuel of choice for power plants that currently supply about 45 percent of the nation’s energy needs and, so far, it appears carbon is the most cost-effective control.

and Security, Boston, www.gcocs.org 21-24 Remediation of Chlorinated and

Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif., www.battelle.org/conferences/

CORRECTION

chlorinated/index.aspxww.euec.com

I want to take time to thank all of those that pointed out to me that the world’s population passed seven billion rather than the seven million that I mentioned in my editor’s comment column in December. I would like to say that I was just testing to see how many really read my pieces but such was not the case. I merely typed the wrong letter and it was indeed noted by many readers of the column, Thank you and please keep the feedback coming.

JUNE 2012 3-6

Windpower 2012 Conference and Exhibition, Atlanta, www.awea.org/events

10-14 AWWA Annual Conference and

Exposition 2012, Dallas, www.awwa. org/ace12

Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for additional information. 8

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

PERFORMANCE THROUGH ENGINEERING Free brochure on BETE FGD Absorber nozzles For Flue Gas Desulphurization BETE’s FGD absorber nozzles are guaranteed to function over prolonged periods and in harsh conditions. Nozzles have been designed to accommodate high-flow rates, while minimizing pressure requirements and maintaining excellent atomization.

Drop-in Spray Lances from BETE Custom spray lances, quills, and injectors BETE provides drop-in solutions in the form of custom spray lances, quills, and injectors. Why endure the time and hassle to source pipe, flanges, nozzles, and fittings separately and then coordinate fabrication and testing of the assembly when you can have BETE do it all for you?

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The XA Nozzle System from BETE is ideal for injection and selective catalytic reduction Produces a no-drip or high-speed spray shut-off BETE’s low flow, air atomizing XA series nozzles provide very low flow rates. They are available in eight different spray patterns and numerous flow rates. The XA nozzles can be supplied with a number of hardware options to allow cleanout, shutoff of both. Hardware options are available in manual and pneumatic versions.

Washing BETEʼs NEW Low-Flow MaxiPass Nozzle Clog-free design with maximum free passage The easy to install MPL series nozzle, with its clog-resistant design, easily handles dirty, contaminated liquids. This energy efficient, low flow, full cone nozzle is highly reliable under the most difficult conditions. BETE’s MaxiPass gas scrubbing nozzle

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LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

California’s New Safer Consumer Products Regulations Due to concerns with former regulations, the DTSC has recently offered more effective regulations to improve the safety of California’s consumer products in 2012. n Oct. 31, 2011, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) released an informal draft of their Safer Consumer Products Regulations (SCPR). The proposal came after the California Secretary for Environmental Protection instructed DTSC to stop issuing proposed regulations and to instead “take additional time to be responsive to the concerns raised and revisit the proposed regulations.”

O

Background

Discussion

Concerns raised with the earlier regulation included the proposed exemption of certain chemicals; the decision to focus on children’s, personal care, and household cleaning products during the first five years; and the process by which chemicals of concern (COC) and priority products (PP) were identified and alternative assessments (AA) were conducted. In the revised regulations, DTSC has removed exemptions for unintentionally added chemicals, as well as chemicals for which there is “no exposure pathway.” The DTSC has also eliminated the initial focus for certain types of products, and has expanded the criteria and processes by which COCs and PPs are identified and prioritized and AAs are conducted.

The availability of the regulations provides a useful snapshot of the Green Ribbon Science Panel’s thinking after months of deliberations. Unfortunately, the informal draft regulation is quite cumbersome with its many definitions, criteria and procedures. Companies with consumer products in the commerce stream in California will need to notify DTSC that their products are PPs (or cease to enter the product in the stream of commerce in California or satisfy a de minimis exemption); that they can perform an AA and prepare a Preliminary AA Report and Final AA Report; and that they are able to comply with any regulatory responses that are applicable to their products or that DTSC determines are necessary. Companies also may need to respond to information requests from DTSC, substantiate claims when information is submitted as a trade secret and potentially utilize the dispute resolution procedures to dispute certain actions taken by DTSC. DTSC said that these responsibilities may be fulfilled by a consortium, trade association or similar organization. Yet, within the regulations, DTSC does not mention conditions or criteria regarding the methods in which issues (e.g., formation, compensation) will be resolved. The regulations are currently available at www. dtsc.ca.gov/LawsRegsPolicies/Regs/upload/SCPRegulations-Informal-Draft-10312011.pdf. PE

Stages of regulation The informal draft regulations anticipate implementing the core provisions of the program in four stages, as follows: • DTSC to establish a chemCOC list: Th DTSC will first establish a COC List within 30 days after the effective date of the regulations. DTSC said that the list will include approximately 3,000 chemicals, which are defined in Section 69502.2(a) as substances that exhibits a hazard trait or environmental or toxicological endpoints as identified by the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment pursuant to Health and Safety Code Section 25256.1 and meets one or more of certain criteria. • DTSC to develop a PP list: DTSC will evaluate and prioritize products that contain COCs to develop a list of PPs for which AAs must be conducted. • Companies must identify their PPs and conduct AAs if not exempt: DTSC will require “responsible entities” – including manufacturers, importers and retailers who sell products in California – to notify DTSC within 60 days of a PP’s listing that its prod-

10

uct does or does not qualify for an exemption. • DTSC will identify and impose regulatory responses on PPs/COCs: Once a Final AA Report is submitted and DTSC determines it is compliant (i.e., not deficient), the department will specify a proposed due date for implementation of the regulatory response after considering the complexity of implementing such a response.

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.

PEPRODUCTS Product Focus: Air Emission Control Leak Locators

Pleated Filter Elements

The company’s B-PAC series of Baghouse Performance Analyzers and Controllers have been designed to incorporate control, sensing, and signal analysis, and save dust collector operators time and money. To help operators reduce their working hours and operating costs, the analyzers and controllers can detect filter leaks well before emissions are noticeable and find failed pulse solenoids, which may ultimately plug filters.

In order to improve the performance of its SimPleat filters, the company has designed new filter elements that can be specifically used for industrial air filtration. As a result, by utilizing SimPleat filters, customers can now own a more durable product as each of the filter elements can be u s e d in applications of up to 180° F. The filters can be used in various applications, including mixers and nuisance-dust control systems.

FilterSense Beverly, Mass. • (978) 927-4304 www.filtersense.com

General Electric

Environmental Control Booth To protect workers from dust and noise generated in plant areas, the Tri-Flow Environmental Control Booth has now been released to the general public. The booths offer purchasers proficient filter performance, as they operate at a lower pressure drop than other cartridge filters, leading to a longer filter life. The booths also have a ledge-free interior that minimizes dust accumulation, which is valuable for individuals who weld or sand.

Tri-Mer Corporation

Fairfield, Conn. • (203) 373-2211 www.ge.com

Owosso, Mich. • (989) 723-7838 www.tri-mer.com

Product Focus: Flow and Level Monitoring Ultrasonic Flow Measurement/Logging Systems The company’s recently developed ultrasonic flow measurement/logging systems are available in two portable models, the Portaflow 220 and 330, as well as two fixed i n s ta l l a t i o n models, the UltraFlow 3000 and 4000. The hand-held portable systems are battery operated and can run for 20 continuous hours, while the ultrasonic systems offer stationary solutions for flow measurement; both systems can accommodate pipes that range in size from ½ to 78 inches O.D.

Submersible Level Transducers

Vortab Insertion Panel Flow Conditioner The Vortab Insertion Panel (VIP) Flow Conditioner has been designed to maximize the accuracy of air and gas flowmeter measurements. To do so, the conditioner offers a lightweight panel design, which is not only easy to install, but is also costeffective, in comparison to similar products. The conditioner is also available in either ANSI or DIN flange-mount or weld-in-place configurations.

A new product line of submersible level transducers, known as TruBlue, which measure water level and quality, offer a longer battery lifespan than other previously designed transducers. One TruBlue transducer, the TruBlue 555, has been developed to measure water levels in several types of environmental and watershed management applications, including ground water. The TruBlue 555 can also be used in various weather conditions and in temperatures ranging from 32° to 122° F.

GF Piping Systems

Fluid Components International

Pressure Systems

Tustin, Calif. •(714) 731-8800 www.gfpiping.com

San Marcos, Calif. • (800) 854-1993 www.fluidcomponents.com

Hampton, Va. • (800) 328-3665 www.TruBlueMonitor.com

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

11

Advanced

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL in

One System

Unlike other fifilter lter systems systems, aadvanced, dvanced low-density ceramic filter systems are now capable of removing particulate matter (PM), NOX, SO2, HCl, dioxins and mercury, all within a single system. By KEVIN MOSS dvanced, low-density ceramic filter systems are capable of removing particulate matter (PM), NOX, SO2, HCl, dioxins and mercury in a single system. Particulate matter is removed to ultralow levels (less than 2 mg per Nm3, 0.001 grains per dscf), while other pollutants can be eradicated at percentages greater than 90 percent.

A

Ceramic filters Ceramic filters, often called candles because of their solid tube shape, have been used in pollution control systems for decades. The original high-density candle filters were manufactured from refractory grains, including alumina or silicon carbide, and pressed into a basic candle shape – a tube with a closed, rounded bottom and a flange

at the top. Newer, low-density filters start as a slurry of refractory fibers and are vacuum formed. The contrast between each of these types of ceramic filter elements is shown in Table 1. There are currently hundreds of applications of these types of filters in Europe, Japan and Australia. Each of these filters can be placed in a housing module similar to a baghouse (see Figure 1). These lightweight ceramic filters solve many of the problems that are generally associated with “candle filters.” While effective, the latter were brittle and prone to cracking and breakage from thermal shock and vibration. As shown

Figure 1: Many filters placed in a single module. Multiple modules are operated in parallel to handle large volumetric flow rates.

in Figure 2, the fibers maintain a very high, open area for low resistance to airflow, minimizing pressure drop and the number of elements required for a given flow rate. Due to the high, open area, elements can also be cleaned using the standard reverse pulse-jet techniques

Left: Table 1, Above: Table 2

12

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL in One System that are associated with fabric filter baghouses (see Table 2).

Operating characteristics Ceramic filters must operate above the con d e n s a t i o n temperature of the pollutants, or else the particulate will not be released from the filter surface, unless the temperature is raised and the material volatilizes, thus cleanFigure 2: Micrograph ing the filter. of filter elements Table 3 shows composition. typical operating temperatures for the ceramic filters. The filters are chemically inert and highly corrosion resistant. Tri-Mer manufactures two varieties of filters: standard UltraTemp filters and UltraCat catalyst. The catalyst filter is identical to the standard filter, except that it has nano-bits of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst embedded in the filter walls for NOX removal and dioxin destruction.

the filter and does not deeply penetrate into the filter body, thus allowing for repetitive and complete cleaning. The filter does not blind, and the pressure tends to drop very gradually, typically lasting five to 10 years, to the point at which filters should be changed. Pressure drop for the new clean filter is approximately six inches w.g. The pressure drop can be lowered by adding more filter elements, and capital cost can be reduced by decreasing the filter count at the expense of fan horsepower. As a result of the filter construction, standard reverse pulse jet methods can thoroughly clean accumulated PM from the outer surface of the tube. Filters are cleaned on-line, with no need to isolate each housing module. The filters are effective across many particle sizes, but are most often used when there is a large fraction of PM2.5 and submicron particulate at high temperatures (see Table 4).

SO2 and acid gas control Particulate control The typical level of PM at the outlet of the ceramic filters is less than 0.001 grains per dscf. This is accurate even with heavy inlet loadings of several thousand milligrams per cubic meter. PM is captured on the face of

Both filter systems feature an option for dry injection of calcium or sodium-based sorbents. Injected in the duct upstream of the filter modules, additional sorbent particulate is captured along with its pollutant gas. The sorbent must be milled to a small

Table 3

particle size to maximize surface area for maximum reactivity. The reaction occurs within the duct, prior to the filter, and at the filter cake that builds up on the surface of the filters. The chemical reaction of the sorbent, along with the acid gas, creates a solid particle that captured on the filters alongside the unreacted sorbent and the process particulate. With sorbent injection, SO2 removal is typically 90 percent or higher, with removal efficiencies as high as 97 percent. On the other hand, HCl removal is normally 95 percent, and often as high as 99 percent. The temperature range for effective removal is 300°F to 1,200°F (See Figure 3 on next page). Sodium bicarbonate and trona are typical sodium-based sorbents. Trona is the ore from which soda ash and sodium bicarbonate are produced. When properly milled, trona can be used as a dry sorbent, requiring no other processing, and is available throughout North America.

Table 4 JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

13

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL One System

in

NOX and dioxin control For NOX or dioxin removal, catalyst filter elements are available with nano-bits of SCR catalyst embedded in the walls. The filter walls containing the catalyst are about 3⁄4 inch (20 mm), as represented in Figure 4. Urea, or ammonia, is injected upstream of the filters. The embedded catalyst then

Figure 3: Standard filter system for control of particulate, SO2, HCl, and other gases

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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

destroys NOX, with up to 95 percent removal efficiency. Of note, the operating temperature required for high NOX destruction is 350°F to 400°F, compared to 600°F to 650°F for conventional SCR. Besides the need for high temperature, a common complication regarding traditional SCR is that the catalyst becomes poisoned and ineffective, necessitating early replacement. Typical poisons are ordinary PM, metals and HCl. The catalyst used in the filters is a proprietary formulation to improve performance. The increased reactivity at lower temperature is partly due to their micronized form. The diffusion restriction is eliminated, and the catalyst is almost completely protected from blinding by particulate matter, since it is sheltered inside the filter itself (see Figure 5). PM removal, sorbent injection for SO2 (and other acid gases) and catalytic reduction can be incorporated within a single system. It is important to note that operating temperature for high NOX removal must be kept between 350°F and 700°F to achieve NOX removal rates up to 95 percent. Dioxins are also broken down by the catalyst. Optimum performance for dioxins is limited to an upper temperature of 480°F. Destruction efficiency is typically 97 to 99 percent. Multi-pollutant capability creates a powerful, all-in-one-solution that is superior, in performance and economics, to having a separate pollution control device for each pollutant. There is often insufficient temperature to operate a traditional SCR for NOX removal. Low-temperature NOX removal provides flexibility for industrial processes requiring control (see Figure 6).

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL in One System

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Figure 4: Ceramic fiber filter tube with embedded nano-catalysts

Mercury control The ceramic filter systems are compatible with standard mercury removal techniques. Mercury control is notoriously difficult: each instance is individually analyzed and customized solutions are engineered. A few general observations can be made. The filters can handle high particulate loads while maintaining low outlet levels. Just as the addition of dry sorbents for the removal of acid gases is effective, so is the addition of powdered Figure 5: Micrograph of nano-catalysts activated carbon embedded in ceramic-coated fibers (PAC) for adsorbing mercury. In general, regular PAC becomes less effective withincreased temperature, topping out around 400°F. Under the right conditions, 70 to 80 percent control can be achieved. The chemical composition of the pollutant gas plays a major role. At higher temperatures, brominated PAC is required. According to the manufacturers of brominated products, temperatures of 500°F to 800°F are acceptable. Significant levels of mercury have also been captured in applications with injected powdered trona.

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What conditions favor ceramic filters? For particulate removal only, the standard ceramic filter can operate at temperatures as high as 1,650°F, exceeding the tempera-

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Figure 6: Control of PM, SO2, HCl, NOx, and dioxins

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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL One System

in

ture range of fabric bags. If temperatures remain below 400°F and there are no special circumstances, the fabric bags are less costly than ceramic filters. In borderline cases, the ceramic filters have a much longer element life and often prove to be the most cost-effective solution. In applications that require NOX removal, since fabric bags and ectro-

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Technologies · Systems · Solutions

16

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

static precipitators (ESPs) cannot control NOX, catalyst filters are preferable. Ceramic filters also replace (ESPs) when there is a Figure 7: Catalytic need for very low element performance PM levels, especially for applications with significant concentrations of PM2.5 and submicron particulate. The filters can handle much higher inlet loadings, are not subject to the selective removal constraints of ESPs, have lower maintenance requirements and fewer corrosion issues and are roughly equivalent (or lower) in energy usage. Because of the formation of filter cake on the filter surface, which provides more exposure to the acid gases, filter systems consume significantly less sorbent; consequently, higher removal efficiency can be achieved for acid gas removal. As stated, fabric bags and ESP do not remove NOX or dioxins. Therefore, a second technology (perhaps with additional temperature control) would also be required. In contrast, the catalyst filter can handle all of the pollutants in a single device and at lower temperatures (see Figure 7). The modular design of the housing units allows filters to be configured to handle large gas-flow volumes. When large flow volumes are treated, modules are placed in parallel. The systems are designed so that a single module can be taken off line if required, and the remaining two or more modules can continue to operate at a slightly higher pressure (designed into the fan) without interruption of the process itself, and with no appreciable change in emission control performance. Lightweight ceramic filters have been used for the last 10 years by the U.S. military at munitions-destruction facilities in Indiana, Utah and Oklahoma. Hundreds of ceramic filter applications are currently located throughout the world. PE For more information, please contact Kevin Moss, Tri-Mer business development director, advanced technologies. He may be reached at (801) 294-5422, or [email protected]. Visit www.tri-mer.com

Pollution Engineering takes a sneak peek into future technologies that could impact the environmental industry. By ROY BIGHAM, Editor, Pollution Engineering

W

ow!

This past year seemed to pass very quickly here. As hard as it may be to believe, it is already time to once again gaze into our crystal ball and cogitate on which types of technology is being developed that will make our little corner of the universe a better place to inhabit. As we peek into the future, please keep some points in mind. First, even though certain Congressional members will continue to self promote and take exception to what the EPA is trying to do, it would be political suicide to try to eliminate that governmental agency. Also, new technologies will continue to be developed and adopted to solve environmental problems so that our air remains clean and our water is fresh and free of contaminants. Consider this: politicians on both sides of the argument are currently claiming that job creation is – and will continue to be – a top priority. Also, environmental regulations have often been the driving force behind the fostering of new tech-

nologies that have driven environmental advancement. Remember, that not long ago, environmental scientists were still measuring at contaminations that were measured to the nearest one-thousandth concentration. Today, new technology allows concentrations to be determined to the nearest trillionth. That single improvement alone has led to technologies that can clean our air or water resources and lower contaminants that were heretofore unknown. Of course, somebody, somewhere has to build these new devices. Somebody has to operate the new gadgets and interpret the data. When I was in college, there were only a handful of schools that offered environmental science courses. Yet, today, a majority of the country’s colleges’ and universities’ curriculums include such courses. As a result, environmental science research continues to expand and provide additional jobs within the United States and abroad. Although the recession recently shrunk the ranks of the environmental professional, the Bureau of Labor Statistics still

claims that environmental scientist ranks will continue to grow – at least through 2018. But, which types of technological innovations and development will also help stimulate job growth, especially in 2012?

10. Safe, clean, unlimited energy

Without a doubt, the nation’s energy industry is always under attack. Consumers want more power for their flat screen TVs and other gadgets but the costs of providing that energy is rising too quickly. Environmentalists want everyone to be ultra conservationists and to survive on minimal power in order to limit the amount of energy that is consumed and thereby lowerair emissions. Amara D. Angelica is a unique person whose resume is just outstanding. She has worked with really elite companies and scientists in her career. In the 1960s, Dr. Peter Glaser proposed that a platform could be built in high Earth orbit to collect solar energy and

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

17

Top 10 Technologies transmit it to the planet. It would be at least seven times more efficient than ground-based installations and, best of all, there would be no impact from clouds or inclement weather. On November 14, the National Space Society announced the conclusions of its three-year, 10-nation

feasibility study of this technology. The society believes that the technology capable of achieving this will be available within the next 10 to 20 years.

9.

Scratch that

Researchers from Switzerland and the

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The specially designed polymer molecules that make up the solid item can be disassembled by the UV light so that they flow and fill in the cracks. When the light is turned off, the molecules reassemble themselves and the filled cracks become rigid again. Credit: Zina

Deretsky, National Science Foundation, after Burnworth et al., Nature, April 21, 2011 United States have previously teamed up to develop a special polymer-based coating that would self heal by shining light on it. This coating was developed with the automotive industry in mind. As a result, a simple scratch in a car’s paint could be repaired by shining an ultraviolet light on the impacted area. The material liquefies and then solidifies to look as good as new. Think of how this technology could also be a boon to the environmental industry. Many tanks and piping systems are specially made for wastewater applications. A scratch in the coating can lead to system failure, resulting in leaks or spills. Maintenance generally requires special paints that are difficult to apply and are expensive. This technology has the potential to cure many headaches.

8. Mixing electricity and water

www.eosremediation.com • 919-873-2204 • [email protected]

18

While safety professionals like to remind people that the mixture of electricity with water can be a deadly combination, such

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

PE_EOS_HalfPgAd.indd 4

11/3/11 1:05 PM

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studies demonstrate the analyzer’s ability to perform in various applications, such as greenhouse gas monitoring, as well as flux networks and process applications. For more information on these studies and the IRIS platform, please visit our website, www.pollutionengineering.com,

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mixing within a wastewater treatment plant may be just the ticket to saving energy, as well as hundreds or even thousands of dollars. Municipal wastewater treatment facilities currently require large amounts of electricity to operate. This topic was seriously addressed at a Water Environment Federation meeting in early August 2011. While attendees discussed a variety of ways to reduce energy usage, the ideas that garnered the most interest involved the utilization of wastewater facilities to actually generate their own energy. In fact, it was suggested that these plants could even produce enough excess power that it could be sent to the grid. Other ideas, shared by attendees, were focused on growing algae to produce biofuels, while also gathering biogas from normal wastewater operations and micro-hydropower. By combining these and other technologies, along with power conservation measures, there would be an excess amount of power available that could be returned to the grid. Aside from the benefits of lowering costs, there would also be fewer odors and fewer greenhouse gas emissions. More information is available at visit www.wef.org.

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19

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Top 10 Technologies

7

Above, spectra of the three primary greenhouses gases are shown in the near-infrared and mid-infrared regions. For CO2, transitions are approximately 8,000 times stronger than those in the near infrared.

go to the white paper pages and click on the Air tab to view the full Greenhouse Gas Monitoring white paper.

6. Unsaturated

vadose cleanup

Treatment methods of contamination in the vadose zone have been limited to excavation or soil vapor extraction. Unfortunately, each of these methods have had various issues, depending on the type of con-

tamination and the type of soil in the vadose zone. EOS Remediation LLC, located in Raleigh, N.C., teamed up with the Department of Energy’s Brian D. Riha, from the Savannah River National Laboratory, headquartered in Aiken, S.C., to develop a patented process known as Vadose Organic Substrate (VOS). VOS is a thixotropic formulation of biodegradable vegetable oil, water, nutrients and buffer that can be used in conjunction with a dechlorinating inoculum (Dehalococcoides sp.). Once placed in the soil, the materials will stay in position to treat the offensive materials. Simple technology can be applied to track the progress of the material in the soil matrix so that the client is assured of proper contact. Field testing by Savannah demonstrated the material was safe to handle and did not require special injection equipment. The material sets up to a gel consistency after injection so that it not only resists being washed away, but also continues to promote conditions for anaerobic reduction biodegradation of many contaminants, while using a scientific combination of organic electron donors and nutrients. More information in regards to this material will be included in an upcoming edition of Pollution Engineering.

5.

Mobil monitoring and control

Bobby Sheikhan, senior project manager for RAE Systems, has told Pollution Engineering that his company is releasing new families of wireless monitoring systems. The company is also focused on improving the communication capabilities of existing control systems and mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets. Since environmental professionals

5

The RAE Systems BioHarness includes ECG and breathing rate sensors for real-time portable physiological monitoring. The BioHarness links to a RAELink3 portable modem to transmit sensor readings and GPS coordinates to a PC running rhe RAE Systems ProRAE Guardian safety monitoring software

20

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

Top 10 Technologies are often called upon to enter suspicious areas or confined spaces, the company also provides a special harness that constantly monitors the health and conditions of individual users to ensure safety in such potentially hazardous conditions. The non-intrusive, lightweight chest worn strap incorporates an electrocardiogram, breathing rate, temperature, posture and activity sensors for real-time portable physiological monitoring to quickly access and monitor a person’s bio-readings, and back them out of a fatigue situation if their readings are high.

3. CO2 in, energy out

2. Wasted nutrients

Researchers at the University of Minnesota’s Institute on the Environment know a lot about geothermal energy. They have also studied the concept of pumping CO2 from the surface to deep underground for permanent storage. These same researchers have recently asked themselves why they could not accomplish both tasks at the same time. This would lower greenhouse gases and provide a completely renewable source of energy. Consequently, the institute has completed pilot studies that demonstrated the feasibility of such an undertaking. They are preparing to take the next step to form a startup around the technology to show that it can be implemented profitably on a larger scale. They hope to ultimately demonstrate that this is a viable application for many areas of the country.

Every budding green thumber knows how valuable potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus are for keeping plants healthy. At one time, scientists were convinced that these three chemicals were all that plants needed in order to thrive. They reached this conclusion because these were the only compounds that were identified when performing chemical analysis. Today, thanks to improved analytical techniques, we know that trace metals are also critical to the growth of healthy, nutritious plants. Currently, raw sources of potassium and nitrogen are plentiful throughout the world. Unfortunately, 84 percent of the known resources of phosphorous are located in a single location – Morocco. There are alternative sources of phosphorous that have been deployed for many decades though, as high concentrations are known to exist in natural waste prod-

4 4. Recession creates opportunity

In recent years, the national economy’s influence on the U.S. housing market and business has been well documented. Thousands of properties currently lay abandoned and are deteriorating. Yet, this condition may also be providing opportunities to many cities. The Georgia Institute of Technology has been working with a number of cities. In five of the major cities, the institute has identified more than 20,000 acres of land that can be recovered to the benefit of local communities. The community enrichment program is known as Red Fields to Green Fields. While each city is unique, they all have thousands of acres that can be recovered and transformed into attractive properties. Once the economy recovers, these properties will be premium locations as they will include upscale greenscapes that will draw business or residential attention. The additional attention should result in an increased tax base. Because of the new landscapes, there would be an improved draw for customers to the new businesses.

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10 Top ucts from animals and humans. In fact, excess phosphorous is a real headache at wastewater treatment plants. The chemical forms crystals and precipitates out on the sides of tanks and piping, forming a rock-hard material called struvite. A Vancouver-based company, known as Ostara Nutrient Recovery Technologies Inc., has developed a process that captures this material in order to provide a substance that is particularly suited for agricultural use. So far, it has been installed in wastewater treatment systems in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.

1. Superior engineering While some activists complain about the damage caused by dams interrupting the natural flow of water, American universities are presently studying the most accomplished dam builder in the world – the beaver. Activists and researchers agree that many

22

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

1 rivers need to be restored. Restoration work can be very expensive though, as engineers strive to mold the landscape to provide the maximum benefit after a dam is constructed. There are many factors that need to be taken into account in the design.

“Our argument is that the restoration target for streams with forested riparian zones has got to acknowledge the diversity brought to river systems by active beaver populations,” said Melinda Daniels, an associate professor of geography at Kansas State University. Daniels collaborated with three researchers from the University of Connecticut to co-author The River Discontinuum: Applying Beaver Modifications to Baseline Conditions for Restoration of Forested Headwaters. Beavers were nearly driven to extinction early in the 19th century due to over hunting. Their populations have since recovered. The Kansas State University and University of Connecticut researchers are closely studying the work of beavers in nature in Connecticut. They believe their work would be applicable to river systems across the county. There is definitely a lot to be learned from the beavers and, after all, who could possibly do a better job than Mother Nature herself? PE

REVERSE OSMOSIS Membrane Processing APPLICATIONS INSIGHTS How can reverse osmosis technology be applied to wastewater and process water to maximize efficiency?

By PETER S. CARTWRIGHT, P.E. lthough the reverse osmosis membrane technology was developed many years ago, additional applications at water treatment facilities are still being developed. While the source of the water to be treated does not influence the technology’s capabilities, its performance and design requirements are significantly affected by feed water characteristics and the intended use of the treated water. In general, it is useful to divide the feed water into three categories: • Raw water – water from a natural source, such as a well, river, lake, or ocean, or from a municipal drinking water treatment plant • Wastewater – water that flows out of an industrial or commercial facility or a sewage treatment plant • Process water – wastewater used in a manufacturing process As water reclamation and reuse is continuously emphasized, it is important to understand the distinctions between these source waters and their impacts on membrane system designs. Sources of raw water, including seawater, have a relatively narrow range of chemical characteristics and are well understood and present minimal design challenges. For

A

example, to design a reverse osmosis treatment system with spiral-wound membrane elements, membrane manufacturers provide a computer program to design a water purification system, as long as they have some technical understanding of the materials. It is only necessary that this person know and understand the following: • Feed water analysis • Purified water quality requirements • Total volume requirement (per day, per minute) • Desired system recovery A typical membrane process is illustrated in Figure 1.

Raw water The primary goal for most water purifica-

Feed Stream

tion applications is to meet a specific treated water-quality requirement, while system recovery is usually a second requirement. System recovery is the percentage of feed water flow that passes through the membrane and becomes the permeate. Recovery is the purview of the system designer, and typically ranges from less than 50 percent for low flow applications to 85 percent for very large applications. One advantage of high recovery designs is that a relatively small quantity of concentrate (that percentage of the water that does not pass through the membrane and carries away the contaminants removed from the water supply) is discharged. Due to these lower flow rates, other advantages include a smaller feed pump and generally smaller pipe sizes.

Permeate Stream

Valve Figure 1: Typical Membrane Process

Concentrate Stream JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

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REVERSE OSMOSIS The primary disadvantage of high recovery is that the concentration of contaminants in the concentrate stream dramatically increases as recovery is increased. The increased concentration can result in scaling and other fouling problems on the membrane surface.

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A primary goal of reverse osmosis membrane processing is to decrease the concentrate stream so that it is as small as possible in order to facilitate further treatment or disposal. Therefore, recoveries are generally set very high, typically above 90 percent. Additionally, in the case of most industrial wastewater streams, the water characteristics are usually unique. Consequently, testing should be performed in order to develop system design data. This testing can take the form of cell testing, applications testing and/ or pilot testing, but it is absolutely essential in industrial wastewater applications. None of the currently available computer programs are capable of designing an effective wastewater treatment system. For reverse osmosis, the ionic concentration increases (resulting from the effects of high recovery) Since the mechanism involves a percent rejection of salts (typically above 90 percent), a percentage (albeit small) of the salts concentration at the membrane surface will pass through the membrane into the permeate stream (100 minus the percent rejection). As the concentration of salts increases due to higher recovery operations, an elevated quantity will pass through the membrane, thereby lowering the quality of permeate. This high recovery will also produce an elevated osmotic pressure in streams that have significant salts content. Osmotic pressure is basically the resistance of an ionic solution to being pumped through a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration membrane, and is a function of both the type of salts and their concentration. It is important to remember that the concentration of contaminants seen by the membrane is roughly the arithmetic average of the feed and concentrate streams. Under high recovery conditions, the concentrate stream concentration is extremely high, which will increase the average con-

centration. Therefore, the TDS of the feed stream does not have to be particularly high to result in a high osmotic pressure condition. One of the outcomes of a test program is the determination of osmotic pressure as a function of recovery for a given waste stream. An important parameter for wastewater applications is to decide the ultimate discharge of the concentrate stream. Depending upon the situation, options include evaporation to dryness, collection in an ion-exchange resin or other adsorptive medium, or simply the removal of this stream for disposal.

Process water Of the three general applications for membrane technologies, chemical processing is the most complex and diverse. Membranes are used for applications where certain contaminants are separated from each other into discrete streams, and then one or more are possibly recovered for reuse.

Testing requirements With regard to wastewater and process water applications, it is imperative that every stream be tested to identify the following design factors: • Optimum membrane element configuration • Total membrane area • Specific membrane polymer • Optimal pressure • Maximum system recovery • Flow conditions • Membrane element array • Pretreatment requirements Specific properties of feed streams, which influence these design factors include: ■ Stream chemistry • Total solids content • Suspended (TSS) • Dissolved organic (TOC, MBAS, COD and BOD) • Dissolved inorganic (TDS) ■ Chemicals of concern • Oxidizing chemicals • Organic solvents (particularly aromatic hydrocarbons) • Saturated solutes ■ pH ■ Operating temperature

REVERSE OSMOSIS Osmotic pressure as a function of system recovery ■ Variation in chemistry as a function of time To generate necessary design data, several testing options are available: Cell Testing – Cell test devices are available for purchase or a qualified consulting engineering firm can provide testing. Such testing will evaluate small sheets of membrane candidates on the stream to be processed. Typically, the sheet is placed between two stainless steel plates, and the test stream is pumped across the membrane surface at a selected pressure and flow rate. The permeate is collected and analyzed for its degree of solute separation. Cell testing only requires small volumes of the test solution. Several membranes can be evaluated in a short period of time. The cell test approach is useful as an initial step, primarily to select one or more membrane candidates for further evaluation. However, actual final design cannot be developed from this test. Applications Testing – Applications testing utilize a full-sized membrane element in a test unit that is capable of simulating a production unit. Since the data from this testing will be used to scale up the design to full size, it is essential that the membrane element manufacturer supplies an element that is capable of such scale up. The applications test equipment should be designed so that very high recoveries can be achieved without compromising the flow rates required to produce turbulent flow. This requires a pump that is capable of not only producing the desired pressure, but also a flow rate to create the minimum cross flow velocity across the membrane surface as well. Materials of construction should be considered prior to testing; 316L stainless steel is essential for most applications requiring pressures in excess of 60 psi; below that, schedule 80 PVC is usually sufficient. For high chloride streams, special alloys may be required. Applications testing can generate complete design data for the full-sized system. The test can be conducted with ■

as little as 50 gallons (200 L) of the test stream, and, after setup, can be completed in one hour or less for each membrane element tested. A typical applications test is conducted as follows: 1. To establish control conditions, high quality water (tap water or water treated with reverse osmosis or a deionizer) is used in the system at low recovery. Record data for each condition. 2. Feed water is then initially tested in the unit at a low recovery. After the system stabilizes, (usually in less than five minutes), the following data are recorded: feed pressure, pump pressure (pump discharge), system pressure (at the exit of the membrane upstream of the concentrative valve), recycle pressure, flow rates (usually feed, recycle and permeate) and recycle stream temperature. The system recovery is then increased incrementally while adjusting the recycle to ensure that the correct cross flow velocity is maintained. At each recovery, in addition to the collection of flow and pressure data, analytical samples may be taken for performance evaluation. Of course, the choice of chemical parameters to be measured depends upon the separation goals of the test. It is unusual for system recoveries to exceed 95 percent; however, recoveries also depend upon the goals of the testing, and it is possible to run a well-designed test unit up to 99 percent recovery. Once the optimum conditions have been established, such as operating pressure and maximum system recovery, the normalized performance data will enable the test engineer to determine the total membrane area required for the full-sized system. Pilot Test – This test involves the operation of a prototype system that can be scaled up as needed in the final design. This usually involves the placement of a test machinein the process, which operates continuously on a side-stream for a minimum of 30 days. The optimum run conditions (recovery, pressure, flow rates, etc.)

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REVERSE OSMOSIS Table 1 – Testing Options (Spiral-wound membrane element)

Characteristic

Membrane Size

Applications

Pilot

4" x 6" Sheet

4” dia X 4“ len Spiral Element equivalent in other device configurations)

4” dia X 4“ len Spiral Element equivalent)

Volume of Test Solution

<1 gallon

55 gallon drum

side stream

Time Required

very short (minutes)

2-3 hours

30-60 days

Obtain System Design Information?

no

yes

yes

Obtain Fouling Propensity Information?

no

yes, to a degree

yes

Long Term Operational Characteristics?

no

no

yes

Limitations

26

Cell

are maintained during the testing period, and pretreatment requirements can usually be obtained during this testing. Table 1 summarizes the important characteristics of these testing options.

Conclusion Although water purification applications currently dominate the reverse osmosis membrane technology market, the potential for membrane separation technologies in wastewater and processing applications is basically untapped. To realize this potential, it is imperative that any candidate stream be properly tested. Such testing requires knowledgeable, experienced personnel to run and interpret test results on well-designed testing equipment. PE Peter Cartwright, P.E. entered the water puri-

only used to screen flat membrane candidates

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

fication and wastewater treatment indus-

finite quality of wasterwater tested

try in 1974 and has been the principal for

none

the Cartwright Consulting Co., located in Minneapolis, since 1980. Send questions to [email protected].

TREATING CITRATE-CHELATED

METALS

Steam Turbine Power Generator

Cd-, Cu-, Pb-, and U- citrate are not. Fe (II)- citrate must be oxidized, first, to Fe(III)citrate in order to undergo biodegradation. Alone, or combined with ammonia or ammonium bifluoride, NH4F2, citric acid is increasingly employed in the removal of metal oxide scale from heat transfer surfaces and in boiler water treatment systems for steam production.

Case study A utility company located on the East Coast currently operates a fossil-fueled boiler that generates electric power. The high pressure, high temperature steam from the boiler passes at an elevated speed through a turbine equipped with propeller blades. The steam drives the blades and forces the turbine shaft to rotate at a high speed, which powers the electric generator. Steam that exits the turbine then will pass through a condenser and returned to the boiler. The warm water (cooling water circulating around the condenser’s tubes) is returned to its source, a pond, where heat is released through evaporation. Wastewater at the power plant is a mix of spent cleaners and rinses from clean-

ing operations, scrubber effluent, boiler blowdown and cooling water. The primary metals in the waste are those of boiler construction material, steel and condenser, along with minor constituents from chemicals used in boiler feed water treatment. Such metals will form stable complexes with citric acid and ammonia, which render the waste less amenable to conventional hydroxide precipitation treatment. Data in Table 1 reveal concentrations of metal in raw water.

The challenge The current wastewater treatment employs lime, dithiocarmate (DTC) and flocculent to meet discharge requirements with respect to metals. The facility anticipated they would need to meet the new discharge guidelines with much lower limits for metals as shown in Table 1. The current treatment system could not meet the new requirements for metals, especially, copper, iron, and nickel, and, therefore, a new technique was required.

ter was added to the waste stream. The reaction produced large floc that settled efficiently, producing very clear supernatant that was free of particulates or suspended solids. The treatment eliminated all caustic, dithiocarbamate (DTC), and flocculent, and significantly reduced the amount of sulfuric acid needed for final pH adjustment. Table 1 contains the analytical data for raw water, treated effluent and discharge limits. With environmental regulations becoming increasingly more stringent, industries and businesses continue to face rising costs regarding water, energy, labor and POTW surcharges. More effective and improved treatment techniques are constantly needed to maintain pace with the changing regulatory requirements. PE Sultan Amer, Ph.D. is the president of Aquachem Inc., which is located in Missouri City, Texas. Aquasil is a Registered Trademark of Aquachem Inc. For more information, call (832) 539-1020 or e-mail info@aquachem inc.com. References:

The solution A proprietary chemical that was formulated to remove metals from wastewa-

1. F.N. Teume, Passivation of Ferrous Metal Surface, U.S. Patent 3,413,160 and references therein. 2. T.B. Field, J.L. McCourt and W.A.E. McBride, Composition and Stability of Iron and Copper Citrate Complexes in Aqueous Solution, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 52, 3119 (1974). 3. O. Gyliene, O. Nivinskiene, and V. Pakstas, Use of Metallic Iron for Decontamination of Solutions Containing Ni(II) Citrate, Polish J. of Envinromental Studies, 16, #3, 397 (2007). 4. A.J.

Francis,

C.J.

Dodge,

J.B.

Gillow,

Implications for Toxic Metal Mobility, Nature,

Table I

28

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

356, 140 (1992).

TREATING CITRATE-CHELATED

METALS

Steam Turbine Power Generator

Cd-, Cu-, Pb-, and U- citrate are not. Fe (II)- citrate must be oxidized, first, to Fe(III)citrate in order to undergo biodegradation. Alone, or combined with ammonia or ammonium bifluoride, NH4F2, citric acid is increasingly employed in the removal of metal oxide scale from heat transfer surfaces and in boiler water treatment systems for steam production.

Case study A utility company located on the East Coast currently operates a fossil-fueled boiler that generates electric power. The high pressure, high temperature steam from the boiler passes at an elevated speed through a turbine equipped with propeller blades. The steam drives the blades and forces the turbine shaft to rotate at a high speed, which powers the electric generator. Steam that exits the turbine then will pass through a condenser and returned to the boiler. The warm water (cooling water circulating around the condenser’s tubes) is returned to its source, a pond, where heat is released through evaporation. Wastewater at the power plant is a mix of spent cleaners and rinses from clean-

ing operations, scrubber effluent, boiler blowdown and cooling water. The primary metals in the waste are those of boiler construction material, steel and condenser, along with minor constituents from chemicals used in boiler feed water treatment. Such metals will form stable complexes with citric acid and ammonia, which render the waste less amenable to conventional hydroxide precipitation treatment. Data in Table 1 reveal concentrations of metal in raw water.

The challenge The current wastewater treatment employs lime, dithiocarmate (DTC) and flocculent to meet discharge requirements with respect to metals. The facility anticipated they would need to meet the new discharge guidelines with much lower limits for metals as shown in Table 1. The current treatment system could not meet the new requirements for metals, especially, copper, iron, and nickel, and, therefore, a new technique was required.

ter was added to the waste stream. The reaction produced large floc that settled efficiently, producing very clear supernatant that was free of particulates or suspended solids. The treatment eliminated all caustic, dithiocarbamate (DTC), and flocculent, and significantly reduced the amount of sulfuric acid needed for final pH adjustment. Table 1 contains the analytical data for raw water, treated effluent and discharge limits. With environmental regulations becoming increasingly more stringent, industries and businesses continue to face rising costs regarding water, energy, labor and POTW surcharges. More effective and improved treatment techniques are constantly needed to maintain pace with the changing regulatory requirements. PE Sultan Amer, Ph.D. is the president of Aquachem Inc., which is located in Missouri City, Texas. Aquasil is a Registered Trademark of Aquachem Inc. For more information, call (832) 539-1020 or e-mail info@aquachem inc.com. References:

The solution A proprietary chemical that was formulated to remove metals from wastewa-

1. F.N. Teume, Passivation of Ferrous Metal Surface, U.S. Patent 3,413,160 and references therein. 2. T.B. Field, J.L. McCourt and W.A.E. McBride, Composition and Stability of Iron and Copper Citrate Complexes in Aqueous Solution, Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 52, 3119 (1974). 3. O. Gyliene, O. Nivinskiene, and V. Pakstas, Use of Metallic Iron for Decontamination of Solutions Containing Ni(II) Citrate, Polish J. of Envinromental Studies, 16, #3, 397 (2007). 4. A.J.

Francis,

C.J.

Dodge,

J.B.

Gillow,

Implications for Toxic Metal Mobility, Nature,

Table I

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356, 140 (1992).

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Air Liquide TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

Clobber Faulty CEMS Calibration Introducing Scott™ 72.2 Certified Zero Air Material for Acid Rain Reporting

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0 CFR Part 75 calls for a CEM system to be exposed to “zero air material” during testing protocols in order to qualify the accuracy of the instrument. Part 75.21 states that calibration gases used for this purpose must meet the definitions of 40 CFR Part 72.2. Paragraph (1) of Part 72.2 states: A calibration gas certified by the gas vendor not to contain concentrations of SO2, NOX, or total hydrocarbons above 0.1 parts per million (ppm), a concentration of CO above 1 ppm, or a concentration of CO2 above 400 ppm. Some CEMS users mistakenly use a standard EPA protocol mixture as a zero gas, thinking this will satisfy the EPA’s Acid Rain requirement. But does it really? Not so much. It’s a practice that can result in inaccurate CEMS calibration due to biased zero readings arising from contamination in the mixture.

Air Liquide solves this problem, while achieving a balance between regulatory compliance certainty and cost-effectiveness, by offering three types of zero air materials that are guaranteed to be Part 75 compliant: 72.2 Certified ZAM™ Air, 72.2 Certified ZAM™ Nitrogen and a 72.2 Certified ZAM RATA Class™ Oxygen EPA Protocol. Each ZAM product is analyzed and certified to meet paragraph (1) for trace SO2, NOX, THC,

CO and CO2. By using these certified zero products, the risk of faulty calibration due to biased zero readings is eliminated. Scott brand 72.2 Certified ZAM™ air is specifically engineered to meet or exceed the regulatory requirements of condition paragraph (1). Scott Certified ZAM nitrogen is useful in that some CEMS users prefer to use nitrogen to zero their instruments. In this case however, the nitrogen still must meet the impurity requirements of zero air material. Do not confuse either of these products with those that may be marketed by manufacturers as “Acid Rain Zero” or “CEM Zero” grades. 72.2 Certified ZAM air and nitrogen have different impurity specs and are specifically engineered to meet requirements of paragraph (1). Air Liquide also offers an Oxygen RATA Class™ EPA protocol mixture that satisfies requirements of 72.2 paragraph (4) pertaining to multi-component mixtures. The oxygen is analyzed and certified to EPA protocol requirements. Since the impurities of 72.2 Certified ZAM Air are analyzed and certified in the cylinder, this cylinder can be used to calibrate an O2 analyzer and to zero CO2, CO, NOX, THC and SO2 analyzers. Zero air material is available from Air Liquide in three economical cylinder sizes with Part 75 compliant Certificates of Analysis. Individually certified cylinders are available. Air and nitrogen materials are in stock for fast delivery. For more information about Scott brand ZAM products, contact Air Liquide at (800) 217-2688; send e-mail to: [email protected]; or visit www.ALspecialtygases.com

800-217-2688 [email protected] www.ALspecialtygases.com

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE BETE Fog Nozzle Inc.

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BETE – Performance through Engineering

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t BETE Fog Nozzle Inc., our success has always been focused on understanding our customers’ business and providing effective engineered solutions to their most difficult fluid process challenges. With more than 55 years of experience designing and fabricating spray nozzles, BETE has the engineering expertise on which customers can count. If it’s a new spray nozzle application (or a new twist to an old application) BETE Applications Engineers will put their years of experience to work helping to determine the best spray nozzle for the performance you need. Our experience goes beyond these industries and applications: • Flue Gas Desulphurization • Pollution Control. NOX • Chemical Processing • Fire Protection • Petrochemical, Ethanol, Biodiesel • Spray Quench • Dust Control • Evaporative cooling • Mist eliminator washing

BETE Spray Laboratory The BETE Spray Laboratory is equipped to provide spray test data for a wide range of nozzles over an array of operating conditions. Our state-ofthe-art spray laboratory is used to test nozzle performance characteristics such as spray pattern, coverage, spray angle and drop size distribution. Customers have also used our spray laboratory and nozzle expertise for special test programs. Whether you’re working on a new application or a system modification, BETE’s spray testing expertise can provide an effective solution. Manufacturing and Fabrication Our manufacturing facility features rapid prototyping, code compliant welding, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, and an in-house investmentcasting foundry. These capabilities give us complete control over the production of stainless steel, cobalt and nickel-base super alloys and other metals. Our delivery times are the best in the industry, saving you time and money.

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We take pride in our willingness to provide custom solutions specifically tailored to suit an application. Because of this, we routinely fabricate spray lances and custom nozzles to match customer requirements, such as ASME B31.3. Our highly qualified welders are some of the best in the world, with extensive experience in welding dissimilar metals and exotic alloys, including cobalt alloys. In addition, we can meet almost any testing, code, or inspection requirement. Over 60% of our nozzles shipped have been customized to meet the stringent needs of our customers’ applications. Nozzles may be a rather small component of major systems, but they are absolutely critical to process performance and efficiency. BETE is the quality leader in the nozzle industry. We were the first spray nozzle manufacturer in the world with a quality system registered to ISO 9001 standard. BETE nozzles can be counted on to perform to each customer’s requirements. • 3D Computer Aided Design • In-house Investment casting foundry • Rapid Prototype • Code compliant fabrication and testing • Reliable delivery The BETE Difference BETE’s mission goes beyond just selling spray nozzles: it is to provide engineered spraying solutions that exceed customer expectations in every detail. Extensive in-house capabilities including CAD design and rapid prototyping, investment casting, welding, and spray testing, make it possible to offer the highest level of quality throughout every phase of production. The BETE Difference is our unparalleled ability to respond quickly and effectively to any kind of spraying challenge anywhere in the world with the most knowledgeable customer service in the industry. Let BETE put our experience to work for you to recommend the best spray nozzle for your process. Let us take you to the next level in spraying performance.

BETE – Performance Through Engineering (413)772-0846 | [email protected] | www.bete.com

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Dürr Systems Inc. TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

Dürr Ecopure® VAR: Exhaust Gas and Liquid Oxidizers

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ecently, government regulations have increased pressure on the chemical processing industry to effectively control their emission sources. The Dürr Ecopure® VAR exhaust gas and liquid oxidizer system provides a technically advanced solution to this difficult problem. The Ecopure® VAR exhaust gas and liquid oxidizer technology centers on a unique thermal reactor capable of accepting nearly any combination of liquid or vapor waste. The key element of the system is a proprietary integral burner/combustion chamber designed to operate over a wide range of temperatures and as high as 2,300°F with residence times as long as 2.0 seconds, thereby insuring complete oxidization of nearly all known VOCs and HAPs. The combination burner and retention chamber are only the beginning of a complete system as secondary heat recovery along with NOX and acid gas removal is commonplace. A typical system will incorporate the combustion chamber followed by a waste heat recovery boiler followed by NOX reduction and finally an acid gas scrubber.

Most of the waste heat from the combustion chamber can be recovered with the steam boiler. This recovery leads to a reduction of energy costs. The multi-stage flue gas scrubber guarantees reliable compliance with emission regulations. There is no need for separate treatment or the expensive disposal of any organic residual liquids. Among distinguished advantages of the Dürr Ecopure® VAR system are: • Ability to operate above the lower explosive limits of the gases or vapors • Operation at near “0” excess Oxygen • Self-sustaining operation on rich streams • Operation using waste or refuse fuels, liquid or gaseous Recently, Dürr has seen a great level of interest in the VAR system from Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Pulp and Paper and other industries with highly concentrated or previously difficult to control sources. Oxidation of halogenated, nitrogenated or sulfonated compounds has been especially difficult to control in the past and now with the application of the VAR, reliable control is both affordable and dependable. The Ecopure® VAR is particularly attractive as a control method for pharmaceutical and petrochemical batch vents and rich process vents and chlorinated streams. Dürr has an installed base of more than 80 Ecopure® VAR systems around the world in the chemical, pharmaceutical and general manufacturing industries. Most of these systems contain one or more add on devises such as explosive gas blowers, boilers, scrubbers or NOX control.

Contact: Greg Thompson +1 (734) 254-2314 [email protected] www.durr-cleantechnology.com

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Robinson Fans Inc.

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The Development of Better Exhaust Solutions

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fter tipping its hat to Robinson Fans numerous times in the fan company’s 118-year history, the power industry has a new reason to thank forward-thinking Robinson Fans: its participation in clean coal generation. Robinson Fans and Robinson Service drew upon their innovative multi-stage design, manufacturing and “any-fan” service expertise to install new induced-draft fans as part of an emissions upgrade project for Tampa, Florida-based Seminole Electric Cooperative Inc. Seminole Electric is one of the largest generation and transmission cooperatives in the United States and relies on two 650-megawatt pulverized coal boilers for base-load generations. Begun in 2006, the details of the project required the installation of selective catalytic reduction for the generating station’s coal boilers. After successful implementation, Seminole Electric became one of the cleaner coal facilities in the United States in terms of regulated emissions. Like most power industry projects, on-time delivery was essential for reduced costs and accurate power generation projections. Therefore, a very specific schedule was put into place once design and engineering began. Under a tight timeline, Robinson Fans was challenged to respond with eight completely designed and manufactured induction draft fans. Thanks to exceptional project management, Robinson met its delivery and installation deadlines – a rarity for other fan manufacturers. And Seminole Electric now enthusiastically reports itself a very satisfied Robinson Fans customer.

Innovation in repair, rebuild and upgrades Recently, a mid-Atlantic utility company realized that its paddlewheel, or “whizzer wheel,” exhausters were wearing too quickly, producing energy inefficiently and moving air at rates that weren’t up to snuff. The utility company’s primary need was to increase power output by increasing air and particulate flow rate from coal mill exhausters with increased wear resistance. Searching for a custom solution, the utility partnered with Robinson Fans. To solve the utility’s problem, Robinson replaced the whizzer wheel design with an enhanced backward-curved fan and added nonstructural inlet dust deflectors, which are miniature fan blades placed between the main blades to direct heavy particulate airflow between the main blades of the fan wheel.

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Robinson also improved the traditional paddlewheel design by developing a narrower, shrouded wheel design, which improved energy efficiency via a 3,000-acfm increase in volume and a 7.0-inch wg increase in static pressure. To ensure extended wear resistance, Robinson lined the fan’s interior with a lightweight, extremely durable ceramic tile. Through a proprietary testing method, Robinson identified the exact fan locations where particulate contact would be greatest. On these places only, Robinson used tungsten carbide for superior durability. After 20 weeks in operation at the power station, the Robinson backward-curved fan was opened and inspected. Little or no wear was detected. The fan is expected to exceed the utility’s requirement for an energy efficient, costeffective fan that will last at least two years without excessive wear. Unparalleled response and service Robinson Fans offers extensive repair and rebuild capacities at many of its facilities. All of its facilities are dedicated to minimizing downtime by expediting repairs and meeting any need. No matter what the make, model, type or design of your equipment, Robinson Fans will repair and rebuild it. Robinson Service also offers on-site repair and rebuild service. With a 24-hour hotline and 24-hour technician availability, Robinson Service can analyze, service and keep your equipment running at maximum efficiency. To contact Robinson Fans with fan design, manufacturing, implementation or service needs, call the Sales Department at (724) 4526121, email [email protected] or visit www.RobinsonFans.com.

(724) 452-6121 www.robinsonfans.com

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Tri-Mer Corporation TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

Single System Controls: NOx at Low Temps, Particulate & Acid Gases

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ri-Mer Corp. is a technology company specializing in advanced air pollution control systems. One of Tri-Mer’s premier technologies is the latest generation of lightweight ceramic fiber filters in two types. UltraTemp hot gas filters remove particulate with extremely high efficiency at temperatures up to 1,650ºF; UltraCat Catalyst filters remove both particulate and NOX at high efficiency, from 350°F to 700°F. Both systems can also use dry sorbent injection to remove acid gases such as SO2, HCl, and HF. A single system can remove PM, NOx, acid gases and dioxins. Options are available for mercury removal.

UltraTemp and UltraCat systems feature a new generation of fibrous ceramic filters for hot gas filtration. The Tri-Mer filtration systems use proprietary low-density, ductile ceramic filters that are lightweight, strong and self-supporting, and have high thermal shock resistance. With 85 percent open area, the filters have low flow resistance, while maintaining excellent particle capture. Performance features include:

High collection efficiency • Typical results are below 0.001 grain/dscf (2 mg/Nm3) • Accepts heavy particle loadings, even greater than 1.0 grain/dscf High temperature hot gas filtration capability • Maximum operating temperature at 1,650°F • For NOX removal, typical applications between 350°F and 700°F High resistance to corrosion • Ceramic composition virtually inert • Suitable for variable hot gas mixtures Dry scrubbing with sorbent injection for acid gas removal yields good results. SO2 removal is typically better than 90 percent, and HCl is often greater than 97 percent. The Tri-Mer systems incorporate dry sorbent injection using sodium bicarbonate, trona or lime. For NOx removal, filter elements with embedded catalyst provide NOx removal above 90 percent, and dioxin removal, typically greater than 99 percent. Nano-sized pieces of NOx catalyst are impregnated in the 0.75-inch walls of the filter elements. This process creates extensive catalyst surface area for reaction with the gas flow. The activation temperature of the micronized catalyst is 350ºF, much lower than the 600°F, typically required for big-block catalyst in conventional SCR. Urea or aqua ammonia is injected upstream of the filters and reacts at the catalyst surface to break down the NOx. UltraTemp and UltraCat filter systems are proven options for Boiler MACT compliance, glass production, waste incineration, pyrolysis, biomass and coal combustion, and other applications.

Contact: Kevin Moss (801) 294-5422 [email protected] www.tri-mer.com

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE EOS Remediation LLC

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Vadose Oil Substrate – VOS™ In Situ Bioremediation of Residual Contaminants in the Vadose Zone ontaminants entrapped in unsaturated (vadose) zone soils can pose long-term threats to human health and the environment as impurities gradually leach into underlying groundwater. This slow continual Simple Injection System transfer of contaminant mass from these residual sources can add decades to groundwater remediation schedules and millions of dollars of long-term costs. Until now, no cost-effective biological remediation alternatives have been available to treat residual contamination within the vadose zone. The VOS™ technology, which was invented by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL), and codeveloped, licensed and manufactured by EOS Remediation LLC, is an effective, low-cost in situ biological approach designed to treat residual chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) in the vadose zone. Other anaerobically biodegradable (or transformable) contaminants such as nitrates, energetics and some metals can also be addressed with VOS™. The VOS™ technology (US Patent No. 7,896,577) is designed to create a

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long-lasting, bioreactive treatment zone within the vadose zone that includes bioavailable organic carbon, water, nutrients and buffer in one product to promote rapid anaerobic biodegradation. This thixotropic (shear-thinning) formulation enables easy injection and rapid establishment of high saturations and reducing conditions necessary for anaerobic reductive dechlorination. Dechlorinating bacterial cultures such as Dehalococcoides sp. can be added directly to VOS™ and co-injected to stimulate cVOC biodegradation. The VOS™ technology is safe to handle injectable with low pressure. and resists washout due to its thixotrophic composition. The process provides a favorable environment for dechlorinating bacteria by maintaining high saturation levels, anaerobic conditions, and sufficient bioavailable substrate. As the newest addition to the EOS Remediation family of bioremediation products, VOS™ offers an innovative and cost-effective treatment alternative for sites where residual vadose zone contaminants are not amenable to traditional technologies either because of depth, a lack of supporting infrastructure, or high capital and O&M costs.

Brad Elkins, Technical Representative (919) 873-2204• [email protected] www.eosremediation.com Experience You Can Rely On, Products You Can Trust™

TECHNOLOGYPROFILE Geo-Cleanse

Geo-Cleanse International Inc.

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ince 1995, Geo-Cleanse International Inc. (Geo-Cleanse) has been dedicated exclusively to the design and implementation of in-situ chemical remediation technologies. We have completed well over 150 full-scale remediation programs across the United States, and have been internationally active since 1999, conducting the first in-situ chemical remediation application in Europe. We are a full-service remediation firm, offering a variety of chemical remediation services, including site-specific design and implementation of bench-, pilot-, and full-scale applications. Geo-Cleanse has consistently provided innovative remedial solutions to our diverse clientele network, and we continue to expand our services to incorporate the advances occurring within the industry. Our extensive field experience, together with independently published results of our work, and our knowledgeable staff of professionals, ensures that Geo-Cleanse continues to be one of the world’s top environmental remediation firms. Please visit our website: www.geocleanse.com.

www.geocleanse.com

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Lantec Products Inc. TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

Catalysts for VOC Oxidation

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antec Products has partnered with Haldor Topsøe Inc. (one of the world’s leading catalyst manufacturers) for supply of VOC oxidation catalysts in North America. Over the last 70 years, Topsøe has pioneered base-metal catalyst and developed the most cost-effective catalytic options on the market today. Catalysts allow oxidizers to destroy VOCs at much lower temperature (~600ºF), compared to oxidization without a catalyst (~1,500ºF). Oxidation at a low temperature can reduce or eliminate the need for additional fuel, resulting in lower total life-cycle costs and carbon footprint, while eliminating generation of NOX. Topsøe’s catalysts offer the optimum balance of poison resistance, reliability, performance and low cost. Contact Lantec for free technical support and design assistance on your upcoming VOC abatement projects.

(617) 302-3269 www.lantecp.com

Solinst Canada Ltd. TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

Sampling with Drive-Point Piezometers

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olinst Model 615 Drive-Point Piezometers are ideal for initial site investigations. They are an excellent exploration tool because of their portability, quick installation, and rapid sampling. They can be used for profiling if installed at a number of different depths on site. Contaminated sites can be quickly and accurately assessed. The existence and location of contaminants is determined; this can help zero in on areas that require immediate remediation without drilling many expensive boreholes, and can help decide on the placement of more permanent monitoring wells, such as Solinst Multilevel Systems. Solinst Model 615 Drive-Point Piezometers can be used to monitor shallow groundwater up to 25 ft below surface. Installation is easy using NPT carbon steel extensions and a convenient manual slide hammer. The piezometer tip and screen are stainless steel, and a barbed fitting allows a sample tube to be attached to obtain high-quality samples. A tubing bypass is used so that the tubing is not damaged while the piezometer is driven to depth. Using a Solinst Model 410 Peristaltic Pump, groundwater samples can be easily obtained.

(905) 873-2255 [email protected] www.solinst.com JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

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TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

TECHNOLOGYPROFILE

ClearSpan Fabric Structures

US Chemical Storage

ClearSpanTM Waste Handling Facilities

Our Standards Meet Your Regulations

learSpan Fabric Structures provides design-build solutions for composting facilities, recycling centers, solid waste facilities and more. ClearSpan Hercules Truss Arch Buildings feature high clearances and spacious interiors without support posts, ideal for maneuvering trucks and equipment inside the structure. These fabric buildings are outfitted with frames constructed from USA-made, triplegalvanized structural steel that will stay strong and hold up strong in corrosive environments. Every ClearSpan building is custom engineered to fit the requirements of the specific location, such as snow load or foundation type. The structures can be permanent or temporary, and are easy to relocate.

.S. Chemical Storage manufactures turnkey hazardous material storage buildings that provide built-in spill containment and protection for drums, totes, cylinders and more. These prefabricated buildings are an environmentally friendly, compliant storage solution. Many accessories and options are available such as ramps, spill containment shelving, lighting, air conditioners, heaters, vents, fire suppression systems, eyewash stations, showers, racks and drum hoists. Fire rated and explosion relief construction is available. Custom and modular buildings are also available. Custom buildings can be designed to accommodate the need for segregation of materials or specific handling requirements. Modular buildings are utilized when an owner/end-user requests a larger square-footage unit to be placed in a small footprint site area, where multiple stand-alone buildings are not a reasonable alternative. Designed for storing flammables, combustibles, solvents, paints, corrosives, pesticides, caustics, and material handling equipment, U.S. Chemical Storage buildings meet EPA and OSHA requirements.

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(866) 643-1010 www.ClearSpan.com/ADPLE

U

(800) 233-1480 | www.uschemicalstorage.com

LITERATURE&PRODUCTSHOWCASE Low Emission Flare Are Best Available Control Technology (BACT) and Title V Operating Permits required in your area? Are Emission Caps, Non Attainment Areas, and Cap & Trade Programs frequently discussed? The LOW EMISSION FLARE alleviates these concerns by offering superior emission reductions. ABUTEC’s proprietary technology is designed to offer the lowest emissions.

ABUTEC LLC Los Angeles, California • Kennesaw, Georgia (770) 846-0155 •www.abutec.com

FGD Absorber Nozzles for Absorption, Cooling and Gas Scrubbing BETE Fog Nozzle offers a complete selection of full, hollow, and dual cone Absorber nozzles for FGD. BETE's FGD Absorber Nozzles are designed with large free passages to avoid plugging and provide the greatest possible contact between gas and liquids.

BETE Fog Nozzle Inc. (413) 772-0846 • [email protected] • www.bete.com

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Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

New, continuous CO2 purge system from Air Liquide TurbinAL™ high-flow CO2 purge system provides an efficient method of purging hydrogen gas used to cool bearings in gas-fired turbine generators. Drawing from multi-cylinder packs, TurbinAL continuously delivers 1,400 scfh of CO2.

Air Liquide (800) 217-2688 • www.ALspecialtygases.com

Choose ClearSpan for Waste Handling Facilities ClearSpan Fabric Structures provides energy-efficient, economical structures for water treatment facilities, recycling centers, solid waste facilities and more. State-of-the-art, USA-made ClearSpan Hercules Truss Arch Buildings feature abundant natural light and spacious interiors without support posts to hamper operations. For more information, visit www.ClearSpan.com/ADPE or call (800) 643-1010 to speak with a ClearSpan specialist.

ClearSpan Fabric Structures Inc. (800) 643-1010 •www.ClearSpan.com/ADPE

LITERATURE&PRODUCTSHOWCASE ESdat: An Environmental Data Management System

Dürr Ecopure® CTO: Compact Thermal Oxidizer

ESdat is used by environmental professionals for a variety of applications including contaminated/ industrial sites, groundwater investigations, general site environmental management and landfill. Tasks that were previously performed manually are now automatic. You can create sample plans to help field data collection, import field, historical and lab data, perform chemical QA on data, and create various reports as needed. ESdat is highly flexible such that you can customize its layout, analyses, and reports to meet your specific needs.

The Dürr Ecopure® CTO (Compact Thermal Oxidizer) is suitable for industrial facilities generating smaller exhaust air volumes (1,000 – 20,000 scfm) and looking for cost-effective ways to meet environmental regulations.

Dürr Systems Inc.

Dataforensics LLC

Contact: Greg Thompson • [email protected]

(678) 406-0106 •[email protected] [email protected] •www.dataforensics.net

(734) 254-2314 • www.durr-cleantechnology.com

Air Pollution Control EISENMANN Valveless Regenerative Thermal Oxidizers (VRTO) removes VOCs and HAPs from your process exhaust. •Flow rates up to 100,000 SCFM for a single unit •100% Uptime Guarantee •99% Destruction Efficiency •24/7/365 Response Service Guarantee

EISENMANN Corporation

Green Vadose Zone Remediation VOS™ is a low-cost in situ bioremediation technology designed to mitigate groundwater impacts caused by residual contaminants in the unsaturated (vadose) zone. VOS™ uses green chemistry to help microbes breakdown contaminants in soil before they reach groundwater. Once injected, VOS™ creates a long-lasting treatment zone for rapid anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated solvents, nitrates, energetics and some metals.

EOS Remediation

(815) 455-4100 • [email protected]

Brad Elkins, Technical Representative • (919) 873-2204 [email protected] • www.eosremediation.com

www.EISENMANN.us.com

Experience You Can Rely On, Products You Can Trust™

Site-Specific In-Situ Remediation Treatment Programs

Gaussian Plume Air Dispersion Model

Geo-Cleanse International Inc.

AERMOD View is a comprehensive graphical interface for the U.S. EPA regulatory approved air dispersion model AERMOD. AERMOD View includes an extensive list of features such as AERMOD Parallel, meaning no add-ons are required. Latest proven features include creation of 1-hour SO2, 1-hour NO2, and 24-hour PM2.5 PLOTFILES which follow the latest NAAQS guidance, plus the options for adding background concentrations and displaying contributions by source groups.

Will Moody • (732) 970-6696 [email protected] • www.geocleanse.com

[email protected] • www.webLakes.com

Geo-Cleanse International Inc. is a full-service chemical remediation company that provides quality service and ensures the goals of our sitespecific treatment programs are achieved. Our experience, together with independently published results of our work, and a highly qualified staff of professionals, keeps Geo-Cleanse at the top of the industry.

Pollution Abatement Media Supplier Lantec Products is the world’s leading supplier of plastic, ceramic, and metal packings used in pollution treatment equipment for mass-transfer, heat-transfer, and biological support. We also offer free design assistance and technical support for wet scrubbers, degasifiers, air strippers, RTOs.

Lakes Environmental

Flexible Multilevel Monitoring Obtain discrete zone groundwater data using a Solinst CMT® Multilevel System. Inexpensive and easy to install, design flexibility allows port locations and monitoring strategy to be finalized right on site. Monitor up to 7 zones within one well; 3 in the 1.1-inch diameter system.

Solinst Canada Ltd. (905) 873-2255

Lantec Products Inc

[email protected]

(617) 302-3269 • www.lantecp.com

www.solinst.com

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

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LITERATURE&PRODUCTSHOWCASE Single System Controls: NOX at Low Temps, Particulate & Acid Gases Tri-Mer UltraTemp and UltraCat Catalyst Filter Systems remove PM, SO2, HCl, NOX, dioxins and mercury in one system; superior alternative to electrostatic precipitators. Typical results are below 0.001 grain/ dscf (2 mg.Nm3).

Tri-Mer Corporation

Safe Handling and Storage of Hazardous Materials U.S. Chemical Storage buildings are designed for safe handling and storage of hazardous materials. These buildings utilize steel grated flooring above a spill containment area. Customers may choose from a wide range of accessories to meet specific material handling needs.

U.S. Chemical Storage

Contact: Kevin Moss • (801) 294-5422 [email protected] • www.tri-mer.com

Classifieds

(800) 233-1480 • [email protected] www.uschemicalstorage.com

For classified advertising quotes and deadlines, contact Lydia Stewart at (248) 758-0137

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VISIT POLLUTIONENGINEERING.COM 38

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39

THE AIRMONITOR By Erin Manitou-Alvarez, MS and Alex Chamberlain

Clearing the Air on New GHG Standards The reporting period for the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program will last from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 2012. The reporting deadline is currently March 31. mplemented in 2009, EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) has led many businesses to ask more questions. Such as, who needs to report? What is reported? When does the reporting need to be completed? A range of industries are affected by the GHG regulations, including fossil fuel suppliers, landfills, pulp and paper, vehicle manufacturers, electricity generation and petroleum refineries. Facilities from affected industries emitting CO2, methane, N2O, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons or perfluorocarbons are required to assess their emissions sources and the total quantity released. Reporting requirements are triggered if a facility’s annual emissions exceed 25,000 metric tons of CO2

I

“

Reports with any calculation errors will be allowed 45 days to submit a corrected report.

”

equivalents (CO2e). Any facility using an All-in category source must complete a GHG report regardless of how much GHG is emitted. In addition, any site that uses stationary combustion units with an aggregated maximum rated heat input capacity that is equal to or greater than 30 mmBTU/hour is required to complete the report. The reporting period lasts from January 1 to December 31, with a reporting deadline of March 31. Facilities that submit reports with any calculation errors will be allowed 45 days to submit a corrected report. Those required to submit a GHGRP report will need to determine their facility’s total annual GHG emissions from each source category, excluding CO2 generated from biomass or biofuels. Facilities that do not meet the reporting threshold can choose to submit a voluntary report. Two new GHG standards – the Corporate Standard and the Product Life Cycle Standard – have been designed to assist facilities to voluntarily submit GHGRP reports. Under the Product Life Cycle Standard, businesses account for their emissions at each juncture of their product’s pre-processing, manufacture, storage, distribution, use and end-of-life stage. Businesses would identify hot spots in the product life cycle and concentrate their efforts to reduce GHG emissions in those spots.

40

Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012

As with mandatory GHG reporting, it is necessary to report the emission factors and Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) used. The Corporate Standard reports all GHG emissions related to a facility’s scope-3 emissions – GHGs that are released as a result of business operations, but do not occur at the facility. Emissions reports include activities such as the shipment of products with a third party hauler. When reporting corporate emissions, follow the principals of relevance, completeness, consistency, accuracy and transparency. Report all GHG emissions from each scope-3 activity, or have justification for any exclusion. As in mandatory GHG reporting, include GHG emissions from scope 1 and 2 activities, which are directly related to business and occur on site. Establish a base year for scope-3 reporting, and prepare descriptions of all such activities, including calculation methodologies, related emission factors and GWPs. Emission reduction targets can be selected and methods developed for measuring the goal. Some companies have utilized EMS software solutions that electronically store the necessary records and generate reports. For now, the reporting of GHGs based using the Corporate Standard or Product Life Cycle Standard is optional. However, such reporting may become a mandatory part of national GHG reporting in the future. Many large-scale businesses are adopting voluntary GHG reporting as part of their sustainability initiatives, and are already prepared in case these new standards become mandatory. GHG reports are now part of corporate sustainability efforts. A free guide for proper emissions reporting is available at http://bit.ly/vnw0QD. PE By Erin Manitou-Alvarez, MS & Alex Chamberlain • Erin Manitou-Alvarez, MS is an environmental project manager with ERA Environmental Consulting Inc., which has been providing environmental, health & safety management software for 15 years. She has five years of experience in environmental issues and has earned her Master’s in Environmental Science. Alex Chamberlain writes and develops content for ERA’s EHS blog at www. info.era-environmental.com and creates ERA’s free online guides about sustainable business practices and environmental reporting. Follow him on Twitter @AlexatERA to learn more about ERA’s environmental solutions. .

ADINDEX Pollution Engineering provides additional information from each of its advertisers. Visit www.pollutionengineering.com, then click on Buyers Guide and search by supplier. The buyers guide is an additional service provided by the magazine. The publisher assumes no liability for errors or omissions. ADVERTISER

PAGE #

ABUTEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 www.abutec.com Airgas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 www.airgas.com Air Liquide America Specialty Gases . . . . . . . . BC www.alspecialtygases.com

ADVERTISER

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GeoCleanse International Inc . . . . . . . . 25 www.geocleanse.com

For subscription information or service, please contact Customer Service at: Tel. (847) 763-9534 or Fax (847) 763-9538 or e-mail [email protected]

PUBLISHING & EDITORIAL STAFF Tom Esposito | Senior Group Publisher Sarah Harding | Publisher 216-991-4861 | [email protected]

HARWIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 www.harwil.com

Roy Bigham | Editor 248-244-6252 | [email protected]

Lakes Environmental. . . . . . IFC www.weblakes.com

Contributing Editors Erin Manitou-Alvarez, Lynn L. Bergeson, Esq., Neginmalek Davapanah, Barbara Quinn, Sarah Sajedi, Dr. Dianne Saxe, Norman Wei, Christopher Young

Christopher Lewis| Assistant Editor 248-244-6252 | [email protected]

Tammie Gizicki | Art Director [email protected]

BETE Fog Nozzle Inc . . . . . . . 9 www.bete.com

Lantec . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 www.lantecp.com

ClearSpan Fabric Structures . 15 www.clearspan.com/adple

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Dataforensics . . . . . . . . . 14 www.dataforensics.net/esdat.php

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John Talan | Production Manager 248-244-8253 | [email protected]

MARKETING/REPRINTS/RESEARCH Jill DeVries | Editorial Reprints 248-244-1726 | [email protected] Michele Raska | Marketing & Promotions Manager 248-786-1694 | [email protected] Michelle Maki | Project Manager [email protected]

ADVERTISING & SALES STAFF Larry Maher | Midwest/West Coast Sales Manager 630-616-7271 | [email protected]

Durr Systems Inc . . . . . . . . 16 www.durr.com

Tri-Mer Corporation . . . . . .IBC www.tri-mer.com

Lori Koning | East Coast Sales 814-833-9303 | [email protected]

EISENMANN. . . . . . . . . . . 21 www.eisenmann.us.com

U.S. Chemical Storage LLC . . . . . . . . . . 15 www.uschemicalstorage.com

Kevin Collopy | Postal Contact 800-223-2194 x 684| [email protected]

EUEC (C Trade) . . . . . . . . 24 www.euec.com

WQA Aquatech USA . . . . . . 26 www.wqa-aquatech.com

EOS Remediation . . . . . . . 18 www.eosremediation.com

Lydia Stewart | Inside Sales Manager and Classified Sales 248-758-0137 | [email protected]

LIST RENTAL

Michael Costantino|Email contact 800-223-2194 x 748 |[email protected] Direct line: (800) 223-2194 Fax: (845) 620-9035 Web: www.edithroman.com

AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Lauren Dissmore | Audience Development Coordinator Alison Illes | Multimedia Specialist Catherine M. Ronan | Corporate Audience Audit Manager

CORPORATE DIRECTORS

PE POLLUTION ENGINEERING (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2012, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PE POLLUTION ENGINEERING, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PE POLLUTION ENGINEERING, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected]

John R. Schrei – Publishing Rita M. Foumia – Corporate Strategy Scott Krywko – Information Technology Vincent M. Miconi – Production Lisa L. Paulus – Finance Michael T. Powell – Creative Nikki Smith – Directories Marlene J. Witthoft – Human Resources Scott Wolters – Events Beth A. Suroweic – Clear Seas Research

BNP Media Helps People Succeed in Business with Superior Information

JANUARY2012 www.pollutionengineering.com

41

StateRules

brought to you by

8 5 4

6

2 1

7 3

1

AZ – RISING WASTE FEES Waste fees will increase in 2012, according to the

4

MI – STATES ASK FOR UTILITY MACT DELAY

cally focus on the use of directional and horizontal drilling, as well as hydraulic fracturing.

state DEQ. Neither the state’s Hazardous Waste Program

Recently, the attorneys general of 23 states, including

nor Solid Waste Program currently generates sufficient

Michigan, as well as the attorney general of Guam, pre-

revenue to support the costs of their operations. In the past,

sented amici curiae briefs to the U.S. Appeals Court for

these programs were subsidized by other funding sources,

the District of Columbia. The attorney generals requested

The TCEQ’s Drinking Water Advisory Work Group is currently

which are no longer available to supplement the difference

that the EPA receive more time, preferably an additional

holding stakeholder meetings to discuss proposed revi-

between program revenue and program costs.

year, before it issues its final maximum achievable con-

sions to 30 TAC 290, a bill focused on rainwater harvesting,

trol technology standard for coal- and oil-fired electric

which was passed by the 82nd Legislative Session. The

power plants (utility MACT). According to the attorneys

legislature has passed bills that will allow water, which is

general, the EPA will need more time to consider the full

collected by a rainwater harvest system that is connected

extent of the utility MACT’s impact.

to a public water system, and has proper backflow preven-

2

CA – CPSC TO BAN CADMIUM IN TOYS

By a vote of 3 to 2, the Consumer Product Safety

jewelry containing more than a trace amount of cadmium

5

NY – SUPERFUND SITE DELISTED The EPA has recently removed a Pasley Solvents

be declared a banned hazardous substance. CPSC said it

and Chemicals site, located in Hempstead, from the

would draft a ban proposal unless a voluntary standard is

Superfund National Priorities List of the nation’s most

published by ASTM International by Dec. 16, 2011.

hazardous waste sites. The removal occurred as a result of a successful cleanup of contaminated ground water

3

FL – LAB RULES UPDATED

and soil. The site no longer poses a threat to public

The state DEP administers quality assurance regula-

health or to the environment.

tions for laboratories that generate environmental data that is submitted for regulated activities. The DEP plans to revise rule 62-160 F.A.C. and other related documents, including

6

NC – EXPLORING SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT

DEP Standard Operating Procedures for Field Activities

In response to Session Law 2011-276, which was passed

(DEP-SOP-001/01), DEP Standard Operating Procedures

earlier this year in the General Assembly, the DENR has

for Laboratory Activities (DEP-SOP-002/01), DEP Process for

developed a plan to study the potential environmental and

Assessing Data Usability (DEP-EA-001/07), and New and

economical impacts of shale gas exploration and develop-

Alternative Analytical Laboratory Methods (DEP-QA-001/01).

ment in the state. The department was ordered to specifi-

42 PLE01094Airg.indd Pollution Engineering JANUARY2012 1

TX – TCEQ EXPLORING RAINWATER HARVESTING

tion, to be used for indoor potable purposes.

Commission (CPSC) granted a petition from environmental and consumer advocacy groups, which asked that children’s

7

8

WA – REVOLVING FUND GOES GREEN

The state Department of Ecology (Ecology) recently adopted changes to amend Chapter 173-98 WAC in order to establish funding categories, ceiling amounts, and project eligibility for Green Project Reserves projects and forgivable-principal loans. The Green Project Reserve refers to energy-efficient or water-efficient projects that either involve green infrastructure, or are environmentally innovative; meanwhile, forgivable-principal loans do not have to be paid back. This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

12/10/08 2:54:47 PM

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