Pollution Engineering April 2011

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE CONFERENCE BROCHURE INSIDE! May 16-19, 2011 Chicag...

Author: Roy Bigham

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POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

CONFERENCE

BROCHURE INSIDE! May 16-19, 2011 Chicago, IL Flip to Pages 27-34 to Check it Out!

APRIL 2011

Dredging the Ottawa Pg 24 Why Manage Data Pg 35 From Brownﬁeld to Park Pg 38 LIF Aids Pg 40 www.pollutionengineering.com

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INSIDE

APRIL 2011

VOLUME 43

NO. 4

COLUMNS The Editor’s Desk

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 While nanotechnology is a word we hear more often, how clear are we on what it actually means? By Roy Bigham

Legal Lookout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Federal agencies must review their regulations to weed out those that stifle economic growth. That may be an impossible task. By Lynn L. Bergeson

Practical Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 For some projects, it is imperative that more criteria be applied than just the bidder’s bottom line. By Norman Wei

Air Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 What is REACH? Why was it created and what is the implementation time table? By Sarah Sajedi and Neginmalek (Nicky) Davarpanah (M. Eng.)

Environmental Show Planner . . . . . . . . . . 15 Two big events are coming in May that should be considered by serious environmental professionals. By Roy Bigham

16

State Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Environmental Rules change daily. BLR brings a few of the latest changes needed to stay in compliance. By BLR

FEATURES Oil Slick Contained and Destroyed . . . .

16

Recent oil spills have warned us that changes in procedures are needed. New technology could help avoid a lot of damage.

Dredging the Ottawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

Real-time turbidity-monitoring buoys ensure safe dredging in and around the areas of concern.

32

The Advantages of Proper Data Management . . . . . . . . . . .

35

With more and greater requirements, companies are again investing heavily in data management software and systems, but selecting a system isn’t as easy as R.O.I.

Band of Cleanup Brothers. . . . . . . . . . . .

38

Combining chemical and biological in-situ cleanup technologies can be an effective remediation approach.

Shining a Light on Contamination . . . . .

38

40

LIF is a little known technology that can accurately detect subsurface contamination.

Member

May 16-19, 2011

Subscribe to Pollution Engineering and our electronic newsletters at www.pollutionengineering.com.

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INSIDE www.pollutionengineering.com

DEPARTMENTS EnviroNews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 PE Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Remeditaion Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Classified Marketplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Advertisers Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

POLLUTION CONTROL SOLUTIONS FOR AIR, WATER, SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE

CONFERENCE BROCHURE INSIDE!

May 16-19, 2011 Chicago, IL Flip to Pages 27-34 to Check it Out!

APRIL 2011

ON THE COVER Designed by PE's Art Director Tammie Gizicki.

Dredging the Ottawa Pg 24

Why Manage Data Pg 35

From Brownﬁeld to Park Pg 38

LIF Aids Pg 41 www.pollutionengineering.com

A fireproof floating oil boom is tested to withstand the elements. Photo courtesy of Spill-Tain Div., MCD Technologies Inc.

ON THE WEB When contamination seeps into the soil and rock below the ground surface, it can be difficult to locate and treat. Hydraulic fracturing of the geology can help but it must be properly controlled. Frac Rite Environmental Ltd. can perform such tasks. Their white paper describes a difficult project the company worked on for F.E. Warren AFB at a former missile site in Colorado. The abstract is described on page 43 and the entire paper can be read or downloaded from the White Paper section on Pollution Engineering's website.

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EDITOR'SDESK The Little Details While nanotechnology is a word we hear more often, how clear are we on what it actually means?

N

anotechnology literally means the study of materials that are less than 100 nanometers in thickness. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter. Place 100,000 one-nanometer particles next to each other and it is still smaller than a strand of human hair. Science is finding that the properties of materials change with size. For example, the melting point for gold is 1,947°F. That changes to 1,562°F if the particles are about 4 nm. So why is this important? Well, since the melting point is lowered, that also means the band gap, or the energy required to move an electron from a valence band to a conductance band, is lower. That could mean that computers could run faster while consuming less energy. I recall in the 1960s that everything became miniaturized. Radios shrunk from large boxes that took up most of a shelf to a portable box that could be carried in a shirt pocket. Transistor technology was quickly used to make so many things smaller and more convenient. Batteries were consumed in great quantities but they were cheap and disposable, or so we thought. Nanotechnology could make huge leaps in making things even smaller. Perhaps there is reason not to get too carried away. I mentioned battery consumption and how we considered them disposable. At the time, we were unaware of the potential damage that could be caused from carelessly tossing them into the trash. Groups around the world are proclaiming that damage could result from hurrying into the world of nanotechnology too hastily.

To that end, EPA has moved to support three consortia as they progress in unique research on nanotechnology projects. The agency has awarded $5.5 million for their work. Their goal is to have science determine whether there are any risks from the application of these particles. Will they leach from products such as fabrics, paint or plastics during their use or disposal? Will the particles change over time and per-

“

Science is finding that the properties of materials change with size.

haps interact with other natural elements? Could the particles become or form materials that could be toxic to humans or the environment in any way? Other government departments and the United Kingdom have joined in efforts to fund this research. EPA established a special website to follow their programs at www.epa.gov/nanoscience. Who knows, maybe we will finally find out if size really does matter. PE

”

Roy Bigham is Editor of Pollution Engineering. He can be contacted at [email protected]

Pollution Engineering Masthead 2401 West Big Beaver, Ste. 700, Troy, Michigan 48084 | Phone: (248) 362-3700 | www.pollutionengineering.com PUBLISHING & EDITORIAL STAFF Tom Esposito | Senior Group Publisher Doug Glenn | Group Publisher 412-306-4351 | [email protected] Seth Fisher | Publisher 248-244-6248 | [email protected] Roy Bigham | Editor 248-244-6252 | [email protected] Contributing Editors Erin Manitou-Alvarez Lynn L. Bergeson, Esq., Neginmalek Davapanah Barbara Quinn

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CORPORATE DIRECTORS Timothy A. Fausch - Publishing John R. Schrei – Publishing Rita M. Foumia – Corporate Strategy Vince M. Miconi – Production Lisa L. Paulus – Finance Michael T. Powell – Creative Holly Banks – Marketing Directories Nikki Smith - Directories Marlene J. Witthoft - Human Resources: Emily Patten – Conferences & Events Beth A. Suroweic – Clear Seas Research

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APRIL2011

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7

ENVIRONEWS EPA Proposes Additional Drinking Water Monitoring The agency is adding 30 additional chemicals and viruses to be monitored in drinking water. As part of its commitment to implement sensible protections of drinking water for communities across the country, and as required by the Safe Drinking Water Act, the EPA is proposing 30 currently unregulated contaminants for monitoring in water systems, and submitting this proposal for public comment. “Ensuring clean and safe drinking water for all Americans is a top priority for EPA,” said Nancy Stoner, acting assistant administrator for EPA’s Office of Water. Under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act, the EPA currently regulates more than 90 contaminants in drinking water. To keep drinking water standards up-to-date with emerging science, the Act requires that the agency identify up to 30 unregulated contaminants for monitoring every five years. This current proposal is the third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation and includes requirements to monitor for two viruses and 28 chemical contaminants that could be present in drinking water and do not currently have health-based standards. The EPA is requesting public comment on the proposed list of 30 contaminants until May 2, 2011. Following the public comment period,the EPA will consider this important input before the list is scheduled to be finalized in 2012, with sampling to be conducted from 2013 to 2015. Sampling will take place at all systems serving more than 10,000 people and at a representative sampling of systems serving less than 10,000 people.

Final Boiler MACT, For Now

Correction The first paragraph of the article on page 16 in the February 2011 issue does not belong. The paragraph has been removed in the online versions of the article on our website.

8

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

The EPA has established four new standards under the Clean Air Act (CAA) for boilers and incinerators to comply with court orders. The new rules will impact large boiler systems, small area boiler system, solid waste incinerators and sewerage incinerators. On Feb. 23, 2011, the EPA released its long-expected standards for boilers and incinerators. The agency was under a federal court order to produce the regulation on time, and was denied a request to delay the standards until 2012. The agency had hoped to delay the release in order to re-propose new rules and have a chance for more public input. Emission reductions will be required for mercury and soot, but the agency said the cost of implementation for businesses will be only about half of that from its April 2010 proposal. The lower costs were mostly because the agency decided that unless coal was the fuel source, the emissions were not so high. If a boiler burns natural gas or a similar clean fuel, the requirements are basically an annual tune up but if coal is burned, there will be additional requirements. Solid waste and sewerage sludge incinerators will also have additional monitoring requirements. The agency received more than 4,800 comments from businesses and communities across the country in response to the proposed rules. Public input included a significant amount of information that industry had not provided prior to the proposal. Because the final standards significantly differ from the proposals, the agency said it still believes further public review is required. The EPA is thus planning to reconsider the final standards in the near future and provide additional opportunity for public comment. Links to each of the new rules and additional information can be found at www.epa. gov/airquality/combustion/actions.html.

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LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

Are Executive Orders Effective? Federal agencies must review their regulations to weed out those that stiﬂe economic growth. That may be an impossible task. n Jan. 18, 2011, President Obama issued an Executive Order (EO) requiring federal agencies to review and revise existing federal regulations that are believed to hinder economic growth. To maximize the impact of the EO’s issuance, the Administration took the somewhat unusual step of issuing, on the same day, an editorial penned by Mr. Obama in the Wall Street Journal. In the editorial, the President renewed his commitment to jobs and economic growth and vowed to limit regulations that impede either. So far, so good. The question remains, however, will the EO do anything?

O

Regulatory reform The Obama EO reaffirms an EO President Clinton issued in 1993, namely EO 12866. The Clinton EO, Regulatory Planning and Review, was intended to make the regulatory process transparent and ensure integrity and legitimacy. A basic tenant of EO 12866 was that

10

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

regulatory initiatives must be cost-effective and mindful of the regulation’s impact. Federal agencies had to better coordinate regulations and provide more opportunities for public participation in the rulemaking process. Obama’s EO largely restates the requirements of EO 12866. It requires federal agencies to review existing regulations to determine which could be eliminated or revised to spur economic growth. The EO requires federal agencies to promote “coordination, simplification, and harmonization” of regulations through better cross-department coordination. Federal agencies are to submit to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), which is part of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), a plan within 120 days to periodically review existing regulations to determine whether they should be modified, streamlined, expanded or repealed. Agencies are required to identify rules that may be “outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or excessively burdensome.”

LEGALLOOKOUT By Lynn L. Bergeson

The order also encourages agencies to specify performance objectives, providing industry greater flexibility. It encourages agencies to consider alternatives to direct regulation, such as economic incentives, whenever feasible.

Will the EO do anything? The new EO contains comforting language, but difficult to implement provisions. For example, the order states that federal agencies should review and adjust regulations that they are now enforcing. It is unclear, however, against what standard federal agencies are to revisit these requirements, many of which were required to be implemented under court order or because federal laws dictated they be implemented. Given the current push to reduce the federal budget, agencies are being asked to undertake this review while challenged to do more with less. Soliciting the views of the regulated community in advance of a proposed rulemaking is costly and not free of consequence. If, for example, regulatory provisions are required by law or court order, some speculate that seeking public views before issuing a proposed rulemaking might invite legal consequences under the Administrative Procedure Act, as all comments must be reviewed and considered

in the rulemaking record. In short, while the order sounds good, some of the provisions are challenging to implement even if the federal government had all the resources in the world, which it does not. Stakeholders generally can get behind an EO that embraces the inherent value of rules that protect human health, welfare and safety, but do so in a way that, to quote the EO, promotes “economic growth, innovation, competitiveness, and job creation.” The tricky part is finding a balance. Time will be the best judge of whether the EO is a meaningful addition to the President’s arsenal of tools to rein in regulatory excess or rhetoric. Presently, however, the EO falls short on substance. PE

Lynn L. Bergeson is managing director of Bergeson & Campbell, P.C., a Washington, D.C., law firm focusing on conventional and engineered nanoscale chemical, pesticide, and other specialty chemical product approval and regulation, environmental health and safety law, chemical product litigation, and associated business issues, and President of The Acta Group L.L.C. and The Acta Group EU Ltd. with offices in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, U.K.

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11

PRACTICALMANAGEMENT By Norman Wei

Beyond the Bottom Line For some projects, it is imperative that more criteria be applied than just the bidder’s bottom line. n 2007, a major hydroelectric power plant needed contractors to paint a portion of its 4,300-ft penstock, a huge water pipeline that connects water from the upper part of a reservoir to the lower part in order to drive turbine generators. The portion of the penstock needing paint was more than 1,000 feet from the entrance, which also happened to be the only point of egress. The work site required a confined-space permit under OSHA standards.

I

“

This contractor was selected solely because it was the lowest bidder.

”

The company received several bids from painting contractors. It also retained the service of a consulting firm to help evaluate the bids. The lowest bidder was a contractor that had a history of OSHA violations, some involving fatalities. The company and its consultant determined the lowest bidder had the worst safety rating among the bidders. But this contractor was selected solely because it was the lowest bidder and was within the company’s budget limit. According to a government investigator, the painting contractor began work on re-coating a 1,530-ft steel portion of the 4,300-ft penstock. It stored two 55-gallon drums of a highly flammable solvent (methyl ethyl ketone) in the vicinity of the paintspraying machine to clean the paint spraying wands. On a fateful day, a flash fire erupted as vapor from the solvent ignited. The fire quickly spread to nearby solvent buckets and other combustible epoxy materials. Five of the low bidder’s painters were trapped between the fire and a steep 55-degree slope inside the penstock with no possible way out. They died of asphyxiation about 45 minutes after the fire began. Subsequent investigations by the Chemical Safety Board – a body created under the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act – concluded that the low bidder was unqualified to carry out the confined-space job and that the power plant had failed to ensure proper safety measures and

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Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

training. The contractor never implemented a confined space entry program. There were no fire distinguishers within 50 feet of the workstation. Poor or absent planning doomed the workers. OSHA fined the power company $190,000 for failing to protect its own workers and for failing to arrange for rescues of the workers. The contractor was fined $845,100 for bringing unsafe electrical equipment into the penstock and failing to provide adequate ventilation and failing to provide an emergency response for the accident. Additionally, the company, the contractor, and two senior executives were subsequently indicted by a federal grand jury in August 2009 for failure to implement a confined-space program, among many other criminal charges. Criminal trial is set for 2011. The Department of Justice charged the contractor “knowingly altered, destroyed, concealed, and covered-up records, documents, and tangible objects” in obstructing justice. Cameras, journals and cell phones belonging to some of the expired employees were tampered with, according to the indictment. The fact that a contractor with a safety rating of zero and a checkered past was hired solely based on cost is a sad commentary on the purchasing policy of any company.

“

Criminal trial is set for 2011.

”

What is the lesson learned here? If a budget is set so low that no qualified contractors can qualify, the solution is not to hire an unqualified contractor. Either increase the budget or reduce the scope of work. PE

Norman Wei Norman Wei is the founder and principal instructor at Environmental Management and Training LLC. based in Cape Coral, Fla. He does consulting work for companies and also conducts environmental seminars throughout the country. His company website is www. proactenv.com and he writes a blog at www.normanswei.wordpress.com. His email address is [email protected].

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THE AIRMONITOR By Sarah Sajedi and Neginmalek (Nicky) Davarpanah (M. Eng.)

Euro Chemical Controls What is REACH? Why was it created and what is the implementation time table? EACH is a single regulatory system for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals created to alleviate problems with the pre-existing legislation. REACH was created to guarantee a high level of chemical safety and a competitive chemical industry. The regulations were finally adopted by E.U. member states in December 2006 and the new law was implemented June 1, 2007.

R

Brief Overview of Existing and New Substance Data Sharing: Potential Registrant

Existing Substance

New Substance

Pre registration

Previously Registered

June 1- Dec 1

SIEF

Lead Registrant

Yes

No

< 12 Years

> 12 Years

Data Sharing

Permission to refer to study summaries

Registration

The goal is to improve the protection of human health and the environment by making the chemical industry responsible for managing chemical risks and providing public safety information, while improving the capability and competitiveness of the E.U. chemicals industry. Industries are obliged to inform consumers about the presence of the most hazardous substances in their products. Those chemicals will then be phased out or replaced with safer ones. Manufacturing or importing a non-registered substance to the E.U. is illegal under REACH and all chemicals manufactured or imported to Europe weighting over one ton per year will need to be registered with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Created in 2007 in Helsinki, Finland, the ECHA has the responsibility to manage the registration process and carry out dossier evaluations to, in a way, guarantee the E.U.’s consistency of different chemical substances.

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Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

Another of the ECHA’s important tasks is to reduce animal testing by assessing and approving testing proposals. In order to reduce testing on animals and to reduce costs to industry, potential registrants of phase-in substances are required to pre-register their substances. Pre-registered chemicals are chemicals that were initially submitted during a preliminary period between the June 1 and Dec. 1, 2008. On Jan. 1, 2009, a list of pre-registered substances was published on ECHA’s website. The list included: • EINECS number, CAS number and substance names • Substance identification of the similar substances (if applicable) • The first anticipated registration deadline As of Dec. 1, 2008, there were 143,000 chemicals preregistered with ECHA. The best way for manufacturers and importers to prepare the registration reports is sharing exposure data for these dangerous substances. Therefore, the Substance Information Exchange Forum (SIEF) was established to help registrants of phase-in substances to find other registrants who intend to register the same substance, and to get an outline of the available studies (pre-registration) including animal test data. They also should agree on the generation of new test data, prior to any testing beginning. This should eliminate any unnecessary testing. For each SIEF there is a mandatory requirement of a Lead Registrant (LR). The company that submits registration information to the agency on behalf of other members of a joint registration is the LR. The LR tends to be the one most involved with the substances. They usually produce the highest tonnage or hold most of the data. The LR submits the joint submission dossier for a given substance. After the data is submitted, the other members of the joint registration can submit any remaining information individually. PE By Sarah Sajedi & Neginmalek (Nicky) Davarpanah (M. Eng.) Sarah Sajedi is the Director of Research and Development and Erin Manitou-Alvarez, M.S., is the Environmental Project Manager for ERA Environmental Consulting Inc., which has been providing environmental, health & safety management software for over 15 years.com.

ENVIRONMENTAL SHOW PLANNER PE Events Coming in May MAY 2011 2-5

ESTECH 2011, Schaumburg, Ill.,

2-5

International Biomass Conference & Expo, St. Louis,

Two big events are coming in May that should be considered by serious environmental professionals.

www.iest.org

www.biomassconference.com

5-7

IFAT China + EPTEE + CWS, Shanghai, www.ifat-china.com

10-12 Activated Sludge Process Control, Las

Vegas, www.tetratechrtw.com/training 10-12 13th Annual Electric Power Conference

& Exhibition, Rosemont, Ill.,

www.electricpowerexpo.com

16-19 RemTEC Summit 2011, Chicago, www.remtecsummit.com

17-19 56th Appalachian Underground

Corrosion Short Course, Morgantown, W.V., www.aucsc.com/index.htm 17-20 The Environmental Sampling Field

Course, Las Cruces, N.M., www.envirofieldschool.com

22-25 Windpower 2011 Conference and

Exhibition, Anaheim, Calif., www.awea.org/events

31-06 WasteTech 2011, Moscow, www.sibico.com/wt2005i

JUNE 2011 6-8

Sensors Expo, Rosemont, Ill., www.sensorsmag.com/sensorsexpo

6-10

19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Berlin, www.conference-

6-10

16th Annual Contaminated and Hazardous Waste Site Management Course, Toronto, Ontario, www.con-

biomass.com

taminatedsite.com

7-10

China International Environmental Protection Exhibition and Conference, Beijing, www.brisea.com

12-16 AWWA Annual Conference and

Exposition 2011, Washington, D.C., www.awwa.org/ace11

21-23 15th Green Chemistry & Engineering

Conference, Washington, D.C., http:// acswebcontent.acs.org/gcande 21-24 A&WMA 104th Annual Conference &

Exhibition, Orlando, Fla., www.awma.org 22-24 Clean Energy Expo China, Beijing, www.cleanenergyexpochina.com

27-30 Bioremediation and Sustainable

Environmental Technologies, Reno Nevada, www.battelle.org 27-30 International Fuel Ethanol Workshop &

Expo, Indianapolis, www.fuelethanolworkshop.com

The RemTEC Summit Coming May 16 through 19 to the Chicago area is the second RemTEC Summit. After rave reviews from people that attended the first gathering in 2009 in Atlanta, the Georgia Institute of Technology has again teamed up with Pollution Engineering to bring the event back. Use a smartphone to conThe purpose of this event is to discuss the newest technologies in the nect to the remediation industry with the professional environmental community. RemTEC Summit home page. Industry leaders from government, the military and industry will be there to present their observations and experiences. The presentation time is expanded and, more importantly, the question and answer sessions are longer than normal to allow attendees to get the answers needed. Additionally, the speakers will also be around after their session to share with people on a one-on-one opportunity. A complete, up-to-date list of sessions is available on the website. The agenda lists the name of each module along with a complete description of the topic. The list of speakers represents a range of sources from industry and academia. Registration will open at 4:00 PM on Monday. The sessions will begin at 8:00 AM Monday and run through noon on Thursday. The conference takes place at the Westin Chicago North Shore hotel. A reduced room rate of $149 per night is available for those making arrangements before April 25. Just call the hotel directly at (847) 777-6500 and mention the RemTEC Summit to qualify. Another feature of this event is the student poster sessions. College students from universities across North America have planned presentations on work they are doing. It is truly amazing to see the efforts and insights these young people have contributed. Make sure to visit www.remtecsummit.com for much more information.

IFAT China IFAT CHINA + EPTEE + CWS is Asia’s most comprehensive trade show for the water, sewage treatment, waste disposal and recycling, air-pollution control, environmental technology, and renewable energies. The event is designed to provide a first-class business and Use a smartphone to connetworking platform for Chinese and international trade profesnect to the IFAT sionals. In 2010, IFAT CHINA + EPTEE + CWS attracted a total of China home page. 839 exhibitors from 26 countries and over 22,000 visitors from 84 countries. This year’s fair takes place from Thursday, 5 May to Saturday, 7 May at the Shanghai New International Expo Centre in China. Environmental stewardship is a top priority in Asia. With more than 22,000 visitors and nearly 1,000 exhibitors expected to attend this event, there is plenty of opportunity to network and grow. Many innovative technologies will be on display with experts from all around the globe available to explain and answer questions. The sponsors are the same ones that put on the world’s largest water event, IFAT Entsorga, which is held every other year in Munich. Much more information about the IFAT China is available on the website, www.ifatchina.com. Find additional information there on what companies are exhibiting. There is ample information on how to get around Shanghai or what hotels are available. For anyone that is involved in international environmental control, this is a must attend event. PE

Visit the Calendar of Events at www.pollutionengineering.com for additional information. APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

15

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED Recent oil spills have warned us that changes in procedures are needed. New technology could help avoid a lot of damage. By RICHARD E. MAGOON and KARIN M. BOLLAND

S

o long as civilization runs on liquid fossil fuels, oil spills will happen. Recent disasters and subsequent cleanups were the foci of enormous public and industry attention in 2010. For more than six months the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the largest accidental marine oil spill in history, captured the world’s attention. As a result, government, the public and the petroleum industry are once again focused on preparing for future accidents. Among the planned response technologies to a spill such as that in the gulf is the use of large “fire booms,” which are exactly what they sound like: long, snake16

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

like floating booms that contain oil while it is burned off. The technology has been recognized in the United States since the 1990s as a viable and valuable oil spill response tool. Before then, regulatory and operational knowledge barriers made insitu burning of marine oil spills extremely infrequent, difficult and costly. To remedy this problem, the U.S. Coast Guard R. & D. Center, the Minerals Management Service and the Canadian Coast Guard conducted a joint project to evaluate fire-resistant booms in terms of their oil containment and sea-keeping abilities, and their ability to withstand multiple burn exposures.[2] Manufacturers that developed the booms for the tests believed the products would be

mandated by legislation as a control for oil spills on water. That did not happen; when the Gulf spill took place, supplies were so inadequate that the first booms deployed were shipped from Illinois days after the first oil hit the surface.

In-situ burning’s test phase In-situ burning of spilled oil has recognized advantages in remediating oil spills. It rapidly converts large amounts of oil to its primary combustion products, CO2 and water, as well as some smoke particulates and other unburned and residual byproducts. Requiring minimal equipment, it demands less labor than other techniques. It can be used in areas where

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED

Figure 1: The schematic diagram above provides both top and front views of the boom and illustrates how relative motion is achieved between adjacent hinged panels.

In 1996, Spill-Tain set the Ohmsett critical tow speed record at six knots, which was the bridge’s top speed. Copyright Spill-Tain Div., MCD Technologies Inc.

other methods are inappropriate due to lack of a response infrastructure and/or other factors. Last, but not least, by burning the oil, the need for physical collection, storage and transport of recovered fluids is reduced to a small percentage of the original spill volume.[2] Oil spills on water naturally spread to a thickness where the oil cannot be ignited or burning sustained. Oil is collected from the spill by a fire boom towed in a horseshoe or catenary shape between two ves-

sels. Once sufficient oil has been collected from the spill, it is towed to a safe distance and burned while continuing to be towed. Towing maintains the oil in the apex of the boom and at a sufficient thickness to support combustion until nearly all of the oil is consumed. If the boom is capable of withstanding repeated fire exposures while collecting and containing the oil, the process of collecting and burning can be repeated. In order to ensure success and safety, careful design and execution of fire boom testing was needed. In addition to collecting and containing oil at least as well as a standard boom, fire booms also had to perform and survive in temperatures of up to 2,400°F, contain the burning oil for three hour-long burns, maintain a postburn positive freeboard, and maintain a post-burn buoyancy to weight ratio of at least 1.5:1. Using these criteria, the joint project called for pre-burn and post-burn tow tests to be carried out at Ohmsett, the National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in Leonardo, N. J. Burn tests were conducted at the U.S. Coast Guard Fire and Safety Test Detachment on Little Sand Island in Mobile Bay, Ala. Originally planned as a two-year project, it was extended by a year to enable a second series of three one-hour burn tests. The final schedule was: 1996 tow tests, 1997 burn series, 1998 burn series and 1998 tow tests.

Six trials by fire Presented here are information and test results for one of the three fire booms that successfully completed the tests. Designed to handle burning oil, the external tension line boom uses thin stainless steel sheet metal for the boom body. Its foam glass flotation is encased in stainless steel, which is configured to permit water entry. During burns, the Table 1: Spill-Tain Fireproof Boom Specifications

Model Off-Shore 47-119 Freeboard 23.5 in / 59.7 cm Draft 23.5 in / 59.7 cm Weight 19.4 lb/LF / 28.9 kg/m Burns & 1998 Tows: 3

Test Section each 15 ft / 4.6 m (1996 Length Tow: 6 each 15 ft / 4.6 m) Buoyancy / Wt 2.75:1 ratio Material 316L Stainless steel Tension Member SS cable End connector Bolt Reserve 44.9 lbs/ft / 66.9 kg/m buoyancy Disconnect sections, fold,

Storage Method & palletize

Foam glass enclosed

Floatation in SS chamber

APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

17

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED

water is converted to steam, thus cooling the foam glass to well below its melting point. Able to survive repeated burns and remain seaworthy, once the boom is no longer repairable, it may be recycled. Storage life is 50 years. Due to its design using geometricshaped panels (parallelograms and rectangles, separated by trapezoids) and integrally formed piano hinges, the boom is flexible enough to follow wave action. It floats in an upright position because of alternating attached outrigger floats. Connecting plates with thumbscrews and accompanying nut plates join boom sections to one another. Shackles connect cable eyes at each section end. The schematic diagram in Figure 1 provides top and front views of the boom and illustrates how relative motion is achieved between adjacent hinged panels. Table 1 provides specifications.

Ready to ship boom materials to Ohmsett in 1996. Copyright Spill-Tain Div., MCD Technologies Inc.

Burn tests Four types of measurements were made in conjunction with burn tests: atmospheric, to characterize the meteorological conditions during the tests; heat flux, taken near the boom to quantify total heat flux from the fire to the boom; temperature, taken with thermocouples

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18

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

located adjacent to the heat flux gauges; and wave height, made to characterize the wave conditions to which the boom was subjected. Because the burn tank was small, all booms were configured in a circle. The average inside diameter of the boom was 12 feet. All booms were anchored to restraining posts to keep them in the prescribed area.[4] Fuel for a five-minute burn was added to the contained area via an underwater supply line. After checking for leaks, the fuel was ignited. When the fire had spread to cover the entire enclosed area, the fuel flow was begun at a rate equal to the calculated burning rate. The wave maker was also started. After 55 minutes, the fuel was stopped and the fire allowed to extinguish. After the first and second burn, the wave maker continued to operate for an hour after the fire had ended, causing the boom to cool down while flexing. Then the waves were

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED

Sixth and final hour-long burn for the Spill-Tain Fireproof Boom, 1998 Mobile, Ala. Copyright Spill-Tain Div., MCD Technologies Inc.

stopped and the entire procedure repeated. At the end of the third burn, the wave maker stopped and the boom and tank area were allowed to cool. The boom freeboard was measured, after which the boom was removed from the tank. In the second series of burns, it was reported that 664 gallons of fuel were consumed in each burn, with each burn lasting between 59 and 60 minutes. Ambient temperatures during the burns ranged from 79° to 89°F, the wind speed varied between 0 and 10 mph, and the wind direction was extremely variable.[3]Water surface temperatures for the second series were measured at 81°F, 85.3°F and 90.3°F respectively for the three burns. No heat flux or temperature measurements during burns were reported. In the 1998 burn tests[4] two interesting observations were made concerning all of the booms tested during the two-year series: 1. Burns were enormously impacted by wind direction and speed. With low wind speed, flames and smoke tended to rise vertically, causing a substantially equal thermal exposure to the boom circle. With higher wind speeds, thermal exposure focused on that quarter of the boom circle that was in the downwind direction. 2. Burning occurred outside of all booms during all of the tests, as the result of small amounts of oil being carried over the boom by the fire and wind. This occurred only on the downwind side of the boom, even when wind direction was opposite to wave travel. As evidenced by the fact that it occurred early in burns, in spite of no oil observed to be leaking from the boom during the initial fueling, the lead tester concluded that it was not caused by oil leaking from the boom. Before observing burning outside the booms, oil on the water surface was observed within 3 to 6 feet of the boom on the downwind side. Flames would heat the oil outside the boom, causing visible vapor emission and subsequent ignition. After burning briefly, the fire outside the boom would self-extinguish. This sequence was observed periodically during the burns. APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

19

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED Post-burn tows

Ready to be packed and shipped to Ohmsett after 1998 burn tests in Mobile, Ala. Copyright Spill-Tain Div., MCD Technologies Inc.

20

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

Only the burn-tested booms were used during post-burn tests. Its ends were attached to an Ohmsett boom so that it could be towed in a catenary configuration, with the burn-tested boom at the apex.[3] The three segments comprising the burn tested boom had been used in all six burn tests. The Ohmsett tests measured the oil collection/containment performance and ease of handling the booms, as well as their usability, durability and sea-keeping ability when subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions. Test methods measured the following performance characteristics:[2,3] 1. Boom oil capacity versus relative tow speed, to determine the minimum volume of oil necessary for a boom to display oil loss by entrainment (oil escaping under the boom); 2. Tow speed (relative current speed) at which the boom first loses oil, in calm

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED

Table 2: First Loss Tow Speeds at Preload Volumes[2,3]

Preload Vol., gl / l

60 / 227

120 / 454

180 / 681

240 / 908

300 1336

360 / 1363

Pre-Burn Tow Speed, Kts

Not done

0.85

0.7

0.85

0.85

0.95

Post-Burn Tow Speed, Kts

1

0.95

0.9

0.9

0.85

0.9

water and in various wave conditions; 3. Tow speed (relative current speed) at which the boom reaches a gross oil loss condition (in calm water and in various wave conditions), gross being defined as the speed at which massive continual oil loss is observed escaping from the boom; 4. The oil loss rate as a function of tow speed, determined by towing the boom with its preload volume of oil, discovered during the preload tests (Table 3), at first loss tow speed plus 0.1 knots and 0.3 knots and then at a constant speed while collecting and measuring the oil lost; 5. Boom conformance to the surface wave conditions for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies (qualitatively); 6. Resulting tow forces for various speeds and wave conditions; 7. Identify towing ability at high speeds in calm water and waves; 8. Boom seaworthiness relative to its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and general durability. The boom’s performance results on the first item appear in Table 2, while results on items 2 through 8 are provided in Table 3. The durability of fire boom is, of necessity, one of the major concerns of spill planners and responders. Before burning can occur, a fire boom must first function as an oil containment boom. In this role, it must be able to withstand the forces of being towed through the water to collect and contain oil. It must also withstand high heat flux and flexing caused during burning. One of the major operational concerns had been to the booms’ effectiveness at collecting and containing oil after a bum.

APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

21

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED

Table 3: Summary of Pre-Burn and Post-Burn Performance [1,2,3]

First & Gross Loss Tow Speed, knots * Wave condition

Loss

C

1

2

3

Loss Rate, gpm / lpm @ knots 1st Loss + 0.1

1st Loss + 0.3

Critical Tow Speed (knots) & Mode of Failure

Tow Force, lbs / kg @ 2 Kts

Maximum Tow Force, lbs / kg

> 6.0 No Failure

2800 / 1270

5800 / 2631

** 4.6 No Failure

1850 / 839

**2200 / 998

PRE-BURN TESTS

First

0.85

0.4

0.85

0.88

Gross

1.05

0.6

1.05

1.07

7 / 26 @ 0.95

47 / 178 @ 1.15

POST-BURN TESTS

First

0.9

0.63

1

0.7

Gross

1.25

0.95

1.3

1.1

4.5/17 @ 1.0

29/110 @ 1.2

* Wave Conditions: C = Calm: no waves generated 1 = Wave #1: regular wave H = 9.9” / 25 cm, L = 16.2’ / 4.9 m, T= 1.8 sec 2 = Wave #2: regular wave H 13.3” / 33.8 cm, L = 42.1’ / 12.8 m, T=3.1 sec 3 = Wave #3: Harbor chop, H 8.9” / 22.5 cm, no L or T calculated **Peripheral equipment attached to boom failed and limited test to 4.6 knots. No noticeable loss of freeboard of boom.

Knowledge and experience grew from the 1996 through 1998 burn and tow test projects. Now it remains to be seen how that knowledge and experience gained is employed to prepare for and respond to

the inevitable, wherever in the world that occurs! PE Richard E. Magoon, is at Spill-Tain, a division of MCD Technologies Inc. He can be reached

by phone at (253).476.0968 or by e-mail at [email protected]. Visit www. spill-tain.com. Karin M. Bolland is at MCD Technologies Inc. and can be reached by phone at (253) 4760968 or by e-mail at kb@mcdtechnologies. com. Visit www.mcdtechnologies.com.

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Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

Oil Slick Contained and

DESTROYED

References: 1. Bitting, K., Coyne, P. (1997). Oil Containment Tests of Fire Booms, Proceeding of the Twentieth

Arctic

and

Marine

Oilspill

Program (AMOP), Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, PP 735-754. 2. DeVitis, D., Cunneff, S., and Nash, J. (1997). Test and Evaluation of Six Fire Resistant Booms at OHMSETT (CG-D.-12-98). U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center, Groton, Conn. 3. DeVitis, D, Nolan, K., and Schmidt, W. (1999). Test and Evaluation of Four Fire Resistant Booms at OHMSETT (CG-D-25-99). U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center. Groton, Conn. August 1999. 4. Walz, M. A. (1999). Second Phase Evaluation of a Potocol for Testing a Fire Resistant Oil Spill Containment Boom (Report No. CG-D15-99). U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center, Groton, Conn.

1998 Oil loss tow test. Copyright Spill-Tain Div., MCD Technologies Inc.

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23

Dredging THE

OTTAWA

Real-time turbidity-monitoring buoys ensure safe dredging in and around the areas of concern. By DAVE HOCHANADEL

he Ottawa River in northwest Ohio has long been considered by state authorities as one of the state’s more polluted waterways. For years, it has received runoff and discharges from several landfills, industrial facilities and combined sewer overflow after heavy rains. Until recently, despite efforts over the last 10 years to contain some of these pollution sources (e.g., capping landfills, cleaning industrial sites and reducing sewer overflows), the river was burdened by toxic chemicals that endangered humans and the local aquatic ecosystem. Sediment in the river was contaminated with a combination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (primarily lead). The Ottawa carried these pollutants directly into Lake Erie’s Maumee Bay. In

T

24

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

This is one of four dredges that was used to clean the Ottawa River of sediment contaminated with PCBs, PAHs and heavy metals.

fact, the river has historically been one of the lake’s leading sources of PCBs, which have prompted a number of state advisories against eating certain fish from the river and bay. After years of political entanglement, however, a massive dredging cleanup project of the river was implemented during the 2010 construction season. Officials chose to run the dredging operation 24 hours a day, six days a week. Maintaining aquatic health during the project was one of the key priorities. The dredging site was carefully monitored using real-time data buoys that measured sediment re-suspension levels to ensure they did not exceed specified limits.

Protecting Lake Erie The project removed approximately 240,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment from a 5.5-mile stretch of the river near downtown Toledo, making it one

of the most significant cleanups in Great Lakes history. It was modeled after the 2006-07 cleanup of the Ashtabula River in Northeast Ohio. Because of the river’s impact on Lake Erie, the federal EPA funded half of the $47 million cost of the operation under the Great Lakes Legacy Act. The other half was paid by an organization called the Ottawa River Group, which includes seven local businesses that had historically contributed to the river’s pollution. Toxic chemical discharges entering the Great Lakes have been reduced over the last 30 years, according to the EPA, but contaminants lingered in the sediment of many waterways because of urban sprawl and industrial activity, as was the case in the Ottawa. Signed into law in 2002, the Great Lakes Legacy Act provides funding to clean the “legacy” of contaminated sediment in areas

Dredg ing THE

OTTAWA

of concern (AOCs) that feed into the Great Lakes. The Legacy Act aims to facilitate cleanups at 31 of the 43 Great Lakes AOC sites located wholly or partially within the United States borders. The Ottawa River is part of the Maumee River AOC.

Sediment removal and treatment The dredging operation used four hydraulic cutterhead dredges and five booster pumps over the project footprint. Only two dredges operated at a time to sustain production goals, while the other two were on standby awaiting confirmation sampling results. This approach exceeded minimum uptime requirements but allowed operations to run 24 hours a day, six days a week, for roughly six months. The city provided space in its municipal landfill for disposal of most of the dredged sediment. Water-soaked sediment was pumped via pipelines to enormous mesh dewatering geotubes in the landfill, where water was strained from the sediment. The water was cleaned at an on-site treatment plant prior to discharge back into the river. The majority of the sediment will remain in the geotubes within the city’s landfill, contained within a secure liner

A NexSens data buoy with cellular telemetry monitors turbidity on the Ottawa River during dredging operations to ensure there are no issues with sediment re-suspension. Data buoys were positioned at an up-stream location as background and downstream of each active dredge for the duration of the project.

system. Roughly 14,000 cubic yards of the sediment, however, had elevated PCB concentrations and that required the material to be sent to a special landfill in Michigan licensed to handle such waste.

Re-suspension monitoring

Engineers from Natural Resource Technology and NexSens are seen reviewing the deployment plans.

The environmental consulting firm Natural Resource Technology, Pewaukee, Wisc., was contracted to assist the dredging contractor, J.F. Brennan Co., La Crosse, Wisc., with management of the contaminated sediments during the dredging project. Among the firm’s responsibilities was ensuring that the levels of sediment re-suspended into the water column did not exceed specified ranges. Too much sediment re-suspension (measured as turbidity) could have severely reduced water quality and transport contaminants, posing a threat to cleanup objectives and aquatic health. The contractor selected NexSens Technology, Dayton, Ohio, because they specialize in real-time environmental monitoring, to design and configure a monitoring system for the project. Four buoy-based cellular data logging systems were installed to monitor turbidity levels at an upstream location that served as background, and

downstream of each active dredge. The buoy platforms were constructed of an inner core of cross-linked polyethylene foam and a tough polymer skin coating. Each buoy was equipped with a submersible data logger with cellular telemetry, solar panels, and a navigational beacon. YSI 600 Optical Monitoring System sondes with optical turbidity probes were suspended beneath the monitoring buoys. The turbidity probes featured a self-cleaning wiper to provide accurate measurements at a pre-specified sampling interval. Before taking a reading, the mechanical wiper would clean the sensing optics to ensure the measurement was not affected by biofouling, sediment or debris.

Managing data During dredging operations, all data from the monitoring buoys were transmitted in real time to an on-site PC running the monitoring company’s software. This served as a centralized database for all incoming data. The system included automatic alarms that could notify project members if levels were exceeded. The database was available to project personnel online. APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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A NexSens engineer installs a submersible data logger into a buoy. The data logger is equipped with a cellular modem that transmits monitoring data over the Internet to a project computer.

Legacy Act progress The Legacy Act has been used to partially fund six sediment cleanup projects since 2004, according to the EPA, resulting in the removal of a cumulative 960,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment. The agency notes that these efforts have purged Great Lakes waterways of nearly 1.6 million pounds of pollutants. Despite how far the program has come, only four AOCs have been de-listed thus far, with only one located in the United States. Of course, there is no quick fix for remediating years of industrial pollution, but the Ottawa River project will greatly reduce the amount of harmful toxins within our waterways. With 30 AOCs in the United States still on the list, plenty of work remains. PE For more information on the Ottawa River Dredging project, contact NRT principal engineer Richard Weber at rweber@natu-

400 State Route 34, Suite B Matawan, NJ 07047 Phone: 732-970-6696 26

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

ralrt.com or (262) 522-1237. Furthermore, readers can visit NexSens.com to learn more about NexSens Technology’s turbidity monitoring systems and real-time data solutions.

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Early Registration Open Presenter Welcome Reception (only open to RemTEC Summit Presenters)

Monitoring Functional Genes to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Enhanced Bioremediation at a Gasoline-Impacted Site Gary M. Birk, EOS Remediation, LLC Use of Molecular Biological Tools to Evaluate and Verify Remediation of Chlorinated Ethenes by Areobic Soy-Based Co-Metabolism Don Blackert, KU Resources Inc.

Monitoring Interspecies Hydrogen Flux during Reductive Dehalogenation Using a Novel Tiling Hydrogenase Gene DNA Microarray Ian Marshall, Stanford University Integration of Metagenomics/Metaproteomics for the Molecular Characterization of Microbial Isolates and Communities Robert Hettich, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

1,4-Dioxane: Why Isn’t it Going Away? Thomas Mohr, Santa Clara Valley Water District

Advances in Perchlorate Biological Treatment John Coates, University of California at Berkeley

Luncheon

Chromium Cleanup in New Jersey: Finding Common Ground Mark Terril, PPG Industries, Inc.

Pharmaceuticals and other Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Groundwater Susan Glassmeyer, U.S. EPA Ofﬁce of Research and Development

Removal of Dioxins From Surface Water And Groundwater Generated During Wetland Sediment Removal Using Hipox Advanced Oxidation Edward Conti, AMEC Geomatrix, Inc.

Afternoon Networking Break

11:00 am - 11:30 am

11:30 am - 12:00 pm

12:00 pm - 1:30 pm

1:30 am - 2:00 pm

2:00 pm - 2:30 pm

2:30 pm - 3:00 pm

3:00 pm - 3:30 pm

Molecular Biological Tools and Microcalorimetry: a Novel Approach to Estimate Actively Respiring Cell Numbers, In Situ Biodegradation Activities and Stress Responses Natuschka M. Lee, Technical University of Munich (TUM)

Keynote Barbara Sherwood Lollar, University of Toronto

Session Chairs Frank Loefﬂer, University of Tennessee Robert Pirkle, Microseeps

MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL TOOLS

Keynote: Emerging Contaminants, Chemical Management and Sustainability Shannon Cunniff, Ofﬁce of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, Installations & Environment

EMERGING ISSUES AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS Session Chairs Sam Brock, AFCEE Rula Deeb, ARCADIS

Registration & Continental Breakfast Opening Remarks Welcome Address Conference Keynote Address – Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean Contaminated Sites Jerry Schnoor, Environmental Science & Technology and University of Iowa Morning Networking Break

10:10 am - 11:00 am

10:00 am - 10:10 am

9:30 am - 10:00 am

7:00 am - 8:00 am 8:00 am - 8:10 am 8:10 am - 8:30 am 8:30 am - 9:30 am

TUESDAY, MAY 17th

4:00 pm - 6:00 pm 6:00 pm - 7:00 pm

MONDAY, MAY 16th

A Case for High-Resolution Pre-Design Investigations Prior to Remedy Implementation Eric Killenbeck, ARCADIS

Mass Discharge Measurements and Calculation Experiences at Source Zones Paul Johnson, Arizona State University

Automated Flux Based Groundwater Remediation Performance Monitorings Mark Kram, Groundswell Technologies

Mass Discharge-Based Plume Classiﬁcation System: What is a “Mag 7” Plume? Chuck Newell, GSI

Mass Flux Estimates Using High-Resolution Proﬁling of Aquifer Permeability and Contaminant Mass Joseph A. Quinnan, ARCADIS

Keynote: Use and Measurement of Mass Flux and Mass Discharge Paul Johnson, Arizona State University Chuck Newell, ITRC

MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINANT FLUX AND ITS USE IN DECISION-MAKING Session Chair Paul Johnson, Arizona State University

Schedule

Sustainability Considerations and Green Remediation In a resource-constrained world, creating environmental beneﬁts through remediation often comes at some environmental cost. This session focuses on emerging methods for balancing risk reduction and resource restoration, while also considering the secondary and often longer-term environmental impacts of the remedial action.

Measurement and Control of Subsurface Contaminant Flux and Its Use in Decision-Making As contaminant mass discharge estimates become used with greater frequency to inform site management decisions, there is an increased need to understand the reliability of ﬂux estimates, and the underlying processes that control subsurface mass ﬂux. This session will review the state of knowledge of ﬂux-based decision making, and review several case examples.

Molecular Biological Tools The session “Molecular Biological Tools” will discuss cutting edge analytical approaches for monitoring microbial activity in contaminated aquifers. The participants will learn how the information provided by these modern tools can assist decisionmaking and efﬁcient site management.

Emerging Issues and Groundwater Contaminants This session will focus on emerging issues associated with key groundwater contaminants including chromium, perchlorate, 1,4-dioxane, EDCs/PPCPs (endocrine disrupting compounds/pharmaceuticals and personal care products) and others. Presentations will cover technical and institutional challenges posed by the presence of these chemicals in groundwater.

In Situ Remediation of Trichloroethylene Using Swellable Organosilica – Nano Zerorelevant Iron Composite Materials: Bench-Scale and Pilot Scale Testing Paul L. Edmiston, The College of Wooster Emulsiﬁed Zero-Valent Iron, a Summary of Five Full-Scale Applications James E. Huff, Huff & Huff, Inc.

Sustainable Ex Situ Bioremediation Alternative to Conventional Pump-and-Treat Systems Frederick R. Symmes, Weston Solutions, Inc.

Sustainable Environmental Remediation of Chromate Plumes: Evaluating P&T and In Situ Strategies Frank Lenzo, ARCADIS

Networking Reception

4:30 pm - 5:00 pm

5:00 pm - 5:30 pm

5:30 pm - 7:00 pm

Electrokinetic Enhanced Bioremediation as an Innovative Remediation Technology James Wang, GeoSyntec How Low Can you Go? Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethenes in Cold Groundwater Phil Dennis, SiREM

The Remediation of Large Plumes: Challenges To Maintaining the Pace of Performance Scott Potter, ARCADIS Large Plume Characterization Strategies – Getting the Data to Drive Remedy Design and Site Closure Fred Payne, ARCADIS

Keynote: Remediation Focused Investigation Decision Making– Applying Next Generation Characterization Techniques to Minimize Total Cost to Closure Joseph A. Quinnan, ARCADIS

Luncheon

Improved Field Evaluation of NAPL Dissolution and Source Longevity Jennifer Nyman, ARCADIS

Evidence of Contaminant Biodegradation in Fractured Sedimentary Rock Matrices Glaucia Lima, University of Guelph

Sediment Gas Ebullition and Flux Studies in Bubbly Creek, South Fork South Branch, Chicago River Priscilla Viana, University of Illinois at Chicago

Afternoon Networking Break

12:15 pm - 1:30 pm

1:30 pm - 2:00 pm

2:00 pm - 2:30 pm

2:30 pm - 3:00 pm

3:00 pm - 3:30 pm

The Challenges of Large Dissolved Phase Groundwater Plumes Mark Goltz, Air Force Institute of Technology

Keynote: Regulatory Implications of Evolving Standards on Large Plumes Grant Nakayama, Kirkland and Ellis

Mother Nature Makes Great Reactors Erica Becvar, AFCEE

Keynote: Biological and Abiotic Transformations of Ethylene Dibromide and 1,2-Dichlorethane in Ground Water at Leaded Gasoline Spill Sites John Wilson, U.S. EPA

Session Chairs Jim Spain, Georgia Institute of Technology Dave Major, GeoSyntec

11:25 am - 12:15 pm

Session Chairs Dave Gilbert, PG&E Bob Luhrs, Raytheon

Session Chairs Murray Einarson, UC Davis; AMEC Geomatrix, Inc. Todd Rees, Golder Associates

BIOLOGICAL REDUCTION AND OXIDATION OF CONTAMINANTS

11:15 am - 11:25 am

LARGE PLUMES — THE SCALE CHALLENGE

ADVANCES IN SITE INVESTIGATION AND Morning Networking Break ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Registration & Continental Breakfast Opening Remarks Conference Keynote Address – An Engineers View of Remediation: Applied Art or Applied Science? George W. Luxbacher, Glenn Springs Holdings, Inc. (GSH) a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation Round Table: Future of Subsurface Remediation Efforts in the United States: Barriers to Success Panel Lead: Mike Kavanaugh, GeoSyntec Panelists: Paul Johnson, Arizona State University Marianne Horinko, Consultant Allen Shapiro, USGS Kurt Pennell, Tufts University

Full-Scale Implementation of a Combined Ozone, Air Sparge and SVE Remedy for Treatment of a Mixed VOC DNAPL Source Zone Chapman Ross, Geosyntec Consultants

Sequential Oxidant Combinations to Span Remedies from DNAPL to MCLs Dan Bryant,Geo-Cleanse International, Inc

Keynote: Overview of Combined Remedies for DNAPL Site Remediation Dean Williamson,CH2M HILL Constructors, Inc.

Session Chairs Hans Stroo, HGL Jim Cummings, U.S. EPA

COMBINED REMEDY APPROACHES

10:45 am - 11:15 am

8:55 am - 10:45 am

7:00 am - 8:00 am 8:00 am - 8:05 am 8:05 am - 8:55 am

WEDNESDAY, MAY 18th

Keynote: Applications of Nanotechnology for Site Remediation: Beneﬁts and Potential Risks Shaily Mahendra, UCLA

Keynote: Screening Level Correlation Method to Estimate Carbon Footprint Chuck Newell, GSI

3:40 pm - 4:30 pm

Session Chair Martha Otto, U.S. EPA

Session Chairs Erica Becvar, AFCEE Anna Willett, ITRC

NANO-TECHNOLOGIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

3:30 pm - 3:40 pm

SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS AND GREEN REMEDIATION

Biological Reduction and Oxidation of Contaminants Oxidation and reduction are the key processes used by microorganisms for the degradation and transformation of pollutants. Pollutants ultimately serve as electron donors or acceptors for energy production by microorganisms. Recent advances in understanding have enabled extension of bioremediation and natural attenuation to a wide range of contaminants.

Large Plumes — The Scale Challenge Extensive “mega plumes” pose a unique set of challenges, including reliable cost-effective characterization, potentially long transit times for hydraulic-based remedies, increased potential for stakeholder impacts, access and infrastructure challenges, and remediation within an acceptable time frame. Presentations in this session will highlight some of these challenges, and illustrate examples of successful characterization and remediation strategies.

Advances in Site Investigation and Environmental Monitoring Improved spatial and temporal resolution of environmental data has transformed the understanding of subsurface migration processes. Presentations in this session will highlight recent advances in site characterization methods, and highlight the beneﬁts of these advances on remediation decisions.

Combined Remedy Approaches Most complex sites require combined remedies – combinations of technologies or management actions that are needed because of the limitations of individual technologies, but are often not consciously planned during the initial remedy selection process. This session will discuss the rationale for deliberately planned combined remedies, issues for practitioners to consider when transitioning between technologies, synergies and negative interactions between speciﬁc technologies, and examples of successful uses of combined remedies.

Nano-Technologies and the Environment The session “Nano-Technologies and the Environment” will discuss the growing use of nano-scale materials as reagents for site remediation, often in combination with other materials. The session will review the potential beneﬁts, challenges, and performance of nano-technologies for remediation.

Keynote: Delineation and Remediation of DNAPLs in Heterogeneous Geology Bernie Kueper, Queens University Self-sustaining Treatment for Active Remediation (STAR): Smoldering Combustion for the Treatment of Non Aqueous Phase Liquids Gavin Grant, SiREM Use of Organophilic Clay for NAPL Remediation James Olsta, CETCO

Keynote: Thermal Treatment: Chemical Reactivity and Combined Remedies Kurt D. Pennell, Tufts University

Thermal Treatment in Urban Settings With Access Limitations: Challenges and Solutions Gorm Heron, TerraTherm, Inc.

Large Diameter Auger Thermal Remediation of the Subsurface Phil La Mori, FECC

3:40 pm - 4:30 pm

Lactate-Modiﬁed Nanoscale Iron Particles for In Situ Remediation of Organic Pollutants Krishna R. Reddy, University of Illinois-Chicago

Closing Remarks

11:30 pm - 12:00 pm

12:00 pm - 12:20 pm

Novel Trials of Activated Perfulfate Treatment of Chloro- and Nitro-Aromatics Wilson Clayton, Aquifer Solutions, Inc.

Field-Scale Demonstration of Polymer-Amendment for Improved In Situ Permanganate Treatment Jeff Silva, Colorado School of Mines

11:00 am - 11:30 am

Registration & Continental Breakfast

10:30 am - 11:00 am

Behavior of Radical Chemistry Byproducts During Activated Persulfate-Based In Situ Chemical Oxidation Kelly Houston, ARCADIS

Control of MnO2 Particles Resulting from Permanganate ISCO: Field Demonstration and Validation Michelle Crimi, Clarkson University

Keynote: Recent Advances in ISCO Decision Making, Engineering and Process Chemistry Rick Watts, Washington State University Robert Siegrist, Colorado School of Mines

Session Chairs Rick Watts, Washington State University Robert Siegrist, Colorado School of Mines

CHEMICAL OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF CONTAMINANTS

Registration & Continental Breakfast

10:00 am - 10:30 am

9:30 am - 10:00 am

9:00 am - 9:30 am

8:10 am - 9:00 am

8:00 am - 8:10 am

7:00 am - 8:00 am

THURSDAY, MAY 19th

5:30 pm - 7:00 pm

5:00 pm - 5:30 pm

Panel Discussion: Key Issues Related to International Remediation – Regulatory Trends, Technology Availability, Consultant Capabilities, and Sustainability Issues Panelists: Curtis Stanley, Shell Global Solutions Inc. John Connor, GSI Dave Thomas, Chevron Hans Baillieul, ARCADIS (session will run from 11:00 - 12:00pm)

Global Differences and Evolutions in Addressing Soil and Groundwater Contamination Hans Baillieul, ARCADIS

Integrated and Innovative In Situ Remediation Strategies: Enhancement Technologies for Achieving Remedial Success Gordon Bures, FRAC RITE

Back Diffusion Effects on Plume Persistence Following Full-Scale Source Zone Remediation Adam Gilmore, University of Guelph

Keynote: Requirements for Site Speciﬁc Geological Investigations for Environmental Monitoring-Atypical Analysis D.Venkat Reddy, National Institute of Technology

Session Chair Curtis Stanley, Shell Global Solutions Inc.

ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION FROM AN INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY CONTEXT

Networking Reception / Student Competition Awards Ceremony

Session Chairs Tom Sale, Colorado State University

Session Chairs Ralph Baker, TerraTherm, Inc. Mike Basel, Haley & Aldrich

3:30 pm - 3:40 pm

4:30 pm - 5:00 pm

NAPL DELINEATION AND REMEDIATION

THERMAL TREATMENT OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINANTS

Chemical Stabilization of Metals in Coal Fly Ash David Liles, ARCADIS

Monitored Natural Attenuation Application in Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater Thomas He, ARCADIS

An Innovative Material for Mercury Immobilization in Groundwater and Soil Zhong (John) Xiong, AMEC Geomatrix, Inc.

A Decision Framework for Applying Monitored Natural Attenuation Processes to Metals and Radionuclides Dib Goswami, WA State Dept of Ecology

Aquifer Investigation Strategies for Veriﬁcation of Metals Precipitation Margaret Gentile, ARCADIS

Keynote: In Situ Cr(VI) Treatment and Efﬁcacy for Non-Target Oxyanions: Nitrate, Molybdate, Selenate Jeff Gillow, ARCADIS

Session Chairs Kenneth Stollenwerk, USGS Rick Wilkin, U.S. EPA

IN SITU PRECIPITATION AND ENCAPSULATION OF METALS

Biodegradation Processes in Soils Contaminated with High Concentrations of Nitroaromatic Pollutants Joseph Hughes, Georgia Institute of Technology

Aquifer Tuning for Optimum Performance of In Situ Remedies John Horst, ARCADIS (session will run from 4:00 – 4:30pm) Nitroglycerin: From a Toxic Explosive to a Growth Substrate Johana Husserl, Georgia Institute of Technology

Optimized Design of Large Plume Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination Systems: An Analysis of 85 Sites Matthew Schnobrich, ARCADIS (session will run from 3:30 – 4:00pm)

BIOLOGICAL REDUCTION AND OXIDATION OF CONTAMINANTS CONTINUED

In Situ Precipitation and Encapsulation of Metals In situ removal of metals and metalloids from groundwater is often a more efﬁcient approach than ex-situ treatment. Presentations in this session address a range of in situ remediation strategies for contaminants such as hexavalent chromium, mercury, arsenic, radionuclides, and others.

Environmental Remediation from an International Regulatory Context Differing regulatory frameworks, differing stakeholder perceptions of resource value and risk, and variations in multinational company policies can drive different remedial outcomes in different parts of the world. The presentations in this session will explore these inﬂuences, and how they can affect remedy strategy and remedial endpoints.

Chemical Oxidation and Reduction of Contaminants As the number of In situ chemical oxidation and reduction continues to grow, the body of experience has highlighted a number of challenges, including reagent delivery and contact with the target contaminant, contaminant and geochemical compatibility, limitations in reaction kinetics, and formation of secondary byproducts. Presentations in this session will discuss the full range of these challenges, and demonstrate successful strategies through the use of case examples.

NAPL Delineation and Remediation NAPL source zone architecture, ﬂux, and longevity drive the remedial performance at many – if not most – subsurface cleanups. This session summarizes the state of knowledge in NAPL delineation and remediation, and highlights emerging technologies for source zone treatment.

Thermal Treatment of Subsurface Contaminants Advances in the use of heat to remediate organic contaminants in the subsurface will be the focus of this session. Presentations will include the results of bench-scale research as well as recent ﬁeld implementations conducted in challenging settings. Technologies covered will include in situ heating and the use of large diameter augers for in situ soil mixing.

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Deadline for entering student competition: March 30th, 2011

Awards will be presented to students who have made the best poster presentations at the RemTEC Summit. Winners will be announced on Wednesday, May 18 during the Networking Reception.

Three awards of $500 will be given for the Best Student Presentations. In addition Pollution Engineering magazine will recognize all three student winners by presenting a summary of each winning student presentation in a future issue of Pollution Engineering and include the student papers on the White Paper section of the Pollution Engineering website.

Pollution Engineering magazine and Georgia Institute of Technology are privileged to showcase the important role that partnership with the academic community and private sector organizations can play to promote thought leadership in our industry.

3 Cash Prizes of $500 will be awarded to the Best Student Presentations!

Are you studying environmental sciences with a desire to develop the next generation of remediation technologies? Showcase your knowledge and have a chance to win!

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May 16 – 19, 2011

THE ADVANTAGES OF PROPER

DATA MANAGEMENT With more and greater requirements, companies are again investing heavily in data management software and systems, but selecting a system isn’t as easy as R.O.I. By GRAHAM HOLTOM, EHS DATA wo shopping centers with several restaurants have come on line in the last couple of years in Culpeper, Va. Wastewater generated from the restaurants and associated new contributors resulted in significant oil and grease issues for the town’s Montanus pump station. A significant grease mat has been forming across the top of the wastewater within the pump station, resulting in regular interference with the floats that control the wastewater level. The comprimised system caused backups and overflows. Managing environmental data can end up being a headache for many organizations because of mandatory requirements and the sheer volume of information. But there is a lot of value in good data that is properly evaluated. Some data collection activities are legal requirements, such as those contained in environmental permits. These impose conditions on an operation and force the enterprise to responsibly manage its environmental impacts. Such regulations require the permit holder to follow certain operational procedures and practices. One such operational practice is usually an ongoing monitoring program, with defined targets for many of the measured variables. The frequency of the monitoring can be anything from continuous (e.g. for dust, flow rates, vibration or weather), hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annually. Breaches need to be addressed and reported to the control authority, sometimes within 24 hours of the incident. Remedial measures need to

T

be put in place, and repeated exceedences can, in extreme cases, result in prosecution, fines or even withdrawal of permits or even shutting down a facility. The data also needs to be reported internally and externally in differing formats and at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly, biannually or annually). In addition to statutory permits, other legislation is in place in many jurisdictions that obligate qualifying companies to collect and provide information on the release of pollution. Examples include: • The United States’ Toxics Release Inventory, born from the Emergency

Planning and Community Right to Know (EPCRA) legislation, • Australia’s National Pollution Inventory (NPI), • Canada’s National Pollution Release Inventory and • The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR). With rising concerns over climate change, many countries have also committed some or all of their industries to mandatory reporting requirements on greenhouse gas emissions. This takes place through emissions trading schemes in Europe and North

Table 1 – Benefits of specialized software tools

BENEFIT Time/cost saving Efficiencies Fewer breaches and fines

Improvements in stakeholder confidence/ brand image

EXAMPLE FEATURES • All the data is in the same place and all authorized users can access the same information simultaneously. • Improvements in environmental performance can easily be equated to cost savings (e.g. less waste). • Automated processes may exist (e.g. breach alerts or near breaches and production of regulatory reports). • Monitoring schedules may be set to notify individuals of due tasks and managers of late ones. • Data may be automatically imported and the quality checked. • • • • •

Data should be fully auditable. System produces timely accurate reports. Software may be independently accredited. Environmental breaches can be rapidly reported and corrected. Data is easily summarized across businesses that are geographically disparate. • Improved understanding of data because software enables staff to focus on the data value and not just crunch numbers.

Improved environmental performance

• Adherence to performance targets are better managed and visible. • Staff have improved morale as their time can be more efficiently used. • Data can be shared around the organization leading to awareness of environmental issues.

Risk reduction

• Reporting and data awareness improves relationship with leading to faster permit approvals for new and modified facilities. • Validated data can be used to demonstrate concerns regarding health impacts on employees and local residents. • Information can be easily disseminated more widely.

APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

35

THE ADVANTAGES OF PROPER

DATA MANAGEMENT America. In Australia, the 2007 National Greenhouse Gas and Energy Reporting Act created a national framework for reporting emissions and obligated many companies to report. In each case, with slight differences, all affected companies need to collect and report similar data. With growing international emphasis on greenhouse gas control, reporting requirements can only increase, while cap-and-trade schemes are liable to generate a strong market need for extreme accuracy. Many companies will instigate an environmental management system (EMS) to improve environmental performance and reduce costs. Examples include reduction in energy use, or reduction of waste production or controlling water use. For many companies, an EMS will dovetail into the broader process of sustainability and corporate social responsibility. This process has multiple definitions but, broadly speaking, centers on development that “meets the needs of the present [gen-

eration] without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainability is broader than environmental management and a company needs to develop its own key performance indicators. There are various guidelines as to how these should be developed, but in each case, companies need to collect and report on data.

The data management task All of this means people and companies need to collect, manage and report more data that ever before, often more than adhoc systems were ever meant to handle. Some of this comes from monitoring carried out by individuals, contractors and analytical laboratories. There have also been many advances in monitoring and data logging, but often the analysis and reporting of the data is carried out in Microsoft Excel or other basic software packages. This brings a whole range of problems. As the data volume grows: • How do managers know they are on

top of all their monitoring and data collection? • How can users more easily judge performance and compliance (e.g. with permit threshold)? • How can data be shared? • How can organizations regularly and efficiently produce their reports for internal or external bodies? • How can users view historical trends in data that are spread among a host of different systems or platforms? • Can users defend their data and audit it? • How much time does all this take? • How many errors are in the system and can data be validated? Many clients spend a good deal of money on data collection and collation – up to $350,000 at a single site – and yet they are not able to capture the full value.

Specialized software tools Given these factors, using specialized software tools is becoming more popular

Make Significant Reductions in Your Remediation Project Costs OPPORTUNITY: There is significant opportunity for Remediation Project Managers to improve workflow and reduce costs with their projects. The traditional project approach for characterizing and remediating a site with soil contamination relies on multiple rounds of field mobilization for soil segregation and removal, sampling, sample shipment and laboratory analysis. The following case study presents an alternate approach that has shown to deliver tremendous benefits. SOLUTION: Use the EPA Triad approach, which combines systematic planning, on-site measurement and smart decision-making using a dynamic work plan, to facilitate rapid cleanup. By integrating site characterization, on-site measurements, on-site remedial decision making and remedial action you can realize expedited and cost effective cleanup of a contaminated site. In one prime example, a site contained soils contaminated with pesticides due to agriculture-related research activities. The project

36 Diagnostics.indd Pollution Engineering 36 Strat. 22

APRIL2011

team implemented an integrated site characterization and remediation project: permitting characterization, excavation and segregation of soil based on the results of rapid on-site analyses employing environmental testing products available from Strategic Diagnostics Inc. These products provided real-time results that guided a dynamic work plan to seamlessly integrate site characterization and cleanup (soil removal, segregation and disposal) with surgical precision. This was accomplished within a single 4-month field mobilization. Expensive fixed-lab analyses were reserved for demonstrating reliability of results and for generating a statistically valid data set to comply with state closure requirements. This approach allowed for smart on-site decision making, significantly reducing the project costs. The entire project cost ($589 thousand) was half the cost estimated under a more traditional site characterization and remediation approach ($1.2 million). Cost savings were realized through reduced analytical costs, reduced waste volumes for treatment/disposal, and reduced mobilization/ demobilization costs.

Strategic Diagnostics Inc., is a biotechnology company dedicated to bringing innovative solutions to analytical testing problems through immunotechnology. SDI is a leading developer and manufacturer of immunoassay-based test kits for both field-testing and laboratory use. These products are extensively used for contaminated-site assessment and remediation and water quality management. Strategic Diagnostics Inc. www.sdix.com/smart (800) 544-8881

3/11/11 3:51 PM

THE ADVANTAGES OF PROPER

DATA MANAGEMENT

among businesses. Some of the benefits of such systems are detailed in Table 1. Some software tools are very niche products that address certain well-defined problems. These include energy management software, and groundwater modeling software. Others are focused more holistically on managing a large user-defined array of data, addressing automated import and quality checking of data, key performance indicator production, compliance, scheduling and reporting. Other systems in turn seek to create an entire EMS and would need to contain facilities for all the elements of an EMS (e.g. schedule of impacts, objectives and targets, training, document management). Systems that deal with this approach are often sold on the basis of Return on Investment (ROI), which suggests it is the software itself that generates the return. But the software only administers the system; it is the actual implementation of the initiatives on the ground that generates ROI.

The choice for a potential purchaser comes down to specification and budget – what do you want to achieve and how much money is budgeted? These factors work in tandem, and an organization may achieve a satisfactory result from the investment of perhaps $10,000 to $50,000, although of course they could spend up to six times that for a major corporate-wide system. So the message is to first understand what it is needed, starting with a few sensible questions to ask of any supplier: • Can I see a demonstration of the product? – Often this happens surprisingly late in a process. • How many other customers does the supplier have and can I speak to them? • How often is the system updated and how? • What are the support arrangements? • What are the licensing arrangements? • How is the data handled? – Backup security, auditable, accidental deletions, etc.

• Does the software have any relevant accreditation? The volume of environmental data across organizations is rapidly increasing, with many companies spending hundreds of thousands of dollars each year. It is important that the software is capable of capturing value from the data. The use of specialist software tools has the potential to enable companies to reduce cost, improve environmental performance, strengthen relationships with stakeholders and reduce risk. There are many capable companies that offer differing software solutions. Companies wishing to invest in such tools should first determine their requirements and then fully engage with suppliers early in the process of software procurement. PE Graham Holtom has more than 19 years experience in various environmental businesses. He can be contacted at [email protected], or +44 (0)845 496 2158, www.ehsdata.com.

APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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BAND OF

CLEANUP BROTHERS Combining chemical and biological in-situ cleanup technologies can be an effective remediation approach.

By DAVID DINKUHN of Parametrix

n the next few years, the town of Bremerton, Wash., will be ready to open a large addition to Evergreen Park, a popular waterfront park facility. Yet just a decade ago the site was a messy brownfield. Using a combination of safe, non-intrusive in-situ chemical oxidation and enhanced bioremediation technologies, the local environmental firm Parametrix Inc., completed the final cleanup of a 1.4-acre brownfield site at a former bulk petroleum storage facility. Restored beach areas will be accessible to strollers, walkers and kayakers, with trails for walking and biking. The new park area will also feature a multi-use, elevated amphitheater for public, private, arts, music, education and community events. The park expansion, which earned the Puget Sound Regional Council’s Vision 2020 award for the city, will anchor the northern end of the planned Bremerton Park to Park Loop Trail. The area will connect the downtown Harborside District and Kitsap Transit bus/ferry terminal with local neighborhoods, Puget Sound Naval Station, Evergreen Park and the adjacent Olympic College campus. The multipurpose project also will provide a safe pedestrian path that does not currently exist, as well as become a critical link in the historic Mosquito Fleet Trail system.

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Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

Closeup of soil mixing and reagent application

A casualty of war The waterfront site located adjacent to Puget Sound was contaminated with gasoline and diesel from previous activities. The site functioned as a bulk storage and distribution center for petroleum products from the end of World War II until the structures were taken down in 1988. As a result of operations at the site, creosote pilings and concrete debris in the aquatic near-shore habitat, as well as gasoline, diesel and oil contamination in soil, groundwater and marine sediments were left behind. The vacant property was slated to be an extension of the park and expedited remediation work was needed under the Puget Sound Initiative, which required that the remediation approach: • Be non-corrosive • Create harmless end products • Cause minimal site disruption A total of 3,870 cubic-yd of contaminated soil was located at the smear zone eight to14 feet below ground surface. The high concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons – gasoline (TPHg) at 5,000 mg/kg and total petroleum hydrocarbons – diesel (TPHd) at 6,000 mg/kg coupled with the environmentally sensitive location of the site made choosing a remedial technology challenging. The Washington Department of Ecology required an average reduction

of 70 percent in total TPH concentrations within the soil in order to begin redevelopment activities.

Total war on TPH The environmental consultant determined that a more basic dig and haul approach, which would require the first eight feet of clean soil be temporarily removed prior to remediation, was too costly and would cause major disruption to the surrounding ecosystem. Other more innovative, cost-effective and less disruptive alternatives needed to be considered to meet the required remediation goals. The final remediation approach incorporated the use of two reagents, RegenOx an in-situ chemical oxidant and ORC Advanced a controlled-release oxygen-producing compound. Both products are engineered specifically for subsurface contamination remediation and are designed to be easily mixed into the subsurface. Once applied, these reagents facilitate chemical destruction and biological degradation of contaminants in-place without having to excavate and/or move large volumes of soil. In order to effectively apply the reagents into the zone of contamination, a highly effective, dual axis remediation mixing tool (see Figure 1), manufactured by the

Band of CLEANUP BROTHERS Lang Tool Co., was used to strategically target high concentration areas within the sand/gravel soil matrix. A 10-foot by 10-foot cell grid was designed using various dosing rates of chemical oxidant within each cell as determined by measured TPH concentrations. A total of 107 cells were used across a 17,400 sq. ft treatment area.

Fighting on multiple fronts The mixing tool was used to apply each chemical additive and water into the smear zone over a six-foot treatment thickness approximately eight to 14 feet below the ground surface. An onboard GPS location system also was used to target and focus efforts on higher concentration areas for more aggressive treatment (see Figure 2). Soil-boring sampling, conducted seven days following the remediation treatment, indicated a significant reduction in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations. On average, reductions of more than 78 percent were achieved for gasoline and diesel contamination, which more than met the requirement for redevelopment. However a second round of mixing was completed to address seven locations that did not meet the cleanup goals. These locations were re-treated since they were not originally identified as high concentration areas and may have posed a threat to soil concentrations in the future. The contractor accomplished the initial treatment plus 5,000 sq. ft of re-treatment within 13 working days. Redevelopment of the shoreline property has begun and will include picnicking areas and walking trails. “The site is now positioned for development as a park as we enter the long-term monitoring phase,” said project manager David Dinkuhn. “This approach was significantly less expensive than typical dig and haul.” PE

UPDATE The cleanup of a 1.4-acre brownfield dite in Bremerton, Wash., has been completed as reported on March 10, 2011. The waterfront site served as a bulk petroleum tank farm from the end of World War II until the structures were taken down in 1988, leaving creosote pilings and concrete debris in the aquatic near-shore habitat as well as gasoline, diesel and oil contamination in soil, groundwater and marine sediments. Chevron Corporation, the site owner, operated a soil vapor extraction (SVE) system that removed approximately 195,000 pounds of hydrocarbons (floating product and soil contamination) from the site between 1990 and 1994, but later sampling showed high concentrations of contaminant still present throughout the site. The site will anchor the northern end of the planned Bremerton Park to Park Loop Trail, designed to connect the downtown Harborside District and Kitsap Transit bus/ferry terminal with local neighborhoods, Puget Sound Naval Station, Evergreen Park and the adjacent Olympic College campus. The area will provide a safe pedestrian path that does not currently exist, as well as a critical link in the historic Mosquito Fleet Trail system.

Figure 1. Dual axis remediation mixing tool

Figure 2. Onboard GPS System

For more information about this project, contact David Dinkuhn of Parametrix at(360) 8505319 or at [email protected]. RegenOx and ORC Advanced are registered trademarks of Regenesis, San Clemente, Calf. (949) 366-8000 or visit www.regenesis.com

Highly saturated soil conditions provide a medium for reagent and contaminant contact. APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

39

SHINING A LIGHT ON CONTAMINATION

LIF is a little known technology that can accurately detect subsurface contamination. By RANDY ST. GERMAIN, President, Dakota Technologies Inc.

h development of any brownfield is a complicated he ttask. But the minute someone discovers that fuel, oil, coal tar or creosote has been spilled or leaked on the site, everything quickly becomes more comp plicated – from legal issues to the project’s budget. Fortunately, there are some oft-ignored technologies available to assist in effectively designing remediation programs, which can in turn reduce legal exposure and control costs. It is time to introduce these new instruments to provide a full picture of a brownfield.

T

contaminants and the fuel/oil itself, often leading investigators to the mistaken assumption that the plume is much larger than it actually is. After gathering data, consultants then generate a plan for remediation. Unfortunately it is not uncommon for remediation activities to uncover previously uncharted areas of contamination. A remobilization of sampling crews is then necessary to create a more accurate depiction of contaminant distribution. It is not unheard of for such an occurrence to be repeated, drawing out the time to complete the project and driving up costs.

Old habits

Lighting the way

To locate and map out subsurface contamination in brownfields, contractors traditionally have been hired to take physical soil samples. Using drilling rigs or direct-push platforms or cone penetrometer technology, contractors bore multiple holes in order to collect sufficient sample quantities to define the problem area. As they drill, the contractors take samples at intervals, often spacing them every five feet. This process is repeated until the contractor believes the potentially impacted area is covered. Contractors can often tell the presence of crude oil, fuels or other petroleum-based substances from the appearance and smell of the soil. To determine the magnitude of contamination or the type of substance, the samples must be sent to a qualified environmental lab for analysis, which can take several days or weeks to see results (sometimes too late to act on the information in the field). Although this method has been accepted by regulators and used by contractors for decades, it often results in an incomplete picture of the subsurface. Taking samples at a density that accurately defines the nature and extent of petroleum contamination is too expensive. Investigators often feel pressured to take shortcuts in order to contain costs, and this leads to gaps in the data. Furthermore, sampling is associated with other problems, such as poor sample recovery, compression of soils, hole slough, smearing and depth inaccuracies. In addition, most analyses do not differentiate between the dissolved-phase water-borne

To map out the often heterogeneous distribution of oil, fuel or other non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) with accuracy, some sampling contractors have adopted new direct push tools that use laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), a technology that was invented in the early 1990s and has since been verified by the EPA. LIF allows contractors to collect more soil readings in less time. Rather than taking physical samples, LIF optical screening tools (OSTs) use light to gather information in real time as the probe is pushed into the ground. In simple terms, the probe acts as a design tool that paints a detailed image of where fuel or oil has leaked, spilled or flowed since release. The results are presented in colorized logs that show the type and depth of contaminants throughout each hole. If sitewide context is desired, all the logs from a site can be combined with geographic coordinates to create three-dimensional conceptual site models (CSMs) using software available from a number of vendors. The CSMs clearly illustrate the distribution of NAPLs in the subsurface and show engineers exactly what they need to know to remedy the site – the first time. LIF technology takes advantage of inherent fluorescence of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oils, fuels and other NAPLs. Light crude oil, for instance, appears almost white under ultra-violet (UV) excitation light, and diesel fuel emits a bright blue-green. On the other hand, dense NAPLs such as bunker fuel or coal tar do not fluoresce well under UV light, instead reacting to visible-wavelength light.

40

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

SHINING A LIGHT ON

CONTAMINATION Because of this phenomenon, different types of LIF instruments have been developed. These include the UV optical screening tool (UVOST) for detecting light NAPLs and the tar-specific green optical screening tool (TarGOST) for use with dense coal tars and creosotes. Generally, a LIF instrument consists of a steel probe with an extremely strong sapphire window built into the side. As the probe is driven into the ground, laser light is delivered to the window. Any PAHs contained in fuel, oil or tar are excited by the laser light, causing them to fluoresce. A fiber optic cable returns fluorescence to the surface where it is recorded and displayed in real time. Above ground, the contractor and onsite consultants simply watch as the contaminant log develops, immediately reacting to the result and determining the next logging location according to the results. Whereas the most liberal sampling plans only analyze the soil once every four feet or so, LIF instruments read and store measurements approximately once every inch the entire time the OST is being pushed into the ground. This ability to quickly analyze every inch of the subsurface allows OSTs to discover small but important seams and fractures of underground contamination. Not only do LIF instruments produce more data per hole than conventional sampling, but they also provide it in real time. . In fact, such instruments typically log between 10 and 20 locations (300 and 500 feet) per day, versus a conventional average of 100 to 200 feet per day.

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< 0H! !#! !< >=C4A4H2 0;85>A=80 Plan to attend the Eighth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds. The Conference is one of the world’s leading environmental remediation conferences. It focuses on innovative application of existing or new technologies and approaches for characterization, treatment, and monitoring of chlorinated and other recalcitrant compounds in various environmental media. To inquire about sponsoring, call 800-783-6338 (U.S. and Canada) or 614-488-2030 or e-mail info@ confgroupinc.com. The Call for Abstracts brochure will be available at www.battelle.org/chlorcon in March 2011, and abstracts will be due in July. Short course proposals will be due in September.

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It’s a wonderful LIF Laser sampling is a flexible because the tools can be used in any type of weather and on any size jobsite, even from barges. Additionally, they work in different soil conditions – even those that are often difficult to sample – and they can also be used in underwater sediments. The biggest limitations are boulders,

INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

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All the logs from a site can be compiled to create threedimensional conceptual site models.

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PRELIMINARY P PROGRAM R OGR RAM AM NOW AVAILABLE ON LINE The Symposium on Bioremediation and Sustainable Environmental Technologies incorporates topics beyond those addressed by its predecessor, the In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium. The Symposium’s new name and expanded scope reﬂect bioremediation’s maturity and new directions in environmental remediation research and application. The program is made up of nearly 600 platform and poster presentations, scheduled in 54 sessions. The Preliminary Program lists the presentations by session and provides overviews of the ﬁve panel discussions. In addition, 10 short courses are being offered on June 27.

www.battelle.org/biosymp APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

41

SHINING A LIGHT ON

CONTAMINATION bedrock and other underground solid obstructions, but these generally hinder the use of other sampling devices as well. Also, LIF devices may occasionally detect false positives from seashells, peat or calcite sands, but experienced contractors recognize such fluorescent signatures and can sample that location to confirm their presence/absence. Although LIF technology can be used in many applications, it is especially important at brownfields since it can help reduce legal exposure and keep budgets in check. Missing some contamination on a site can be highly litigious, so some developers use LIF exclusively to generate CSMs. This gives them a more complete understanding of the subsurface, and it helps ensure that all contamination is properly removed. As initiatives are taken to reduce the amount of time and money spent developing brownfields, LIF is expected to play an important role. Because LIF can generate much more complete CSMs than sampling, one can eliminate the heightened frustration and cost from continually finding new uncharted areas of contamination throughout the development. Simply put, you track NAPL distribution right – the first time. PE

For each hole, an LIF instrument generates a colorized log that illustrates the contamination versus depth.

Randy St. Germain is president of Dakota Technologies, a company that specializes in LIF products and services. He can be reached at [email protected] or (701) 237-4908. Visit www.dakotatechnologies.com.

Using Oxidants to Deliver Catalyst for Superoxide In-Situ Reduction of VOCs Geo-Cleanse International Inc. Catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (H2O22) is generally utilized as a chemical oxidant for in-situ destruction of organic compounds. However catalyzed H2O2 is also known to produce superoxide radical (O2• -, a chemical reductant) as part of Fenton-type oxidation reactions, and thus could be utilized to also reduce organic compounds that cannot be oxidized, such as carbon tetrachloride. Catalysts that produce O2• - efficiently and that are appropriate for soil or groundwater treatment have not been developed, thus hindering in-situ treatment of recalcitrant, non-oxidizable compounds. A novel in-situ treatment approach has been developed that utilizes permanganate to precipitate manganese dioxide (MnO2) in-situ. Under circum-neutral pH conditions, Mn(IV) in the MnO2 precipitate catalyzes H2O2 at neutral pH to produce O2• -. Permanganate also oxidizes certain contaminants; but for our approach the permanganate reduced by reaction with organics precipitates the MnO2 catalyst preferentially in zones with the highest organic concentrations, such as DNAPL interfaces; thus the catalyst is precipitated directly with the targeted contaminants. A phosphate buffer solution stabilizes the reaction of H2O2 with MnO2 and buffers groundwater pH in the desired range. H2O2 solution is then injected, which reacts with MnO2 to produce O2• - and results in destruction of carbon tetrachloride and other compounds that cannot be oxidized. Dan Bryant (732) 970-6696 • [email protected] www.geocleanse.com

42

Pollution Engineering APRIL2011

PRACTICALMANAGEMENT By Norman Wei

Integrated and Innovative In-Situ Remediation Strategies:

Enhancement Technologies for Achieving Remedial Success Frac Rite Environmental Ltd. By GORDON H. BURES, M.Eng., P.Eng., Frac Rite Environmental Ltd. and TYLER J. RIEWE, BSc., A.I.T., Frac Rite Environmental Ltd. In situ remediation techniques are becoming more prominent among environmental practitioners due to their cost-effectiveness, innovation, and environmental sustainability (i.e. conversion of contaminants to natural, innocuous by-products). In particular, emplacement of biological or chemical treatment amendments into impacted subsoils is increasingly gaining favor for soil and groundwater remediation. However, in situ remediation is still perceived by many end-users and consulting professionals as a technically constrained remediation approach, due to unfamiliarity or inexperience with new or emerging treatment technologies. This view is especially entrenched for sites where contaminants are present in low permeability soils and bedrock, in which conventional in situ approaches have demonstrated only limited success. Furthermore, in situ technologies are often mistakenly assumed to be more costly than other approaches, when in fact emerging in situ techniques can result in significant cost savings. This presentation examines the integrated application of traditional and innovative in situ technologies to overcome the geologically imposed limitations for achieving successful remediation and site closure. Project summaries are presented which illustrate the use of techniques to optimize the delivery and contact of treatment amendments with subsurface contaminants for mitigating contaminants to site closure concentrations. Remedial enhancement and verification technologies such as hydraulic soil fracturing, permeation injection, surfactant-enhanced chemical/biological remediation, and subsurface amendment mapping tools are introduced. The conditions for successful emplacement and performance of treatment amendments relative to delivery methods and subsurface geology are examined. A systematic approach is presented, based on consideration of the applicable design factors, which aid in the determination of an appropriate amendment emplacement strategy specific to the particular geologic, hydrogeologic, contaminant characteristics, and logistical factors for any given site. The implications of these new remedial techniques are assessed in the context of existing remedial practices in North America and overseas. Author & Presenter: Gordon H. Bures , M.Eng., P.Eng. – Director of Remediation Ser vices C o - a u t h o r : Ty l e r J. R i ewe , B S c . , A . I . T. – R e m e d i a t i o n S p e c i a l i s t

(403) 265-5533 [email protected] or [email protected] www.fracrite.com Read the entire paper on Pollution Engineering's White Paper website section.

APRIL2011

www.pollutionengineering.com

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EXHIBITORSPOTLIGHTS In Situ Remediation Enhancement Technologies

Full Service Chemical Remediation

Frac Rite is an environmental service company providing leading edge, in situ remediation enhancement technologies. Frac Rite specializes in soil fracturing, amendment injection and fracture mapping services. Our focus is to provide sustainable, cost effective, “best practices” to site remediation challenges. We have been providing meaningful remedial solutions to clients in Canada, the United States, Europe and Asia since 1995.

Geo-Cleanse International Inc. is a full-service chemical remediation company that provides quality service and ensures the goals of our site-specific treatment programs are achieved. Our experience, together with independently published results of our work, and a highly qualified staff of professionals, keeps GCI at the top of the industry.

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Gordon H. Bures, M.Eng., P.Eng. – Director of Remediation Services (403) 265-5533 • [email protected] • www.fracrite.ca

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Molecular Biological Tools Microbial Insights Inc. (MI) is an environmental biotechnology company specializing in the development and application of molecular biological tools for understanding and managing biological processes ranging from bioremediation of chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons to biofilm formation. Since 1992, MI has become a leader in the application of molecular (non-culture based) approaches emphasizing nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and lipid biomarkers (PLFA) for more effective evaluation of microbial processes than traditional methods.

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Advanced Technologies for Contaminated Site Remediation Regenesis has been the world leader in proven, low-cost, injectable compounds for the in situ remediation of subsurface contamination since 1994. By offering a range of innovative, enhanced bioremediation and chemical oxidation products, Regenesis provides treatment solutions for most subsurface contaminants. Environmental consulting firms around the world have come to trust and in many cases rely on the world-class technical support provided by Regenesis.

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Green, time released surfactant and oxidant technology VeruTEK® Technologies is an international Green Chemistry technology company that develops, formulates and implements environmental solutions through Green Chemistry innovation. VeruTEK has created a new segment in the remediation market with its VERUTEK® TECHNOLOGIES field proven patented-pending Surfactant-enhanced In Situ Chemical S-ISCO® WHITEPAPER Oxidation (S-ISCO®) technologies. Our suite of remedial solutions VeruTEK’s Whitepaper describes our are highly differentiated from ISCO through the incorporation of proprietary S-ISCO® technology, its surfactants that emulsify NAPL, stabilize oxidants, coat catalysts for application and its position in the time-released activation and suppress soil vapor concentrations. environmental remediation market. S-ISCO® destroys both free-phase and dissolved contamination, including manufactured gas plant coal tar, chlorinated solvents, heating oil, PAHs and creosote, in place and on site.

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Baldor Electric Company . . . . . . . . . . . BC www.baldor.com

Regenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IFC www.regenesis.com

Battelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 www.battelle.org/conferences

RemTEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-34 www.remtecsummit.com

Cell Stone Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 www.cell-stone.com

SDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 36 www.sdix.com/smart

CETCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 www.cetco.com/rtg/pe.aspx

U.S. Chemical Storage LLC . . . . . . . . . . . 23 www.uschemicalstorage.com

EHS DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 www.ehsdata.com

University of Maryland University College . . . 6 www.umuc.edu/yourworld

Frac Rite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 43 www.fracrite.ca

VeruTEK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 www.verutek.com

GeoCleanse International Inc . . . . . . . 26, 42 www.geocleanse.com

WEFTEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 www.weftec.org

PE Pollution Engineering (ISSN 0032-3640) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media II, L.L.C., 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualiﬁed individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualiﬁed individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualiﬁed individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media II, L.L.C. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing ofﬁces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PE Pollution Engineering, P.O. Box 2146, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

APRIL2011 www.pollutionengineering.com

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StateRules

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AR –STREAMLINING O&G DRILLING The state is in the process of establishing a new Water Permit Regulation (Regulation 34) that concerns the construction, modification and operation of pits associated with oil or natural gas well activities in Arkansas.

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emissions of “regulated pollutants” or “regulated air pollutants.” These thresholds would also be revised.

MS – INCREASED WELL CONTRACTOR EDUCATION

The state EPD recently proposed to issue a general NPDES permit for discharges to state waters from the application of pesticides. Beginning April 9, 2011, the proposed NPDES general permit would be required for all point source discharges for biological and chemical pesticides that leave a residue.

The DEQ is in the process of amending regulations that apply to water well contractors, in order to fulfill 2010 legislation concerning continuing education for license renewals. Under the proposed amendments, all licensees would be required to complete a minimum of four hours per year of continuing education, and submit proof to the DEQ. Every two years, one of the hours of continuing education must be on Mississippi rules and regulations.

KS –MAY NEED NEW SIP

NC – HAZWASTE REGS ON THE AMEND

The EPA recently proposed to disapprove the portion of the state’s SIP that deals with interstate transport of NOX emissions. Officials claimed that the state does not interfere with the ability of downwind states to attain or maintain the 1997 national ozone standards. In this proposal, the EPA disagreed. If the proposal is finalized, the state will have 12 months to revise its SIP to address the deficiencies.

The DENR is in the process of amending the state’s hazardous waste regulations as they apply to hazardous waste transfer facilities, special purpose commercial TSDFs, and TSDF fees. The transfer facility rules would change to incorporate requirements for registration, notification and records retention.

GA –NPDES PESTICIDE GENERAL PERMIT

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LA – DEQ ADDRESSING GHGS The state DEQ recently proposed amendments to its air regulations to address GHG emissions. Under the proposal, state air regulations would be amended to remove CO2 from the list of pollutants that need not be included in a permit application. Also, a number of thresholds within the air quality regulations are currently set in terms of a source’s

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OH – OLD FACILITIES NEED NEW REGS TOO As a follow-up to draft regulations for new and expanding construction and demolition debris (C&DD) landfills, the state EPA recently released draft regulations for existing C&DD landfills. Based on comments received, the state conducted studies at existing facilities and determined that leachate from these facilities is a potential threat to public health and the environment.

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PA – KEEPING THE CLEANERS CLEAN The state’s Air Management Services Division recently finalized regulations to limit exposure to hazardous substances of people working at and in close proximity to dry-cleaning facilities. The regulation, effective December 2010, affects dry cleaners using solvents containing perchloroethylene or n-propyl bromide.

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TX – TAX INCENTIVES FOR CO2 SEQUESTRATION The Comptroller of Public Accounts has proposed an amendment to the state’s enhanced oil recovery projects regulations that would establish incentives for the implementation of enhanced projects that capture and sequester CO2.

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VA – AIR STANDARDS UPDATED The state has amended certain regulations at 9 VAC 5-50 (New and Modified Stationary Sources) and 9 VAC 5-60 (Hazardous Air Pollutant Sources) to incorporate by reference the latest federal standards published on July 1, 2010. No new NSPSs or NESHAPs are being added to the state air regulations. However five new federal maximum achievable control standards (MACTs) are being added at 9 VAC 5-60-100.

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This update is provided by Business & Legal Reports Inc., practical EHS publishers since 1977. Find environmental answers and state compliance help online at http://enviro.blr.com or contact BLR at (800) 727-5257.

12/10/08 2:54:47 PM

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