Mikroökonomik - Schnell erfasst

Wirtschaft - schnell erfasst Robert Richert Mikroökonomik - Schnell erfasst 13 Reihenherausgeber Dr. iur. Detlef ...

Author: Robert Richert

19 downloads 686 Views 16MB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

Wirtschaft - schnell erfasst

Robert Richert

Mikroökonomik - Schnell erfasst

13

Reihenherausgeber Dr. iur. Detlef Kröger Prof. Dr. Peter Schuster Autor Professor Dr. Robert Richert Fachhochschule Schmalkalden Fachbereich Wirtschaft Blechhammer 4+9 98574 Schmalkalden [email protected] Redaktion Claas Hanken Graphiken Dirk Hoffmann

ISSN 1861-7719 ISBN 978-3-540-76853-1 e-ISBN 978-3-540-76854-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-76854-8 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, des Vortrags, der Entnahme von Abbildungen und Tabellen, der Funksendung, der Mikroverfilmung oder der Vervielfältigung auf anderen Wegen und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Eine Vervielfältigung dieses Werkes oder von Teilen dieses Werkes ist auch im Einzelfall nur in den Grenzen der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vom 9. September 1965 in der jeweils geltenden Fassung zulässig. Sie ist grundsätzlich vergütungspflichtig. Zuwiderhandlungen unterliegen den Strafbestimmungen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürften. Einbandentwurf: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Springer ist Teil der Fachverlagsgruppe Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Vorwort

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

Inhalt

' ! ' $ & ' %$ ! $!" ' ! ! ' ! ! ' $ % '! ! ! ' '

' !' ! ' ' $ % '

' !' ' #' ' ! $''

Einführung

& "*% ,! .)& " ),&$ & ) %"#)'4#'&'%"*!& !')" -)%"++$+

% )*+& ,(+#("+$ .") " ,*!$+*+!')" !&$+ ") !& , " )"&1"("& 4#'&'%"*!& &#&* "& -') .") 1,% )& ) ,*!$+*+!')" -')*+'6& ) &$0* * '&*,%'(+" %,%* "& !3& " #"+ -'& & )3)&1& ) ()"-+& ,*!$+ ,& & *+)"#+"'&& && *" *"! &5) *!& * '& *,%-)!$+& .") *+)# -'& & !) $*+"1"+3+& *+"%%+ " .") &$$* ,&+)*,!& * +,",% -'& ,*+"+,+"'&* ,&

"&#'%%&*#+& " "% , )$+"-) )"*3&),& & ,+) +& )$,+ -"$3$+" "&*"!+& "& " )!$+&*%,*+) ) )#++"$&!%) ")& ()"-+ ,*!$+ , % 5+)%)#+ $* !) ) *' +)+& *" , % )"+*%)#+ $* &"+) "!)) )"+*#)+ "& )*!"&,& " +)!+,& * $#5$* ) ) "+*&"+) "$+ & *!$,** ,&*)) !,*!$+*+!')+"*!& 2)$ ,& &

% 1."+& ,(+#("+$ .&& .") ,&* ) &+)&!%,& *+!')" 1, & ,&*)& ()',#+"'&*+!')+"*!& 2)$ ,& & #'&1&+)" )& .") ,&* , " $$ %"&& ,& *(1""*!& !)#+)"*+"# -'& )',#+"'&*,&#+"'&& ") )$3,+)& " )',#+"'&* #$& *'." ,*+"+,+"'&*$*+"1"+3+& " 5) & ,&+)&!%)"*!& $#5$ -'& !'!% )+ *"& & ) '*+&+!')" ,&+)*,!& .") " ,*%%&!3& 1."*!& '*+& )$4*& ."&&& ,& % & '+ "&) &+)&!%,& ") &$0*")& " 5) &+)&!%) +0("*!& $#5$ ) '*+&%"&"%"),& 1"!,& *."* ."&&%/"%"),& *!$"6& +)!+& .") " & '+*$* +"1"+3+& .$! " ""$"+3+ ) &+)&!%) , )"*3&),& & '& $ &

% )"++& ,(+#("+$ 5!)& .") ,&*) !,*!$+* ,& ,&+)&! %,& *+!')+"*!& )#&&+&"** "& ) )#++!')" 1,*%%& ") ,&+)*,!& " & %**&& )!$+&*."*& , ,&+) *!"$"!& 3)#+& ,&3!*+ *+,")& .") & )&1$$ "&) )#+.")+*!+ " -'$$*+3&" '&#,))&1 &! *!$"6& .") )#+,&-'$$#'%%&!"+& &"!+ %!) ,* ,& +)!+& " )#+')%& * '&'('$* *'." ) %'&'('$"*+"*!& '&#,) )&1 !$"6$"! 1" & .") " ,&+)*!"$"!& +)+ "& -'& $" '('$"*+& ,

Haushaltstheorie

!"

$&

$

!

#!

!

%$" $"#

$

#!

#!

! #!

!

!

! !

!!" "!

$

"

"

"!"

$

!

" "#

"%"#

"!!

!! "!"

!"#%#'#

("

!%!&!

!%!&!

"! !%!&!

!! !%!&!

! !!

! "#

!%!&! " '

"% !%!&!

!%!&!

$"##$# "$ "#

("

$

"! $$

&

!#" #

("

"%! "#

%! "# " ! ! "#

$"""$

! $"!

&$"$

1. Einleitung &()#('$!!#&'# 3

' ($#! (!(0(' )# &#!%&#.% !' .#(&! &#.%# 1 $#$"'# # #' .) *&'(#

3 !!"## )# '%.!!# &0&#.# '$+ # &#. )&*# .) #(&%&(&# 3 '(('# )# $"%&(*'(('# #'(# *$#)(&#.)#!-'&# 3 #)##2&#'(('')#2&##(&("%$& !' $#')"$%(")".)& ### 3 &'!'(.(0( &).%&'!'(.(0( )# # $""#' !'(.(0(&&.))#(&')# 3 )'(()($#' )# # $""#' ( " ) *$# /#&)##&&!(*#&'.)&"((!# 3 %$'(* 0# ( ' &('#$(' *$" ! !$#'(. .) &2##

# & " &$1 $#$"'# )'!('($& (&(# +&

! 2! %&*(& )'!( ) " 2(&"& ( !' && )#)"&('"& (!'#(&)(&(# " & #!()# $!## .+(# %(! )#'&& )'!('($ &('# )'2&)## &!0)(&# +& .#(&! &#.%# 1 $#$" '# # #' ' ($#! (!(0(' '$+ &#!%&#.% & &#.%# # ## ' & !(-%)' #' $"$ $$#$" )' )'&(( 0&#"&((# %(!)#(&')(#&0&#.#)# # &#. )&*# ' $!!# #' %&*(# )'!(' )'&2 # '(.# # %(! *& #!-'&(# '(& ($## )# )(&# " $!!# ' %&*(# )'!(' &#.# ' ##)# # '&0# # '# 1### -#(' )' " )(.#", "&)#' ! 2! # &0&#.# '$+ # '(& ($## !&( '

!% '!*# 4% +)(!** &%)+$&'*!$+$ !%) '(!,*% +) #*))-!(+ !%*(*$'&(# (#!*% ) (,( #*% -!( +( #)*!/!*2*% !%#+))* ! #) !$%)!&%)#&) 5 ! !!#!*2*% 2%!( (35% + 0%(+%% +% 2%!( (35% %/!% % ( +) #*)* &(! )*!$$% -!( !$ ) )*% '!*# ! -! *!)*% (#) *!/!*2*% ! (!) (+/'(!) )&-! !%"&$$%)#)*!/!*2* ( ( (2%(% )! ! (#*!,% (!) *(*% +)*!*+*!&%) +% !% "&$$%)"* + ! /+$ !# %#2+! ( #*%))! *% !%) '(!,*% +) #*) &% #% !( +%*()+ % !$ )!*%

'!*# ! "* )&-& # % ( !") #) + % ( #+*)".(#+% /&% )! +%)( !) (!% 1(#+%% + % 4*($("* -(% -!( !% '!*# * % #"4# !%) '(!,*% +) #*) + $ (!*)$("* (#2+*(% +% )!% (!*)%&*)"+(, #! *% % ) #+)) ( +) #*)* &(! !#% !% +)$$%))+% !% '!*# %+% !( &#+%)(% !% '!*# / % )&-! 1+%)+% $!* 3)+%),&() #2% !% '!*# #

2. Prinzipien ökonomischen Denkens 2.1 Einführung *1 6&.%&. 4.2 %&- /.9&03 %&2 )/-/ /&$/./-*$42 94 %&1 %"2 9&.31",& 1&'&1&.3*&,,& &.2$)&.#*,% %&1 *132$)"'323)&/1*& 5&1+=1 0&13 *&2&1 9&*$).&3 2*$) %41$) &*. 1"3*/.",&2 439&. -"7*-*&1&. %&2 4.% -"1(*.",".",83*2$)&2 &1)",3&. "42 %"2 6*1 *- /,(&.%&. .<)&1 4.3&124$)&.

2.2 Rationalprinzip &1 )/-/ /&$/./-*$42 B%&1 "4' %*& )"426*132$)"'3,*$)&. &(&,. "42(&1*$)3&3&A +419 B6*132$)"'3,*$) /1*&.3*&13& &.2$)A 5(, (1*&$)*2$) B/*+/2A C %&432$) B"42 4.% /'A (1*&$)*2$) B./ -/2A C %&432$) B&2&39A B&(&,A +".. ",2 *%&",380*2$)&1 &'& 1&.9-&.2$) %&1 31"%*3*/.&,,&. *132$)"'323)&/1*& ".(&2&)&. 6&1%&. "2 /.9&03 %&2 )/-/ /&$/./-*$42 )"3 5*&, 1*3*+ "4' 2*$) (&9/ (&. &1 =23&11&*$)*2$)"-&1*+".*2$)& ;+/./- 1*39 "$),40 .&..3 %&. )/-/ /&$/./-*$42 "#2$)<39*( &*.&. B)/ -4.$4,42 /&$/./-*$42A &*. +>.23,*$) (&2$)"''&.&2 B6*132$)"'3,*$) /1*&.3*&13&2 &.2$),&*.A %"2 +&*.& :).,*$)+&*3 -*3 ."3>1,*$) (&2$)"''&.&. &.2$)&. "4'6&*23 /), 6*22&.% %"22 %&1 1&*.& )/-/ /&$/./-*$42 *. %&1 &",*3<3 .*$)3 &7*23*&13 )"3 &2 2*$) *. %&. *132$)"'326*22&.2$)"'3&. %&. ./$) "42 ".",83*2$)&. 1>.%&. ",2 96&$+-

6&".0"+ .")&/0&/ %"+ "+/ %"+&)!"/ +$"*"//"+ &/0 3&. 1+/ &+ !&"/"* 1 % !"* 01!&1* !". 0.!&0&,+"))"+ *&(.,8(,+,*&/ %"+ %",.&" 3&!*"+ )"$"+ 3&. $.1+!/706)& % !"+ )(9) !"/ %,*, ," ,+,*& 1/61$.1+!"

/ 0&,+)-.&+6&- 2$) )0"&+&/ % =.0&,< > !"10/ % =". /0+!< =".+1+#0< &/0 !/ .&+6&- !"/ 2".+1+#0$")"&0"0"+ +!")+/ (1.6 !/ ".+1+#0-.&+6&- &+ .0&,+) %+!")+!". "+/ % .1 %0 /& % +& %0 /7*0)& %" +#,.*0&,+"+ 61 "/ %##"+ "2,. ". "&+" 3& %0&$" +0/ %"&!1+$ #7))0 . /,))0" /"&+" 1/3%) 1# !&" "+0/ %"&!1+$/.")"2+0"+ +#,.*0&,+"+ "/ %.7+("+ 1+! !&" ,/0"+ !". +#,.*0&,+//1 %" 2".."&01+$ 1+! 1/3".01+$ &+ "0. %0 6&"%"+ )/ 8(,+,*&/ %.0&,+) "6"& %+"+ 3&. '"*+!"+ !". /,)+$" +#,.*0&,+"+ /1 %0 2".."&0"0 1+! 1/3".0"0 &/ !". 61/706)& %" 106"+ !". )"060"+ +#,.*0&,+/"&+%"&0 +& %0 *"%. $.8 :". &/0 )/ "/ !&" 61/706)& %"+ ,/0"+ !&"/". +#,.*0&,+/"&+%"&0 /&+! "*+ % $"" "/ "&+" ,-0&*)" +#,.*0&,+/*"+$" &"/"

++%*" %7)0 ))".!&+$/ !"+ "/"06"+ !". ,$&( +& %0 /0+! !3&. &+/"/,+!"." !"+ 106"+ "&+". +#,.*0&,+ "./0 ("++"+ 3"++ 3&. !&"/" +#,.*0&,+ 2".."&0"0 1+! 1/$"3".0"0 %"+ &0%&+ ".#% ."+3&."./0"4-,/0&* %%&+"&+,/& %!&"+#,.*0&,+//1 %" 2".."&01+$1+!1/3".01+$$"),%+0%"+&.*9//0"+!&"/". "."&0/ "4 +0" &* ,.%&+"&+ 3&//"+ &+" +)5/" "& !". 3&. "03/>61*"&/-&")!"+106"+"&+".+#,.*0&,+>=2,.%".<2$) )0"&+&/ % =-."< 3&//"+ *9//0"+ ". "./0 =/-70".< 2$) )0"&+&/ % =-,/0".&,.< 3&//"+ (8++"+ "6"& %+"+ 3&. )/ ." -,/0".&,.& +)5/"

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

) ) $ ) ",/)-5.4'$# ) ,$)4$+$ ) ( 2$(/( /) ( $)$(/(,$)4$+ $-. $) 1 $. , /-+,5"/)" - 6&*)*($ -# ) ,$)4$+- )&, - ''" ( $) +.$(/(,$)4$+ (58 ( +.$(/(,$)4$+ 0 ,#5'. -$# $) )$0$//( ,.$*)' 1 )) $ '.$*) 41$-# ) ,.," /) /!1) *+.$($ ,. 5#, ) $ -+$ '-1 $- $) ( 2$(/(,$)4$+ ,$ ).$ ,. , 0 ,-/#. ($. $ ) ( " " ) ) /" . - $) ) *)-/( 4/ (2$($ , ) /) $) ( $)$(/(,$)4$+ ,$ ).$ ,. , - $) " " ) - *)-/()$0 / ($. ($)$(' ( /" . 4/ , '$-$ , ) -., . $) ( +.$(/(,$)4$+ ,$ ).$ ,. , )# ( -. ) , $- $-./)"-0 ,#5'.)$- *#) 0*, # , - $) /-" ) /) - $) *)-/()$0 / 2&. ! -." ' ". 4/ # ) ( 6&*)*($-# ) ,$)4$+ '5--. -$# , ).-# $ ) ). ,-#$ 41$-# ) ) ",$!! ) !! &.$0$.5. /) !!$4$ )4 /.'$# (# ) $ /(")"--+,#'$# )/, ''4/ *!. '- 3)*)3( 0 ,1 ) . 1 , )% *#($.)$#. )$ "' $# /./)"# ) !! &.$0$.5. $-. " " ) 1 )) 1$, /)- , ( $ ' )5# , &*(( ) /) #5)"$" 0*) 1 '# , $.. ' - 4/ ,! $) ./ ). $ -+$ '-1 $- , !7, $) '/-/, ' ,). #) '. !! &.$0 1 )) , ( " 0*, , '/-/, 416'! ./) ) ')" -./$ ,. -*! ,) , $) $ - , $. - $) )).)$-- ,1 $. ,. '' ,$)"- $-. , $) - $) , ,-. ) .5"'$# ) ./$ ,-./) /!)#( !5#$" , '- $) - $) ) ./$ ,-./) ) 41 $ $- 416'! - $) *)4 ).,.$*) )./," (58 )#'5--.

-#' $-. - $) ,#'. ) )$#. !!$4$ ). , ' ,). ( #, 1 )) , -$#$) ) /.4 )" )0*, ,'/-/,% 1 $'- $) ./) ')" /! - $) '/-/, 0*, , $. . $. ( "' $# ) " " ) ) $)-.4 0*) $)-" -(. 416'! , $.--./) ) &6)). , - $) )).)$-- $) ",68 , (/-(8 ,1 $. ,) !!$4$ )4 -#'5". -$# $) , ,$ ).$ ,/)" ( 6&*)*($-# ) ,$)4$+ )$ , " (58 ( 1$, /)- )$#. )/, !," ) * 1$, /,# $) -.$((. - ) ')/)- , ($ ')5# ,&*(( )-*) ,)" (58 ( 1$, )# -., ) ).1 , ($. " " ) ) $.. ') /)- , $ ' ",68 4/ (2$($ , ) 2$(/(,$)4$+ /)- , " " ) - $ ' ($. ($)$(' ( $.. ' $)-.4 4/ ,, $# ) $)$(/(,$)4$+ * , /) - , $ '$.. ' '.$*) *#) *," ) 4/ *+.$($ , ) +.$(/( ,$)4$+ !!$4$ )4 $-. $ '.$*) 41$-# ) $ ' /) $.. ' 41$ -# ),.,"/)/!1)* ,41$-# )/.+/./))+/. $) 6&*)*($-# )'3- ,-#6+!. -$# )$#. $) , ,7!/)" , !! &.$0$.5. $) , 8)#( 0$ '( #, $-. $ !!$4$ )4 $) - *, # )- /# $ #*# , !! &.$0$.5. 4/ #$). ,!," ) $) )" ' )

"2"'2 "+, %"!-,' &", "'* *+!/'-' $'))* ++(-*' "+ +(%%,' /"* -'+ %+ 3$('(&' "&&* .(* - ' !%,' +( &'! (%","$* " -+,"&&-' "!** 4!%*+!, 2- "!*' *( *&&' -*! ' */"+ - " !(! $,".",4, "!** )%','*( *&&2-*!%,',*!,'-'' %"$6*" &' %' "2"'2 "!** +"!," ,' 7'!&' ,*6' ", #* $,".",4, +"' ))(*,-'",4,+$(+,' .*-'' " -'+ -*! ',+,!' ++ /"* - " '4!+,+, :5 %"!$",9 . % %,"'"+! :())(*,-'",+9 .*2"!,' " /"* '"!, %"!2"," &", -'+** /4!%,' '%-' +&5 %"!$", -*!6!*' $5''' ))(*,-'",4,+$(+,' $5''' &(',4** * -! '"!,&(',4** *, +"' '++('* ", "+, "' /"!," :4!*-' 9 "' * ) )(*,-'",4,+$(+,' &++' /*' "+)"%+/"+ $5''' /"* "' * ", "' * /"* %+ ,-',' $,". ' "'* (*%+-' ,"%'! &' '"!, +"&-%,' "' "','+".+ ",*,-*+,-"-& ,*"' ' * %",4, .*!%,' +"! '+!' "' * % '"!, "' & -+&7*,"('%"'&/"*"+"'*"*,+!,+,!(*"-',*+,% %' "+)"%+/"+ (% , " "+"$(/!*'!&-' '"!, -'"' , *,"('%' %$6%' "% '+!' +"' *"+"$(.*+ -' (*"'," *' +"! " *"+"$(!,,' ',+!"-' ' '"!, '6!,*' ' ' */*,-' +/*,' "!** '%-' +&5 %"!$",' +('*' +,*' '*%% '! &5 %"! *%-+, *"' 2- !%,' 5 %"! )( +",". * '"++ /"!,' +" *"' * %+ %"!/!*+!"'%"! &5 %"! ' ,". * '"++ "+"$(*-" )"%*,1)' .*!% ,' +"! -& $!*, " .*'!%4++" ' " "+"$' &5 %"!* * %-+,2- -'+,'* !''&5 %"!* /"''

'$*$, .*2**' " ,"('%",4, .(' ',+!"-' ' "'& '+!' - .* ' ' ',+!"-' ' %+ :'$*9 6* '- ',+!"-' ' 2-*6$ *"' "+ +- *"*, %, -' *!%,'+ +"!*!", (/(!% "' "'& .* ' '' (',0, /4!%, ', +!"-' +&-+,* 6* '+,!' ',+!"-' ' "**%.', +"' $5'''

*$,"' + : "'$%&&*'9 .(' /(!',& (% , "'* " ,-%"+"*-' .(' *!%,'+&-+,*' -! /'' "+ '"!, *,"('% *6'*+"'+('*''-*-+ /(!'!",(*, 6!*,/*'

%$,". !*'!&-' " "+)"%+/"+ " ' *!*-' ' +,4*$* *6$+"!," , %+ %% &"' ,*4 , '%%+ 2-* **,"('%" ,4, &'+!%"!' ',+!"'+ -' '%'+ " "* +"' '"!, "' * +4&,%"! ',+!"-' +*%.',' !4'(&' -' +

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

2.3 Utilitätsprinzip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

0 $- (, ,-+ ( *+$/- .,#&- $( 4 + $(,-$''.(" '$- ' .-2 ('1$'$ +.(",*+$(2$* (# $#+ ' "+68-'6"&$# ( .-2 ( .( " ( ,$# ($#- '$- $( ' .-2 (($/ . .(- +#& , .- 2 ('1$'.', 2.!+$ ( +$/- .,#&- "(7" ( ,$# ($#- '$$( ' -$,!$2$ +.(",2$ & &,) $( ' ,-$''- ( .-2 (($/ . ,)( +( ,-+ ( (# 1$'$ +.(" $ , ((#' %)''- ' -# '-$,# ( *-$'$ +.(",&")+$-#' ( (-" " ( %- ,$# + ($#-20$(" ('$- ++!#+.(",0 &-

' +% (,0 +- $,- $ ((#' ,, + .-2 ( .+# ( +0 + ) + ,$-2 $( , .- ,($#- +.+# ( 0.,,- ( +2$#-.! $( .- 2. ' #+ ( $,- $ +,- #- $,*$ &,0 $, $( $% + (,# + +,.#.(",$#+ $-7%# +)+- 2.%.! ($,-, $(.- 2 (/$ && $#-#6# +&,0 (( +, $( ( &7,- (!+ $ (.!&$ 8 ( + 6%)()'$,# ( # )+$ #$(" " ( " # ( 0$+ /)( ., ,, $( #+ ( 7- +( .# 2. $( ' #+ ( .-2 ( !7#+- , "$&- , $#-5--$".(",*+$(2$* $ , ((#' $,- *&.,$ & ,)&(" ,$# , 6%)()'$,# +% ((-($,$(- + ,, .! ( + $# %)(2 ( -+$ +- + ,$# .+# , )+&$ " ( /)( (**# $- ( .,2 $#( - 3%)()' ( / +# #& ( ($#- ,, ( + $-.-$)( ( (%+ ,$(

$ , " #6+ ( + ($#- 2.' *+$'5+ ( 6%)()'$,# ( +% ((-($, + $# + 6,.(" /)( (**# $-,*+)& ' ( '$ , +)& ' ,, +2./ +,- # (.(- +,# $ (0$+20$,# ( 7+!($, +! .( #!+" $( 7+!($, $,- $( ,-+%- + .(,# 0$ 2.' $,*$ & + .(,# ,$# 2. %& $ ( $( +! $,- $( %)(%+ -$,$ +- , 7+!($, $,*$ &,0 $, + .(,# (# +'.#)+-,$( #!+" $,- $('+%-" 5.8 +- + +! !7+ ,, ( !+$ $".(" $( " (& $,-.(" $( + " & & ( " )- ( 0$+ #!+" $,- '2.!)&" $( ' +%- " 5.8 +- , %)(%+ -$,$ +- , 7+!($, !7+ ,, ( !+$ $".(" $( ,-$''- , ." - + $-" ,- &&- 0$+ +0$+- + 5.! + .! ' +%- , (#" !+"- .-&$ "-)(,.': 7+!($, !+$ $".(":/)+

(**# $- ,- #-0 (( + +!( $( ' .-.+#.,,#6*! ( && + +).%-$)(,'6"&$#% $- ( ($#- /)&& " %- 0 + ( %(( (**# $- $,- '2.!)&" $( + &-$/ + "+$!! % $( ,)&.- + , "$- , &- ( 7- + $ ($#- %(** ,$( 0 $& + +! ( $#( ( " +$(" $,- .( #5.!$" /)+%)'' ( 7- + $ %(** ,$( 0 $& $#+ #)# + +! ($#- " %- 0 + ( %(( $( , &- ( , + ($#%(** , .- $,- 2.' $,*$ & $ &+$ 7 +-+" ( ()*# & , 7% $'#7+$(" +&0 $& $( +!(()*# & ,7% ($( $ , + $-- &" $+",+ "$)( ($#- 1$,-$ +- $( %(** , )0)#&

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

',( .$4',1$/( 76;(10(5571* (,1( $1;( %4(&+(1 0 (975565(,1 (50,6 $75(1'(1821>6(41;7671;7+$%(1.200(19,40,6(,1(4 82//56<1',*(1 (,+71* 5<06/,&+(4 >6(4 (,1(4 .$4',1$/(1 76;(1 0(5571* 5(+4 1$+( (,53,(/59(,5( ,56 '(4 76;(1$%56$1' ;9,5&+(1 '(0 21570 (,1(5 76(5 '$5 ,1 '(4 76;(15.$/$ $7) /$6; /,(*6 71' '(0 21570 (,1(5 $1'(4(1 76(5 $7) /$6; *( 4,1*",45,1'174'$11,056$1'(',((,+71*'(4>6(41$&+,+4(0 *(56,)6(6(1 76;(1 .244(.6 824;71(+0(1 9(11 9,4 5,&+(4 5,1' '$55 '(476;(1'(4'74&+'(121570'(576(5$7)/$6; +(4 824*(47)(1 9,4' *(4,1*(4 ,56 $/5 '(4 76;(1 '(4 '74&+ '(1 21570 '(5 76(5 $7) /$6; *(1(4,(46 9,4' $%(4 +=+(4 ,56 $/5 '(4 76;(1'(4'74&+'(121570'(576(5$7)/$6; *(56,)6(6 9,4' "(4 ',(5 .215,56(16 )(56/(*(1 .$11 2))(1%$46 '$0,6 ,03/,;,6 5(,1( <+,*.(,6 ;7 (,1(4 1$+(;7 .$4',1$/(1 76;(10(5571* (5+$/% .21;(',(4(1 9,4 ;9$4 ',( *471'5<6;/,&+(1 6+(24(6,5&+(1 (),;,6( .$4',1$/(4 76;(10(5571* 8(4$15&+/$*(1 ',( ('(7671* ',(5(4 <1*(/)>4',(34$.6,5&+(!05(6;71*$%(4$/51,&+6%(521'(45+2&+ !0 '(4 716(45&+,('/,&+(1 76;(1%(9(4671* (,1(5 76(5 ,1 %+<1 *,*.(,6 821 '(4 -(9(,/,*(1 $70#(,66(//( (&+171* ;7 64$*(1 (03),(+/6 5,&+ $75 $1$/:6,5&+(1 4>1'(1 (,1 76 '$5 $1 8(45&+,( '(1(1 46(1 71'2'(4 ;7 8(45&+,('(1(1 #(,6(1 .21570,(46 9,4' *( '$1./,&+ ,1 716(45&+,('/,&+( >6(4 $7);76(,/(1 ,1 ,6(4 "$55(4 ,0 #(16470 '(4 $4$%,5&+(1 7% $/+$/, '(4 *4=?6(1 $1'9>56( '(4 "(/6 821 '(4 '233(/6(1 4=?( (765&+/$1'5 ,56 ;70 (,53,(/ (,1 B$1'(4(5A76$/5(,1,6(4"$55(4$7)(,1(0471'56>&.'(4(&. /(1%74*,5&+(1 ((13/$66( %(152 9(4'(1 >6(4 0,6 '(1 */(,&+(1 3+:5,5&+(1 ,*(15&+$)6(1 ',( $0 5(/%(1 46 ;7 716(45&+,('/,&+(1 #(,6(1 *(+$1'(/6 9(4'(1 $/5 716(45&+,('/,&+( 42'7.6( %(64$&+6(6 (4 4(,5 (,1(5 ,45&+%4$6(15 0,6 /=?(1 26.2+/ 71' 4(,5(/%(( 4(1 .$11 ,1 '(05(/%(1 (56$74$16 8$4,,(4(1 -( 1$&+'(0 2% ',(5( $+/;(,6 $/5 B75,1(55 71&+A 9<+4(1' '(4 ,66$*5;(,6 2'(4 ,1 '(1 %(1'5671'(1(,1*(1200(19,4'

754>1'(1'(4%(55(4(1$/.7/,(4%$4.(,61(+0(19,4$1'$55> 6(4 %(/,(%,* 6(,/%$4 5,1' ,(5( 11$+0( ,56 )>4 8,(/( >6(4 718(4 )<1*/,&+ '$ 9,4 %(,53,(/59(,5( '$5 76 (,5 ,1 ./(,1( ,1+(,6(1 9,( B(,5.=41(4A 2'(4 B(,5 ,1 4$00A ;(4/(*(1 .=11(1 &+9,(4,*(4 9,4' (5 0,6 >6(41 ',( 5,&+ 2))(15,&+6/,&+ 1,&+6 ;(4/(*(1 /$55(1 2+1( ,+4(1 6$675 $/5 76 ;7 8(4/,(4(1 ,6 (415(+*(4<6(1 ,56 (415(+(1 710=*/,&+ 7&+ 42'7.6,215)$.624(1 5,1' $11$+0(*( 04 '(1 42'7.6,215)$.624 4%(,6 +(,?6 ',(5

%(,63,(/6:(,6( '$66 :,5 (,1( !2//<(,767(//( (,1( $/%7$*667(//( 81' (,1( 7(//( @%(5 <(+1 781'(1 352 "2&+( ,1 *((,*1(7(5 "(,6( $8) (,1(1 *(0(,16$0(1 (11(5 %5,1*(1 ,1'(0 :,5 '(1 52'8.7,216)$. 725 5%(,7 ,1 5%(,766781'(1 0(66(1

2.4 Marginalprinzip ,1 :(,7(5(6 &+$5$.7(5,67,6&+(6 5,1<,3 ?.2120,6&+(1 (1.(16 ,67 '$6 $5*,1$/35,1<,3 '$6 5,1<,3 '(6 (1.(16 ,1 D5(1<(1C 81' =1'(581*(1 9*/ /$7(,1,6&+ D0$5*2C '(876&+ D5(1<(C @5 '(1 :,576&+$)7/,&+(1 $/.@/ (,1(6 1',9,'8806 0?*(1 85&+6&+1,776 :(57( 921 *(:,66(0 17(5(66( 6(,1 (176&+(,'81*65(/(9$17 6,1' $%(5 2)7 0$5*,1$/( 5?A(1 2 <(,*7 %(,63,(/6:(,6( ',( '85&+6&+1,77/,&+( 216804827( (,1(6 35,9$7(1 $86+$/76 :,( 9,(/ 52<(17 6(,1(6 ,1.200(16(5<821680<:(&.(19(5:(1'(7@5',(5$*(80:,( 9,(/ 6(,1 21680 ,0 #8*( 921 ,1.200(16(5+?+81*(1 67(,*7 ,67 -('2&+ 1,&+7 6(,1( %,6+(5,*( '85&+6&+1,77/,&+( 621'(51 6(,1( 0$5*,1$/( 216804827( 921 ('(8781* ,(6( *,%7 $1 :,( 9,(/ '(6 <86>7

) , ,-. ) +'. -$) $ )" ) $)# $. ) - /. - /!" !5#,.$ -/&2 --$0 &*)-/($ ,.1 , ) $ 21 $. +'. ($--. ) -(.)/.2 ) , -$# /- , $.$*) '' , /.2 ) $)# $. ) ,"$. $ ,$.. +'. ($--. ) , )2)/.2 ) % , $)2 ') ) $)# $. , -(.)/.2 ) '3--. -$# /# /- , $.$*) -3(.'$# , , )2)/.2 ) ,($.. ')

#( ) 1$, ) $) *)-/( ). &/!. 2 #) /(&/" ') --. , $ ,-. /(&/" ' ).-. #. $#( $) /.2 ) $) 4# 0*) #. /.2 ) $)# $. ) # , 21 $. ) /(&/" ' &*((. , /! $) ) -(. )/.2 )$)4# 0*) /.2 ) $)# $. )-!3''./!-- ,2/-3.2 '$# /.2 ) ,/,#$ ' .2. 8#$ ,21 $. 8/(&/" '" ) ,$ ,. 1*, )$-." ,$)" ,$-.'- ,/.2 ) ,0*,# ,$" )8#$ , ,-. )8 /(&/" ' $ - , 2/-3.2'$# /.2 ) , ' .2. ) $)# $. $-. , , )2)/.2 ) $.#$) $-. , , )2)/.2 ) 0*) #. )# , ,-. ) /(&/" '/!-$ ))# ,21 $. )/(&/" '" -/)& )3# , ) -$# , *)-/( ). /! $ ,-. /(&/" ' ($. $6#/)" , -.5,2. $-. 0*, ( ,2 #, - $) , 21 $. ) /(&/" ' $) $' - $) , 5,!)$-- 8 .$'' ) 0*) /)" , !,$ $"/)" - ++ .$.- 1 #, 0*) ). ,2/& ,/)" 8 , $.- /,# ) )/-- , ,-. ) /(&/" ' !,$ $".$.% ,1 $. , )/(&/" '$ ,$--.-$)&. , , )2)/.2 ) ' $. , )*# $- 2/, #. ) /(&/" ' +*-$.$0

)# -$) $ 5,!)$-- - *)-/( ). ) " -.$''. $ ) /). /(&/" ' ,$)". $#( & $) ) 2/-3.2'$# ) /.2 ) , , )2)/.2 ) '$ ". $ )/'' #. , *)-/( ). -$# )/) ,) '' -. 2/ 0 ,.$'" ) /) $--. , /# )*# $ 2 #). /(&/" ' ).-. #. $#( $) ) ".$0 , 2/-3.2'$# , /.2 ) '-* $) # ) , -$# $) $ ) ( /))" ) #( ) 4'' " !5#' 1$ ,-+$ " ') &)) , 3..$ "/)"-+/)&. $-. ($. , 2 #). ) /(&/" ' , $.- 5 ,-#,$.. ) $) #*(* * *)*($/- #3.. $ ) /). /) 2 #). /(&/" ' )$#. ( #, 0 ,2 #,. /,# -$ 2/-3.2'$# *-. ) )!'' ) , & $) 2/-3.2'$# , /.2 ) ).-. #. ) $'/)" ,"$. -$# $) -(.)/.2 )&/,0 $ $(( , " ,$)" , . $" ,/)"-,. ) /!1 $-. 21$-# ) , #. ) /) ) /). /(&/" ' +,'' ' 2/, -2$-- 0 ,'3/!. /) -#'$ 6'$# 8 )# ) /). ) /(&/" ' 8 -$)&. 1 $' , , )2)/.2 ) ) ".$0 1$, $ - , ,'/! , -(.)/.2 )&/,0 , -/'.$ ,./-$#, ,&*,, -+*)$ , ) ), )2)/.2 )&/,0 $ $) ) ".$0 . $"/)"/!1 $-.

) ,

$ (# (& " () ( '() %(($( ()- -* %)$ ( ' .!%$%# '#$$ $' %(($ # ' *()"") )

( '() %(($( ()- () ( ()- ( +%$ $$ $ $#$$ '$-$*)-$( *$ , ' * /)) *$(()- $$$) )-*$#$'%$(*##$( $!)''$-$*)-$ $(*)(

3. Präferenzen und Indifferenzkurven 3.1 Einführung 1;&%1%.9%. 2).$ $)% A/1,)%"%.@ %).%2 /.24-%.3%. 1!0()2#( 6)1$$)%1;&%1%.9/1$.4.'%).%2!42(!,32).%).%- 6%)=3%1!,, $41#( %). 823%- 5/. .$)&&%1%.9+415%. 1%01;2%.3)%13 %- 6%) =3%1!,, +/--3 .41 %).% $)$!+3)2#(% +%).% %22%.3)%,,% %$%434.' 94 4!,)3!3)5 2).$ $)% 1'%".)22% ). %).%- %(1=3%1!,, .)#(3 !.$%12 $)% .!,82% )23 .41 %1(%",)#( +/-0,)9)%13%1 2/ $!22 6)1 5%1 %).&!#(%.$!..%(-%.$!22$%1!42(!,396)2#(%.96%)=3%1.6;( ,%.+!..$)%!4#(!,296%)=3%1"=.$%,).3%101%3)%136%1$%.+<..%.

3.2 Präferenzen 4.;#(23 4.3%124#(%. 6)1 !,,'%-%).% 1;&%1%.9%. "%5/1 6)1 %).)'% 20%9)%,,% 1;&%1%.9%. .;(%1 %1,;43%1.

3.2.1 Allgemeine Präferenzen ).% +/.2)23%.3% 1;&%1%.9/1$.4.' -422 &/,'%.$%. $1%) 7)/-%. '%.='%.

123%.2 "%$%43%3 $!2 7)/- $%1 /,,23;.$)'+%)3 $!22 2;-3,)#(%. =3%1. 1;&%1%.9%. 94'%/1$.%3 6%1$%. +<..%. $)% !,,% ). %).%1 $%1 &/,'%.$%. %9)%(4.'%. 94%).!.$%1 23%(%.

6)1$ 231%.' 5/1'%9/'%.

6)1$ 2#(6!#( 5/1'%9/'%.

: 4.$ '%.)%>%. $)% ',%)#(% 1;&%1%.9 %2 "% 23%(3 .$)&&%1%.9

6)1$ 2#(6!#( 5/1'%9/'%.

6)1$ 231%.' 5/1'%9/'%. )%!,)$)3;3$)%2%27)/-2"%$%43%3$!22$%1/.24-%.3)--%1). $%1 !'% )23 %).% .32#(%)$4.' 94 &;,,%. )%2 -!' 31)5)!, +,).'%. 4.$ )23 &=1 6)132#(!&3,)#( 1%,%5!.3% .32#(%)$4.'22)34!3)/.%. ). $%1 %'%, !4#( $%1 !,, "%1 *%$%1 %.2#( +%..3 )34!3)/.%. ). $%.%. %1 2)#( .)#(3 (!3 1!3)/.!, %.32#(%)$%. +<..%. %) %).%- #()&&24.

).?%- ;7/ '+52+'. -#00 '+0 *'48144#)'0&'4 %*9+//'4 +0 &'4 "9+%-/?*.' 56'%-'0 5+%* 0+%*6 '065%*'+&'0 ;7 ->00'0 9'.%*'0 &'4 $'+&'0 /+6 +*/ ?$'4 14& )')#0)'0'0 +%*65%*9+//'4 '4 4'66'0 51..9'00'49'+@휢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

! !

4+66'05 )+.6 :+1/ &'4 4#05+6+8+6=6 '00 76 '+05 76 ;9'+ 814)';1)'09+4&70&76;9'+76&4'+814)';1)'09+4& +4& #7%*76'+0576&4'+814)';1)'0

! !! ! ! !

+' 4(?..70) &+'5'5 &4+66'0 :+1/5 +56 $'+ '+0'4 +'.;#*. 810 ? 6'40 5%*10 (?4 +0&+8+&7'..' 4=('4'0;'0 0+%*6 .'+%*6 ;7 '4(?..'0 '+ -1..'-6+8'0 065%*'+&70)'0 +0 &'0'0 /'*4'4' '4510'0 �#%* 64#%*6'0 5+%* #7( '+0' #0)14&070) 810 #0&.70)5/>).+%*-'+6'0 ;7 8'456=0&+)'0 +56 &'4 #0)'. #0 4#05+6+8+6=6 $'510&'45 8+47.'06 9+'4419#4#&1:101(('0.')6#54419#4#&1:10Ʌ/ #437+5 &' 10&14%'6 '069+%-'.6 914&'0 +56 #$'4 4 419;7)'5%*4+'$'09+4&8'4&'76.+%*6$'+065%*'+&70)'0/+6/'*4' 4'0 065%*'+&'40 5%*9+'4+)' '4*=.60+5 810 +0&+8+&7'..'4 70& -1..'-6+8'4 #6+10#.+6=6 '.$56 $'+ 4#05+6+8+6=6 +0&+8+&7'..'4 4= ('4'0;'0 +56 &+' 4#05+6+8+6=6 -1..'-6+8'4 4=('4'0;'0 0+%*6 )'9=*4 .'+56'6 51 7 -1..'-6+8' 065%*'+&70)'0 0+%*6 1*0' 9'+6'4'5 #75 &'4 4=('4'0;14&070) #$)'.'+6'6 9'4&'0 ->00'0 #5 4419#4#&1 :1051..#0'+0'/'+52+'./+6&'0&4'+'4510'070&519+' &'0&4'+#0&.70)5/>).+%*-'+6'0#$70&%'4.=76'469'4&'0 +' ,'9'+.+)'0 4=('4'0;14&070)'0 .#76'0 '4510 $'814;7)6 14 5%*.#) # )')'0?$'4 145%*.#) $ &'4 145%*.#) % 814)';1)'0 9+4&

$ ,-. #' , ,-*) $-. " !*'". 0*) ( 1 )$"-. )#3'.

0*) *,-#'" , 0*,$. 0*) ,-*) $-. *,-#'" *, -#'"1$,!5, -- , !/) )'-*,-#'"

,$). $-. $)(' ( ( $-. ) ,15)-#. $)(' ) 21 $. , . '' -*1$ $)(' ) ' .2. , . '' , 0*,2/". ) +.$*) ) $) $)2$" -.$((/)" 5 , '' , $ *,-#'3" !5#,. -#' 2/ & $ ) ( ," )$- $, $) $) , #,# $.- ).-# $/)" $) , ) " -.$((. /) .,$.. )-#'$ 6 ) $ -$ ", $# ,$). , ,-. ) , -.$((/)" " " ) $ 0 ,'$ ) ,$). ) "$. - , $ -.$((/)"-0,$). ) - &4)) ) ,-. )- /) " " )5 , " -. ''. 1 , ) 0*, , ) $ " , " " ) ).,$.. 21 $. )- &)) 2/ )3#-. 5 , /) " -.$((. 1 , ) 0*, , ) $ " ,0,$). ($. +.$*) 0 ,"'$# ) 1$, ,$.. )- &4)) ) 2/ ,-. /) " " ) $)) , )., . ) /( -#'$ 6'$# $ -$ ", $# ,$). " " ) $)- +$ ' 2/ ,$)" ) $,-+$ ' )'' , $,$). )/,#/)0 ,"' $# )$ ," )$- , /). ,-#$ '$# ) -.$((/)"-(*$ -.$((/)" )

,$).

," )$- -$ ". ,$).

," )$- -$ ". ,$).

," )$- -$ ". /- , ,-. ) -.$((/)"" #.+.$*)'-$ " ,# ,0*,/- , 21 $. ) -.$((/)" +.$*) /) /- , ,$.. ) -.$((/)" + .$*) *($. &4)). % (4"'$# ,$). /). , ( &(). ' $) , *,)/)"-" (36 ) -.$((/)" ) )-+,/# ,# ) $ &*'' &.$0 " 15)-#. 2/ - $) , -.$((/)"-(*/- ).-# $ . 5 , $ &*'' &.$0 ,3! , )2 $) (-.) , ( /!'' * , , )$+/'.$*) 5 ,'-- ) ' $. )$#. , $ ,$. ,$ ) $) , ,.$*

'%' -' $('+"+,',' ',+!"-' *5%%, ' -'+*& "+)"% +(%%, "' 1"%(*"',"*,* ',+!"* " ' ' +"! *"6' -' 1-*+, 5* " "' '*' ),"('' +,"&&' %++' .(* * +"'' (*+!% "'+ ''' ' " " *.*"', ',*,' %3++,'"+& %% /"'',*"&&*

" '(**-' ' ' $('+"+,', $(%%$,". ',+!"-' ' %- ,' +"' -+ .(%%+,3'" ' *%0".' -' ,*'+",".' "'"." -%%' *3*'1' .(%%+,3'" *%0". -' ,*'+",". $(%%$,". *3*'1'1-',/"$%' "+, "' * $(%%$,".' *3*'1(*'-' ),"(' * ) ,"(' .(*1-1"!' /'' &36 +3&,%"!' "'"."-%%' *3*' 1'),"('*),"('.(* 1( '/"* +(%% " $(%%$,". *3*'1 .(' '5* '-* .(' * #/"%" ' "!-' * "'"."-%%' *3*'1' .(' -' !3' ' '"!, * .(' * '1!% /",** '%-' +(),"(''

3.2.2 Spezielle Präferenzen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

*+-!' '"."-' "!* (*" "'3*' *3*'1' '"!, 5* "' 2'*-' "!** *3*'1' +('*' "'"*$, 9'1-)++'8 "'&

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

3.3 Indifferenzkurven 0',))(3(0;-637(0 863'(0 '63&+ '(0 (0*.,4&+(0 <-101/(0 3$0&,4 "4,'31 '*(8135+ ,0 ',( !,354&+$)548,44(04&+$)5(0 (,0*()?+35

3.3.1 Allgemeine Indifferenzkurven ,0( 0',))(3(0;-637( ,45 '(3 *(1/(53,4&+( 35 $..(3 1/%,0$5,10(0 710 ?5(3/(0*(0 %(, '(0(0 '$4 (38$35(5( 65;(00,7($6 *.(,&+ +1&+ ,45 ,( 0',))(3(0;-637( ;(,*5 %(, 8(.&+(0 ?5(3/(0*(0-1/%,0$5,1 0(04,&+'(3$64+$.5,0',))(3(057(3+=.5..(60-5($6)(,0(30',) )(3(0;-637(*(%(0'$4*.(,&+(65;(00,7($6$0?3'(0 (3.$6)710 0',))(3(0;-637(0 4,0' )?0) 00$+/(0 ;6 %($&+5(0 ,( (345(0 '3(, 00$+/(03(46.5,(3(0$64'(09,1/(0'(3(0(.560*)?3(,0(-10

( ()$) '1'$/%'$*$ *$ $" () ")/)$ $ $$#$( $*$(' )(*('*)/$)%' !$$) '()$( ")(- %#'%""()1$ ! )(%(('*)/$(1#) " ' 2)'&' %' $" +'" ' () $ $ '$/!*'+$ (.()# '(() (%# ) "" $!'$ %# $) %$$ +%$ 2)'#$ $ $ $/"$ $ '$/!*'+ "" $!'$ %# $) %$$ +%$ 2)'#$$ " $ *)/$$ +*( , )$( ")(- %#'"- + )1) ' ))$(2'$( #13#- %#''$( ) + )1)$ '$/ !*'+$$ )($ $$ "*$, '*)" ,'*# ((% ()

'*)/$( 2)'2$"(#2(()" #*)/$( 2)' 2$"( ( $ *$!) * '("$ $ '$/!*'+ * " $ ' *)/$ ' 2)'#$$!%# $) %$ #2(() /*# " # *)/$ ' 2)'#$$!%# $) %$ ( $ , " *$!)*'("$$ '$/!*'+* " $ #13 # - %# ' '$( ) + )1) #2(() ( ' *(") (" /, ($ #

2)'2$"*$# 2)'2$" $ '$)+'")$ $$0 *$ 0 0

3-#+($&$-(- !!(+#3-&)$#."' 3%3-2$01"'($#+("'$--#(%%$ 0$-8*304$- 3%3 3-# 3%3 $0 31' +2 * -- 1("' 85(1"'$#($1$- !$(#$- <2$0,$-&$-*.,!(- 2(.-$- -("'2 (-#(%%$0$-2 4$0' + 2$- 5$(+ 3-2$01"'($#+("'$ -#(%%$0$-8*304$- 3-2$01"'($#+("'$ 32 8$--(4$ 31 0$/0:1$-2($0$- .,(2 (12 # 1 6(., #$0 0 -1(2(4(2:2 4$0+$282 #($ 0:%$0$-8.0#-3-& (12 -("'2 *.-1(12$-2 .-1(12$-8 (12 -30 &$5:'0+$(12$2 5$-- 1("' #($ -#(%%$0$-8*304$- $(-$1 /0(4 2$ 3' +21 -("'2 1"'-$(#$- ($02$-1 &(+2 # 1 ("'2:22(&3-&1/0(-8(/ 5.- "' $(- $'0 $(-$, $-(&$0 $(-$1 32$1 4.0&$8.&$- 5(0# 1. # 11 -#(%%$0$-8*304$,.-.2.- % ++$-# 4$0+ 3%$- (-$ -#(%%$0$-8*304$ ,(2 $(-$, ';'$ 0$- 328$--(4$ 3 +($&2 5$(2$0 3=$- 0$"'21 .!$- $(-$ -#(%%$0$-8 *304$ #($ $(- -($#0(&$0$1 328$--(4$ 3 0$/0:1$-2($02 5$(2$0 (--$+(-*1 3-2$- ($ $+23-& #$1 0(-8(/1 #$0 .-.2.-($ !$#$32$2 -("'2 5(#$0 ++$ 0% '03-& # 11 (,,$0 3-#

! $&#% # &$% ( % '! &% $ & ' % '! &% +( # # ! $& $ ,#&$$ ! $&#% &%$ +( & #&+#% /% $ !" $ %! # # $% $ ! $&$ $ "" &%$ $ & & $ &%+ '& & +& % #$ (!''! &% $& ( '! &%+(! $&#% (# % # ! $& $ &%$ +( & %# .%% # &$% #.0# ! $&$%#& $ &%$ $& &$ &#! $& #& '! &% +( #%% &%+ '#&$% &$+& $! $$ &%+ '&$ & $ ! ')%-%#%$$!&$# # +#%#& $%%&%! & /#% +& $$ &% $% /%#! %! /# )%# /%#/ '! &% $# ' & '! # $# ( %% '!#+&% (# ! ')%-% &%%&$$ /%# $! $&#%(# . & $ %*"$ # +&#' #$%% %# &0 # +&#' '#.#"# .#$ &%+ '&

$ .-3 (!.(%-$)( $ .+# $( -2*$,# 3.' +,*+.(" %)( / 1 ')()-)( !&& ( ($!! + (3%.+/ ,#+$ ( 0$+ #- !)& " ( +.(!)+'

8

3.3.2 Spezielle Indifferenzkurven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

"!"% #"&(!!" &"' % %"-"('-" & #"&(!& "' &#"%" % &'' % /""" -(! &$ " &( "& %# #"-%'& "(&# " * ''#" *% &# *# !%(""%#" &(!%'-(!' %" &.'-" " "%"-(%)" " "') '(" ( "! ),' #"-%' 0%" ''#"&0("" " %"(" !' "! (''%%"&$ "(% -( "% ("*&"' " ('-"&'%(" .%" "% ''#"&0(" %/' " !(& & ( " % +'%#)%'%'" '!#&$.% "& #" -%'& " ('-" "(% " %"! (&!1 !( '"& "" (" '%" ! #'(&&'- &" *"% !$ "&*%' & )# &'." " " (& -("&*& " ' '#"

! $%'% (&''(' &&" & #"&(!%'" "" % 0'% 4(&'(&"3 &# && %"-%' %( &''('#" " ""#!"'#"" #"&'"' &' (! &$ &' & 0% ) %%'" ("% # *% "" ("#%""&*%-" ( &%%)%*"" %(" #%!%('-"("'#"$%'%(&''(' (''

$ $

! #!" ! ! "!

6

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

(%)3 4

%! ) %""!,!)2&/,0!) 0!,'/"!) %) %!-!( '' %) !%)!( !%' -!)& ,!$.%() !,!)1#!,!$.1%!1%,%) %' /)# -!$!)

$ ## %) %1*.# % +% %) %+*(#% +*) ,(#+% % (%."+(,% %*-( #) )%"(* &( #) -(* ( %-( %(%& %% ()%+*(#% +*) %%

%#+))+%+*.%) +)#*)*+$ )' # )*(+* .% ( +%) +) $ ()' )% ,&% ) %*)** +%/% ,&%- , #(%)- ( %+%)($# ()(%"% ( /** +%) &( # ))'+%"* ) %+*(#% +*) )* ( *) (( * (%.(* ( +)* *+* &% )*(* % !( *## % +%% # - - ( % #+%("%%%"0%%%

$ ,%) & $ $* &%$ '#$&% # ! $& % ! $& $ $* &%$ $! # ( + )& % &%) $%#& $ &# + ( # ,#% $ ,%) &%$)& & !#$$* &%$ $$ (# $"$($ $ !$ '# *%# %, %$$%! $%% & $# &%) ( (# # %! & !# ( # !$ "#! %! #%

# )&#' '#& ( & #$%

- !,, 5/. :33)'4.'2'<3%1. 5%1,!4&%. $)% .$)&&%1%.9+415%. 6)% ). ""),$4.' /5!,&;1-)' )% ?415%> -)3 $%- (;#(23%. 439%. .)5%!4 )23 4.+3 $%1 :33)'4.'204.+3

)23$)%:33)'4.'2-%.'%$%243%2%).2 $)%*%.)'%$%243%2

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

<1 2/ '%.!..3% /""/4',!21:&%1%.9%. ,!43%3 $)% 380)2#(% 43 9%.&4.+3)/.

@

)% 42'!"%.!.3%),% %).%2 43%2 ",%)"%. ',%)#( %.. 2)#( $)% 7 0/.%.3%. 94 %).2 !$$)%1%. ')"3 ! $%. 42'!"%.!.3%), $%2 %).%.4 3%24.$"$%.*%.)'%.$%2!.$%1%.43%2!.(194-12014.'+/.5% 7%1 &!,,%.$%1 %1,!4& %.3201)#(3 $%- %).%1 ?380)2#(%.> .$)&&%1%.9 +415%

4. Restriktionen und Budgetgeraden 4.1 Einführung (675,.7,21(1 6,1' (%(1%(',1*81*(1 ',( 816(5(1 $1'/81*663,(/ 5$80 (,16&+5=1.(1 5=)(5(1<(1 9(5.>53(51 816(5( 25/,(%(1 ,( ;,67(1< 921 (675,.7,21(1 6&+5=1.7 816 (,1 816(5( 25/,(%(1 $8) +>&+67(0 ,9($8 <8 5($/,6,(5(1 1 '(1 ,576&+$)76:,66(16&+$)7(1 .21<(175,(5(1 :,5 816 <80(,67 $8) ),1$1<,(//( (675,.7,21(1 $ 81 6(5( ),1$1<,(//(1 ,77(/ 1,&+7 81(56&+>3)/,&+ 6,1' 0?66(1 :,5 0,7 .1$33(1 8'*(76 +$86+$/7(1 ,5 817(5/,(*(1 (,1(5 8'*(75(675,. 7,21 (5 ,1)$&++(,7 +$/%(5 1(+0(1 :,5 $1 '$66 816(5 8'*(7 (,1 <,* '85&+ 816(5 ,1.200(1 " '(7(50,1,(57 ,67 21 $1'(5(1 ( 67,0081*6*5>@(1:,((50>*(12'(55(',7(16(+(1:,5$%

,( 8'*(75(675,.7,21 9(5/$1*7 '$66 ',( 800( $//(5 0,7 ,+5(0 -( :(,/,*(1 5(,6 %(:(57(7(1 ?7(50(1*(1 '(0 ,1.200(1 ,67

,( 8'*(7*/(,&+81* (5)25'(57 '$66 ',( 800( $//(5 0,7 ,+5(0 -( :(,/,*(15(,6%(:(57(7(1?7(50(1*(1 '(0,1.200(1,67

C! C! C! B1 C!1 "

C! C! C! B1 C!1 "

,( 8'*(7*(5$'( ,67 '(5 *(20(75,6&+( 57 $//(5 20%,1$7,21(1 921 ?7(50(1*(1 %(, '(1(1 '$6 8'*(7 $86*(6&+>3)7 :,5' ',( 8'*(7 5(675,.7,21 )2/*/,&+ $/6 8'*(7*/(,&+81* *,/7

4.2 Statische Eigenschaften =+5(1'',(1',))(5(1<.859(<(,*7:$66,&+(,11',9,'880/(,67(1

<(,*7',(8'*(7*(5$'(:$66,&+(,11',9,'880/(,67(1 #85:(,7(5(1(5(,1)$&+81*.21<(175,(5(1:,5816$8)'(1#:(,? 7(5$// '(5 48$/,7$7,9 ',( */(,&+(1 5*(%1,66( /,()(57 :,( '(5 1? 7(5$// ,( 8'*(7*/(,&+81* /$87(7

C! C! "

5$*(1:,5,1%%,/'81*',(8'*(7*(5$'($%',($8)'(5%6<,66( 87 (,16 81' $8) '(5 5',1$7( 87 <:(, 0,667 (5+$/7(1 :,5 (,1( )$//(1'( (5$'( (11 62)(51 '$6 8'*(7 1,&+7 81(56&+>3)/,&+ ,67 *,/7 (0(+592187(,16.21680,(57:,5''(672:(1,*(5.$11921 87<:(,.21680,(57:(5'(181'80*(.(+57

' *$(, (+#($,, * -" ," * ( "$&, ++ * )(+-' (, + $( " +', + $(%)'' ( !1* -, /. $ -+"$, -( $ #!*" (#-, $(+(-&&$+,

,/ (.$*& $#-(" $($ -" ,"& $#-(" $(-(&0+ ( (# -! *#&, (.$* (*$(, (+#($,, *-" ," * (

3

' +/$++ (+#($,, * -" ," * ( "$&, ++ * )(+-' (, + $( " +', + $(%)'' ( !1* -, $(+ -+"$, -( $ #!*" (#-,/. $(-&&$+,

,/ (.$*& $#-(" $($ -" ,"& $#-(" $(-(&0+ ( (# -! *#&, (.$* (+/$++ (+#($,, *-" ," * (

3

/',(5(,*60*'(36'*(5*(3$'(096(3/,55(.0.;4(08,3',(6' *(5*.(,&+60*

0$&+" $6)

?" ?" #

?" #> ?"

(3,06(0'# 9(,*5 '(0 %(-$005(0 3',0$5(0$%4&+0,55 '(3 (345( $-513 '(4 6%53$+(0'(0 ,45 ',( 5(,*60* '(3 6'*(5*(3$'(0 ',( > 8,( '$4 139(,&+(0 96 (3-(00(0 *,%5 > 0(*$5,7 ,45 41 '$44 (4 4,&+6/(,0()$..(0'((3$'(+$0'(.5 ,( 5(,*60* '(3 6'*(5*(3$'(0 3(23:4(05,(35 ',( 3(.$5,7(0 3(,4( 10 ,+0(0 +:0*5 $% ,08,(8(,5 '(3 1046/(05 ,0+(,5(0 710 65 (,04 '63&+ ,0+(,5(0 710 65 98(, 46%45,56,(3(0 -$00 (5 7,&( 7(34$ $&+'(36%45,565,10'(4(,0(0'63&+'$4$0'(3(65/644',(6' *(5*.(,&+60* 8(,5(3+,0 (3)<..5 4(,0 ,( 0(6( 6'*(5*.(,&+60* /,5 '(0 (05423(&+(0'(0 (0*(0:0'(360*(0 .$65(5

" " " " #

6%53$+,(3(0 8,3 ',( $.5( 6'*(5*.(,&+60*

710 '(3 0(6(0 (3+$.5(0 8,3

" " " " > ?" > ?" #>#

64-.$//(30)<+3596 ?" ?" ?" ?" > ?" > ?" ?" 60'> ?" 418,( ?" 60'> ?" +(%(0 4,&+ *(*(04(,5,* $6)41'$448,3.(,&+60*7(3(,0)$&+(0-;00(096 ?" ?" .(,&+60*/$&+5'(65.,&+'$44',(6//('(3%(8(35(5(010 46/:0'(360*(0 06.. (3*(%(0 /644 8(00 8(,5(3+,0 ',( 6'*(5*.(, &+60* (3)<..5 4(,0 41.. ,(4 %('(65(5 '$44 '(3 !(35 '(3 1046/:0 '(360*)<365(,04'(/0(*$5,7(0!(35'(31046/:0'(360*)<365 98(, (05423(&+(0 /644 (,0 3*(%0,4 '$4 8,3 0$&+ /)13/60* 710 .(,&+60* (3+$.5(0 ?" > ?" 1/,5 *,.5

#'!,#.*'2*,*-+,#,-,#('.('2/#6,*'',+)*#", #"*& -&!$"*,' *#+.*"4%,'#+ #,#!-'!* -!,!*'!#,+(&#,'#/%"**'2*, * -+,#,-,#(' !* '(" !,-+", /*'

("' #

-!,!%#"-'!2-.*%,2'#,#!-'!* -!,!*'&#++, 2-& # ))(*,-'#,4,+$(+,' + ('+-&+ #'+ -,+ /#% + #' -, #&&* - (+,' + '*' -,+ $('+-&#*, /#* -' '#", !%#"2#,#! &"* .(' -, #'+ -' &"* .(' -, 2/# $('+-&#*,/*'$''("'# -!,!%#"-'!2-.*%,2'

4.3 Komparativ-statische Eigenschaften 3'*-'!' * -+!'!++#,-,#(' $5''' '(!'* (* 0(!'* ,-*+#' '(!' 3'*-'!' +#' 3'*-'!' .(' *#%' # #''* "% + (%%+ +,#&&, /*' ,#!, #+)#%+/#+ #' #'& /#6,*#!*&&&#,#'* -!,!*'#'!+#'' -,+ #',#' /!-'!',%'!*-*.+,,,#-'+'2#!, ++ #' #+& %% # '! + '*' -,+ +#'$' &-++ -& /#,*"#'# -!,*+,*#$,#('2-* 6%%' '(!'*#%'+#' #' * !% # *57' # /#* - ' "+' #'+ ((*#' ,'$*-2+ &++'

0(!'3'*-'!'+#'3'*-'!'.('*#%'#-7*"% +(%%++,#&&,+#'("'++/#**6' 6*#+3'*-' !' ' 6"*' ,#!, #+)#%+/#+ #' #'& /#6,*#!*&& &#,#'* -!,!*'+ #'$(&&'+/*- **#', '(" - * +2#++ 0)%#2#, !&++' /#* #', #' ",+ .*+"#-'! * -!,!*' +,,, # -'+ '2#!, ++ #' # +& %% # '! #* 6,* +,#!' $'' ("' # -!,* +,*#$,#(' 2- .*%,2' 0(!' *#%' +#' !)*&,* #'* -*. 3'*-'!' 0(!'* *57' 2#"'' /#* -" %+ 0( !' "($+

(&)*,#.+,,#+" '%1+' !"' .(' #'& ' '!+!%#" !/#", -+ + -*" #'' 0(!'' "($ #'+ '!%#"!/#", !*", /#* -' 6* ')++-'!+)*(2++ #' #'& '!%#"! /#", &6', #* ,*",' :.*!%#"'9 :$(&)*,#.9 2/# :-+,4'9 :+,,-+9 ' ' '!2-+,' +(/# ' '2-+,'

0& #(&'))# & $"%&(*'(('# #'(# & )(&# '( #) -) )#(&'# $ &'/#&)## .# &)## & &!(*# &' $& .#&)## ' &'#*)' )(#

4.3.1 Änderungen der relativen Preise .#&#'&!(*#&'/#&(''&'*&/!(#'-+ '## 0(&#)#'$"(()#& )(&# &'%!'+'+#!)# )(#'()&&'(#0& # )'!( %%$&()#(/(' $'(# 0& # ) *$# )( #' &#'" !!)"&#(#*$# )(-+*&-(#")''

%%$&()#(/(' $'(#0&#)*$# )(-+'# #+!& )'!(#'" !!)+#&#(#*$# )(#'*&- (#")''")(!'(#+&#'"%! ($##)'&.# &)# & &!(*# &' +## +& )#' # ,(&"/!! *$& '(!!# # ## & )'!( '# '"(' # $""# #(+& 0& )(#'$&0& )(-+)'(((&&'0& )(#' '( ) & '-'' "''# ","! # *$# )( #'

(!%(#),&( (((* $. #*)!%"*+ $. %+)&))! +*( ! )/!)) -!*( #!%") ) %!* #) /+,&( !) "&$$* !%( ( +% ( +*(% % +%*% +$ % +%,( 0%(*% +%"* $. #! ! +*( !)* %+% )*!#( ) (!),( 0#*%!) * )! 0%(* !)**+((-&(% !)*(# *!, 3 %! * )&#+* ( !$ (#! /+ 3 '(!)1%)*!( -&(% *!* ( (!) 1( +* /-! -! !% !#+% )*!% 1( % +) #*!''&(*+%!*0*)"&)*%1(%+,&%+*/-!(!% !)$##+$ ( !% !*%,&%+*!%),(/! *%$+))

! ''&(*+%!*0*)"&)*% 1( % + ,&% +* !%) )!%"% -!# ( +) #*!%!)$##+-%!( !% !*%,&%+*/-!,(/! *%$+)) !+((!%*$))%$.!$#%,&%+* /-! $. #* )!%"* + $. %+)&))!+*(!(! %*-!*(+%*%) %!*#)/+,&( !)"&$$*!%( ( +%( +*(%% +%*%+$%+%,(0%(*%+%"* $. #! ! +*( !)* %+% # ( ) (!),( 0#*%!) * )! 0% (* !)* *+(( -&(% !)* (#*!, 3 %! * )&#+* ( !$ (#! /+ 31%)*!(-&(%

4.3.2 Änderungen des Preisniveaus

.#&# ' &' & 1(& )" #'!# &$-#('(- '$ *&&# '$!)(# &' ' &'#*) *&/#&( ' &!(*# &' !# *$# )#&1&( '! '( ' &'*& /!(#' ' ! + -)*$& '$ '' ()# & )( &# ' &'*&/!(#' &! (&( )#*&/#&( !( ' (& (# #)& !# $""#' ( ) ' # #& &!!!*& ')#& )(&##&'!#

(( + # !)# ' &'#*) $# '' ' &! (*#&'/#&#'# (","!$#')""#&1(& (&'%&)'-+&#('$"#!&'!# $""# #""( "-)$! '# # ", !()# ", !() ", #) -)#'+' ", #) ' ' &'*&/!(#' )# "( ()# & )(&# #( /#&( *&'( ' ) (& %&!!! # !# ' )#(# # ( ' &'#*) '(( ","! $#')""# & 1(& (&' %&)' ' !# $""# -)#""( )(& *&'( ' %&!!! # &(' $# # $""#''# )## 1&# $#'(#(# &'# #'$ -) #& &')# & )(&# # !# ' )#(# + &'#*)&0)## # $""#'&0)## &')! (&# )#*&/#&(# &'# #'$ # #& &')# & )(&# # &(' $# + &'#*)'# )##

5. Konsumoptimum 5.1 Einführung ! & &!'' 0%! *% & "! %.('%' -(& ! ! ('-! + %!% #%)'% (&' ' !% !! %. %!-"%!(! &'%' (!'% %0&'(! &!% ('%&'%'"! 0% ! ! %" &! "!&( "#' ( ! && "! &( "#' ( & ( (!'% ! % ! 4(&'&"#' ( 3 4"#' "!&( !'&(!3 4 "!&( *'3 (! 4(&'&*'3 !!' &' *% -(!.&' 0% ! % " % ''' !&1! 0%! *% " #%')&''& !, &! (% ! *% !(! "!&( "#' % ''! *!! *% !" !&.!%(!! %' %&.!%(!! (! %(-#%& .!%(!! (!'%&'! ! (!'%&(! *% "!&( !'! %!' 0% #%)'! (&' !! -(&.'-! ('-! )% /%#%' % )"! !! -( !'%'! %'#%& ! % (!'% %% %!! (!&%'&' ' ( &(&& && #'& !,&%! *% * % #%)' (&' &! %#%"& !'%' #"%& "!&( "#' ( !'

5.2 Statisches Konsumoptimum &''&! "!&( "#' ( %-' % #%)' (&' ! !% !! %" &! + & ('-!!)( "! &! ( '%&'%'"! -( )%'-! + %' % &!! "!&( *% % &! (' (&&/#! % !% %&&'%('(% ! &'%' &!! ('-! -( + %! "! ( %(! % 0'% !##' &!! & '% )" %! -( /!!! (&& &! '' &" !&'-! && "!&( "#' ( %!-!('-! %"!&( %'! 0'%&!&&'% !'&*'!

"&&!&! &'-& & *' "&&!& &'- &' & %!-!('-!(&&&'(! *% ( $( %!#%!-# !!!' "!&( "#' ( &! %!-!('-!%"!&( %'! 0'%

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

*''&2*&2&/%*&+&7&*-*(&/;4&212&*3&(2&*'&/7*2"5'%&/2&/8/54 8&/%&3&-%&3852;$, .%*&#&7&24&4&/&/(&/(-&*$)/".*(5/% .*4&*/"/%&2 6&2(-&*$)#"2 85 ."$)&/ &2.*44&-/ 7*2 %&/ 2&/8/548&/ %&3&-%&3 ! ! */%&. 7*2 %&/ 504*&/4&/ "53 %&. 2&/8/548&/ ! 5/%%&.2&*3%&33&-#&/54&3! #*-%&/

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

!&# "'# 2"%#1/#01/')1'-, ,'!&1 3#/*#15#, %#/',%#/ '01 ,0 #0-,"#/# 0#' "/2$ &',%#4'#0#, "00 0'!& "#/ ./'31# 20&*1 ,'!&1 $8/ "'# $8,$1# #,%#,#',&#'1 "#0 21#0 54#' ,01#**# "#/ 0'# 1#, #, %#,#',&#'1 "#0 21#0 #',0 #,10!&#'"#1 - 4-&* "#/ /#,5,215#, #' #'"#, .1'-,#, %*#'!& '01 ,6+*'!& 54#' 2 #/8!)0'!&1'%#, '01 "00"#/20&*1$8/"#,/4#/ 3-,54#'215#,#',&#'1#,"#021#0 #',0 ,2/ #',#, /#'0 3-, 54#' #*"#',&#'1#, 52 5&*#, &1 46&/#," #/ #'+2$3-,54#'215#,#',&#'1#,"#021#054#'"#,/#'03-, 3'#/ #*"#',&#'1#, 52 5&*#, &1 0'!& *0- 0!&*#!&1#/ 01#**1 ,1 0!&#'"#,"'01"#//#,5,215#,"#0#*"#0"#/'+#/01#,** #'#',0 *'#%1 2," '+ 54#'1#, ** ,2/ &* 0- %/-9 '01 #/ 20&*1 46&*1 $-*%*'!& 0#',# 81#/#',&#'1#, ,!& "#/ (#4#'*'%#, 7&# "#0 /#,5 ,215#,0 "#0 #*"#0 0'#&# #',%#)*++#/1# &*#, ', 2,0#/#+ #' 0.'#* *0- ', $-*%#,"#/ #'&#,$-*%#

#/01#2+)2%#*

54#'1#2+)2%#*

"/'11#2+)2%#*

3'#/1#2+)2%#*

#/01#'0)2%#*

$8,$1#2+)2%#*

54#'1#'0)2%#*

0#!&01#2+)2%#* "/'11#'0)2%#*

0'# 1#2+)2%#*

3'#/1#'0)2%#*

#'"# -00#,0!&#, #0#15# %#*1#, 4#'1#/&', ,2/ ', +-"'$'5'#/1#/ -/+ #+69 "#+

%'*1 '1 52,#&+#,"#/ -,02++#,%##',#021#00',)10#',/#,5,215#,"#0#*"#0 0#/&6*1,'0"#//#,5,215#,54#'#/81#/#,10./'!&1'&/#+/#'0 3#/&6*1,'0

'36 '

!#&- ' )(,.')* -#'.' ,#( # $0#&#!( +(2(.-2( , &, 5+ # 5-+ !&#"

#,+.,''("(!0#+#( #&.(! +!,-&&-

( #&.(! #,- # "& /)( ,#( #("#-( , .-, #(, ,)0#/)(/#+#("#-(,.-,20#)*-#'&0#&(.+#(#,' &&, .!-(.-2('1#'&.,!,"4* -0#+.(++(2(.- 2(,&, 5+#5-+!&#"#,- ( #&.(! 2#!(0#+#(,--#,",)(,.')*-#'.'', "4",-'4!&#" .-2((#/. 2. +2#&( /+,."( 0#+ #( (# +(2%.+/ 2. ++#"( # ,) 0#- 0# '4!&#" /)' +,*+.(! (- +(- &#!- . !+.( + #"-3--#!.(!,(("' , .- 2((#/. .',) "4"+ #,- $ 0#-+ .6( # (# +(2%.+/( &# !( ' # .!-+,-+#%-#)( #(2."&-( + , )(,.')*-# '.' (#"- )+"& + .!-!+( &#!( ,) ,, (# +(2 %.+/(#2.0#-.6(&#!(20+0)&&-,. ")"'.-2( (#/. +*+3,(-#+( + .,"&- ,#" #, .-2((#/., + (#"- &#,-( %(( (!(%)'#(-#)(( . (# +(2%.+/(

)#(&!&)(&#!#'#-)*&+& !#' )(&'(& ($# #( *&!(-# '# $ ')$%("! +!&)(-#","&# $#')"#(#'" !!'#)( #( )''/%( )# '$"( ) +(& "/! )(-#'( &)## *&-((

! #&#- )&*# $#*, -)" &'%&)# *&!)# )# )(& # !!# & &'(!!( ( ' # #)& ## #((%)# ( #& #&#- )&* "( & )(&# '$#&# ""& -+ '$&# +& *$# #!/')## '# ## #&#- )&* ) &#( -)#'+' ) '-'' (&( & $#')"#( $!! ) #' & # 0(& *&-(# ## &# +& #((%)# ( -( ' '' ' ""& #$ )# ( ) #& /& !## #&#- )&* ( +! )(&'(& ($# #( *&!(-# ."(! 0(&"## $"#($## $&! '& #&#- )&* )# )#(&! &)(&#!#'(!!#)(-#'(&)###0&# # $"#($## & )& #((%)# ( ## -#( '# & ## # #((%)# ( #& #&#- )&* "( & )(&# #( & $%("! )# ( '# ' $#')" $%(")" '( + # !)# " ##(!%)# ( #& # &#- )&*"(&)(&#-)##

'3/#3)+0#.'65:'0&'465'4'+04+45)')'$'0&63%*&'0615+'0 5'0#64&'3;0&'360)4'+0'465:'04 +/ '3*<.50+4:63;0&'360) 4'+0'3'0)'"

+' ;0&'360) &'4 65:'04 '05423+%*5 41/+5 &'/ 31&6-5 #64 &'/ 3'0:065:'0&'465'4&'44'0'0)'4+%*<0&'3560&&'3'0)'0 <0&'360)&+'4'465'4

B"

;0&'354+%*&'31046/$'+&'3>5'3'3*#.5'08+3

B" B"

'45+//'08+3&'060-5$'+&'/;0&'360)'071065'+0460&65 :8'+ &'0 '4#/5065:'0 0+%*5 <0&'30 '3*#.5'0 8+3 &+' 3'0:3#5'&'3 6$45+565+10 &+' )3#2*+4%* &'3 5'+)60) &'3 0&+(('3'0:-637' '05 423+%*5 +' 0158'0&+)' '&+0)60) (>3 '+0 65:'0/#9+/6/ +45 '3 (>..5 8'00 &'3 65:'0 &63%* &+' !#*. '+0'3 #0&'3'0 >5'3/'0)'0 -1/$+0#5+10 0+%*5 /'*3 :6 45'+)'30 +45

B" B"

#3#64(1.)5 B" A B" +' 0')#5+7' 3'0:3#5' &'3 6$45+565+10 '05423+%*5 &'/ 6/)'-'*3 5'0 '3*<.50+4&'33'0:065:'0

+' 3'0:3#5' &'3 6$45+565+10 +45 )'/

/ 1046/125,/6/ ,45 ',( 0(*$5,7( 3(0:3$5( '(3 6%45,565,10 *.(,&+ '(/ 6/*(-(+35(0 3(,47(3+;.50,4 8,( 8,3 %(3(,54 $64 .(, &+60* 8,44(0

$44(0 8,3 .(,&+60*(0 60' :64$//(0 -<00(0 8,3 ',( (',0*60*)=3'$41046/125,/6/(38(,5(30 / 1046/125,/6/ ,45 ',( 0(*$5,7( 3(0:3$5( '(3 6%45,565,10 *.(,&+'(/6/*(-(+35(0 (3+;.50,4'(33(0:065:(060'*.(,&+'(/ 6/*(-(+35(0 3(,47(3+;.50,4

.*(%3$,4&+ %(45,//(0 8,3 '$4 1046/125,/6/ /,5 ,.)( '(3 $*3$0*(60-5,10 ',( 604 (,0(0 .*13,5+/64 )=3 (,0 $9,/,( 360*4231%.(/ 605(3 (%(0%(',0*60*(0 .,()(35 $ '(3 23,7$5( $64 +$.5 $.4 65:(0/$9,/,(3(3 $6)53,55 ,45 4(,0( 65:(0)60-5,10 :6 /$ 9,/,(3(0 ,(4( +;0*5 214,5,7 710 '(0 =5(3/(0*(0 $% 8$4 ,0 .(,&+60*'63&+',(#(,&+(0,..6453,(358,3'

/$9

,( (%(0%(',0*60* ',(4(4 $9,/,(360*4231%.(/4 ,45 ',( ,0+$. 560* '(3 6'*(53(453,-5,10 $ (,0 65:(0 /$9,/,(3(0'(3 1046 /(05 0,&+5 $6) /<*.,&+( 65:(0(,0+(,5(0 7(3:,&+5(5 60' 41/,5 $6) *360' '(3 ,&+5;55,*60*4$00$+/( 4(,0 *(4$/5(4 6'*(5 $64 4&+<2)5 -<00(0 8,3 ',( 6'*(5*.(,&+60* $.4 (%(0%(',0*60* 7(38(0'(0 ,( 64*$%(0 /=44(0 '(0 ,00$+/(0 (05423(&+(0 '$4 +(,>5',(6//( '(3/,5'(0$3-523(,4(0%(8(35(5(0 =5(3/(0*(0 /644'(/,0-1//(0'(423,7$5(0$64+$.54*.(,&+(0

A! A! "

,( 6'*(5*.(,&+60* )13/6.,(3(0 8,3 41 6/ '$44 ',( 3(&+5( (,5( 06.. (3*,%5

"@ A! @ A!

,($*3$0*(60-5,10(3+$.5(08,3,0'(/8,3',(65:(0)60-5,10 60' ',( /,5 '(/ $*3$0*(6.5,2.,-$513 /6.5,2.,:,(35( 6/)13/6.,(35(6'*(5*.(,&+60* $'',(3(0

*1 #*,%&. %*& &123&. 0"13*&,,&. #,&*34.(&. ';1 %*& %1&* 4."#)9.(* (&."1*"#,&. 2/6*&4.%2&38&.2*&.4,,4-%*&./36&.%*(& &%*.(4.(&*.&2"7*-4-284&1';,,&.

&..&.6*1%*&.4-&1*2$)&.&13"4$)&.6*1%*&2&.41&*.842&3 8&.4-%*&.438&.-"7*-",&./.24--&.(&.#&*%&1;3&184&1-*3 3&,. # %*& 86&*3&. #,&*34.(&. .&("3*5 ';1 &*. "7*-4- /%&1 0/2*3*5';1&*.*.*-4-2*.%+"..#&1&$).&3/%&1%41$),"42*#* ,*3932;#&1,&(4.(&. &12$),/22&. 6&1%&. *& /#*(& ",,(&-&*.& :24.( ,*&'&13 &*.*(& *.6&*2& 5/. &%&4 34.( ,&*$)4.( +"..4-(&'/1-36&1%&.84

.",/(,"43&3%*&-'/1-4.(5/.,&*$)4.(

,&*$)4.(&. 4.% +:..&.(,&*$)(&2&3836&1%&.

,&*$)4.(

8&*(3 - /.24-/03*-4- (*,3 %"2 !6&*3& /22&. 2$)& &2&38 *& 1&.8.438&. %&2 &,%&2 *- /.24- #&*%&1 ;3&1 -;22&. 2*$) "42(,&*$)&. "2 /.24-/03*-4- %&2 01*5"3&. "42)",32 6*1% *- !6&*;3&1 ",,%41$)'/,(&.%&"+3/1&.#&23*--3

%*&:)&2&*.&2*.+/--&.2

), $- - ,-. )/. - -*1$

), $- -21 $. )/. -

' $#/)" &)) '- ''" ( $) *)-/()#!," !/)&.$*) * , '- ''" ( $) 4. ,)#!," !/)&.$*) 0*) /. $)- $). ,+, .$ ,. 1 , )

)'*" '$ 5 -$# $ ''" ( $) 4. ,)#!," !/)&.$*) 0*) /. 21 $ $' ) $, .,#. )$ #!," )#/. $)-/)0,$$ , )$ , $ &.*, ) 2/)3#-. - $)&*(( ) )# ) $, &. ) , $ - .,#. . )/. - /)-#'$ 5'$# ), /2, $- -) , )/. -

5.3 Einkommensvariationen ,$$ , ) 1$, $ *)-.)2 $ , , $- - $)&*(( ) ,#'. ) 1$,$) $) ( )" )$",(($ $)&*(( )*)-/(/,0 /) $) $) ($)&*(( ) )" )$",(($ )" '/,0 -"$'.

5.3.1 Einkommen-Konsum-Kurve $ $)&*(( )*)-/(/,0 $-. ," *( .,$-# ,.'' ,*( $).$*) ) 0*) 4. ,( )" ) 1 '# $ *)-.)2 , , $- /) ,$.$*) - $)&*(( )- $ % 1 $'$" ) *)-/(*+.$( $) - +,$ 0. ) /-#'.- ,-. '' )

' )&* &!(# +& #" +& " ## &"" + # !)# '."(! ##(!%)# ( *$# )(&# )#

#&#- )&*# )#(&'!& *)' "(##& *&## # $""#$#')")&* +& ) # $""#',%#' $#'% ###( $#'(#- & &!(*# &' +& &%' )&'&'(!!(''()##&)(&#! '# &($# ' # $""#' +& )& &!!!*& ')## & )(&# !!)'(&&( +$ +(& )1# ! # )(&# # /&' # $""# +&'%!# +!# ##(!%)# ( #& #&#- )&* "( #& ) (&# '(!!# $%("!# $#')"%!.# &

5.3.2 Engel-Kurve #!)&* '( & $"(&' &( !!& $"#($## *$# 0(&"# )# # $""# +! $#'(#- ' &'' )# &($# ' # $""#' +!# $#')"$%(" #' %& *(# )!(' &'(!!#

%!)#!'/,0!%)%' /)# %! !)(!) !- !/.-$!)* 3%'5&*)*(!) $,%-.%) *,!)3 ,)-. )#!' .,4#. '4--. -%$ /- !, %)&*((!)*)-/(/,0! $!,'!%.!) %)&*( (!)-4) !,/)#!) 1!, !) )%$. 1%! !% !, %)&*((!)*)-/( /,0! %(+'%3%. 6!, /).!,-$%! '%$! / #!.#!, !) ,#!-.!''. -*) !,) !2+'%3%. /" !, , %).! #!(!--!) 14$,!) /" !, - 3%--! %! !)#!)!%)$!%.!) !%)!- /.!- #!.,#!) 1!, !) )'*# '%!7!-%$ %!)#!'/,0!"6, -31!%.!/.!,(%..!')

5.4 Direkte Preisvariationen ,%%!,!)1%,!%*)-.)3 !-%)&*((!)- !),!%- !-!.,$.! .!) /.!- !,$'.!) 1%, %) !%)!( !)#!)%#,(( %! ,!%-*) -/(/,0!/) %)!%)!(,!%-!)#!)%#,(( %!6.!,)$", #!&/,0! - #%'.

5.4.1 Preis-Konsum-Kurve '(%$(*#*'+ () ' %#)'( ') ""' %#$)% $$ +%$ /)'#$$ ," %$()$- ( $!%##$( *$ ')%$ ( '(( $( *)( ,"$ %$(*#%&)# $( &'+)$ *")( '()""$

$ "*$ ($!$ ,' $ *$ $ $ '( +%$ *) $((%((#%'#"""'((*)( ()) '(%$(*#*'+ '")$ ,' $# ,' # $$ '## (.#)" $$)"&*$!) +%$ *)'$ *$ $'$-!*' +$ *$)'("' *)-$$+*( #)$$' +'$$ ')%$ ' '")+$ '( ,' '&( *' ('()"") (( )*$$ ' *)'$ +''$ ,"$ $$)"&*$!) $' $'$-!*'+ #) $' *)'$ ()""$ %&)#"$ %$(*#&".$ '

5.4.2 Nachfragekurve #+#4(+.(!,+#,, 6+.-#(,#(#+%-#'(!(# !+'' 6+ #( +".(! + .!-!+( .,!+6%- +"&-( 0#+ # +#,)(,.'.+/ -&&( 0#+ #, +#,/+#-#)( 1*&# 3#- #( #(' +#,(!(#!+'' + +"&-( 0#+ # " + !%.+/ # #( #&.(! +!,-&&- #,- # " +!%.+/ #,- + !)'-+#," +- &&+ )'#(-#)(( /)(+#,(.(6-+'(!(#(,.-,0&"#+#-#)(, +#,, # $0#&#!( )(,.')*-#' #(, *+#/-( ."&-, + ,-&&(

')+'& &&0#,-#" +!%.+/#((!-#/-#!.(!.

# " +! .(%-#)( ,-&&- # " +! #(, .-, #( "5( !#!%#- /)' +#, +

' )&!(( !"( 0#+ /)( ., ,, #( " +!%.+/ #( #(' +#,(!(#!+'' -2*#,"+0#, &&( /+&5. - &.,#& +,"#(- #, (("' 0#& #( *+#/-+ .,"&- #'

$ #$ # % $ &%$ #%(! #$ # $&%$% #$ $#* %

WER SCHON HAT, DER KAUFT NICHT MEHR *%%& $ $% ##% ( %)% % # # )& #$ '! & #% (# ( # ! $& % ! % # #% $% ,# & # (% # ,%# % #$ )& ) #"$ $% $ #$ # # %%"& % # #&#' % # $)$$

# #!%'"#$ $% ##% ( # # & (# ( # !##% #$ )& ! $% # # #$ & % $ % (# )& $% ,%# % #% #"$ $% $ #$ # # %%"& % # #&#'%# # %

# $#'%! $"#$ . & !#%$"#$ !# # & $#%$% . $% # #$ $ ! $& % # % )($ & & % & $ &%$ '#*% #$#'%! $"#$'#+#"#%$!% & #$# ! $& % ,%# % &% %##$& % +# $ # $#'%! $"#$ &% # ! $& % % % # #$ & % ## $ # $#'%! $ "#$ &% # #"$ (# #$ # $#'%! $"#$ $ ! $& % &# $ #&#' #"#*$ %#%

"($% $'"&#" %& & ) " '" " $% " +"&(#"$$"%'&%$

"($% $'$( !%%& ) # $ $% %" !,%%& '!"%&!!&$'$&*'$ &"

5.5 Kreuzpreisvariationen $$" )$ #"%&"* % "#!!"% " $% % "$" '&% $ &" )$ " "! ""$!! $%#"%'! '$( '" " "! $%""$!! $'*"$ '$( % &

5.5.1 Preis-Konsum-Kurve #$ ! $& &#' $% - ( ! )% - # !%#$ #% # ! %! '! +%# ( ! $% ) $ ! $& #$'#%! $ &%$( ! $&!"% $ "#'% &%$ #$%

%#$ )&# #$ ! $& &#' (# #% #$'#%! #%% '## (# & % #$$ &%$$$ #* #& (#%#% $! # #$ $ # &%$ & $# $" $ % # #$ $&)$$'

5.5.2 Kreuznachfragekurve #&) #&#' $% # !%#$ #% # ! % ! '! #&)"#$ & +%# $ &%$ ( #%! $ #$$ $ &%$( ! $&!" % $ "#'% &%$ #$%

& "$,& ."*+"),/&!) #,)-')!$-'& "& ('*"+"- ,&+)!$ -'& "& & +"- +" ,& , "** !0 &'%& .'$$& .") )#$0)& "&% .") &+$& ) ),/&!) #,)--'& 1) &!.&)&%$$"&))"**&#,& * ,+*/.".")"!) *,+*"&*/,)1# !& )()" -+,*!$+*,*+"+,")+*)$+"-+,)) .')&,+"&*,)! * 1&*+" ) .')&,+/." "*) #+"*+,% -'& /, ) '%"&&+ " 1+)&!) -'& ,+ "&* *"&#+ -'& , "&#+ ) )"* * /."+& ,+* &'! *+0)#) "& "!+,& +)"++ "& &)) #+ "& & ')) ),& , ),& * *+" && $"&#'%%&* !)-') ),& ,)! " )"* *&#,& -'&,+/."#&&*"!)()"-+,*!$+&"!+&,)-'% 1&*+" ) .')&& ,+ /." *'&)& ,! -'% )$+"- +,)) .')&& ,+ "&* %!) 1+)"&!"+& $"*+& *' ** *"& !) -'&,+"&*-'& , *+" +

5.6 Konsumentenrente

' *).$$( %$(*#$)$()$' " 0' "( (#) # *&'( ,')) 1)'#$ ' !%$(*#') *(()

$$ ( * $ '$.!%$(*#$)$ ' , $ "*$ # *$!) -!) $ '( $)')) ' ($' #'$"$ "*$( ')() $)(&') .") ' %$(*#$) $$ '$'$ '( "( ' ') () .* ."$ '$. !$$ "( .*(/)."' *).$$)'&')'),'$*$,'%$(*#$)$'$)$$$)

%$(*#$)$'$) $( &'+)$ *(")( () '$. .,($ ($' 0'$ #'$"$ "*$(')() *$ # $''$ '!)&'( '&( () ( +')!" #(($

'$..,($''!*'+*$''('$

(' *(##$$ () $ "*$ '()"") $ ' %$(*#$)$'$) $( $."$$ *(")( *' $!') +%#*$!) *''!*'+.*#*$!)*''( '$'()""),'

&%)+$%*%(%* ##( '( ,*% +)#* )* +$$ ( !- # % (%.% .- )% (% 0(% $( %#% #+%)( *)*% +% $ % ( (% ("*'( ) (' ) )* ) #/ +%*(# ( ("+(, +% &(# ( ( )(%

% #+% )*##* &%)+$%*%(%* ##( '( ,*% +) #* #/))( (*%( ")(

5.7 Intertemporales Konsumoptimum 1( % '( ,*% +)#* "%% ) ,&(* #* ) % ) %( &%)+$ %*) +% %% $('( & % *&( .&%* .+(+% .+ #%

)' #)- ) "%% % &(. % ,&% +"+%*)"&%)+$ % %-(* %) %$%*())# %% )$ ##$+))(+)#* % ( %-(* %*)'(% #)& %% ( * +%$% +$ 1( ) % %-(*) %"&$$% %+)%% &%)+$-1%) ( % .+ "0%%% % ( +"+%* $+)) ( ) $ &% )+$,(. * 1% +% ) %% ( * )$* %)% .+(1".#% $ "(*$) %"+(.( )* (&%)+$,(. * %( %-(*

1( % +) #* +)/ #% -%% ( )! +( !#% ,&% ()'( %!))%!%( %-(*+%(#(+%)!%)&%)+$)!%!+ "+%* #%(!)*! ))( )*##* % !% 0##% )*(* ( +) #* % )!%$ !%*(*$'&(#% &%)+$&'*!$+$ ))% #"1# !$ &#%% ,(%) +#! * -!(

+( (!% +% *( *% -!( % !% )*% ('(!&% ## % -!(!&% ## % !#+% -(% + ( )/!)) ! %-(*)-(* 1( !%"&$$% &%)+$ +% ()'(%!) *(%+((!%*! (%*)'( %%+"+%*)-(* ! %!(%/"+(,('(0)%*!(*)+*/%%!,+!((!&%) )! !% !%( )*0("(% (0(%/ 1( % %-(*) /! +%) -!) 1( % +"+%*)"&%)+$ %!() #% "%% ! +* ( ('(0)%*!(* ! +*#! +% 1( ! (!&% &$!* "%% ( +) #* * &(*!) )* )!% )$*) +* +) /-! (!&% !% ( %-(* ,(+)% $+)) %% ( !%% !%) *(%% (!* +% $% +% )!% +#% )$* !%)% !% ( /-!*%(!&/+)*%)!%)+"+%*)"&%)+$)/+(1"/ #%$ %(% .*($## "%% ( /++%)*% )!%) +"+%*)"&%)+$) !% ( %-(* 0%/#! + &%)+$ ,(/! *% +% !%) *(%

-.,-*%..! %( !* %! !- %* !- 42!%/!* !-%+ ! 0"(7./ !- %* "$$!%/ $(!- .!$!* 2%- 1+* !- 3%./!*4 !%*!. !%*'+))!*.0* $6*#%#!* 0/+*+)!* +*.0).

!)69 .!%*!- %*/!-/!),+-(!* 0/4!*"0*'/%+* %./ !- 40 )3% )%!-!* ! 0/4!* !. ,-%1/!* 0.$(/. ,+.%/%1 1+) !#!*2-/. 0* 0'0*"/.'+*.0) $6*#%#

!#!*2-/. 0* 0'0*"/.!%*'+))!* / !4%!$0*#.2!%.! / .%* #!#!!* !#!*2-/. 0* 0'0*"/.'+*.0) / !4%!$0*#.2!%.! / -0$!* )%/ !* ,!-%+ !*#(!%$!* %*'+))!* *%$/ 8!-!%* 40 ./%))!* %! 0 #!/-!./-%'/%+* *%$/ "8- &! ! !%*4!(*! !-%+ ! .+* !-* "8- %! 0!- 1+* 42!% !-%+ !* !%*#!$(/!* 2!- !* )0.. %! %*/!-/!),+-(! 0 #!/-!./-%'/%+* .$-!%!* 2%- %* %$-!!3/-!)!* +-) (. 0 #!/#(!%$0*# !- 0.$(/ *$ 42!% ! -%+ !* .!%* #!.)/!. 0 #!/ 0.#!.$7,"/ $!* .+(( !#!*2-/. '+*.0) ,(0. #!4%*./!) 0'0*"/.'+*.0) )8..!* !) !#!* 2-/.!%*'+))!* ,(0. #!4%*./!) 0'0*"/.!%*'+))!* !*/.,-! $!*

%! 0 #!/#!- ! 4!%#/ .6)/(%$! +)%*/%+*!* 1+* !#!*2-/. 0* 0'0*"/.'+*.0) * %! .%$ !%* 0.$(/ #!- ! *+$ (!%./!* '** %! ++- %*/!* 1+* !#!*2-/. 0* 0'0*"/.!%*'+))!* )8..!*0" !-0 #!/#!- !*(%!#!* !% !%*'+))!* %!0 #!/$7$! !/!-)%*%!-!* 5/ .%$ !- 0.$(/ %* !- !#!*2-/ %* .+(0/!- */$(/.)'!%/ 0* 1!-2!* !/ !- .6)/(%$! !..+0-!* 0" .!%*!* 0'0*"/.'+*.0) !-$(/!*2%- !*)3%)()7#(%$!*0'0*"/.'+*.0) %!0 #!/#(!%$0*# 1!-!%*"$/.%$40

) !* - %*/!*.$*%// !- 0 #!/#!- !* 40 !-)%//!(* (7.!*

2%- (!%$0*# *$ 0" 8- !* )3%)( )7#(%$!* 0 '0*"/.'+*.0) 1!-2!* !/ !- ,-%1/! 0.$(/ .!%* 0"#!4%*./!. ! #!*2-/.!%*'+))!* .+2%! .!%* 0'0*"/.!%*'+))!*

"-2"*!"/ !"- 0.%(/ ((" "..+0- "* #7- ."&*"* "$"*2-/.'+* .0)0*!1"-4& %/"/"-$5*4(& %0#0'0*#/.'+*.0)"-%(/"*2&-!"* )3&)( )6$(& %"* "$"*2-/.'+*.0) 0- % ("& %0*$ &./ !"- .4&.."*. %*&// !"- 0!$"/$"-!"* $"$""*7-!"*)3&)()6$(& %"*"$"*2-/.'+*.0)1"-2"*!"/ !"- ,-&1/" 0.%(/ ."&* "$"*2-/."&*'+))"* 0*! ."&* $" 4&*./". 0'0*#/."&*'+))"* &" 0!$"/$("& %0*$ 2&-! )+!& #&4&"-/40

) &*/"-/"),+-("* +*.0)+,/&)0) /*$&"-"* .& % !&" *!&##"-"*4 '0-1"!"-"*/"&$0*$!&"-"*4-/"!"-&*/"-/"),+-("*0./&/0/&+* 2&!"-.,&"$"(/ 0*! !&" 0!$"/$"-!" !"-"* /"&$0*$ & &./ ".%( &./ &) &*/"-/"),+-("* +*.0)+,/&)0) !&" *"$/&1" -"*4-/" !"- &*/"-/"),+-("* 0./&/0/&+* $("& % &

0"-./ "/- %/"* 2&- !"* (( &* !") !"- 0.%(/ "&*" *"$/&1" "&/,-5#"-"*4 0#2"&./ 0*! ."&* "$"*2-/.'+*.0) '("&*"- &./ (. ."&* "$"*2-/."&*'+))"* 2&" &* &(!0*$ &((0./-&"-/

. &*/"-/"),+-(" +*.0)+,/&)0) (&"$/ &* "- +,/&)(" "

$"*2-/.'+*.0) "/-5$/ !"-+,/&)("0'0*#/.'+*.0) !"- "$"*2-/.'+*.0) '("&*"- &./ (. !. "$"*2-/."&*'+) )"* &(!"/ !"- 0.%(/ -.,-*&.." &* 6%" 1+* / !&" "- 0#$" 4&*./#7-."&*"*+*.0)&*!"-0'0*#/1"-2"*!"*'** "- "$"*2-/.'+*.0) "*/.,-& %/ !"- &##"-"*4 0. !") "$"* 2-/."&*'+))"* 0*! !"- ,+.&/&1"* -.,-*&.

"- 0'0*#/.'+*.0) "*/.,-& %/ !"- 0))" 0. !") 0'0*#/."&* '+))"* 0*! !"- 0#$"4&*./"* ,+.&/&1"* -.,-*&.

"/- %/"*2&-*0*!"*42"&/"*((&*!")!"-0.%(/"&*",+.& /&1" "&/,-5#"-"*4 0#2"&./ 0*! ."&* "$"*2-/.'+*.0) $-68"- &./ (.."&*"$"*2-/."&*'+))"*2&"&*&(!0*$ $"4"&$/2&-!

' #(&("%$&! $#')"$%(")" !( # & $%("! #+&(' $#')" (&-( &$%("!) )#(' $#')" & #+&(' $#')" &.0& '( !' ' #+&('# $" "# #""( & )'!( ## &( ) & #('%&( # . *$# ( & #+&(' $#')" +& )& ' #+&('# $""# )##&(##,&( #&) )#('(&$#')"'%&*(#)'!(' !#&!''# ) )#('# $""# & )'!( *$# '" # $""# #( #)& '## %&$#!# $#')" ##,&( '$#&# ) ' ##&("(#')'!,)&/ ,!#")''

(&(# +& $"%&(*'(('# #'(# & ) (&# (( & #''(, +& %&# ((& (*& ) #" *$# &(# $ )#((& (*& +! #'!'()# ,)#""( "%! ($## & #''(,&.)# +&# # ! )# !!)'(&&(

)'#$####(# &0##+&#&/)#'#''(-' # ","! "/!# #+&(' $#')" &)-&# )# # " ,"! "/!# ) )#(' $#')" &/# )(& &( ' # & ' '' & #)& '-''#'#(( +(& !# ' )# & #)& &#(#'#(( +(& $# !( !' -)*$& &

&%)# ('(&)# ()& )(&#&$$&#(# ' #+&(' )# ) )#('# $""#' &%&.'#(&( #'&/)# *&.#&( #)& # ! & $#')""/! (# & #( )' " %&$#!# # $""# ##-&( +& " $&"!!! +& + # !)# ' #) #(&("%$&! $# ')"$%(")"# #'(.& &&!&)#*$# #+&(' $#')" # ) )#( )+'# !' ' !( #(&("%$&! $#')"$% (")"# # (&#''(-+#!)#+&%&#+#&((& (* %%$&()#(.(' $'(# ' $#')"' !!# )#" *$#&(#+&((& (*&+!#'!'()##""(

&$ ! % #- (# &%! $ $$%*$ ) , (#%$! $& #, & ) , && %$! $& '## # &%# #% $ $! # $ $$ # &# $*$$ $ %% ( %# #%$ & # &# # % $ %% (%# & % % $ *&'!## $$%*+ #& $%# #"& %& %& # &%# # !!# % $ (#%$ & & & %$ ! $ #"#+$ %#% !# (# ( & $ & %#%"!# ! $&!"%& , # (#%$! $& &($ $ $ % %#%"!# ! $&!"%&

6. Nachfrageelastizitäten 6.1 Einführung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

..*(/(,0 /,556 ',( .$56,;,6=6 '$5 !(4+=.60,5 '(4 4(.$6,8(0 <0'( 470* (,0(4 $%+=0*,*(0 !$4,$%.(0 ;74 4(.$6,8(0 <0'(470* (,0(4 70$% +=0*,*(0 !$4,$%.(0 ,( .$56,;,6=6 /,556 ;7/ (,52,(. ',( 241;(067$.( 4(.$6,8( <0'( 470* '(4 $&+)4$*( 0$&+ (,0(/ 76 $%+=0*,*( !$4,$%.( ,/ !(4 +=.60,5 ;74 241;(067$.(0 4(.$6,8(0 <0'(470* '(5 4(,5(5 )?4 ',(5(5 76 70$%+=0*,*( !$4,$%.( ,( 70$%+=0*,*( !$4,$%.( -$00 $7&+ $.5 "(001/210(06( ',( $%+=0*,*( $.5 $001/210(06( ,06(4 24(6,(46 9(4'(0 '(4 4(,5 7/ %(,52,(.59(,5( ;(+0 41;(06 56(,*67/9,(8,(.41;(069,4'',($&+)4$*(0$&+',(5(/76 ;74?&-*(+(0 ,( "(001/210(06( %(5&+4(,%6 ',( />*.,&+( 4 5$&+( ',( $001/210(06( ',( />*.,&+( ",4-70* ",4 %(610(0

- ..,#/. :'5!&#"9 1#& /- #(' -..#-.#-"( /-''( "(! 21#-"( 21# ,57( (#". )"( 1#.,- / #(( %/-&( /-''("(! !-"&)--( 1,( %(( $(, '5!&#",1#- / #((,#,%/(!-%..2/,6%2/ 6",(#-." ,!&-.#2# .4.( 1,( , )(0(.#)( (.-*,"( /," ( %&#(( !,# "#-"( /"-.( /-!,6%. ' )&!(( 1,( # # ,%. ,#-&-.#2#.4. , " ,! # #(#,%. ,/2*,#-&- .#2#.4.," ,!-)1###(%)''(-&-.#2#.4.," ,! ,&4/.,. # /- 6",/(!( 2/, #,%.( ,#-&-.#2#.4. - (! ).- )&!( #' *#.& 2/, (.,("'/(!-."),#

6.2 Preiselastizität #( &-.#2#.4. &4--. -#" / 21#,&# ,. /-,6%( 2/' #(( !,*"#-" (-"/&#" , '."'.#-" /(*,42#- &- )!(&- .#2#.4. 2/' (,( !,*"#-" 1(#!, (-"/&#" , '."' .#-" *,42#- &- /(%.&-.#2#.4. #, 1,( # ,.( 0),-.&&( /( !#((( '#. , )!(&-.#2#.4.

6.2.1 Bogenelastizität

# )!(&-.#2#.4. '#--. #-%,. - "#7. (&#" %&#( 3( ,/(!(/(,'#..&.(# ,(2(+/).#(.(# ,(2(1,( /,"#(!,)7-!,#"#-"- /-!,6%. # '#--. - , "4&.(#- , ,&.#0( 3(,/(! , " ,! (" #(' /. 2/, ,&.#0( 3(,/(! -#(- ,#--

( #&/(! #-. , .#!/(!-1#(%& , " ,!%/,0 # " ,!%/,0 '#. ( #( "-( #( ,".1#(%&#!- ,# % #&. %(( , .#!/(!-1#(%& #'*#. /" ("( #(%&- !&-( 1,( (( #-. -.#''. -) #-. /" -.!&!. /( /'!%",. # ,#-&-.#2#.4. , " ,! ,!#. -#";!,*"#-"/-!,6%.;/-',)/%./-,.#!/(!, " ,!%/,0 /( ' /'!%",.( ,"4&.(#- , /-!(!- 1,.

+ &)!1+$ &/0 !&" 1/$+$//&010&,+ !1. % 1+(0 "/ %.&" "+ ".."&/)&"$0"& !&"+ %$"#.$0""+$""&! &"+! /&010&,+ &/0 !1. % 1+(0 "/ %.&""+ ". ."&/ &/0 1* 2,+ 1#$"/1+("+!&" %#.$"*"+$"1* ! 2,+ ! 1#! $"/0&" $"+ ". 1,0&"+0 ! "+0/-.& %0 !"* +$"+/ !"/ &+(")/ &"/". ".$&0 /& % 1/ !"* 1,0&"+0"+ 1/ !". "$"+ 1+! !". + (0%"0" !"/ ." %03&+()&$"+ ."&" (/ !/ 2,+ ! /,3&" !"*

/ %+&00 !". %#.$"(1.2"1*/ %),//"+3&.!&"."&/")/ 0&5&070 !". %#.$" &+ )"& %1+$ &/0 04-&/ %".3"&/" +"$0&2 / ,.5"& %"+ "&+". )/0&5&070 &/0 '"!, % 2,+ 1+0".$",.!+"0". " !"101+$ 3"&) 1+/". 1-0&+0"."//" !". .")0&2"+ "(0&,+//07.(" "&+".%7+$&$"+.&)"1#.1+!!".6+!".1+$"&+".1+%7+$& $"+ .&)" $&)0 "/%) $."&#"+ 3&. #8. +"$0&2" )/0&5&070"+ $.1+!/705)& % 1# &%." "0.$/3".0" 51.8 ( &" ."&/")/0&5&070 !". %#.$" )/ ,$"+")/0&5&070 )10"0 !++

&"/"/ .$"+&/ ".$&0 &++ / &/0 -)1/&") !2,+ 1/51$"%"+ !// !&" + %$"#.$0" "+$" *&0 /&+("+!"* ."&/ /0"&$0 &" ."&/

%+,#1#,3, * " *! &#++, '#", '-* ( # " *!&'! +,#!, +('*' -& /# .#% +# #& *"3%,'#+ 1-* *#++'$-'! 1- '#&&,5"*,#')*(1',-%$%#'*#+3'*-'!1-#'&)*(1' ,-% !*(6' " *!'+,#! +)*"' /#* .(' #'* )*#+%+,# +"' " *! 5"*, #' )*(1',-% !*(6 *#++'$-'! 1- # '& )*(1',-% !*#'!' '+,#! * '"! *!,' '! +)* "' /#* .(' #'* '#*#!' *#+%+,#1#,3, '*%% !#%,

'#*#!*#+%+,#1#,3,*" *!

#'"#,+%+,#1#,3,

"(" *#+%+,#1#,3, * " *!

+ *(%& * (!'%+,#1#,3, #+, *#' 1- +"' ++ # %+,# 1#,3, '-* -'!'- +,#&&, /#* ' #%-'! *"%,' /#* # +)#%+/#+ # !%#" #*$, *#+%+,#1#,3, * " *! -' "3'!#! .(' ( # " *!$-*. $('.0 (* $('$. 1-& * +)*-'!.*%3- ,(*#'*#+,+(%'!'-*#-'$,-' - *+%' -*. %#!' '- !'(&&' /#++' /#* '#", /# * -*.'.*%- 1/#+"' ' -'$,' -' -++#", +( ++ "%#',*)*,,#('' &4!%#" +#' 0$, %3++, +#" * *%- * " *!$-*. '-* +,#&&' /'' # 2'*-'!' # /#* #' ,*", 1#"' -''%#" $%#' +#' #' -''%#" $%#' # *'1/#*%+# *',#%1#"',

6.2.2 Punktelastizität

-*" + *"3%,'#+ -''%#" $%#'* *%,#.* 2'*-'!' #' # '& -'$, /#* #' %+,#1#,3, %+ -'$,%+,#1#,3, )*31#+ +,#&&, '%#" !*(6 # *'1' *5$' /#* -*" #' !*(6+ !*#"#+"+ # *',#% -*" #' $%#'+ %,#'#+"+ -+ # *#+%+,#1#,3, * " *! %+ -'$,%+,#1#,3, %-,,

% !#+% !)* .+ ("%%% )) ! !("* (!)#)*!.!*0* ( ( !$ +%"* ( *!+% ( %%*% !% !)$ +%"* +%$!*(()*% #!*+%( ("+(,!$+%"* %* )'(! * $&#%%+%*()+ %-!(-&+( !1 ( #)*!.!*0* !%#+))* -!(

6.2.3 Determinanten der Preiselastizität

!% #)*!.!*0*$!))*)( 0#*%!) /%(+%%+% 0%* ,&% .-! &$'&%%*% ! ()* &$'&%%* !)* ! *!+% ( +(, !( ,(#! % .-! +(,% ! !% +%*() !#! *!+% +-!)% ( ! % +%"* $!* %)#% &&(!%*% %* #*% % !# +% !)* !% # ( ("+(, ()*##* #) !% !# +% !(!)0%(+%+$ ,&% + .! +%)-!) !)* !% !% 0##% !)# $ ()*% ## !% $ ! ( "+(, # ( ,(#0+* )*!* ! '(!)!%+.!(* ($% +$ ,&% + +% $!* )*0("( #) !$ .-!*% ## -& )! +$ ,&% + .+%!$$* ! ()* ("+(, !)* '(!) #)*!) (#)!.-!*

# 0/#, (&)('', #'* %+,#0#,1, #+, + *"1%,'#+ * -+ !'!+/*, & #+' -+&&'"'! 0- .*-,%#"' .*!%# "'/#*#'#%-'!0/#-*.'&#,*+%',#!-'!* &#,-',*+"#%#"'-+!'!+/*,' 3*'*#+-'#'"! *!,'!#,#% .('%#"-'! #+,0-*$'''++#& *+,' %% #' #%-'! #' & # -+!'!+$((*#',' #'' "("' *#+ -' #' '#*#! " *!&'! '! ' # *#+%+,#0#,1, "2"* #+, %+ #& 0/#,' %% #' #%-'! #' & /#* .(' #'& '#*#!*' *#+ -' #'* "2"*' " *!&'! -+!"'

&#. .+'# $& )# #&& &'!'(.(/( "& &( &'!'(.(/( *$# #' ) #('!'(.(/( ###( +&#'"!!'(#&&'/#&)#&&' (, ( '$&$1'(+&## ( &)#'/(.! '( &'!'(.(/( & & )"'$ 0& +#& &## # )( #0(( +& )# "& )'(()($#' "0! (# ' (# ' '# )"'$ .!&& '%.! !& # )( '( +! '%!'+' )'(()($# #' '%.! !#$' $%%!')&##%!&$&( &##-"(! (& /!!( !' )'(()($# *$# '( " !!"## )& &$( #.! & &'(."0! (# '(( ) "( & /# & (&((# &$ !/#&" ($&.$#( )'(()($#' "0! (# '# +&# 0###

6.2.4 Streckenabschnittsregeln ( ! *$# (& #'#(('&!# !/''( ' '#!! & # ## $ # !'(.(/( &01& $& !#& !' #' '(

$ + $, &,-$3$-4- +#!+" &.- -

( $&.(" (-,*+$#- +-+ % +-+ %

++ $, (-,*+$#- + -+ % $ #!+" ' (" +

-+ % ,#&%(($ &,-$3$-4-.#&,+).%-!)&" ( + -+ % (/ +#4&-($,, !)+'.&$ +- 0 + (

, %& $( + #-0$(%&$" + $ % &$ "- $(( +#& , "+57 + ( + #-0$(%&$" (+ $ %,$( -# - .($ 2*)- (., , %& $( + ( + $ %, ,$( $& $( + -# - 3$ #.(",0 $, + 2*)- (., , "+57 + ( + $ %, ,#& "$&-

$(" , -3- $( +"$

# 6+3 ( /)( ,- && ( 0$+ ! ,- ,, $ + $, &,-$3$-4- + #!+" $' .(%- $( + &$( + ( #!+" %.+/ ' +#4&-($, 30$,# ( $#+ ' + #- ( .( &$(% ( ,3$,, ( + $# (-,*+$#- 0) $ (+ ((*.(%-30$,# ( '+ #- (.( '&$(% ( + $# '+%$ +-

,- + + #- ,3$,, ( + $# "+57 + &, + &$(% , # $7- -+4"- $ #!+" ' (" $( + .,"(",,$-.-$)( 0 ($" + &, $ 4&!- + 4--$".(",' (" '1 $,- $ + $, &,-$3$-4- "+57 + &, $(, ,- + + #- ,3$,, ( + $# %& $( + &, + &$(% , # $7- -+4"- $ #!+" ' (" $( + .,"(",,$-.-$)( ' #+ &,$ 4&!- +4--$".(",' (" '1 $,- $ + $, &,-$3$-4- %& $ ( + &, $(, $( $ ,3$,, ( + $# "& $# "+)7 , # $7- &$ "- $ #!+" ' (" " (. $ + 4&!- + 4--$".(", ' (" $,- $ + $, &,-$3$-4- " (. $(, # ' +,- (-+#& (,-3"$&-,,, +#4&-($,30$,# ( ' + #- ( .( &$(% ( ,3$,, ( + $# ' +#4&-($, 30$,# ( ' + #- ( .( &$(% ( .+/ ( + $# (-,*+$#-

+, * *!, -*.'*"! *34* %+ * %"'$ + !"4, %" , *

-+ ' +)-'$, "& %"'$' "% * !* $-*. "+, " *"+ %+,"0",2, *34* %+ "'+ +, * *!, -*.'*"! $%"'* %+ * %"'$ + !"4, %" , * -+ ' +)-'$, "& *!,' "% * !* $-*. "+, " *"+%+,"0",2, $%"'* %+ "'+ "' " -*.'*"! %"! *(4 + !"4, %" , * -+ ' +)-'$, '- "' * ",, * !* $-*. "+, " *"+%+,"0",2, '"'+ &-'$,"'&"!* $-*.-" +0"++,*","+," *"+%+,"0",2, * !* & '"*" +,' -' ,*2 , '-%% & -'$, "' & " !* $-*. - " *"', ,*", "+, " *"+%+,"0",2, * !* & !3!+,' -' +,*, ,* +&24" ' -''%"!

6.2.5 Isoelastische Nachfragekurven "' "+(%+,"+! !* $-*. "+, "' -*. " "' "!*& +&,'*"!" %"!%+,"0",2,-/"+, "' !* $-*. " /" "' "%-' )*%%% 0-* +0"++ .*%2-, /"+, &24 %"!-' "' #& -'$, "' *"+%+ ,"0",2, * !* - " ,* +&24" ' -''%"! +,*, '-%%"+,

11

"' !* $-*. " /" "' "%-' )*%%% 1-* *"', .*%3-, /"+, &35 %"!-' "' #& -'$, "' *"+%+ ,"1",3,.(''-%%- '-%% "+, ' "+& %% +)*!' /"* .(' "'* )*"+-'%+,"+!' !*

22

"' !* $-*. "' (*& "'* 0)*% /" "' "%-' /"+, &35 %"!-' "' #& -'$, "' ,* +&35" *"+%+,"1",3, .(' "'+ - ' "+& %% +"' " *%4+ "' +3&, %"!' ((*"',' %"! !(!

22

6.2.6 Preiselastizität und Erlöse )% 0+91% 4'+ %-'+)1#( =0%4%-3%1< $%1(!+" $)% "*:063-' =< 1%26%- 1)#( !31 $%, 0.$3*2 4.- 0%)1 3-$ !"'%1%262%0 %-'% 631!,,%- - $%0 31'!-'11)23!2).- '%+2% &.+'%-$% 0+91'+%) #(3-'

, $)% )0*3-' 3-2%01#()%$+)#(%0 0%)1%+!12)6)282%- $%0 !#(&0!'% !3&$)%0+91%633-2%013#(%-4%08-$%0-5)0$%-0%)10%)18-$%03- '%- $)% > !"'%1%(%- 4.- %)-%0 /0%)13-%+!12)1#(%- !#(&0!'% > %-'%-8-$%03-'%- -!#( 1)#( 6)%(%- 4%08-$%0- $)% 0+91'+%)#(3-' 63 )%7-$%03-'$%00+91%%0')"21)#(!+1)&&%0%-6!31$%-0+91%-)$%0-$1)23!2).-,)-31$%-0+91%-)-$%031'!-'11)23!2).- > +%)#(3-'%-3-$%)-'%1%262)-+%)#(3-'%0')"2

31,3+2)/+)6)%0%-&:(0263

%0 %012% 3,,!-$ $%1 )-3%-$%- 1.5)% $%0 3"20!(%-$ )- +%) #(3-' %0'%"%-631!,,%-'%-.,,%--3++1.$!115)0 4%0 %)-&!#(%- *9--%- 63 %0:#*1)#(2)'%-5)0*+%)-%7-$%03-'%-1)-$$)%%02%4.-

$

0%+!2)4'%0)-'1.$!115)0)-+%)#(3-' $%-$0)22%-3,,!-$%4%0-!#(+811)'%- *9--%-

)%0+918-$%03-'!3&03-$%)-%00%)18-$%03-'%0')"21)#($30#(

!#(31*+!,,%0-4.- %0(!+2%-5)0

)%%0+!'%03-'$%1!*2.01 4., 9(+%0$%1%012%-3.2)%-2%-), +!,,%0!31$03#* 73, 9(+%0 $%1 75%)2%- 3.2)%-2%- +9112 ), +!,,%0!31$03#*$)%0%)1%+!12)7)292$%0!#(&0!'%1)#(2"!05%0$%-

! $)% 0%)1%+!12)7)292 $%0 !#(&0!'% ), .0,!+&!++ -%'!2)4 )12 *:--%-5)0!-12%++%4.- $%- -%'!2)4%- !"1.+32%- %02 %)-1%27%-

+%)#(3-' &;(0273&.+'%-$%-0*%--2-)11%- %) 0%+!2)4 $%0 !#(&0!'% ,)2

4%00)-'%0- 1)#( $)% 0+:1% ), 3'% 4.- 0%)1%0(:(3-'%- $! $%0 +!,,%0!31$03#* )- +%)#(3-' )- $)%1%, !++ -%'!2)4 )12 )% 0%)1%0(:(3-' 4%0!-+!112 4)%+% $%0 ")1(%0)'%- 93&%0 4.%)-%, 5%)2%0%- !3& $)%1%1 32%1 !"731%(%- 1. $!11 $%0 -%'! 2)4% %-'%-%&&%*2 $%- /.1)2)4%- 0%)1%&&%*2 $.,)-)%02

%) 0%+!2)4 $%0 !#(&0!'% ,)2

+!11%- 1)#( $)% 0+:1% $30#( 0%)1%0(:(3-'%- 12%)'%0- $! $%0 +!,,%0!31$03#* )- +%)#(3-' )- $)%1%, !++ /.1)2)4 )12 )%0%)1%0(:(3-'&;(02-3073%)-%,0%+!2)4'%0)-'%-;#*'!-' $%0!#(&0!'%$!$)%!#(&0!'%05%-)'%012!0*!3&0%)19-$%03- '%- 0%!')%0%- 1. $!11 $%0 /.1)2)4% 0%)1%&&%*2 $%- -%'!2)4%%-'%-%&&%*2 $.,)-)%02

%) .0+)%'%- $%0 ,)2

%00%)#(%-$)%0+:1%)(0!6),3,

)%1% 8"%0+%'3-'%- )++3120)%0%- 5)0 !-(!-$ %)-%1 !(+%-"%)1/)%+1 %'%"%- 1%) $)% +)-%!0%

$ =

- "")+$3-' 1)-$ "%) 1)-*%-$%- 0%)1%- $)% *.00%1/.-$)%0%-$%!#(&0!'%,%-'%- 0+81% 1.5)% 0%)1%+!12)6)272%- $%0 !#(&0!'% $!0'%12%++2

)% %-21/0%#(%-$%- !#(&0!'%,%-'%- %0(!+2%- 5)0 $30#( )-1%26%$%0 -3,%0)1#(%- 0%)1% )- $)% !#(&0!'%&3-*2).- )% 0+81% %0,)22%+- 5)0 $30#( )-1%26%- $%0 -3,%0)1#(%- 0%)1% 3-$ !#(&0! '%,%-'%- )- $)% 0+81'+%)#(3-'

$

)0"%')--%-)-3-$5!-$%0-9"%03-$")1-!#( )-$%,5)0$%-0%)113*6%11)4%3,%)-%)-(%)21%-*%-)%0%)1 %+!12)6)272%- $%0 !#(&0!'% !- $%- '%*%--6%)#(-%2%- 3-*2%- +!11%1)#( $30#( )-1%26%- $%0 %-21/0%#(%-$%- %02% )- $)% !++'%,%)-% .0,%+$%0+!12)6)272%00%#(-%-

$

#! !# ! "!

#3 0$+)' "#*-'/$'+31+'- 6'2&'54-+%*4 ! 242#)3.#8+.5. 2-;3.#8+.5..3#49.#8+.5.+/&'.5/,4'22'+%*4+34+/&'. &+' &+2',4' 2'+3'-#34+9+4:4 &'2 #%*(2#)' )'/#5 '+/3 +34 0-#/)' &+' 2'+3'-#34+9+4:4 &'2 #%*(2#)' 2'-#4+6 *0%* +34 7+' +/ &'/ 5/,4'/ 5/&-0*/'/3+%*(<2"+'-&'2.3#49.#8+.+'25/)2'+3 3'/,5/)'/ 7'+- &#&52%* 6+'-' 953:49-+%*' #%*(2#)'2 )'70//'/ 7'2&'/ 5/& &'2 .3#49 #5()25/& &'3 34:2,'2'/ 103+4+6'/ '/)'/ '((',43 42049 /+'&2+)'2'2 2'+3' 34'+)4 34 &+' 2'+3'-#34+9+4:4 &'2 #%*(2#)'*+/)')'/2'-#4+6)'2+/)7+'+/&'/5/,4'/5/& 6'2523#%*'/ 2'+33'/,5/)'/ .3#49'+/$2<%*' 7'+- /52 7'/+)' 95 3:49-+%*' :5('2 )'70//'/ 7'2&'/ 5/& &'2 /')#4+6' 2'+3'((',4 <$'27+')4 / &+'3'. '2'+%* -0*/'/ 3+%* 2'+3'2*;*5/)'/ &# /52 7'/+)' #%*(2#)'2 /+%*4 $'2'+4 7:2'/ &'/ *;*'2'/ 2'+3 95 9#*-'/ '2 .#8+.#-' .3#49 '2)+$4 3+%* $'+ '+/'. 2'+3 +/ &'. &+' 2'+3 '-#34+9+4:4 &'2 #%*(2#)' 7+' +. 5/,4 $'+ '+/3 -+')4 2'+3:/&' 25/)'/ ? 0$ 2*;*5/)'/ 0&'2 '/,5/)'/ ? (<*2'/ +/ &+'3'2 +45# 4+0/ 95 .3#49'+/$5='/ --)'.'+/ *#4 '+/' /02.#- 6'2-#5('/&' -+/'#2' #%*(2#)'(5/,4+0/ &+'02.

!& #?$

# +34 &+' :44+)5/)3.'/)' #$ &'2 20*+$+4+612'+3 +' 2'+3'-#34+9+4:4 &'2 #%*(2#)' '2)+$4 3+%* #-3 20&5,4 #53 &'2 4'+)5/) &'2 #%*(2#)',526' 5/& &'. 5.)','*24'/ '2*:-4/+3 &'2 53)#/)37'24' <2 '+/' -+/'#2' #%*(2#)'(5/,4+0/ +34 &+' 4'+)5/) ,0/34#/4 +/ 5/3'2'. #-- -+')4 3+' $'+ ? $ 0.+4 )+-4 (<2 &+' 2'+3 '-#34+9+4:4&'2#%*(2#)'

'49'/7+2(<2!& &+'#%*(2#)'(5/,4+0/ '+/'2*#-4'/7+2

.&+'+/*'+43'-#34+9+4:495'2*#-4'/3'49'/7+2

?

. &+' 002&+/#4'/ &'3 5/,4'3 95 $'34+..'/ $'+ &'. &+' 2'+3 '-#34+9+4:4 &'2 #%*(2#)' $'+ .+/53 '+/3 -+')4 -;3'/ 7+2 -'+%*5/) 95/:%*34/#%*#5(30ő+2&'/2&+/#4'/7'24'2*#-4'/

; !;! !

$/ /$(0 *($&1 !$( #$/ 6*%1$ #$0 /-'(!(1(3./$(0$0 &/ .'(0"' 0-+(1 &$, 2!$(#$/6*%1$#$0/#(, 1$, !0"',(110 $15$, 4(/ *$("'2,& (, #($ "'%/ &$%2,)1(-, $(, 2,# *70$, , "' # 2% 2+ #$, !05(00$,4$/1 %8/ #($ (,'$(10$* 01(5(161 52$/+(11$*,$/' *1$,4(/

20+2*1(.*(5($/$,%8'/152

8/5$,3-,!/$02*1($/1(,

($ "'%/ &$+$,&$ *($&1 !$( #$/ 6*%1$ #$/ 611(&2,&0+$,&$ &/ .'(0"' 0-+(1 &$, 2 !$( #$/ 6*%1$ #$0 !05(00$, !0"',(110 $( -/*($&$, #$/ (,'$(10$* 01(5(161 !$01(++$, #$/ ' *!$ /-'(!( 1(3./$(0 2,# #($ ' *!$ 611(&2,&0+$,&$ #($ /$(0$,&$,-+!( , 1(-,/ .'(0"'*($&10($&$, 2(,#$/(11$#$0/#(, 1$,2,##$0 !05(00$,!$/$("'0 2,# # +(1 ; &$+69 1/ '*$,0 15 ; &$, 2 (, #$/ (11$#$/*(,$ /$, "'%/ &$)2/3$

6.3 Kreuzpreiselastizität %! ,!/2+,!%-!'-.%2%.4. !, $",#! 9 /$ %) %,!&.! ,!%-!'-.% 2%.4. !,$",#!#!))).9(%--. -!,$4'.)%- !,,!'.%0!)3) !,/)# !, $",#! )$ !%)!( /. 2/, ,!'.%0!) 3) !,/)# !,!%-!-!%)!- /.!-

%! ,!/2+,!%-!'-.%2%.4. !, $",#! !).1*,.!. !%-+%!'-1!%-! %! ,#! /( 1%! 0%!' ,*2!). -%$ %! $",#! )$ %-,!'% -$!) +"!'-%)!) 4) !,. 1!)) !, ,!%- )!/-!!'4) %-$!, %1%/( 2!$) ,*2!). -.!%#. *-%.%0! ,!/2+,!%-!'-.%2%.4.!) !,#!!) -%$ !% /-.%./.%*)-#6 .!,) -$!%7.!%6.!,) %!%)*)&/,,!)22/!%)) !,-.!$!)1!%' %! *)-/(!).!) !%) !-.%((.!- /. /,$ !%) ) !,!- !,-!.2!) &5))!) ! $5$!, %! ,!/2+,!%-!'-.%2%.4. !-.* !)#!, %-. %! / -.%./.%*)-!2%!$/)# 21%-$!) 21!% 6.!,) .!%#!) !%-+%!'-1!%-! %! ,!%-! !%)!, !-.%((.!) +"!'-*,.! %-. !.!,%- +,%/- (%. 2/ ,!$)!) -- 0%!'! *)-/(!).!) /" ) !,! +"!'-*,.!) /-1!% $!) !#.%0! ,!/2+,!%-!'-.%2%.4.!) 1!%-!) /" *(+'!(!).4,#6.!, $%) - $!%7. /" 6.!, %! )%$. %) *)&/,,!)2 2/!%)) !, -.!$!) -*) !,) -%$ #!#!)-!%.%# !,#4)2!) ,$5$!) -%$ 2/( !%-+%!' %! ,!%-!"6,!)2%)/) %!-!'#!$. %!$",#!)$/.*-(%.$* $!(,!%-.*""0!,,/$2/,6& ,!/2+,!%-!'-.%2%.4.!) 0*) )/'' '%!#!) !% /)$4)#%#!) 6.!,) 0*, 1!%' ,!%-4) !,/)#!) !- !%)!) /.!- &!%)!,'!% %)"'/-- /" %! $",#!)$ !() !,!)/.$!)%))-.%!# !-,!%-!-!% )!, !-.%((.!) +"!'-*,.! '4--. !.!,%- +,%/- %! $",#! )$ /.*(*%'!) (%. $*$!( ,!%-.*""0!,,/$ /)!,6$,.

/-.%./.%*)-#6.!,

/)$4)#%#! 6.!,

*(+'!(!).4,#6.!,

. %./ (!%$/ 30 !-'!**!* .. %! 0*#!"5$-! !**/*%. -!(!1*/!-!03,-!%.!(./%3%/5/!* "7- !* * !( 1+* !-$!(%$!- ! !0/0*# %./ %!-!%..!*'0*#!%*!.0/!."7$-/30.%*'!* !-$"-#!*$ .!%*!* 0./%/0/%+*.#7/!-* 0* 30 ./!%#!* !- $"-#! *$ .!%*!* +),(!)!*/5-#7/!-*

6.4 Einkommenselastizität

%! %*'+))!*.!(./%3%/5/ !- $"-#! )%../ . !-$5(/*%. !-!(/%1!* 4* !-0*# !- $"-#! *$ !%*!) 0/ 30- -!(/%1!* 4* !-0*# !.%*'+))!*.

%* %* 5* !-* *$$(/%#! %*'+))!*../!%#!-0*#!* 30 !+$ /!* %./ !. "7- */!-*!$)!- 2%$/%# 30 !0-/!%(!* %*2%!2!%/ %!.! %*'+))!*.5* !-0*#!* 30 4* !-0*#!* %) $"-#!1!-$(/!* "7$ -!* * !* 1!-#*#!*!* !' !* ./%!#!* !%.,%!(.2!%.! %! %* '+))!*%*7 +./0* ./.%!*./-'* !-!%.'+*.0),-++," *$) %) !-*!* ./!* &! +$ *%$/ 30 %!.!. $5*+)!* $/ .!%*! -.$! %* !- *!#/%1!* %*'+))!*.!(./%3%/5/ !. -0* *$ -0*#.)%//!(. !%. %/ $6$!-!) %*'+))!* .%* %))!- )!$- 5- )!-! )%(%!* %* !- #! .%$ !%* /7' 7$*!-"(!%.$ + !- ! )7.! 30 (!%./!* *./// 2%! %.$!- !%. )%/ +&.+8! 30 !..!* %! #!*',3%/5/ !#-!*3/ %./ 2%- %*.#!.)/ 2!*%#!- !%. #! #!..!* %!.! */2%'(0*# -0* *$-0*#.)%//!( 0-$ 1!-)!%*/ (%$ $6$!-2!-/%#! !!*.)%//!( 30 .0./%/0%!-!* %./ 0$ !%* -0* "7- !*%* !-&7*#!-!*!-#*#!*$!%/30!+$/!* !*$"-#! 0* -!%.*./%!# "7- !!*.)%//!( 2%! %($,-+ 0'/! + !- %* "(!%.$ %!.%$2$.!* !- !(%!/$!%/0*/!-.%/!*!-"-!0!*

-+ 0'/!2%!!%. !-!*$"-#!)%/./!%#!* !)%*'+))!*30 -7'#!$/ !3!%$*!* 2%- (. .+(0/ %*"!-%+-! 7/!- 1#( (/!% *%.$ ;%*"!-%+-: < !0/.$ !- ;*/!-!: ;%! !-!: 7/!- )%/ !%*!- #!-%*#!* ,+.%/%1!* %*'+))!*.!(./%3%/5/ *!**!* 2%- -!(/%1 %*"!-%+-! 7/!- 7/!- )%/ !%*!- $+$!* ,+.%/%1!* %*'+))!*.!(. /%3%/5/ .0,!-%+-! 7/!- 1#( (/!%*%.$ ;.0,!-%+-: < !0/.$ !;6$!-!: ;6$!-2!-/%#!:

(%"*) $'%'( *)

'")+ $'%'( *)

(*&'%'(*)

1' $)'$#' () ( ($$+%"" .*#$() $ ), .* ,(($ % ' .* +'!*$$ '%*!) $ % %' $ '$ $!%# #$("().)/) ' ' *,($ )$ $ ,')()"$

-&$(%$( *$ %%#&($ $!%##$ !0$$$ $ )'$#' )'( &'*( #) $' 1'&'%&%')%$" ()'! ()$ $ ' $ (*&'%'$ 1)'$ '$$ ,%$ ' $ '")+ $'%'$ 1)'$ $*' *$)'&'%&%')%$" ()'! .* $##) *$ $ (%"*) $'%'' 1)' (%' .*'1!) $ ,')()"$ .((%$( *$ &'((%$(&($ $ $$

$!%##$ '" ($!$ #1(($ $)'$#' #) $' 1'&'%&%' )%$" ()'! ($!$$ ' $ (*&'%'$ $' *$)'&'% &%')%$" ()'! $"(($$ ' $ '")+ $'%'$ 1)'$ (%, $' '0*$ ' ' $ (%"*) $'%'$ 1)'$ '$$ (!%(*$ $)'$#'$ ' !%$ *$!)* '""$ (!$ .* #$'$ $!$ () ' $ #()( %') *"" +%$ 1)'$ .* #&"$ ( $ .* * ' $ !%##$("().)/) *$)'($ % !$$ $ ,')()"$ ()*#(&($ $ ''1!$ (%"*) $'%'' 1)' *'$$'$()(*&'%''1)'*("$,'$ ,/'$ $ 0!%$%#($ ,/&($ $ '+'"*() (*&'%'' 1)' *' $ +'()/'!) ' $ (%"*) $ '%'$1)'$.*!%#&$('$()

6.5 Messprobleme

!"

$ --/(" 0)( &-.$4$.7. ( ,$(". $($" ,)& ' '$. -$#

#

-. $ . ,$-*,$/-&/- & ($#. ,!9&&. 7( ,( -$# /: , ' , $- ()# ( , -.$''/("-",9( , #!," $, &/! ( !#, $ ,-#$ /(" $( , #!," %/,0 /! ,/( 2)" ( ,

. (7( ,/(" ( !7&-#&$# ,1 $- &- 1 "/(" (.&(" $( , #!," %/,0 4/ $(. ,*, .$ , ( $ /! ()" ( 5( ,/(" ( 4/ ,9%4/!9#, ( $-. $&/(" $&&/-.,$ ,. $ - '8"&$# #&$(. , *, ..$)( , 6 ,"(" 0)( 4/ 1$, !7&-#&$# ,1 $- &- $( 1 "/(" (.&(" , 0 ,'/. . ( #!," %/,0 $(. ,*, .$ ,. 1)" " ( ..-7#&$# /! ,/( $( - 2)" ( ( #)%- $( , -#$ /(" ,#!," %/,0 3 4/,#!," %/,0 -..." !/( ( # ( %8((.

!

2%.&7--.-$#$ , $- &-.$4$.7. ,#!," $( $( '/(%.(/, /,# ( $!! , (.$&+/).$ (. ( , #( ( , /( (&$# %& $( 5( ,/(" ( $( #(/(" -. &&. '*$,$-# %8(( ( (/, ",8: , 5( ,/(" ( .,#. .1 , (-)--1$, $ , , #(/(" ,&- .$4$.7./! (/(" (/ ( $!! , (4 (+/).$ (. (/-1 $# ('9-- (

'$, )$*)$ $' $ $'$(*)% *) ' & (!$ ' $ $%+ $' %+&* % $ & %& ($+%% *' %& ' ($'&& %% $ $ * #'!& & *)% *) ' & % %%& ) ' & ' *) ' &$% '$( ' & ' &$% $% %&*&+& '% %"' & ')% ' & ($+'&

$'$( $% $'$( !& % $ &#'!& & ($% !)$$%& !$ *)& $'$( *'$' $ $ & #'!& & &%"$& $ $%& &' $ &%"$ $'$( ' & ' *' $ &' $ )

$'$( %' & &' $ '$( %&& ' & & $ &' $ & % ' & -$ $ $'$( %& & &% &$ $'$( -$ & $ $'$( &$ )$$ & ' $ ' %)$%%& ' %$ & %&$ %& % $ $ $ '$( %&%&& $%%&*&+& $ $ %& -$ $'$( ,$ % -$ $'$( % $+& % $ '% %)$& + &' $ $%& $'$( ! $ % $ *)& %&

$! $! !! %!! !!" !%!&! ! " '" !"!! !$ &" %" #! %" !! " # !! !# " '" ! ! &! " !!! %" ! $ $ ! "' ! &" %! !"! &"%"(%"(

7. Substitutions- und Einkommenseffekt 7.1 Einführung & (% '' *"'/"*-"* '"++1-*4$"/"*"'-'+ *'',*+-!-' '1-&('+-&(),"&-&-'1-'!* %+ ,"1",3,' /('''!'2'*'+"!"'"'&/" 4,* %%" *"+ "* 4,* "' "'& '"!, )*()(*,"('%' *!3%,'"+ +( 3'*'+"!"*%,".'*"+ "+!,-+/"*$-' '-'* %- * - , *' *' ," -' -*! " *%,".' *"+ +,"&&, /"* -*! " 2'*-' + *"+.*!3%,'"+++ "+, "' -*+)*4' %"!+ ('+-&(),"&-& + *)!"+! "& ' ',"%)-'$, .(''"*'1$-*.-' - , *%" ,(+(%, /(*' * )*"., -+!%, /"* ')++-' ' "' +"'& ('+-&.*!%,' .(*'!&' -' "' '-+ ('+-&(),"&-& **"!' "' & " -+&&'+,1-' +"'+ 4,*4'%+"''*"+,%+1-.(* - & .(& %,' 1-& '-' ('+-&(),"&-& ,*,' 1/" $, - ," , "+)"%+/"+ * *"+ + "'' -,+ (!' +++"!*#'" +'*' -,+3'*,!,*)*".,-+!%, "'*+",+ "'' '*"1 .(& ,-** /(*'' -, /'" * "'!",'1-$('+-&"*'-'.(&*%,".6"&* %"!1-&' *' -, 6 4'+," * /(*'' -, &!* "'!",' "+* $, ',+,!, - *-' * .*3'*,' -+,-+!*, 1/"+!' "'

4,*' -' /"* !* -+,",-,"('+$, ''', '**+",+ "+, 1/* + (&"'%"'$(&&' + -+!%,+ $('+,', %"' +"' %"'$(&&' "+, #(! +-'$' ," , '3&%"! * *"+ "'+ -,+ (!' ++ +"! + (&"'%"'$(&&' 3'*, $'' +"! * )*"., -+!%, '"!, &!* +( ."% "'!",' "'+ &"+!,' 4,*4'%+ %"+,' /" .(*!* "* */*,' ++ - *-' * '$-' + %"'$(&&'+ * ('+-& "* 4,* 1-*4$ !, "+' 1/",' $, '''' /"* ' % "'$(& &'+$,

+"!*(!,* +&,$,,,($,-+&- +,",-,"('+ -' & "'$(&&'+$, 1-+&&'+,1, "+, '"!, (!' /",*+ *+"!,%"! /" +,*$ #* "+* "%$, "+, & " $, 1- "+(%"*' &4++' /"* &", !0)(,!,"+!' ''! &' *",' "%, -'+* ',*++ & -+,",-,"('+$, -',*+-

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

7.2 Hicks-Analyse ($ $/01$ /( ,1$ #$/ $/*$&2,& $(,$0 $0 +1$%%$)10 (, $(,$, 2! 01(121(-,0 2,# $(,$, (,)-++$,0$%%$)1 ! 0($/1 2% 8!$/*$&2,&$, #$0 !/(1(0"'$, -!$*./$(01/9&$/0 (/ -', ("' /# (")0 (/ 2,1$/02"'$, #$, 2!01(121(-,0$%%$)1 2,1$/ #$/ '5.-1'$1(0"'$, ,, '+$ # 00 4(/ 4$(1$/'(, 2,0$/ 2/0./;,&*("'$0 216$,,(3$ 2 $//$("'$, ):,,1$, !!(*#2,& 6$(&1 #($ &/ .'(0"'$ :02,&

$,) #( ))-- ,, $- !7,/.41 $-. $"./) ,, $- !7, /. $)- /)0 ,5) ,. ' $. )) , /-#'. - $) " -(. $)&*(( ) !7, /. $)- 0 ,1 ) . &)) , $) $ - ( '' " )/-* 0$ ' $)# $. ) 0*) /. $)- ,1 , ) 1$ 0*,# , -* -- -$# , (2$('(6"'$# *)-/( -/. - $)-)$#.5) ,.

/!",/) , , $- ,#6#/)" -$)&. % *# $ /)0 ,5) ,. ( $) &*(( ) ,(2$('(6"'$# *)-/(!7,/.41 $

$ #5)*( ) !7#, )",+#$-#4/ $) ,, #/)" ,'. ) / " ." , ) /( )/)&.(2 )#/). )4/,) / ) /" ." , ) ( )/-.$./.$*)- !! &.4/$-*'$ , )) #( )1$,4/( $) ) #3+*.# .$-# ) -- , /-#'. 1 $. ,#$) - $) /,-+,7)"'$# /.4 ))$0 / #'. ) &)) !*'"'$# $) /)&. /! - $) , /,-+,7)"'$ # ))$!! , )4&/,0 / , '$-$ ,, $-. /( ) , ) ,7&-$#.$".

),*+"+,+"'&*#+"1&),& ))$+"-&)"*"*"!"& )1&),& )+" ,& ), + )&&")*!$2 + *!$ -) $"!& .") & ,* & *(,&#+ "& % " +" ,& ) ,) *()4& $"!& , + )& "$+ %"+ "&% ,&#+ "& % " +" ,& )&,&, + )& "$+",&#+%4**&,)$ +& &")&0#,)- $" & ,% 0, ,&+)*+)"!& ** *"! &,) *

,*+,*!-)!2$+&"* ") 4+) &"!+ ) * ,+0&&"-, 2&)+!+,"*%.#-)*!"&.")"&,, + ) ()$$$ "* *" " ,)*()4& $"! &")&0#,)- "% ,&#+ )4!)+ "* )$$$ " .") $* !/('+!+"*! , + ) &*!& #3&&& ."*+ " $"! +" ,& ." " &, , + ),&%"+" $"!&&,&)$+"-&)"*, ",) *()4& $"! &")&0#,)- )4!)+ "*+ * ,+0&&"-, "& &,*' !'! ." "& -'& $ "&#'%%&*#+& .") *!& )(!"*! 0" + *"! ) ,*+"+,+"'&*#+ "& ) . ,& -'& &!&+$& ),)*()4& $"!&&")&0#,)-,

) $ "&#'%%&*#+ $&+ " -)2&)+& ,*+" +,+"'&*0"!,& & ,* ,& '#,**")+ ,**!$"5$"! , " ) '$ + $ "&#'%%&*2&),& ) "&#'%%&*#+ "*+ "%%)"& "&#'%%&*#+ & ,&*)% $$ !+ *"! * ' %"&$"&#'%%& 4)!,(+ &"!+ 2&)+ &&'! +)"++ "& "& #'%%&*#+ , ."$ * $"&#'%%& , ),& ) )"*) !3!,& 4),+0." *,&#&"*+")%4**&0.",&#+-) $" !& " *"! &"!+ "& "!)& )$+"-& )"*& ,&+)*!"& '%"+ %,**"+" ,& ), + )&"&"&,&#+& $"!*"&

*!$ -) $"!& .") ,&#+ ) , ) !/('+!+"*!& , + )&$" +%"+,&#+ ),)&,&, + )&$" + " &'+.&" )."* " $"! +" ,& ,."*+ ." "!) )$ $$ % " ,&+)*!"$"!& $"&#'%%& 0, )4#*"!+" & %4**&",&#+,&")&0#,)-&$" &",&+)*!"$" ! ,+0&&"-,* .")*(" $& ) "&#'%%&*#+ *+$$+ )(!"*!& -'&,),)*()4& $"!&&")&0#,)-, 0, ,)&,&&")&0#,)-, )

) ,*+"+,+"'&*#+ "*+ 4) * +,)) .')& ,+ & +"- 4) * )$+"- 4&*+" ) .')& ,+ ('*"+"- & ,&*)% $$ .") ,+0."+,))*"&)"**+" +,&,+"&*"%) $"!0,,+ 0." )$+"- 4&*+" ) *"! *"& )"* &"!+ 2&)+ ) "& #'%%&*#+ "*+ "% ')%$$$ 4) " 4+) " "&) )"*) !3!,& & +"- ."$ * $"&#'%%& *"&#+

2( ) *+(( -&(% +* /-! (% )! )&$!* )&-& # !% %*!,( +)*!*+*!&%)"* #) + !% %*!,( !%"&$$%) "*)&))(**&"*()! +)(+$$,&%+ )*!*+*!&%) +% !%"&$$%)"* (!* %##) %*!, !)* 2( ) (#*!, 2%)*!( -&(% +* !%) (!* )! !% '&)!*!,( +)*!*+*!&%)"* ( !% +%)($ ## +( !%% %*!,% !% "&$$%)"* *!#-!) "&$'%)!(* -!( )& )) ( **&"* '&)!*!, !)*

*( *%-!(%+$" (*%##(!% !#+% !##+)*(!(* -!( %%&$$% ( (!) 2(+*/-!)!%"*+%((!) 2(+*!%)#!*+%,(0%(*

0 (% )! ( $.!$# $1#! &%)+$ ) +*) !%) %! * 0%(* )*!* +(+% ( (!))%"+% ( $.!$# $1#! &%)+$ ) +*) /-! (' !) ) #% )! !) !% 0 %&$% !% !%( ( +% ( #*% +*(% +$%+%"* $. % &%/+(%+% +*(% %!($/+%0 )*% +)*!*+*!&%)"* /+ !)&#!(% ,() !% -!( ! %+ +*

) ()$$$ !* *! ! ,)*()3&$! &!)&0#,)- , !% ,&#+ )3 )+ )( !* 0!+ *! ) ,*+!+,+!'&*#+ !& ) .,& -'& & &+$& ) ,)*()3&$! & &!)&0 #,)- ) !&#'%%&*#+ *+$$+ )( !* & -'& & ) ) ,*+!+,+!'&*#+ !*+ 3) * 3&*+!) .')& ,+ 0.! ('*!+!- 3) * )$+!- +,)) .')& ,+ !&* &+!- ) !&#'%%&*#+ !*+ 3) ! 3+) ('*!+!- .!$ * $!& #'%%& !% , !&) )!**&#,& *+!+ & ,&*)% !*(!$ !*+ )++'#+3)*3&*+!).')&,+0.!('*!+!-,&3) *)$+!-+,)).')&,+!&*&+!- % ,&*) )( !* &$/* 0, -)-'$$*+1&!& *!& !& & !$,&& *'.! ! ".!$!& ,*+!+,+!'&* ,& !&#'% %&*#+ 3) ! 1$$ !&) )!*) 2 ,& -'& ,+ !&* 0! ,&*.!* !&) )!**&#,& -'& ,+ !&* )*+$$+

& "$,&

"*+ ) ++'#+ 3) * +,)) .')& ,+ "&* & +"- ,& 3) * )$+"- 3&*+" ) .')& ,+ /." ('*" +"-

&"$,& "*+)++'#+3)* 3&*+" ) .')&,+ "&*('*"+"-,&3)*)$+"-+,)) .')&,+/."& +"- % '$ && +)!+& .") & '&)$$ "&* "&,+* "** *'$,+ "&)"') ,+ ."*+ "& & +"- "&#'%%&*$*+" /"+1+ , * !"4+ %"+ /,&!%&% "&#'%%& !+ " ! ) /,)3# + -" -)* +" + ) )"* "&* *'$,+ "&)"')& ,+* -)$,& ,*+"+,+"'&* ,& "&#'%%&*#+ &$1," /,"&&) *+ ) & +"- ,*+"+,+"'&*#+ )24) $* ) ('*" +"- "&#'%%&*#+ ) "+ *"! "& & +"-) ++'#+ ." "% $$ *,()"')) ') )$+"- "&)"')) 3+) *+ ) ('*"+"- "& #'%%&*#+ )24) $* ) & +"- ,*+"+,+"'&*#+ )!$+& .") "&& ('*"+"-& ++'#+ "* "*+ ) $$ "&* "& ,+* * &! % *!'++"*!& 0#'&'%& ')+ "& &&&+ "*+

7- !%* %""!*0/ #!(/!* "+(#!* ! !% !* ! %*#0*#!* -./!*. %./ !%* %""!*0/ !%* .+(0/ %*"!-%+-!. 0/ )%/ !%*!- *!#/%1!* %* '+))!*.!(./%4%/5/ 2!%/!*. +)%*%!-/ !- %*'+))!*.!""!'/ !* 0./%/0/%+*.!""!'/ .+ .. %! $"-#! *$ !) %""!*0/ )%/ ./!%#!* !) .%*'!* !) -!%. ./!%#/ .%*'/ * !* %( 0*#!* %. .%* !- 0./%/0/%+*. 0* %*'+) )!*.!""!'/ !%*!. %""!*0/!. -#!./!((/ * %( 0*# %! 2%0."7$-(%$!-!-(50/!-**!$)!*2%-* .. !--!%. !.%""!*0 /!.42!%./!%#/*%( 0*# #!$!*2%- 1+*0. .. !--!%. !.%""!*0/!.42!%.%*'/%!!% !*"+(#!* !*-,$%'!*4!%#!* &!2!%(. 0/ !%*. (. %""!*0/ * %( 0*# 0*/!-./!((!* 2%!%*! -!%.!-$6$0*# %* %( 0*# !%*! -!%..!*'0*# !. %""!* 0/!. !%*.

* %( 0*# %./ %! 0.#*#..%/0/%+* . +*.0)+,/%)0) %) *#!*/%(,0*'/ **$)!#!)58 ./!%#/ !- -!%. "7- . %""!* 0/ 42!% !- )3%)(! +*.0) %!.!. 0/!. !- !% #5*4(%$!) !-4%$/ 0" !* +*.0) !. .0,!-%+-!* 0/!. !%*. !-4%!(/ 2%- .%*'/ !- -!(/%1! -!%. 0* .+)%/ %! /!%#0*# !- 0 #!/#!- !* 5* !-* .%$ %! *!0! 0 #!/#!- ! !-#%/ .%$ 0. !- -!$0*# !- (/!* 0 #!/#!- !* *$ 0*/!* 0) !* 0*1!-5* !-/!* 0*'/

&0 #%,'# *'1$-*.- *)*2+',#*,'-'#'-,1''#.- + +#" * )*#., -+"%, '#", &"* %#+,' $'' * -+"%, /2"%, +#' '-+ ('+-&(),#&-& #& '!',#%)-'$, * '-' -!,!*' -' * '-' '# *'1$-*. - * -+,#,-,#('+ $, #+, 4* + ,-** !/(*' # '-, 1/# ' !,#. * #'$(&&'+ $, ,*(,1 * %#'$(&&'++'$-'! )(+#,#. *,,( $, 4*+# '-,1/##+,)(+#,#./#%* )(+#,#. #'$(&&'+ $, !*35* #+, %+ * '!,#. -+,#,- ,#('+ $,-'#" *!.(' - +,#!,

'' #%-'!'-' +,%%'%%4,*4'%#1/#+"' '-'$,' -' - *'-'-!,!*'%#!'&3!%#" 3+-'!' 4*#'+(%-,#' *#(*+-,1/#*#''*#' $(&&'+ $, ' -+,#,-,#('+ $, '#", (&#'#*, 4* ' # '%% #+, + * (**%#" ++ + '- 4,*4'% #' #% -'!(*"%-'#' #%-'! -',*"%.(' - *'-' -!,!*' %#!,

$$"#)#!)'&" $# $$!$ $#!( ("$ )! " $# ! !" $# " ! ! "# $"##$# "# # !# )! "# " ! !! "" " $ )#!) $$#!$$ !% $!$ $#! #

')&" ( ( #( &(/$*$ 1/ $, ,#) $ $*%-(" $( * 2( *-(" * * &,$. ( * $+ $( $( ( -+,$,-,$)(+ -( $( ( $( %)'' (+ !! %, 1- 1 *& " ( $ &-,+%0 *& "-("

7.3 Slutsky-Analyse $ 1/ $, *$(, ( ,,)!! %, $( * * &,$. ( * $+3( *-(" $( $( ( -+,$,-,$)(+ -( $( $( ( $(%)'' (+ !! %, 1- 1 *& " ( $+, $ * #(-(" (# -" ($-+ &-,+%0

$ -+,$ ,-,$)(+ -( $(%)'' (+ !! %, (# $%+ 1$ #-("+/ $+ (# &-,+%0+$(($#,$ (,$+# '&& * *& "-(" + ,,)!! %,+ $( $( ( -+,$,-,$)(+ -( $( ( $(%)'' (+ !! %, -(, *+, && ( /$* (# $%+ !4* ( -+,$,-,$)(+ !! %, $ )(+,(1 +

*'(&'1$" $ *).$$ +*( # "" ' '"*$ $ "*)(! 0" ! ) ( , )' $ ( $ *'(&'1$" ( 1)'1$" " ()$ .* !0$$$ ' $)$ , $ +%$ ' $$# $' 4$%'#"$3 '!*'+ ' , ' # "" +%$ ' (/$ '*$$+%$'%$()$.( $!%##$(*($

!

"*)(!-( %$.&) ' !%#&$( ')$ ' !$$ , %") *# ' (($ ,'$ # "" $' ' ('0*$ $( *)( , ' '

*(") 1' $ 1!$ ( $( " $!%##$( *' !%# &$( ') (( ' -&%)) ( $ .*(/)." ( $!%##$ '/") ( ( # '#0" ) ( ( $ *'(&'1$" ( 1)'1$" , )' $" ()$.*!0$$$$"%, '' *(") #"" $'' ( ($!*$ $( *)( 1' $ $() ( $( " $!%##$( *' !%#&$( ') (( # -&%)) ( $ " ( $( $!%# #$( ,$%##$ , ' # ) ' 1' ( $ *'(&'1$" ( 1)' 1$", )' $( $(#)( *)*,$$#*(( "*$ . ) $ *() )*) %$( *$ $!%##$(!) $ "*)(!-1'$""(('' (( *)(., () )

50 # "!

&" 1/$+$//&010&,+ )&"$0 &* 1+(0 /0"&$0 /, !// /& % !&" 1./-.:+$)& %" 1!$"0$".!" 1*!"+1+(0*4 + % 1+0"+ 61 !."%0 ".1/0&010&,+/"##"(0*&//0!&"&.(1+$1#$.1+!!".7+!".1+$!". .")0&2"+ ."&/" /& % !&" .")0&2"+ ."&/" &+ !". 0"&$1+$ !".

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

". &+(,**"+/"##"(0 /0.%&".0 2,+ !". 7+!".1+$ !". .")0&2"+ ."&/" 1+! )"+(0 /"&+ 1$"+*".( 1// %)&";)& % 1# !&" ")&+ (,**"+//"+(1+$ "/%) *://"+ 63"& 1+(0" 2".$)& %"+ 3".!"+ !&" 1# 1!$"0$".!"+ )&"$"+ 3") %" !&" $)"& %" 0"&$1+$ 1#3"& /"+ ". 1+0"./ %&"!)& %" &+(,**"+/+&2"1/ ."-.8/"+0&"."+ ". &+(,**"+/"##"(0 3&.! !1. % !"+ "$ 2,+ 1# !". %5-,0%"0& / %"+ 1!$"0$".!"+ 611#!".+"1"+ 1!$"0$".!"+ !.$" /0"))0 . &/0 &+ 1+/"."* "&/-&") ""+/, 3&" !". "00,##"(0 #:. "&!":0".+"$0&2

&"9/1+$"+!".)10/(5".)"$1+$#:.!&"3"&0"."+8))"&+!"+"+ !".."&/!"/63"&0"+10"//&+(0!".."&/#:.10"&+//0"&$0"6&" %1+$/3"&/" !". ."&/ #:. 10 "&+/ /&+(0 (9++"+ &+ +),$". "&/" + %2,))6,$"+ 3".!"+ &" &+ !". & (/ +)5/" 1+0"./ %"&!"+ 3&. &+ !". )10/(5 +)5/" /1-".&,." .")0&2 &+#".&,." /,)10 &+#".&,." 1+! )/ ,+!".#)) !". /,)10&+#".&,."+:0".&##"+:0".".))"&+"/&##"+10"/&/0 &+ &)!1+$ !.$"/0"))0

( **& "* 1( ) *+(( -&(% %+* .- )* '&) * ,+$ )#+)) ))' *#)#%"%- (+%)( +%$("+ % &%(/##

7.4 Sonderfälle *(*% - ( % &%(/## '("*( +)* *+* +% '( "*(&$'#$%*- ("*!- #)%+( %(( % "*

$##'("*(+)* *+* )* (%.(*(+)* *+* &% $$( "&%)*%* % (%."+(,% ) % - % #+% ##% (% 1*( "0%%% %+%)#&) % %%( +) *+)* -(% )# - ( % ( )(0+% 1( +* .- .+ 1(% )) ( +)#* + ) %( +)* *+* &%)+* %) +) - * &$ * "%% ( % # %"&$$%)"* ,&##)*/% ,($ % ( **& "* %( ( )/%(+% )#/* ) +) )# 2# $ +)* *+* &%)"* % ( $ ## '("*( &$'#$%* )* (%.(* ( +)* *+* &% %*-( %+## &( )*(* % +%%# % (%."+(,% % - % #+% !- #) %% ,(* "#% +% %% &( .&%*#% )* ## 5 "'+%"*4 )*##% +%*( (1") * +% ( +*()*( "* &% !- # % &%)+$&'* $ ( ) % +*

!! !'$ ! !$ %& &! " !&"! & !$! '& "!%' $&)$!&&$$%%!! '&%)$$'% & !& !'$ ("! % %"!$! ' (" !$! '& )!$ !$! % '%&'%($,&!% )$ % !& ,!$! %" %% $ '%&&'&"!%& ,!* !&,& $ &&" & !$ $%,!$'! %,& % '%%/ !" !%& !$ '% '!%$! +$'!! *' '%&&'&"!% '! !" !% & -!!! )$ '%%"$'!! .$ ! $' $ $ '$(&! %&% %&*$ $

%&*$ $!! $!! '& ' !$ !" !%$-'! %&& '%% % ' %&! )!! $ $% %% '&% %!&

!! " #"!!& %$ '%% !&,& ! !" !% & '! #*$& ! '& % %'#$"$ "$ $&( !$"$ !& $ %"'& !$"$ %& !! " #"!!& ' %%& ! '%& &'&"!% '! !" !%& %'#$"$! '! $&( !$" $! .&$!)$!'%&&'&"!%'! !" !%&.$% '& %%! $% % ,!$& $'!%,&* ! &'! %"

!.. !"- 0./&/0/&+*."##"'/ !"* &*'+))"*."##"'/ 1"-./6-'/ - 0. #+($/ !.. %#-$"'0-1"* #8- .0,"-&+-" 0*! -"(/&1 &*#"-&+-" 8/"- #(("*! 1"-(0#"* )8.."* "& .+(0/ &*#"-&+-"* 8/"-* "& !"*"* 0./&/0/&+*. 0*! &*'+))"*."##"'/ &* "*/$"$"* $"."/4/" & %/0*$"*2&-'"*2"&./!&" %#-$"'0-1"*0-!**"&*"*"$/&1" /"&$0*$ 0# 2"** !"- 0./&/0/&+*."##"'/ $-79"- &./ (. !"&*'+))"*."##"'/ *!"-*#((. %*!"(/ ". .& % 0) &##"*8/"- !"-"* %#-$"'0-1"./"&$"*!1"-(60#/ "&!" %#-$"'0-1"*.&*! &* !"* &(!0*$"* "4&"%0*$.2"&." !-$"./"((/

. .&*! 0 % 6((" !"*'- &* !"*"* !&" %#-$" *& %/ &* "-./"&*&" 1+) -"&. %6*$/

"- &/(60#"-##"'/ *!2$+* ##" / '+))/ 40) -$"* 2"** !&" &*!&1&!0"((" %#-$" ,+.&/&1 1+* !"- ".)/* %#-$" %6*$/&*&/(60#"-'+*.0)&"-/1+-40$.2"&."8/"-!&"0 %*!"-" "*. %"* &* ."&*"- )$"0*$ '+*.0)&"-"* "&.,&"(.2"&." 26-" &* "0/. %(*! &. 40 !"* #-8%"* %/4&$"- %-"* *&")*! 0# !&" !"" $"'+))"* "$$&*$. &* !"- 5##"*/(& %'"&/ 40 /-$"* ! !&"." "*$ *(&"$"*!"* +."* 40 !)(&$"- "&/ (. 3)*./&' +!"-

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

#,(+(1 76<(4 174 (,1(1 *(4,1*(1 76<(1 $75 (,1(0 (6<9(4. 52 /$1*( 174 9(1,*( $1 ',(5(0 (6<9(4. %(6(,/,*6 5,1' 64,66 (,1 (6< 9(4.())(.6$7)#70(,53,(/,56'(4(5,6<(,1(5(/()212'(4$: *(4>6(5 174 5,1182// 9(11 $7&+ $1'(4( (15&+(1 ',(5( (4>6( 176 <(1 52 '$55 '$5 (6<9(4. )71.6,215)>+,* ,56 ,( $&+)4$*( +>1*6 ,1 ',(5(0 $// ,1 (456(4 ,1,( 1,&+6 820 4(,5 521'(41 325,6,8 821 '(41<$+/'(4(6<9(4.6(,/1(+0(4$%

8. Arbeitsangebot 8.1 Einführung 2"*' - & 4,*&*$, * )*#., -+"%, %+ " *!* - ,*#,, -' * ',*'"&* %+ '#,* +#' #"* (%%' - & *#,+&*$, .*,-+", * -+"%, #+, *#,+'#,* 9 !'-* '#,* +#'* *#,+$* , 9 * ',*'"&* *#,+'" *!* 9 )*21#+* " *!* .(' *#,+$* ,

8.2 Konsum-Freizeit-Kurve

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

# -!,!* 4*#('+-& *#1#,',+"#-'!#+,*!( &,*#+" *, %%* (&#',#('' .(' ('+-&&3!%#"$#,' -' *#1#, /%" # -!,*+,*#$,#(' + )*#.,' -+"%,+ !* '(" * 4%%' # -!,!* !#, &'" ' /%"

! %! '! ! $& & #*% # "#'% &$% # $# & %#%&%#& % ) &# % $# & % (# #$#% $!# # "#'% &$% &$ $. #%% & & #*% + * '#*%% & %# %#% & % ) & $*$$ $# & % (# #$#% $!# # "#'% &$% &$$. # #*% #, % & & ! $& + * '#*%% ! %! & %# # &%# $ $&!"% # #*% ! ! $& &. *& $($ # ! $& ! #*% &. , $% ! %! &.# # &%# '#%* &%#$%#%! & $ $ % #$# #

# "#'% &$% $%#% &%* )#& #+ # *!# & (# & &# #'! # * &#' #$%% # *&#' -# ! $& #*% %$& $% # !%#$ #% # ! %! '! ! $& & #*%

# '' + -,1''#.- + )*#.,' -+"%,+ !%#" #+, #' '# *'1$-*. !#, &'" ' /%" (&#',#('' .(' ('+-&-'*#1#,*)*#.,-+"%,*%#+#*'

4*'(),#&%'('+-&*#1#,%'',+"#,+#"*)*#., -+"%, #'& * # (&#',#(' &#, & "3"+,' -,1' /2"%, ("' +#' -!,*+,*#$,#(' 1- .*%,1' #+' -'$, .* $3*)*,#' #%-'!*'!',#%)-'$, *-!,!*' &#,*'# *'1$-*.- # *#% # + *#,+'!(, + )*#.,' -+"%,+ *!- %#*, #+, * ("'+,1 )*( *#,+#'"#, * -+"%, $#'* %#%%-+#(' -',*%#!, +('*' -*" ' %,#(' .*-*+", - $* ,.*%-+, /"*'#&&, (*#',#*, * +#" '#", & (&#'%%("' +,1 +('*' & %%("'+,1 * +#" %+ -(,#', -+ & (&#'%%("'+,1 -' & *#+'#.- *!#, * %%("'+,1 #+, +(&#, #' *#+ '2&%#" * *#+ 4* ' */* #'* #'"#,

*#,+$* , ' #%-'!-',*+-"'/#*#(),#&%('+-&*#1#, ', +"#-'! + )*#.,' -+"%,+ #' "2'!#!$#, .(& %%("' +,1'"*#$+ '%0+

0"&$0 !". ")),%+/06 !."%0 /& % !&" 1!$"0$".!" 1* *4 + % ." %0/ &" *4&*)" ."&6"&0 %0 /& % +& %0 2".7+!".0 ! !&" $" 1#$.1+! 2,+ ,%+/06".%8%1+$"+ +& %0 )7+$". 3".!"+ !&" *4& *)"+ ,+/1**8$)& %("&0"+ /&+! '"!, % $"/0&"$"+ 3"&) !". -.& 20" 1/%)0 9". "&+ %8%"."/ ")"&+(,**"+ 2".#9$0 !1. % ".."& %"+ 3&. "&+" +!&##"."+6(1.2" *&0 %8%"."* 106"++&2"1 / +"1" -0&*1* &+ )&"$0 05-&/ %".3"&/" 3"&0". ,"+ 1+! 3"&0". )&+(/ )/ !/ )0" -0&*1* &+ &" $"+1" $" !"/ +"1"+ -0& *1*/ %7+$0 2,+ 63"& 1+/ "."&0/ "(++0"+ ##"(0"+ !"* 1 /0&010&,+/"##"(0 1+! !"* &+(,**"+/"##"(0 ". 1/0&010&,+/"##"(0 $&0 + &+3&"3"&0 !". -.&20" 1/%)0 &/ %".&$" ."&6"&0 !1. % 61/706)& %" ."&0/6"&0 /1/0&01&".0 ! !&" - -,.01+&070/(,/0"+ #9. ."&6"&0 !1. % !"+ %8%"."+ ,%+/06 $"/0&"$"+ /&+! ."&0 3&.! 00.(0&2". ."&6"&0 <0"1.".; 3&. %5-,0%"0&/ % ++"%*"+ 1+/". &/%".&$"/ 106"++&2"1 %)0"+ 61 (8++"+ 2". $)"& %"+ 3&. #9. !"+ 1/0&010&,+/"##"(0 63"& 1+(0" !&" 1# !". ) 0"++!&##"."+6(1.2")&"$"+"&)!".")),%+/06!".."&/#9."&+" &+%"&0 ."&0/(.#0 /0"&$0 7+!".+ /& % !&" .")0&2"+ ."&/" #9. . "&01+!."&6"&0/,!//!&"+"1" 1!$"0$".!" "&+"+!"."0"& $1+$1#3"&/0)/!&")0" &.2"./ %&""+!&"+"1" 1!$"0$".!" -.))") + % 1+0"+ &/ /&" !&" )0" +!&##"."+6(1.2" &+ 0+$&".0 ". 1/0&010&,+/"##"(0 6"&$0 /& % $.-%&/ % &+ "&+". "3"$1+$ 2,+ "+0)+$!".)0"++!&##"."+6(1.2"1 + %

". 1/0&010&,+/"##"(0 /,.$0 1# !"* ."&0/*.(0 !#9. !// !/ ."&0/+$",0 *&0 /0"&$"+!"* ")),%+/06 61 1+! *&0 /&+("+!"* ")),%+/06 +&**0 1. % !"+ /0"&$"+!"+ ")),%+/06 /0"&$0 1 % !/ ")"&+(,**"+ !"/1/%)0/!/!"*.,!1(01/!"*")),%+/061+!!". ."&0/6"&0 "+0/-.& %0

". &+(,**"+/"##"(0 $&0 + &+3&"3"&0 !". -.&20" 1/%)0 /"&+" ."&6"&0 1/3"&0"0 ! ". 1#$.1+! !"/ $"/0&"$"+"+ ")),%+/06"/ /"&+" ."&0/6"&0 "&+/ %.7+("+ (++ ,%+" 1# /"&+ &/%".&$"/ 10 6"++&2"1 2".6& %0"+ 61 *9//"+ * !&"/"+ ##"(0 61 &/,)&"."+ +"%*"+ 3&. %5-,0%"0&/ % + !// /& % !&" .")0&2"+ ."&/" +& %0 7+!".+ / !1. % !"+ +/0&"$ !"/ ")),%+/06"/ $"/0&"$"+" &+ (,**"+ /,.$0 !#9. !// 3&. 1+/ +1+ "&+ %8%"."/ 106"++&2"1 )"&/0"+ (8++"+ "/%) 2".$)"& %"+ 3&. 63"& 1+(0" !&" 1# 1+0".

) # % % (%."+(,% ( + +*(% # ( * +% # % ( %"&$$%)"* . * ) (' ) $ ,&%+(#*%% (%."+(,+ .+ +(%+%% (%."+(,+

( %"&$$%)"* )&(* + $ ( *)$("* 1( )) )

( *)%&* $ * )* %$ ##&%)*. +% $ * ) %"%$ ##&%)*. .+% $$*

( **&"* ( * ) +) ( +$$ +) +)* *+* &%) +% %"&$$%)"* ( )* &% - *( %%$% +%)* $$* % ( *( * &%##% $ "(&0"&%&$ )% &( %$% - ( % )) ( +)* *+* &%)"* 1(- * )& )) $ * .+%$%$ # #&%)*. ) ( *)%&* )* * ) %%$ () %* - ## "1(# "* ) ( +(+) $ * $' ( )% &*+%% +% *(/* $ */** +%)'( %. ' %+% 1( ( * ( %)% )*##% )* % ##&%)/*. %( . ( $( .+ ( *% % #+% ) % +%*() # +*(% 1( +%*( ) # ##&%)/*. *(%

*( +2% # % +*(% ('(/)%* (% 0( # #&%)/*. %*() # % (%."+(,% )*% 1( +%*( ) # +*.%% ,+) +$)& 0( ) % ! - *( +2% % % (%."+(, # * +% )*##% !- #) &'* $#

%$(*# ' / )"0$ 2' *$)'( " ""%$(0)/ ' 2 '$ , ' ( $".( ( 0$'$' ""%$(0)/ *$$" %) %') *$ +' $$ , ' "" ( '$$ &) # $$) " &*$!)'")$, ' %$(*# ' / )*'+ %$(*# ' / )*'+ () ' %#)' ( ') ""' %# $ ) %$$ +%$ %$(*# *$ ' / ) ' ) %$ ( ""%$() /($*)/$ $(&' +)$*(")(#- # '$

8.3 Lohn-Freizeit-Kurve und Arbeitsangebotskurve '$ , ' $()"" ( %$(*#( $ ""%$()/ -&" / ) * ' ' $) *$ #(($ * ' (/ (( , )' $ ' / ) ' ")$, ' $ "*$ %$ ' / )*'+

%$ ' / )*'+ () ' %#)' ( ') ""' %# $) % $$ +%$ ""%$()/ *$ ' / ) ' ) %$ ( ""%$ ()/($*)/$ $(&' +)$*(")(#- # '$

' / ) () ( *"'13 /*' ' )(/ ) )) $ (' $ '13$ () () * $' )'# $ ') & "$ , ' %$ ' / )*'+$'') !"$," #*$!)'#- #"

&3!%#"' *#1#, - # +1#++ ,*# , *"%,' /#* #' #%-'! #' -*. /%" # *#,+1#, #' "2'!#!$#, .(& %%("'+,1 *+,%%, # *#,+'!(,+$-*.

# *#,+'!(,+$-*. #+, * !(&,*#+" *, %%* (&#' ,#('' .(' %%("'+,1 -' *#,+1#, # # *#,#(' +% %("'+,1+ ' -,1' #'+ )*#.,' -+"%,+ &0#&#*'

#%/#*#'*&#$*(3$('(&#+"'"(*#''"&'++#* ('+-&*#1#,',+"#-'! * -+,#,-,#('+ $, ' #' $(&&'+ $, (&#'#*, ", # *#,+'!(,+$-*. #'' )( +#,#.' *%- + *#,+'!(, + "2'!, )(+#,#. .(& % %("'+,1

9. Zusammenfassung

($ 20' *101'$-/($2,1$/02"'1#($ *);*$./(3 1$/ 20' *1$

0 1(-, * 1(*(1910 2,# /&(, *./(,7(. 0(,# 7$,1/ *$ /(,7(.($, :)-,-+(0"'$, $,)$,0 $/ '-+- -$"-,-+("20 ' ,#$*1 3$/,2,%1-/($,1($/1 217$, + 5(+($/$,# 2,# -/($,1($/1 0("' +$'/ , /$,7 *0 , 2/"'0"',(1104$/1$, $+9< #$+ :)-,-+(0"'$, /(,7(. 3$/02"'1 $(, /)1 )1$2/ +(1 &$&$!$ ,$+ (11$*$(,0 17 0$(, ($* 72 + 5(+($/$, 5(+ *./(,7(. 0$(, &$&$!$,$0 ($* +(1 +(,(+ *$+ (11$*$(,0 17 72 $//$("'$, (,(+ *./(,7(. -#$/ 0$(,$ ($*(11$*$* 1(-, 72 -.1(+($/$, .1(+2+/(,7(. (/ ' ,#$*, $%%$)1(3 4$,, 4(/ 2,0$/$+ ($* ,9'$/ )-++$, 4(/ ' ,#$*, $%%(7($,1 4$,, 4(/ 2,0 &$+9< #$+ :)-,-+(0"'$, /(,7(. 3$/' *1$, ..-/12,(1910)-01$, 0(,# -01$, +-,$19/$/ 2,# ,("'1+-,$19/$/ /1 #($ # #2/"' $,101$'$, # 00 4(/ 2% #($ ,9"'01!$01$ ,#*2,&0+:&*("')$(1 3$/7("'1$, 4$,, 4(/ 2,0 %;/ $(,$ ,#$/$ .1(-, $,10"'($#$, ' !$, $/ /$,7,217$, -#$/ + /&(, *$ 217$, (01 #$/ 217$, #$/ #2/"' #$, -,02+ $(,$/ 720917*("'$, (,'$(1 $,101$'1 $+9<#$+/01$,-00$,0"'$,$0$17,(++1#$//$,7,217$, 3-, ,% ,& , !

(,$ )-,0(01$,1$ /9%$/$,7-/#,2,& +200 #($ #/$( 5(-+$ #$/ -**019,#(&)$(1 $%*$5(3(191 2,# / ,0(1(3(191 $/%;**$, 0 / /-4 / #-5-, $/*921$/1 #($ ,)-,0(01$,7 )-**$)1(3$/ ,10"'$( #2,&$, ($ /9%$/$,7-/#,2,& 4(/# &/ .'(0"' #2/"' $(, 601$+ 3-, ,#(%%$/$,7)2/3$, /$./90$,1($/1 ;1$/+$,&$,)-+!(, 1(- ,$, 2% $(,$/ ,#(%%$/$,7)2/3$ ' !$, # 0 &*$("'$ 217$,,(3$ 2 ($ 1$(&2,& $(,$/ ,#(%%$/$,7)2/3$ (, $(,$+ !$01(++1$, 2,)1 (01#($/$,7/ 1$#$/2!01(121(-,(,#($0$+2,)1

($ 2#&$1/$01/()1(-, $/%-/#$/1 # 00 #$/ $/1 #$/ +(1 /$(0$, !$4$/1$1$, )-,02+($/1$, ;1$/+$,&$, # 0 (,)-++$, #$/ ./( 3 1$, 20' *1$ ,("'1 ;!$/01$(&1 ($ 2#&$1&*$("'2,& 4(/# &/ .'(0"' #2/"' #($ 2#&$1&$/ #$ # /&$01$**1 ($ 1$(&2,& #$/ 2#&$1&$/ #$, $,10./("'1 #$+ /$(03$/'9*1,(0 #$/ ;1$/ 8,#$ /2,&$, #$/ /$* 1(3$, /$(0$ %;'/$, 72 /$'2,&$, 8,#$/2,&$, #$0 /$(0,(3$ 20 2,# #$0 (,)-++$,0 72 $/0"'($!2,&$, #$/ 2#&$1&$/ #$,

+-,02+-.1(+2+&*$("'$,0("'&$+9<#$+4$(1$,-00$, 0"'$,$0$17#($/$,7,217$, **$/)-,02+($/1$,;1$/ 20($ ,$& 1(3$ /$,7/ 1$ #$/ 2!01(121(-, &*$("'1 #$+ 2+&$)$'/1$,

)!1$+&"* ) )&/&,+/& ,& % ,% #!)+& )"*-)!1$+ &"* )(!"*! $" + * '&*,%'(+"%,% "% & &+"$(,&#+ -'& &")&/#,)- ,& , + ) " !) #,)- /" + $$ )"*& &'%"&+"'&& " 3) "&& ()"-+& ,*!$+ '(+"%$ *"& " '&*,%&+&)&+ "*+ " ")&/ /."*!& % )#+()"* ,& ) %) "&$& !$,& *)"+ *!+ "&* '&*,%&+& % !%& "&) "&+)+%(')$& '&*,%&+*!",& #&& ) ()"-+ ,*!$+ " & +"-) "+()1)&/'&*,%"&",#,&+-)$ )&"&%)"&)

&.)+ )*()&"** "$+ ,& "* *(1+) ,$2*+ ') " ('*"+"-) "+()1)&/ '&*,% -')/"!& & ) ,)! "&& )"+ -')"&&/")+ " )"*$*+"/"+1+ ) !) "*+ * )!1$+&"* ) )$+" -&0&),& )!) /,))$+"-&0&),& *)"** ,+* "),/()"*$*+"/"+1+)!) "*+* )!1$+&"* ) )$+"-& 0&),& ) !) /,) )$+"-& 0&),& * )"** "&* ,+* ,*+"+,+"'&* 3+) !& "& ('*"+"- '%($%&+1) 3+) "& & +"- ),/ ()"*$*+"/"+1+ " "&#'%%&*$*+"/"+1+ ) !) "*+ * )!1$+&"* ) )$+"-& 0&),& ) !) /,) )$+" -& 0&),& * "&#'%%&* *'$,+ "&)"') 3+) !& "& & +"- "&#'%%&*$*+"/"+1+ )$+"- "&)"') 3+) "& /."*!& &,$$ ,& "&* *,()"') 3+) "& "&#'%%&* $*+"/"+1+ " %"&*+&* "&* "*+

" 0&),& & ) )$+"-& )"* +)+& ,*+"+,+"'&* ,& "&#'%%&*#+ , ) ,*+"+,+"'&*#+ %"**+ " ") #,& , ),& ) 0&),& * )"*-)!1$+&"*** ) "& #'%%&*#+ " ")#,& , ),& ) 0&),& * $ "&#'%%&* "& 3+) *"& *'$,+ "&)"') 3+) )& ,& .2!&$"!) "&#'%%&*#+ )24) "*+ $* "!) ,*+"+, +"'&*#+ *' ** " !) &! "& 3+)& %"+ *+" &%)"*/,&"%%+

'&*,% *+"++ % ()"-+& ,*!$+ ,+/& )"+ ),+ ) "+*$" !)-') , % )"+*%)#+ +)"+ ) '&*,%&+ "& '&*,% )"/"+&+*!",& "& )"+*& '+ !1& + ('*"+"- -'% $$'!&*+/

10. Wiederholungsfragen

)!)*!%('&)*(!&(!%#-) /)+%

# /"&%&$!) +*+% * ! *!+% ( %!(%."+(, /)+%

# /"&%&$!) +*+% * ! *!+% ( +*(% /)+%

# !%+%% )!% !$ )**!) % &%)+$&'*! $+$(0##* /)+%

&+( .! %* )! !% !%+* +) /)+%

&+( +%*() !* )! ! !") ,&% ( #+*)"- %#-) /)+%

))*!&%)+$(!.!*+(, /)+%

%#$#$ "

11. Übungsaufgaben &&$ %##$ "##$($)$ " " * " #%$"$ ' " # "!! ! " % " $ " ! ! "! " ! " ! ! "#$ !" "# &! # !%!&! ' !%!&! !#&"!! " "# ! ! " !! "!# &+$" %#$$%$ # % #$ " %$#''# +" ""##%+"%$# ' " #

Unternehmungstheorie

&

#$

#$

#$

&

#$

#$

#$

&

#$

#$

#$

&

#$

#$

#$

%

"

#

%!

"

!

"#

1. Einleitung ')*$)(%"" $'( $ 4

'%*!) %$( !"$ *$ *() )*) %$("() / )1)$ /* $)'&') '$

4 $)'( ' !"(( ($ '%*!) %$(*$!) %$ ' % %*"('%*!) %$(*$!) %$ (%, ' %$) '%*!) %$(*$!) %$ /* '!$$$ 4 /, ($ -$ +' "$ *$ #' $"$ %()$ /* '$/ '$ 4 $%)(!*'+ *( %()$!*'+$ '/*" )$ 4 '%*/$)$'$)/* $)'&') '$ 4 $*$$ 3' $ #"!%()$!%# $) %$ /* $".( '$ 4 $*$$3'( , $$#- #*#/*'"1*)'$ 4 ' ("() / )1)($%)(/**$)'(*$

# /, )$ & )" ' $)'$#*$()%' *$)'(*$ , ' '% *!) %$(*$!) %$$ ' $"*$ ' ""# $$ '! )' () ! (' *$!) %$$ ()""$ , ' ' !$$)()$ +%' !"(( ( '%*!) %$(*$!) %$ % %*"('%*!) %$( *$!) %$ (%, %$) '%*!) %$(*$!) %$ " 5" ' # ))"$ , ' '%*!) %$(#2" ! )$ +%$ $)'$#*$$ # ' ))$ & )" 3'$ , ' %()$ $ ' *$)'( $ - +' " (%, #' $" %()$ *$ )')$ *(##$ 1$ /, ($ '"2($ *$ , $$$ *( $ %()$!*'+$ " )$ , ' $%)(!*'+ $""( $$ +%$ %()$!*'+$ () ##$ , ' '%*/$)$'$) ( *$)'$#*$()%') ( $$) /*' *(")()%') ($ %$(*#$)$'$) " 5" $".( '$ , ' ( %()$# $ # '*$( / *$( , ( , $$#- # '*$(&'%"# ' $)'$#' 0$" , , ' *$( $ ' *(")()%' # ) $ '"( ) / )1)$ *( $$'()/) $ *$)'(*$ , ' # + ')$

!#

! $ "

ARBEITEN – LOHN BEKOMMEN – EINKAUFEN

2. Produktion ( + '#%+)5%)()'#,"( ")+# -+"-( 0#+ ( +).%-# )(,*+)3,, &, : &% )19 (,+ (-+,, !#&- (#"- + #(!(# .+0#,,(," -&#"( +! '#- 0&"+ ,*3# #,"( "(#% #( .- )*-#'& 3. *+).3#+( #,- )( /)&%,0#+-," -&#"+ . -.(! #,- /#&'"+ 0, #( ( +).%-#)(,*+)3,, #(!"- (*.- .( 0, "+.,%)''- .-*.- # 0#+-," -,0#,,(," -&#" (&2, %)(3(-+#+- ,#" . # 3#-&#" /)+ 3#".(!,0#, ("!&!+-( 3#".(!( 30#,"( ' ," .(!,'+%- .( + +).%-#)( 3#".(!,0#, 30#,"( + +).%-#)( .( ' ,-3'+%- + !+.(,4-3&#" .,''("(! 30#,"( ( +).%-#)(, %-) +( .( + +).%-#)(,'(! 0#+ .+" # +).%-#)(, .(%-#)( /+.-&#"- ' )&!(( 0+( 3.+,- &&!'#( "+%-+#, -#% /)( +).%-#)(, .(%-#)(( +&4.-+- (,"&#7( .(-+,. "( 0#+ # +# %((-,-( +).%-#)(, .(%-#)(( # %&,,# ," +).%-#)(, .(%-#)( # )).!&,+).%-#)(, .(%-#)( ,)0# # )(-# +).%-#)(, .(%-#)(

2.1 Allgemeine Charakteristika von Produktionsfunktionen 2.1.1 Einführung (-+ +).%-#)( /+,-"( 0#+ # +(, )+'-#)( /)( +).%-# )(, %-)+( #( 6-+ &, /)&%,0#+-," -&#" %-)+( 0+( -+ #-#)(&& +#-,%+ - )( .( " *#-& #(,"&#7&#" )+.(0#,"(*+).%-((!,"(#-#& #(+,-#''-(

%-)+#(,-3'(! 0#+ # +).%-#)(,'(! )+ .,+#( !.(!,'(! "+!,-&&- # +).%-#)(, .(%-#)( +-+!, .(%-#)( #,- + !)'-+#," +&&+ #3#(-( )'#(-#)(( /)( %-)+#(,-3'(!( .( +) .%-#)(,'(!( +-+4!( # )+(- $+ %-)+'(!(%)'#(-#)( # '1#'& '5!&#" +).%-#)(,'(! .( $+ +).%-#)(,'(! # '#(#'& ()- 0(#! %-)+'(!(%)'#(-#)( 3.

+' 31&6-5+104/'0)' " +45 '+0' 60-5+10 &'3 31&6-5+104(#-513'0 7 7 B7/

""7 7 B7//+57 7 B7/

"/+445&+'31&6-5+104 &'0353#)&'06526531&6- 5+1040+7'#6 7 /+445 &+' #-513'+04#5: &'0 6(8#0& &'0 0265 #-513'+04#5:0+7'#6 +' 6//' #..'3 #-513'+04#5: '3)+$5 31:'440+7'#6 181*. " #.4 #6%* 7 /'44'0 '0)'0 *'+>5 2*94+4%*' +0*'+5'0 0+%*5 /+5 3'+4'0 $'8'35'5' '0)'0 !'35' '3 +0(#%**'+5 *#.$'3 605'346%*'0 8+3 &+' 31&6-5+104(60-5+10 +0 '+0'3 45#5+4%*'0 0#.94' $81*. .#0)(3+45+) #..' 31&6-5+104(#- 513'0 7#3+#$'. 4+0& $'53#%*5'0 8+3 '+0'0 31&6-5+104231:'44 /+5 063 :8'+ 7#3+#$.'0 #-513'0 +' 31&6-5+104(60-5+10 )+.5 (=3 '+0' )')'$'0' '%*0+- '+0'3 05'30'*/60)

+' '%*0+- C 1(5 (;.4%*.+%*'38'+4' #.4 A'%*01.1)+'@ A'*3' 710 &'3 '%*0+-@ $':'+%*0'5 C +45 &+' '4#/5*'+5 #..'3 /<).+%*'0 #- 513/'0)'0-1/$+0#5+10'0 /+5 &'0'0 '+0' $'45+//5' 31&6-5+104 /'0)' *'3)'45'..5 8'3&'0 !+3 605'34%*'+&'0 46$45+565+10#.' 710 .+/+5#5+10#.'0 31&6-5+104 (60-5+10'0

6$45+565+10#.' 31&6-5+104(60-5+10'0 )'*'0 710 &'3 )360&4;5:.+ %*'0 6$45+565+10#.+5;5 A645#64%*$#3-'+5@ &'3 31&6-5+104(#-51 3'0 #64 +' ).'+%*' 31&6-5+104/'0)' -#00 &63%* 605'34%*+'&.+%*' #-513/'0)'0-1/$+0#5+10'0 *'3)'45'..5 8'3&'0 1..-1//'0 46$45+565+10#. 4+0& 31&6-5+104(60-5+10'0 8'00 ,'&'3 #-513 71.. 45;0&+) &63%* '+0'0 #0&'3'0 #-513 '34'5:5 8'3&'0 -#00 0 &+'4'/ #.. 4+0& &+' 31&6-5+104(#-513'0 )360&4;5:.+%* #&&+5+7 /+5'+0#0&'3 7'3$60&'0

"# D7 # D7

+' 31&6-5+104-1'((+:+'05'0 # 60&# )'$'0 #0 +0 8'.%*'/ / (#0)&+''+0:'.0'0#-513'0+0&'331&6-5+10'+0)'4'5:58'3&'0

'4%*3;0-546$45+565+10#. 4+0& 31&6-5+104(60-5+10'0 8'00 &+' 645#64%*$#3-'+5 +*3'3 #-513'0 063 +00'3*#.$ '+0'4 )'8+44'0 #* /'04 /<).+%* +45 8+' &+'4 $'+ 0158'0&+)'0 #-513'0 &'3 #.. +45 &+'/+5'+0'3+0&'45/'0)'#0&'331&6-5+10$'5'+.+)58'3&'0/=4 4'0 0 &+'4'/ #.. 4+0& &+' 31&6-5+104(#-513'0 )360&4;5:.+%* /6.

2)/+)*!2)4,)2%)-!-$%04%0"3-$%-1.$!11&;0 *%)-%0$%0!*2. 0%--3++1%)-$!0&

! @4 @! @4

),)2!2).-!+% 0.$3*2).-1&3-*2).-%- '%(%- 4.- $%0 ?"%1#(09-* 2%-> 312!31#("!0*%)2 $%0 0.$3*2).-1&!*2.0%- !31 )% 3"12)232).$%0 !*2.0%- )12 2%#(-)1#( -)#(2 ,:'+)#( $! $)%1% )- %)-%, &%12%- 4.- $%- 0%+!2)4%- !*2.0/0%)1%- 3-!"(9-')'%- !*2.0%)- 1!274%0(9+2-)1 12%(%- !+1. *.,/+%,%-290 73%)-!-$%0 1)-$ )% !* 2.0)-2%-1)292 $!1 (%)<2 $!1 !*2.0%)-1!274%0(9+2-)1 4 4 )12 *.- 12!-2 %1(!+" +%'2 $%0 -'/!11&!*2.0 $!1 )4%!3 $%0 0.$3*2).&%12 !++% !-$%0%- !*2.0%- 1)-$ 8"%01#(311&!*2.0%- )% !++'%,%)-% .0, +),)2!2).-!+%0 0.$3*2).-1&3-*2).-%- +!32%2

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

&;0!++%) ,

"")+$3-' )++3120)%02 %)-% 0.$3*2).-1&3-*2).- ,)2 %)-%, 0. $3*2).-1&!*2.0

&! ! "! " " "! " ! " " "! " ! %! ! "! "! "! %! ' % #!% ! !% '! "! ! ! "! ! !% "%! $ ! "! "! ! ! !% ' "! ! %"& !

' $ "! ! " %$ &! "! "! !

" ,&+)*!"$"!& '%"&+"'&& ) #+')& .)& , ) ),&$0! +) && "$,& .)&"& &"&!" +& * #+')* "&* - "& *21*+$"!) " & &"&!"+& * #+')* /." - "& &')1*+$"!) "!+,& %**& " )',#+" '&*%& ."),)1!&!* +) & +/& .") & /."+& )',#+"'&*#+') - &,$$ )!$+& .") " ()+"$$) )"+"'& * )*+& #+')* - "& /.""%&*"'&$ )',#+"'&*,&#+"'& " "& "$,& ) ')& &+ ) *2.*+$"!& & &+*()"!+

+/& .") & )*+& )',#+"'&*#+') $"! &,$$ )!$+& .") " ()+"$$) )"+"'& * /."+& #+')* "& /.""%&*"'&$ )'

!1(0&,+/#1+(0&,+ !&" &+ &)!1+$ !". ,"."+ +0" !". +,.! 3"/0)& %"+ +! "+0/-.& %0

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

* 3& %0&$" -.,!1(0&,+/0%",."0&/ %" 1/**"+%6+$" %".1/51. "&0"+ 3".!"+ 3&. &* ,)$"+!"+ !/ !."&!&*"+/&,+)" .0.$/$" &.$" 1#/ %+"&!"+ 1+! 53"&!&*"+/&,+)" 1// %+&00" !./0"))"+

".0&()" %+&00" !&" !/ .0.$/$"&.$" -.))") 51 "&+". !". "&!"+ .1+! %/"+ / %+"&!"+ ".)1"+ &+/& %0 &+ !&" "&+"/ (0,./ &" &)!"+ !&" .,!1(0&,+/#1+(0&,+ !"/ "0."##"+!"+ (0,./ "& -.0&"))". (0,.2.&0&,+ 1+! ,+/0+5 !"/ +!"."+ (0,./ &+ /"+(." %0 51. .1+!#)6 %" ".#,)$0". %+&00 !".-.))")51.2 %/" 2".)61#0 5"&$0 !&" .,!1(0&,+/#1+(0&,+ !"/ (0,./ "&+/ "& ,+/0+5 !"/ (0,./ 53"& &+ /"+(." %0 51. .1+!#)6 %" ".#,)$0". %+&00 !". -.))") 51. 2 %/" 2".)61#0 5"&$0 !&" .,!1(0&,+/#1+(0&,+ !"/ (0,./ 53"& "& ,+/0+5 !"/ (0,./ "&+/ ".0&()" %+&00" !&" !/ .0.$/$"&.$" 2,* ./-.1+$ 1/ !& $,+) / %+"&!"+ 1+! "&+"+ %./0.%) !1. % !"+ ./-.1+$ &)!"+ ".)1"+ &+/& %0 &+ !&" !". (0,."+ &" &)!"+

(%+!*%$)+$!*%$ ( !*%($ *%*"( !*%(,(*%$ ,+,(*%$ +$ %$)*$. ( !*%($*$)*0* !*%($ )*.,(0"*$)) %(.%$*" $** ) (*()( &(""" .+( (+$ "0 )$$ ("+$ $)* $ ( !*%($"$ -")%'+$*(*%$( !*%($*$)*0* !*%($)*.,(0"*$)) +$ %$)*$. ( (% +!*%$)#$

2.1.2 Produktionselastizität ( $$$ #* ,(*!"$ $**$ &(""" .+ $( (

(+$)$ (%"$ &(*""( !*%(,(*%$ +$*()+$ -((0$(+$((%+!*%$)#$#+(/$(+$( $)*.#$ !*%() %$)*$. ( $)*.#$ ) !*%()

+()$**)&(%+!*,*0* 2 + ) +()$**)&(%+!* ( +()$**)(*( $) !*%() * $ - ," $*$ ( (%+!*%$)#$ +()$**" +( $ $* ( $ )*.#$ )) !*%() ()*""* -($ +()$**" (%+!*,*0* #))* ) (0"*$) ( (%+!*%$) .+( !*%($ )*.#$

#,*#0.'/!& #+0/-.'!&0 '+

')"1+% "'# 1.!&/!&+'00/-.,"1(

0'2'060 "#/ (0,./ ' '* 1+(0 "#* +%#+/ "#/ '+(#)/ "#. "1.!&"'# /4'//#1+""#+"1.!&2#.)1$#+"#+&./0.&)%# ')"#0 3'." )%# .'/!& #.%' 0 /'!& "'# 1.!&/!&+'00/-.,"1(0'2'060 1/ "#*1,0'#+0#+1/"#*.0.%#'+#/10#/1+""#.'+/04*#+%#2 "#/(0,./'

#. .,"1(0',+/(,#$$'4'#+0 +-1010-10,#$$'4'#+0 '/0 "#. #&. 3#.0 "#. 1.!&/!&+'00/-.,"1(0'2'060 . %' 0 + 3'# 2'#)# '+&#'0#+ #'+#/(0,./2#.3#+"#03#."#+1*#'+#'+&#'0#'+#/10#/41-., "14'#.#+ #. .,"1(0',+/(,#$$'4'#+0 *'//0 "/ #.&6)0+'/ "#. ( 0,.#'+/04 41. .,"1(0',+/*#+%#

1.!&/!&+'00/-.,"1(0'2'060

.,"1(0',+/(,#$$'4'#+0

'# .#+4-.,"1(0'2'060 #'+#/ (0,./ %' 0 + 3'# 2'#)# '+&#'0#+ "#. .,"1(0',+/*#+%# "1.!& #'+# '+&#'0 "#. '+/04 *#+%# "'#/#/ (0,./ &#.%#/0#))0 3#."#+ #,*#0.'/!& #+0/-.'!&0 '+ ')"1+% "'# .#+4-.,"1(0'2'060 "#/ (0,./ ' "#. 0#'%1+% "#. +%#+0#+ '+ 1+" "*'0 "#* +%#+/ "#/'+(#)/'#/#.3'.""1.!&"'#.))#)#41. /4'//#"'#'&.#+

+$+% '* ."'+0#+ /!&+'00 "#. +%#+0#+ +'**0 1+" "#. + %#+0#+ /#) /0 %# ')"#0 )%# .'/!& #.%' 0 /'!& "'# .#+4-.,"1(0' 2'0601/"#*1,0'#+0#+1/"#.5+"#.1+%"#..,"1(0',+/*#+%# 1+" "#. 5+"#.1+% "#. '+/04*#+%# "'#/#/ (0,./ 2' '# .#+4 -.,"1(0'2'060 '/0 "'# -.0'#))# )#'01+% "#. .,"1(0',+/$1+(0',+ +!&"'#/#*(0,.

.#+4-.,"1(0'2'060

/ .#+4-.,"1(0 #.%' 0 /'!& 1/ "#. 1)0'-)'(0',+ "#. .#+4-., "1(0'2'060*'0"#.5+"#.1+%"#.#+%#"'#/#/(0,./

.#+4-.,"1(0

')0"2'/'+".#+4-.,"1(01+".#+4-.,"1(0'2'060#'+#/(0,./ '"#+0'/!&

$"'&"!%%&*&,& !% &"$% 1 #$,*%$ $ '! - 0#$& &"$ !!%&*&,& $ $"' &"!% !/ 1 %%& #$&$ &"$($&"! % $,&!% $$&(!+!$'!$$"'&"!% !*'$$&(!+!$'! $!%&* !%%&"$%

$"'&"!%%&*&,&

"$ ! )$ ! "! "##$' ' $&! )$ ! '! !! )&! '% !! *)%! $ $"'&"!% %&*&,& !% &"$% '! %!$ $"'&(&,& $"'&"!% %&*&,& !% &"$% !&%#$& '"&!&! '% $ $!* #$"'&(&,& '! $ '$%!&&%#$"'&(&,& %% &"$%

2.1.3 Skalenelastizität "& 1"-/&'("* %*&//"* !&" !. -/-$.$"&-$" !&$+*( . %*"& !"*"2"$"*2&-0*.0#"&*")%-./-%(!0- %!"*-.,-0*$&0*/"-./"(("* "& /+/("- '/+-1-&/&+* "&* '+*./*/". '/+-"&* ./51"-%7(/*&.

&" '("*"(./&5&/7/ = ,-75&."- "- 0*9(& % !&"
'("*"(./&5&/7/

&*")#+-)0*$1+*("& %0*$ ) %/!"0/(& %!..!&"' ("*"(./&5&/7/ &1"0"(./&5&/7/ !") -+!0'/ 0. !") )-$&*("* '("*"-/-$ 0. !"- &1"0$-"*5,-+!0'/&1&/7/ !! 0*! !") "%-2"-/ !". !0- %. %*&//(& %"* '("*"-/-$. !"- &1"0!0- % . %*&//.,-+!0'/&1&/7/ "*/.,-& %/

&" '("*"(./&5&/7/ &./ $("& %"!"0/"*! )&/ !") +)+$"*& /7/.$-! "&*"- -+!0'/&+*.#0*'/&+* "& /+/("- '/+-1-&/&+* &./ !&" '("*"(./&5&/7/ !"- 3,+*"*/ !". "-1&"(# %0*$.#'/+-.

! >

&*" -+!0'/&+*.#0*'/&+* &./ %+)+$"* 1+) -!" 2"** "&*" "-1&"(# %0*$ (("- '/+-"&*./5)"*$"* 0) !"* '/+- !&"-+ !0'/&+*.)"*$"0)!.# %" "-%8%/

> >1 >1

"& %+)+$"*"* -+!0'/&+*.#0*'/&+*"* %"* !&" '/+-"* 0* %7*$&$ 1+* &%-"- '/+-"&*./5)"*$" ./&(" &$"*. %#/"* .+ !.. "& /+/("- '/+-1-&/&+* &%-" '("*"(./&5&/7/ '+*./*/ ("&/ &- 0*/"-. %"&!"* !-"& 4,"* %+)+$"*"- -+!0'/&+*.#0*' /&+*"*

$207&2 #$0 .,.&$-(2721&0 # $(-$0 0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- $(-1 +($&$- *.-12 -2$ * +$-$0207&$ 4.0 (-$ $0#.//$+3-& #$0 (-1 26,$-&$- ++$0 *2.0$- %9'02 63 $(-$0 $0#.//$+3-& #$0 0.#3*2(.-1,$-&$ ($ 0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- (12 '.,.&$- 4., 0 #$ $(-1 .#$0 +(-$ 0'.,.&$- 0 /'(1"' !$#$32$2 +(-$ 0$ .,. &$-(272 # 11 !$( 2.2 +$0 *2.04 0( 2(.- ,(2 63-$',$-#$- *2.0 $(-1 26,$-&$- #($ 2$(&3-& #$1 020 &1&$!(0&$1 &+$("' (12 $( *.-12 -2$- * +$-$0207&$- $-21/0("'2 #($ * +$-$+ 12(6(272 #$0 0. #3*2(.-#$03,,$#$00.#3*2(.-1$+ 12(6(272$-#$0 *2.0$-

4 4

! 12 #$0 .,.&$-(2721&0 # $(-$0 0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- *+$(-$0 +1

$(-13-#-("'2-$& 2(4 +($&$- 1(-*$-#$ * +$-$0207&$ 4.0 (-$ $0#.//$+3-& #$0 (-1 26,$-&$- ++$0 *2.0$- %9'02 63 5$-(&$0 +1 $(-$0 $0#.//$+3-& #$0 0.#3*2(.-1,$-&$ !$(1/($+1 5$(1$ 63 $(-$0 0'8'3-& 3, -30 0.6$-2 ($ 0.#3*2(.-1%3-* 2(.- (12 '.,.&$- 4., 0 #$ *+$(-$0 +1 $(-1 .#$0 3-2$0+(-$ 0'. ,.&$- 0 /'(1"' !$#$32$2 3-2$0+(-$ 0$ .,.&$-(272 # 11 !$( 2.2 +$0 *2.04 0( 2(.- ,(2 63-$',$-#$- *2.0$(-1 26,$-&$- #($ 2$(&3-& #$1 020 &1&$!(0&$1 !-(,,2 (-*$-#$ * +$-$0207&$ 20 &$- #$- !-$',$-#$- 0$-6/0.#3*2(4(272$- #$0 *2.0$- $"'-3-& +1$(1/($+*8--$-5(0 -# 10-2$-4.-0#!$$0$- 3%$(-$,$+# #$-*$- %+9"*$- (,,$0 ,$'0 0!$(21*07%2$ ,(2 (,,$0 ,$'0 80!$- 5(0# #($ 0#!$$0$0-2$ 65 0 12$(&$- !$0 (- (,,$0 &$ 0(-&$0$,31, :5$(+#($$012$-%+9"*$01("' 3%#($&321("'2! 0$&0.:$- 0#!$$0$- *.-6$-20($0$- *8--$- 57'0$-# #($ +$262$%+9"*$09!$01$'$-$0#!$$0$-3-2$0#$-+722$0-13"'$-,911$-)$#$05$(2$0$-0!$(21123-#$5(0##($631726+("'$0-2$(,,$0&$0(- &$0

" 12 #$0 .,.&$-(2721&0 # $(-$0 0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- &08:$0 +1 $(-1 +($&$- 12$(&$-#$ * +$-$0207&$ 4.0 (-$ $0#.//$ +3-& #$0 (-1 26,$-&$- ++$0 *2.0$- %9'02 63 ,$'0 +1 $(-$0 $0 #.//$+3-& #$0 0.#3*2(.-1,$-&$ !$(1/($+15$(1$ 63 $(-$0 $0#0$( % "'3-& ($ 0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- (12 '.,.&$- 4., 0 #$ &08:$0 +1 $(-1 .#$0 9!$0+(-$ 0'.,.&$- 0 /'(1"' !$#$32$2 9!$0+(-$ 0$ .,.&$-(272 # 11 !$( 2.2 +$0 *2.04 0( 2(.- ,(2 63-$',$-#$-

$,(*"'+,2&' ' " ," -' + *,* + "* + 2-'"&&, ," ' $%'*,*3 ,* ' ' (*,"%' * ++')*(-$,"(' !'-' %+ "+)"% /3!%' /"* " *,!*2- *'! 5* "'' "'2" ' !'"$* "+, + +!/"*" %% -,(+ &", -',* +!"%"!'!3'2-*)*"*'+(++**%,".."%",5*" )*,-*''4," ,**"!'/"* "'2!%*!'"$* +(/" * *$2- -' +!"'' $4''' /"* .(' -+ !' ++ " !% *)*"*,* -,(+ - *-' * )(+",".' $, * *",+,"%-' -&&!*%++ *"!+," , ' "%-' +"' " ".-*,* +$-*.' " -',*+!"%"!' $%'" '+!,' ,* '

" "'!(&( '' *(-$,"('+-'$,"('' .*3'*' +"! " " ' +!,' * $,(*' "' !3' " $", .(' "!** $,(*"'+,2 &' +( ++ " ,(,%* $,(*.*","(' "!* $%'%+,"2",3, .*""*,

" -,-' *$%'%+,"2",3,&4 '(% '& "+)"%-+ * "%-' +)(%","$ -,%"! /*' " &"+,' -'+%3'* ! ' " 1&'+"% !-%2", -& "' !-%#!* $5*2, & "+ ,-' +"'-6' 2- .*&"' /-* " !% * /4!',%"!' ' ,**"!,++,-'' " "' !5%* 2- +(%."*' !, ' !(' * "'!!", !%* -',*+,%%' /"* ++ " ',**"!,++,-'' " '+ '-'#3!*" ' *-'+,3'" ' 1&'+"-&+ 0$, - " '-' &!* .*%"'' !, !-%#!* .*,"%, /(*' +"' + "+

*+$)$,+ "* % $+( $$ " -$$ 5 "+$)&(% +!*%$)+$!*%$4 $ "$(%#%$ (%+!*%$)+$!*%$ #* !%$)*$*$ !"$(*(0$ )* $$# $( !"$")*/*0* ,%$ $) )* ( #( ") /-"* ""$ + (+$ ( )$!$ $ %$/$*(*%$)0!* ( 2"( #* /+$#$( $*( (*)+(+$(("(+$,%$$*((*))*+$$$-$ ( &(%+!*,$ #**))*+$$ )* ,%$ +)/+$ )) $ (1+$ ""( !*%($)*/#$$ +# $ *" $ " +$)(%" +# -$( ") $ *" )*($ -( $ +$)"0$ ($ #* $( )) 0($ (+$)+"/* $ $$ .#$) "/* ,%$ )$ + )) ( )+$!$ )* ,()0(* ) ))(%"#+ (+$)$!$(!"$(*(0$$)*""( !*%($)*/#$$ +# $ )*" $ "+$)(%" $% )*0(!( )#0"(*

2.1.4 Substitutionselastizität %(/%$*"$ $**$ +( ) (*()( ,("$ -( !*%(#$$!%#$*%$$ "( (*()1 (&) -$ -( +$) $*"$ $( 1$"$ ) (*()() ( )%'+$*$"+$()*""*)*

*.& 3/15".4& *34 %&2 (&/-&42*3$)& 24 ",,&2

/-#*."4*/.&. 6/. "+4/2-&.(&. -*4 %&.&. %*& (,&*$)& 2/%5+ 4*/.3-&.(& )&2(&34&,,4 7&2%&. +"..

"%52$) %"33 %*& 3/15".4& .52 %*&

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

*2 7/,,&. '&3434&,,&. *.7*&7&*4 7*2 %*& *.3"49-&.(& %&3 &234&. "+4/23 &2)<)&. -=334&. 5- %*& &%5+4*/. %&2 *.3"49-&.(& %&3 97&*4&. "+4/23 "5395(,&*$)&. %"-*4 7*2 5.3&2 52302=.(,*$)&3 2/ %5+4*/.3.*6&"5 )",4&. +<..&. :).,*$) 7*& *. %&2 "53)",434)&/2*& %*&4&*(5.(%&2.%*''&2&.9+526&%*&2&.92"4&%&25#34*454*/.97* 3$)&. =4&2. 2&02;3&.4*&24 *,,5342*&24 %*& 4&*(5.( %&2 3/15".4& %*& 2&.92"4& %&2 4&$).*3$)&. 5#34*454*/. 97*3$)&. 2/%5+4*/.3'"+4/ 2&.

*& 2&.92"4& %&2 4&$).*3$)&. 5#34*454*/. 30*&(&,4 %*& 5#34*454* /.3-<(,*$)+&*4&. %&2 "+4/2&. 7*%&2 5.% 9&*(4 7*& 6*&,& 953;49,* $)& *.)&*4&. &*.&3 "+4/23 #&.<4*(4 7&2%&. 5- %&. &29*$)4 "5' &*.& *.)&*4 &*.&3 ".%&2&. "+4/23 95 +/-0&.3*&2&. /).& %"33 3*$) %*& 2/%5+4*/.3-&.(& ;.%&24

&/-&42*3$) *34 %*& 2&.92"4& %&2 4&$).*3$)&. 5#34*454*/. %*& 4&* (5.(%&23/15".4&%*&*.##*,%5.( %52$)%&..34*&(%&2". (&.4&.*-5.+4(&9&*(47*2%,("*3$),"54&43*&

2&.92"4&%&24&$).*3$)&.5#34*454*/.

. ##*,%5.( 7&*34 %*& 3/15".4& &*.&2 35#34*454*/.",&. 2/%5+ 4*/.3'5.+4*/. &*.& .&("4*6& 4&*(5.( "5' 5.% 6&2,;5'4 +/.6&8 9523025.( /-*4 *34 %*& &234& #,&*45.( .&("4*6 5.% %*& 97&*4& # ,&*45.( 0/3*4*6

,1(( 1#, 21# ,)/%.#)(- %.),( &/.. # ,)/%.#)(- /(%.#)(

0 0

- .).& # ,(.#& #-, ,)/%.#)(- /(%.#)( ,!#. -#" /,/'',,(2*,)/%.,%.),(#1#,,"&.(#(' 1#, # ,(2*,)/%.#0#.4.( , %.),( '#. ( $1#&#!( 3( ,/(!( , %.),#(-.2'(!( '/&.#*#,(

%.),'(!(%)'#(.#)(( # / ,-&( -)+/(. &#!( 6",( 2/, !&#"( ,)/%.#)(-'(! -) -- #- -#" (#". 4( ,( %((

# (!.#0 ,(2,. , ."(#-"( /-.#./.#)( #-. !&#" ' /'!%",.(,"4&.(#-,,(2*,)/%.#0#.4.(,%.),(

-. # ,(2*,)/%.#0#.4. - #(( %.),- !,57, &- #$(#! (,( %.),- , ),,. , ,2#". / #( #("#. - *,)/% .#0,(%.),-#)'*(-.#)(/,"'",#("#.(-1(#!, *,)/%.#0( %.),- 1(( - ,)/%.#)(-(#0/ !"&.( 1,( -)&& #( ")').".#-" ,)/%.#)(- /(%.#)( 2#"(. -#" /," /- -- -#" # .).&, %.),0,#.#)( # ,(2,. , ."(#-"( /-.#./.#)( (#". 4(,. (#&/(! 2#!(1#,#(-)%&#(

"& +'#$"& "+, * '%,*"+! *, $$* '%"&,"'&& .'& #,'*"&+,0%& & " && " *&0*, * ,!&"+!& - +,",-,"'& $"! "+,

" !'%',!,"+!& *'-#,"'&+-&#,"'&& "+, " +'#$"& "& -+ %*+(*-& #'%%&*&"+%$$&,+(*"!,",',$ #,'*.*","'& -$,"($"#,"'& $$* #,'*"&+,0%& & %", % *."$!-& +#,'* * "+'#$"&& #,'*.*","'& 1&*-& $$* #,'*"&+,0%& & &,$& "!** +'#$"&

* '%($%&,*",2,+ *

%"++, " *2&*-&

*

*&0*, * ,!&"+!& -+,",-,"'& * &,+(*"!, * *+,& $",-& &! * *&0*, * ,!&"+!& -+,",-,"'& 0" !-& +/"+*0/",& $",-& +"&&#,'*+&!%& *& '%,*"+! "+, * '%($%&,*",2,+ * " *2&*-& * ," -& *+')-&, $ *"+!$-,,*

'%($%&,*",2,+ *

! ,*+!+,+!&%*#*+!/!+1+

$!**+ ! &%*+%/ ) )&,"

+!&%*$% * ) 1#+%!* ) )#+!-% 0%),% ) "+&)!%+% *!+1+ * "+&)!%*+/-) 1#+%!*** /,) )#+!-% 0%),% ) )%/)+ ) + %!* % ,*+!+,+!&%

,*+!+,+!&%*#*+!/!+1+

!%!% $&)$,%% ) #+% .!) #! ,% % ) ! ,*+!+,+!&%*#*+!/!+1+ $ )&,"+ ,* ) 0%),% ) " +&)!%+%*!+1+ !$ ) 1#+%!* /,) 0%),% ) )%/)+ ) + %! * % ,*+!+,+!&% $,#+!'#!/!)+ $!+ ) ,)*')2%#! % )%/)+ ) + %!* % ,*+!+,+!&% !$ ) 1#+%!* /,) ,)*')2%#! % " +&)!%+%*!+1+ %+*')! +

! ,*+!+,+!&%*#*+!/!+1+ !##,*+)!)+ ! .!)!"!+ $!+ ) !% "+&) ,) !%% %)% )*+/+ .)% "%% )#,% ! *& (,%+% %%1 )% #!%) !*+ -&##*+1%! ,*+!+,!))"!+ % .!# *! ! ,*+!+,+!&% * !%% "+&)* ,) % % )% ! )%/)+ ) ,*+!+,+!&% % /, %! + 1%)+ % !*$ ##*+)+)%%)*)! ), *2)!,*+!+,+!&%*#*+! /!+1+ % %,## *& ** ) ), #* %/* % ,%%#! *+)+ !% ! *&(,%+% !%% *+)" ")2$$+ -)1%)+ )

,*+,* -&% "+&)% ! )%/)+ ) ,*+!+,+!&% ) #! )%%).!))&3)), #*%/*,%$!+!,*+!+,+! &%*#*+!/!+1+ "#!%

% '2<>%2 $)% 5"34)454)/.3%,!34)9)4;4 $%2 2/$5+4)/.3&!+4/2%. )34 $%34/ %(%2 )34 $%2 534!53#( %).%3 2/$5+4)/.3&!+4/23 $52#( %).%. !.$%2%. -<',)#( =2 $)% (/(% ,%8)"),)4;4 %).%2 .4%2.%(-5.' )34 %).% (/(% 5"34)454)/.3%,!34)9)4;4 $%2 2/$5+4)/.3&!+4/2%. !.95 342%"%. %24%5%24 3)#( 95- %)30)%, !5& 25.$ 6/. %#(3%,+523;. $%25.'%.%).!53$%- 53,!.$95)-0/24)%2%.$%2/(34/&&)..%2(!," +529%2 %)4 )34 %).% .4%2.%(-5.' 6/2 /34%.34%)'%25.'%. '%&%)4 7%.. 3)% )(2%. 2/$5+4)/.302/9%33 3/ /2'!.)3)%24 (!4 $!33 3)% $)% 3%./(34/&&,%)#(4$52#(%).%.!.$%2%.%23%49%.+!..343)%*%$/#( !5& '%.!5 $)%3%. /(34/&& !.'%7)%3%. +!.. $%2 2%)3!.34)%' %).%3 %).9)'%. !+4/23 $)% .4%2.%(-5.' 6/2 '2/>% 2/",%-% 34%,,%. - /,'%.$%. 7%.$%. 7)2 $)% /"%. '%7/..%.%. !,,'%-%).%. 2 +%..4.)33% ="%2 2/$5+4)/.3&5.+4)/.%. !5& $2%) ). $%2 )243#(!&43 4(%/2)% '%"2;5#(,)#(% 2/$5+4)/.3&5.+4)/.%. !. $)% +,!33)3#(% 2/$5+4)/.3&5.+4)/. $)% .%/+,!33)3#(% 35"34)454)/.!,% /"" /5',!32/$5+4)/.3&5.+4)/. 3/7)% $)% ,)-)4!4)/.!,% %/.4)%&2/ $5+4)/.3&5.+4)/.

2.2 Klassische Produktionsfunktion 2.2.1 Einführung

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

#%#&%#$%(#$$ % #!#$-# % $ # !#+*$ )$ $% *& $$ #%###$ & $$# #%$#+% %&## $ , -# - $ (#%$ $ % # $% !# # &% $% $ .% %- $% . # $%* !# &%'# % # &# *& % -# &% , *&$($ *& $+%* -# &% #%# (# %%#%' $ $ # $%* (# !# &%'# % # % # % *&$($ # $+%* # , %- $% '#+$$ ( "&%%' # $$%#$&$$ (#' % #!#$ -# % # &$ & &$# & # &$$. & &%#$ # &%'%+% # % & &$%##% $$$ # &% $&%

)-!, ).!,!--! #%'. !) ,.,4#!) !) /,$-$)%..- /) ,!)3+,* /&.%0%.4.!) -*1%! !) ,* /&.%*)- &'!) /) /-.%./.%*)-!'- .%3%.4.!) !, &'--%-$!) ,* /&.%*)-"/)&.%*)

2.2.2 Produktionselastizität %, !-.%((!) (%. %'"! !%)!- 0!,.%&'!) $)%..- /,$ - , .,#-#!%,#! !, &'--%-$!) ,* /&.%*)-"/)&.%*) %! ,* /&.%*)- !'-.%3%.4.!) %! ,* /&.%*)-!'-.%3%.4. %-. %! '-.%3%.4. !, & .*,+,* /&.%0%.4. !% +,.%!''!, &.*,0,%.%*) ( !#!)-.3 3/, &'!)!'-.%3%.4. 0!,4) !,) 1%, %! %)-.3(!)#! )/, !%)!- &.*,- "5, %-. %! !)).)%- !, ,!)3 -*1%! /,$-$)%..-+,* /&.%0%.4 .!)!,"*, !,'%$/ %!-!(1!&0!,#!#!)14,.%#!)1%,/)- %!!, 4) !,/)# !, ,* /&.%*)-(!)#! ,.,4#! !% +,.%!''!, &.*,0,% .%*)

%!,* /&.%*)-(!)#!),.,4#!1!, !)

)")#- %- 3/( !) !+/)&. 5!,+,*+*,.%*)' -.,& -.!%#!) $-! -+4.!, 31%-$!) /) !( %+"!'+/)&. /).!,+,*+*,.%*)' -.,& -.!%#!) $-!) -$'%!6'%$ )$ !( %+"!'+/)&. -%)&!) $-! -* -%! !,-.!) '!%./)#!) !, ,* /&.%*)-"/)&.%*) %) !) $-!) +*-%.%0 %( %+"!'+/)&. )/'' /) %) $-! )!#.%0 -%)

%! 5!, - ,.,#-(2%(/( $%)/-#!$!) ! ,* /&.%*) %! %) $-! ,#!-.!''. 1%, %-. %)!""%3%!). 1!%' &!%)! &.*,!,#%! %#&!%. #!#!!) %-. !, 0!,-.4,&.! %)-.3 !, ,* /&.%*)-"&.*,!) "5$,. 3/ !%)!, ,* /&.%*)-(!)#! 1%, %! ,* /&.% *)-"/)&.%*) '- #!*(!.,%-$!) ,. ''!, *(%).%*)!) 0*) &.*,!%)-.3(!)#!) /) ,* /&.%*)-(!)#!) !"%)%!,. $!)

!)* ) )*(% %&$$% "!% !# ( "#))!) % (&+"*! &%)+%"*!&% ! +( ) %!**)'(&+"*!,!*1*% +( ) %!**)'(&+"* +( ) %!**)(*(1 -(%

%%)!)0+$+%"*)*!% )% ) #!4#! % $ +%"* "&%*!%+!(#! )!%"% +% )! )/$'*&*!) ( )0!))%1 (% )%

&% )&%(( +*+% !)* )) ! (&+"*!&%)$% $!* $ 2 )*% +( ) %!**)(*( "#!%( !)* #) ! (&+"*!&%) $%$!*$ 2 )*% (*( ) $ * !%% %*() ! & ! +( ) %!**#! % (*(1 '(& "*&(!% !* &( ! (*(1 !%))$* $.!$!(* -(% )&##% !% %*(% $( -!( )!% ( *()$.!$+$ %! * (#%* % )&#% ! +( ) %!**)'(& +"*!,!*1*% %& 0+% $% %% )&#% !) ( ## !)* )*!% ! (*(1 +) 0-! (3%% +$ !%% %!$$* ! +( ) %!**) '(&+"*!,!*1*'(&"*&(!% !*0+0+$%(%( 2 *)! !" *&(!%)*0$% ! 0+ % (#2)% !*(1* ) (*()$.!$+$ $+)) #)& !$ (! +( ) %!**)'(&+"*!,!*1*% #! %

%(&#%%(!%#%#/) %-!(,&%+)))-!(!

!%)*0$% !%) "*&() !$$( +$ %+ !% !% !* ,(1% (% )& )) (%0'(&+"*!,!*1* +% (%0'(&+"* (%0(*( #! )!% !(%0'(&+"*!,!*1*%(%0'(&+"*(%0(*(1-(%

%%)!)0+$+%"* )*!% ) !% ! (.!$+$((! % % )!%"% ( %& !) 0+$ +%"* (24( )!% #) ! +( ) %!**)'(&+"*!,!*1*% ) !% ! +( ) %!**)'(&+"*!,!*1*)"+(, !% (% .!$+$ ) %!% % -!*( !%)!%"%+%!)0+$+%"*!$$(%& '&)! *!,(*%% $% ) !% !% $ ! "*&(!%)*0$% %+)& (&4 !)* -! !$

(*()$.!$+$! )0!))) %!% ) #!4#! %*!, -(% )

)& )) ! 0-!*% #!*+%% ( (&+"*!&%)+%"*!&% !% ) '&)!*!, !$ (%0'(&+"*!,!*1*)$.!$+$ !% %+## +% !% % )%%*!,)!%

$ (*()$. $+$ # * (%/'(&+"* , *0* %+## ) ( *()$. $+$ "%% % * % ) # % - # &(* (%/'(& +"* , *0*% %& )* % + % * % ) - # &(* +()% **)'(&+"* , *0*% %& )* % +% + % * % ) - #&(* (*(0$ */+%$%$"*&( %)*/) %"%+% (%/'(&+"* , *0*% %* , ) %

!- # (&+"* &%)#)* / *0* , % (* #) +&* %* +) (%/ +% +()% **)'(&+"* , *0* % $$* &#% %*- " #+%

%%) '&) * , & +% /+%$% (&+"* &%)#)* / *0 *%) % '&) * , & ( %$% (&+"* &%)#)* / *0 *%) )'0*( '&) * , % ( (&+"* &%)#)* / *0*% ) )# 3# %* , (&+"* &%)#)* / *0*% )

$ +%"* ( $. $#% +()% **)'(&+"* , *0* # * (& +"* &%)#)* / *0* ) *(**% "*&() %) )* ) %) )* $$% (%/ +% +()% **)'(&+"* , *0* 2( % ( +& * %* ( (&+"* &%)#)* / *0* %*)'( * ( %(( (&+" * &% )* (&+"* &%)#)* / *0* (13( #) %) (%/'(& +"* , *0* (13( #) +()% **)'(&+"* , *0* )* (13 (( (&+"* &% )* (&+"* &%)#)* / *0* "# %( #) %) (%/'(&+"* , *0* "# %( #) +()% **)'(&+"* , *0* )* ) (*()$. $+$ "%% % * $ ( &( (&+"* &%)#) * / *0*% # % )&%(% %+( &(* -& (&+"* &%)#)* / *0* %+## )* % #+% ) % (&+"* &%)#)* / *0*% ( +%*( ) # % )% ()*##*

!# 0

# !# '!%./)#

" !# '!% ./)#

#

" !# '!%./)# '!%./)#

%!!,3) !,/)# !,,!)2+,* /&.%0%.3.%-.() !0*)$-! %! !,3) !,/)# !, /,$-$)%..-+,* /&.%0%.3. ( ) ! 0*) $-! /) %!,!)2+,* /&.%0%.3.() !0*)$-!)/''

2.2.3 Skalenelastizität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

"#

'# )*#,#*12'7'292 "#$','#02 *1 3-2'#,2 31 "#0 0#*2'4#, 8,"#03,% "#0 0-"3)2'-,1+#,%# '+ #0&9*2,'1 730 0#*2'4#, 8,"# 03,% "#0 )2-0#',127+#,%# #' 2-2*#0 )2-040'2'-, +'2 )-, 12,2#0 )2-0',2#,1'292 ,'++2 $-*%#,"# ,25'!)*3,%

,$,%1 .-1'2'4# 12#'%#,"# )*#,#0209%# &1# 1.92#0 .-1'2'4# 1',)#,"# )*#,#0209%# &1#, '+020%1+6'+3+',)*#,#0209%#4-,,3** 1!&*'#<*'!& ,#%2'4# )*#,#0209%# &1#

'# 0209%# ):,,#, 1-*,%# 5!&1#, 5'# "'# )*#,#*12'7'292 .- 1'2'4 '12 "1 &#'<2 1-*,%# #1 ,-!& +:%*'!& '12 "30!& 4#01290)2#, ',127 #'"#0 0-"3)2'-,1$)2-0#, "1 0-"3)2'-,1,'4#3 73 &# #, #1&* +311 "'# )*#,#*12'7'292 '+ 020%1+6'+3+ #' ,3** *'#%#, ,1%#1+2 7#'!&,#2 1'!& "'# )*11'1!&# 0-"3)2'-,1$3,)2'-, "30!& 3,2#01!&'#"*'!&# )*#,#0209%# 31

2.2.4 Substitutionselastizität

'0 4#0%*#'!&#, +'2 '*$# #',#1 &-0'7-,2*#, !&,'221 "30!& "1 020%1%# '0%# "'# )2-0+#,%#,)-+ ',2'-,#, "'# 73 (#5#'*1 %*#'!&#, 0209%#, $;&0#, '# ,#%2'4# 0#,702# "#0 2#!&,'1!&#, 3 12'232'-, "4 "4 1.'#%#*2 "'# 3 12'232'-,1+:%*'!&)#'2#, "#0 )2-0#, 5'"#0 '# #,21.0'!&2 "#+ 3+%#)#&02#, #0&9*2,'1 "#0 0#,7.0-"3)2'4'292#, "#0 )2-0#,

'##09,"#03,%"#0,#%2'4#,0#,702#"#02#!&,'1!&#,3 12'23 2'-, +'112 "#0 -+.*#+#,20'2921%0" 0 #,21.0'!&2 "#0 #012#, *#'23,% ,!& "#0 0#,702# "#0 2#!&,'1!&#, 3 12'232'-, #7'# &3,%15#'1#"#075#'2#, *#'23,%"#1#',#,)2-01,!&"#+,"# 0#,#-+#20'1!&'12"#0-+.*#+#,20'2921%0""'##09,"#03,%"#0 2#'%3,%"#01-/3,2#*%# 0'1!&*32#2#0

-+.*#+#,20'2921%0"

*& 5#34*454*/.3&,"34*8*4;4

-*334 #&* /.34".8 %&3 2/%5+

4*/.3.*6&"53 %"3 &2);,4.*3 %&2 2&,"4*6&. 9.%&25.( %&2 "+4/2*.4&. 3*4;48522&,"4*6&.9.%&25.(%&22&.82"4&%&25#34*454*/.

*& 5#34*454*/.3&,"34*8*4;4 *,,5342*&24 %*& $)7*&2*(+&*4 -*4 %&2 &*. "+4/2%52$)&*.&.".%&2&.&23&4847&2%&.+"..&*%&2+,"33*3$)&. 2/%5+4*/.3'5.+4*/.6&2,"5'&.%*&3/15".4&.(&+2<--43/%"33%&2 534"53$) 6/. "+4/2&. %*& 2&.82"4& %&2 5#34*454*/. 6&2;.%&24 *& 5#34*454*/.3&,"34*8*4;4&. %&2 2/%5+4*/.3'"+4/2&. 3*.% .*$)4 +/.34".4 3/.%&2. 6"2**&2&. *. #);.(*(+&*4 6/- "+4/2&*.3"48.* 6&"5

2.3 Cobb-Douglas-Produktionsfunktion 2.3.1 Einführung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

#"!'" " " #"$"(" "" " $ " # &" # % #!" #"!#!"'"("'# *

! (" #! #"!#" ! !!! #"!#"

2.3.2 Produktionselastizität

&" # ! % #"!!" '"(" " " # " " " $ " % #"!!"'"(" ! !"$ ! ! ! !! #"!#" !" " ( ! ' " (#%!" $ "!"'! " ! % #"! # #" " !" ) ! "! !"'! " !'#%!!

2.3.3 Skalenelastizität '+ *0.0)'/'/ 20&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/'/ '/4312+%*4 &+' ,#-'/'-#34+ :+4;4 &'2 5..' +*2'2 20&5,4+0/3'-#34+:+4;4'/ +' ,#-'/'-#34+:+4;4 &'2 0$$05)-#320&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ '2)+$4 3+%* &#*'2 #53 &'2 5..' +*2'2 810/'/4'/ $% +' +34 2')'-.;=+) ,0/34#/4 5/& $'42;)4 )25/&3;4:-+%* )'/#5 '+/3 / &+'3'. #-- +34 &+' 20&5,4+0/3 (5/,4+0/ *0.0)'/ 60. 2#&' '+/3 0&'2 -+/'#2*0.0)'/ "'2;/&'24 3+%* &+' #,402'+/3#4:.'/)' $'+ 404#-'2 #,4026#2+#4+0/ 7+2& &+' 20&5,4+0/3.'/)'+..'25.&'/3'-$'/20:'/43#4::5/'*.'/ '.;= &'. 5-'23%*'/ !*'02'. $'/#//4 /#%* &'. %*7'+:'2 # 4*'.#4+,'2 '0/*#2& 5-'2 '/4312'%*'/ $'+ ,0/34#/ 4'/ ,#-'/'242;)'/ &+' 2'/:120&5,4' &'/ #,402'+/,0..'/ 30 ! &+' '3+&5#-)'7+//' /5-- 3+/& "'2/#%*-;33+)'/ 7+2 &+' #2,4 $'7'245/) '2-#5$'/ &+' $'+&'/ 810/'/4'/ &'2 0$$05)-#320 &5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ '+/' 533#)' <$'2 &'/ /4'+- &'3 2$'+43 $':+' *5/)37'+3' #1+4#-'+/,0..'/3 #. '3#.4'+/,0..'/

34 &+' 5..' &'2 810/'/4'/ &'2 0$$05)-#320&5,4+0/3(5/, 4+0/ +. 53/#*.'(#-- ,-'+/'2 #-3 '+/3 +34 &+' 20&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ 5/4'2-+/'#2*0.0)'/ 30 ! 3+/,'/&' ,#-'/'242;)' #5(42'4'/ & &+'2'/ 3+%* #53/#*.37'+3' $'+&' 810/'/4'/ :5 .'*2 #-3 '+/3 +34 &+' 20&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ <$'2-+/'#2*0.0)'/ 30 ! 34'+)'/&' ,#-'/'242;)' 602-+')'/

2.3.4 Substitutionselastizität +' 0$$05)-#320&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ +34 '+/' *0.04*'4+3%*' 20&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ *2' 5$34+454+0/3'-#34+:+4;4 +34 ,0/34#/4 3+' $'42;)4 .+/53 '+/3

0.+4 +34 &+' 0$$05)-#320&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ '+/' 1':+#-(5/, 4+0/ &'2 #--)'.'+/'/ 20&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ &+' 60/ '/ /'4* 03'1* 2207 0$'24 '240/ 0-07 0--+3 *'/'29 5/& # )+%*# +/)* +/*#3 '/47+%,'-4 702&'/ +34 +' 20&5,4+0/3 (5/,4+0/ )'*4 60/ &'2 0/34#/: &'2 5$34+454+0/3'-#34+:+4;4 &'2 20 &5,4+0/3(#,402'/ #53 '+/' +)'/3%*#(4 &+' &+'3'2 5/,4+0/ +*2'/ #.'/6'2-+'*'/*#4 0/34#/4 -#34+%+49 0( 5$34+454+0/ +' .5-4+1-+,#4+6' "'2,/<1(5/) &'2 #,402'/ &'2 0$$05)-#3 20&5,4+0/3(5/,4+0/ 7'+34 #5( &+' 047'/&+),'+4 &'3 +/3#4:'3 $'+

$ &!$ '$ %$+ & %'%&&'$$ % (! &!$ ' %&*& )$ '%% $ % + $!'&! % ' ' %& %!#' & $ !!'%$!'&! %' &! &$

$$-' %$$ %!#' &&)$& &$ &!$ '$ $ $%&*& )$ , $!'&! %&!$ $+& % %&*& )$ % % "$& '%&&'& $ %!#' & ' $%&& %&

)'(()($#'!'(-(.( '(&( # '" !! (&'".1 # )##!

2.4 Leontief-Produktionsfunktion 2.4.1 Einführung !"(($#!# &$) ($#')# ($## '# )'(()($#' "/! (# *$# ($&# 4'&.# (3 # #" '(# ($&#'(-*&.!(#' %&$)-&( +&# ")'' ($&#(#'(.( '( '$+$! *$# & ($&#'(-"# !' ) *$# # ($& %&'# )#.# ##('( !"(($#! &$) ($#')# ($# '( # ! )# (&# $#(&$) ($#')# ($# '( # &" '#& ''!, $#( ###( & # $!%&' 0& &('('+''#'(# &!(# ( $#(&$) ($#')# ($# ( $!# $&"

&$) ($#' $,#(# " ,# +! ($& "# #$(+# '( )" # &$) ($#'#( ,#( &,) '(!!# &)$(#()'& ($&#'(,"#)#"&$) ( $#' $,#(# '(""( & &$) ($#'"# ' #('%&#" ($&#'(, &'(!!# !-''( &$) ( $#' ($&# #)& # #" '(""(# &-!(#' ,)##& # '(,( +&# .### )# #( ! ')'(()&& '# '(""( & #%'' ($& &$) ($#'"# # '%!' +' *$# #" &$) ($#' ($& #/# #(# *$&## )" ,# /(&#(# &,)'(!!# *$" #&# &$) ($#' ($& & #!!' #.(( +& & #)& '$ *! #(# + ' ,)& &$) ($# *$# ( /(&#(# #$(+# '# +&# ($&# '$ #'(,( '' #''"( #)& ( /(&# (# &'(!!( +&# ) &)# & "(($#!(-( & &$) ( $#' ($&#'(!!(#!)# &)# (#,,#( $"#($# *$# ($&#'(,"# )# &$) ($#'"# &

2.4.2 Produktionselastizität

& &+&( ' &$) ($#' $,#(# '( )&'#((' %&$) (*(-( ' ($&' '! !-''( ' /& $#( &$) ($#')# ($# ) $&")!&# &$) ($#'"# +& '(""( )& ' &$) ( )' & ($&#'(,"# )# & )&'#(('%&$) (*(-( ' #%'' ($&' )& # &.)#

#$1 -&/ 11% *2.01 %:'02 63 $(-$0 0'9'3-& #$0 0.#3*2(.- !(1 #($ / 6(2821&0$-6$ #$1 # -- ,9&+("'$05$(1$ -#$0$- -&/ 11% * 2.01 $00$("'2 (12 ($ :!0(&$- *2.0$- 1(-# 7!$01"'311% *2.0$- # ('0$ / 6(282$- %:0 #$- 0.#3*2(.-1/+ - 1. + -&$ (00$+$4 -2 1(-# !(1 1($ 1$+!12 63 -&/ 11% *2.0$- 5$0#$- - !!(+#3-& 12$(&2 ,(2 63-$',$-#$0 $-&$ #$1 -&/ 11% *2.01 4 #($ $.-2($%0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- 63-8"'12 *.-12 -2 - ($1 (12 1.+ -&$ ,9&+("' 5($ #$0 7!$01"'311% *2.0 4 (, 7!$0%+311 4.0' - #$- (12 $1' +! (12 #($ 0.#3*2(.- (-$%%(6($-2 30 (- #$, ++ (#$,#$0 -#$0$ *2.0 3"'63,-&/ 11% *2.05(0#(12#($0.#3* 2(.- $%%(6($-2 5$(+ *$(-$ $-&$-$(-'$(2 :!$0%+:11(& (12 - #($1$, ++ 1(-# #($ 3.2($-2$- 31 #$- *2.0$(-1 26,$-&$- 3-# ('0$- )$ 5$(+(&$- 0.#3*2(.-1*.$%%(6($-2$- &+$("' 1. # 11 #$0 $(-$ *2.0 ,(2 (+%$ #$1 $0'8+2-(11$1 #$0 0.#3*2(.-1*.$%%(6($-2$- #30"' #$-#$0$- *2.0 31&$#0:"*25$0#$-* --

$0#$- 5$(2$0$ (-'$(2$- #$1 301/0:-&+("'$- -&/ 11 3-# )$26(&$7!$01"'311% *2.01 $(-&$1$262 $0'9'2 1("' #($ 0.#3*2(.- -("'2 5$(+ #$0 -#$0$ *2.0 %:0 #$- -&/ 11 4$0 -25.02+("' (12 ($ 0. #3*2(.- (12 $!$-% ++1 (-$%%(6($-2 #($ 0.#3*2(.-1$+ 12(6(282 +($&2 !$( -3++$1' +!4$0+83%2#($304$(-#($1$,$0$("'/ 0 ++$+630!1 6(11$%%(6($-2(12-30#($0.#3*2(.-(,3-*2

2.4.3 Skalenelastizität ($ $.-2($%0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- (12 $(-$ '.,.2'$2(1"'$ +(-$ 0 '.,.&$-$ 0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- 1. # 11 !$( 2.2 +$0 *2.04 0( 2(.$(- 3, $(-$- !$12(,,2$- 0.6$-21 26 4$0,$'02$0 *2.0$(-1 26 %.0258'0$-# 63 $(-$0 3- ',$ #$0 0.#3*2(.-1,$-&$ 3, #$-1$+!$0.6$-21 26 %:'02 $(1/($+15$(1$ 0$13+2($02 $(-$ $0#.//$+3-& #$0 *2.0$(-1 26,$-&$ (- $(-$0 $0#.//$+3-& #$0 0.#3*2(.-1,$-&$ ($ $.-2($%0.#3*2(.-1%3-*2(.- ' 2 $(-$ * +$-$+ 12(6(282 4.$(-1

2.4.4 Substitutionselastizität /& ' &#)(#"'"*) ( ' ")& " ", ,"( (#&!""#!"(#" ) &)" && !((#" (-( +'( #"(&#)(#"')"(#" " )'(()(#"' '(,(-( *#" ") ) '#%)"(" & #"(&#)(#"')"(#" " "" '(&$& ,)&&"(*& -)()"""&$& ,)& ',''*& -)(++&" )"&"""."""

2.5 Produktionsmöglichkeiten

-&" &#)(#"')"(#"" (#&"'(,!"" )" &#) (#"'!"" " ,)" ,)""& '(," (&(" +& ! # "" " )'!!"" ,+'" " &#)(#"'!"" ,+& /(& " )" '" &#)(#"'!. (" +&"

*!&! -&$ !!" !&"!! ! ' $ $"' &"!% ,&!'$( )$ ' $!%"$ &"!%'$( !! !! % *& ) %#%)% !&! % '&% !% ! !&!%'&%*)0&$!%"$ $&/)$!,!!!

$!%"$ &"!%'$( $"'&"!% ,&!'$( %& $ " &$% $& $ *!&! " !&"!! ("! -&$ ! ! & !$ !! ! $%&& )$! ,!!!

&'! $ $!%"$ &"!%'$( %& !&( $!*$& $ $!%"$ &"!

!&( $!*$& $ $!%"$ &"! %#& '%&&'& "!% ,&! ("! -&$! )$ '! *& ) ( *'%+&* !&!%!!'&%$%&&)$!,!!!)!! '% %&'!$#*&+&!'$"'&"!!$!&%!$! '&%($*&&)$ " &$% %& !&( $!*$& $ $!%"$ &"! &'! $ $!%"$ &"!%'$( $"'&"!% ,&! '$( $% &'! $%!

!&($!*$&$$!%"$ &"!1

3. Kosten $ -!( +%) !% !# 3( ! '(&+"*!&%)* &(*!) % + )$$% 1% $ * % +%*()+ % -!( !% !)$ '!*# "&)*%* &(*!) )'"* +%1 )* )*##% -!( ,() !% &)*%"+(,% ( ,&( -!( +%) $ &)*%$!%!$!(+%) 0! +%)-!)-!%%$.!$!(+%)"#"3#(%*(% $(0+-%%

WENIGER KOSTEN = MEHR GEWINN 3.1 Kostenkurven $ +%) !% ))() !# 3( ! +%*() !#! % &)*%*/'% !%( %*(% $+% $ % 0+ "2%%% +%*()+ % -!( !%! -! *! &)*%"+(,%

3.1.1 Fixe Kosten

!."&)*% )!% &)*% ! -!* % +% 1%! ,&% ( (&+"*!&%)$% %##%

! !* 3( (&+"*!&%))*1**% !)* 0+$ !)'!# + %% 0+%* (! *% -%% ! (&+"*!&% )*&''* -!( % !#+% !)* !% $2#! ( !."&)*%,(#+ ()*##*

! # !& " # ! !&$" # & % $ # %

- ",' #+, ++ # ",$ -',*"% * -*. * -*" +"'#,,%#"' #0$(+,' # -&& * #0$(+,' *+,%%' -' +"% !%#" !*(6 +#' &5++'

3.1.2 Variable Kosten *#% (+,' . +#' (+,' # )(+#,#. .(' * *(-$,#('+ &'! "3'!'

75

#+)#%+/#+ +#' # (+,' 5* #'' *',"% * .*#% (+ ,' 2%#"*/#+ '"&' /#* ' ++ # .*#%' (+,' 1- '3"+, - *-' )(+#,#.* $%' $, +#'$' -' '+"%#6' +,#!' /'' # )1#,3,+!*'1 **#", #+, ' -'+*& #+)#% $4''' # .*#%' (+,' -*" ' #'+,1 #'+ /#,*' *' ,"% *+ 1-'3"+, +#'$' +(%'! # (*,#% * *#,+,#%-'! 5*/#!' -' +)3,* +,#!' +(% # ",#% +#'$'* *'1)*(-$,#.#,3,' (&#'#*' #%-'! 1#!, # -*" +"'#,,%#"' .*#%' (+,' +(/# # .*#%' (+,' * *( -$,#('+&'! # +#" %+ *(-$, * -*"+"'#,,%#"' .*#

"$ %()$ *$ ' '%*!)%$(#$ '#))"$ "(($ '&( ()( "/"$!(*$)'"+%$ %()$ ," '() *' *$# ' '%*!)%$ $)()$ ' $ $# '%*!)%$('0!$ $) $)""$ (%$'$ $ ' $)'$#*$ 3+'"$2 .$$ ,' "( '#$$) %()$

3.1.3 Grenzkosten

'$.!%()$ ($ %()$ ' '%*!)%$ $' $) $( *)( $)()$

")-&( "') ( ' '"* ' '$.!%()$!*'+ , $ "*$ $ ., ' ) $$ ' '%*!)%$ ,'$ '$.!%()$ % ($ '%*!)%$ ' '()$ $) % .*(/)." %()$ +'*'() ($$ #0(($ *()') ')(!'/) ()"") %'(*$( *$ $),!"*$('$(( *#().) *")/)(!%$)'%""$ ('()"") ,'$ $ ' " ($!$ #) .*$#$' '%*!)%$ ( &'%*!)%$($)$ %()$ $) (% (( %()$+%')" ' (($&'%*!)%$

/) ,) !! &. $(( , ( #, $) ,-# $)/)" ., . ) -#' 1 $-. $ , )3&*-. )&/,0 3/)4#-. $) ) ".$0 . $"/)" /! *# 1$, ($. -$)& ) ) , )3+,*/&.$0$.4. ) , &.*, ) $ ,*/& .$*) 1 $. , , $)# $. ) $ 3/-4.3'$# ) *-. ) +,* $)# $. $) $ 5# ., $ ) $ , )3&*-. )&/,0 /,#-#, $. . $#, $)$(/( /))$((.0*)) $) )-. $" ) ) ,'/! $)

$ % 1 $'$" ) , )3&*-. ) $ 0,$' ) *-. ) !6, % 3/-4.3 '$# $)# $. ,-. '' ) ," ) -$# $ 0,$' ) *-. ) 0*) /# '- /(( , , )3&*-. ) '' , +,*/3$ ,. ) )" ) $)# $ . ) ,+#$-# &5)) ) $ 0,$' ) *-. ) # , 1$ $) $'/)" '-'4# /). ,#' ,, )3&*-. )&/,0 $). ,+, .$ ,.1 , )

3.1.4 Gesamtkosten

$ -(.&*-. )-$)$ /(( ,!$2 )/)0,$' )*-. ) ) $'/)" $' ) -$ - #. & - -$# /- , /'.$+'$ &.$*) , ,*/&.$*)-( )" /) , /,#-#)$..'$# ) -(.&*-. ) $) ,"$. $ -(.&*-. ) #4)" ) +*-$.$0 0*) , ,*/&.$*)-( )"

*'+ ' *'($))"$ (#)!%()$ /"") .*$/() +%' ( (&/)' ()) (% (( ' '"* , ' $ ' *' ($))"$ +'"$ %()$ $# 32 ") '( 0' ($ !$ *'($))(!%()$ ($ ()) ""$$ *'($))" $ -!%()$ *$ $$( ($!$$ *'($))"$ +' "$ %()$ '( 0' ()$ *'($))(!%()$ ($ (&/)' ()$$ *'($))"$ +'"$ %()$ *' ($))"$ (#)!%()$ ,'$ ' $) (%%') ()$ ,$$ *'($))"$ +'"$ %()$ .*$#$ *' ($))"$ -!%()$ ,)'$ ($!$ )$ *'($)) " (#)!%()$ '")$ ,' '() ,$$ ' $() ' *' ($))"$ +'"$ %()$ ()/'!' *(/"") "( ( $!$ ' *'($))"$ -!%()$ *'($))"$ (#)!%( )$ "$ ##' %'" ' *'($))"$ +'"$ %()$

$ "*$ ($ *'($))"$ +'"$ %()$ *'($))( (%, '$.!%()$ $ $# '## ' ()"") *# ' .*$$ .*$$' '+%'.*$

&#' # &#$ %% '# !$% % !%( #($ $ & % & # # % ( # )!$% &#' ( &#$ %% '# & #

!$% # #$% #!&%! $ % %$ $ # )(% #$%% % (# &#' # &#$ %% '# !$% !# # # )!$% &#' '#& $! $ *% & (%# #!&%! $ % ## !$% '# &#$ $$# $%))& # )!$% # &# ($ %)% #!&%! $ % #,$% $ &#$ %%$(#% # '# !$% $# #$%% % %% & % &#' # &#$ %% '# !$% # & ##% (# $ '! # # )!$% &#' '! & % $ %% % )& '!# $ # )!$% ! ## $ $# &# $ %% '# !$% $! $$ $ &#' (%# &$$ # ## $$ %%"& %$ # &#$ %% '# & # !$% ! $ )&$*%) % #$%% $ # !$% +# $ $# &#$ %% '# !$% $! $$

&#' # &#$ %% '# !$% $% &$$

'$( $ '$%!&&! % &"%&! ($,'& $ "$$'$($'$%!&&!($!"%&!!$ !" '$%!&&! *"%&! +'%! )$!

$!+"%&!'$( %!& '$( $ '$%!&&!

% &"%&! !"&)!$)% ("! '!&! " ! ! $! ! ' !! %"! $!! "%&! $!$ %! % '$%!&&! % &"%&! ,& '$( $ '$%!&& ! % &"%&! ! $!+"%&! -$ % '$ %!&&! % &"%&! %&& '$( $ '$%!&&!

% &"%&! +'" '%% $!+"%&!'$( '$ %!&&%"%&!'$( ! $! ! ' %!! %$ ! )$ '!&$%&& %% "! $,'&$&! "%&! '! ,! (" +'$'! &! &"$+"!& &! %& '! $ "%&! ,!& " ' ("! $ ,! $ &$&&! $%&)'!+&

'$+$%& "%&!($,' '!&$%! % ("! !$%&! ) ! !&$! $ ! ! ,!$! &$' %! '$+$%& *! "%&! !'%%! !! ' ! & &$&& & % .$'#& ! *! "%&! !&%'! " %#%)% ! .$",' %& &$ $-/ && )$! %" "$ !&

,=2+7-26&)632()5)932()52<%,0()5)6',=*7-+7)2%&()5)2$%,0 0%2+*5-67-+1-7()5>,)()553(8/7-329%5--)57 8*582(()5,>,)5)20%2+*5-67-+)20);-&-0-7=7:)5()2(-)0%2+*5-6 7-+)2 85',6',2-776/367)2 2-) ,>,)5 0-)+)2 %06 (-) /85<*5-67-+)2 5%4,-6', &)()87)7 (-)6 (%66 (-) ',%5 /85<*5-67-+)5 85',6',2-776 /367)2/859)2 / # 932 ()5 0%2+*5-67-+)2 85',6',2-776/367)2/859) 0# 816',0366)2 :-5( )() ()5 /85<*5-67-+)2 85',6',2-776/367)2 /859)2 67)007 -2 ()5 0%2+)2 5-67 )-2) 47-32 *?5 ()2 !27)52),1)5 (%5

3.1.5 Erlöse und Gewinne

50>6)3()5!16=7<)6-2((-)1-7()2.):)-0-+)25)-6)2.&):)5 7)7)2!16%7<1)2+)2#.

C# C# C# A2 C#2

):-22) %86 50>6)2 1-286 367)2 ")50867)(-)2)+%7-9)

B

2&&-0(82+ 6-2((-)):-22)+5%4,-6',%&+)75%+)2

+%"* + ( (%."&)*%"+(, !)* ! -/ #* (!)%% &$!%*!&%)%*(% $()! (#0)-(%+( ! #/ ()*##* ! &)*% ($!**#% -!( !%$ -!( ! +( ) %!**#! % &)*% ( (&+"*!&%)$% )*!$$% +% $!* ((&+"*!&%)$% $+#*!'#!.!(%(' !) -(%!&) *% +( ! #/ ('(/)%*!(* ! -!%% (% )! #)!(%.+)!% #/ % 3

3.1.6 Angebotskurve (+%)/*.#! "%% ! %&*)"+(, ! !% !#+% *(% !)* %+( + $ )*!%% )* ( (%."&)*%"+(, #!% %% )&#% ! (%."&)*% )!%"% (!* ) "!%% !%% + !% -!*( (&+"*!&% .+ ,(.! *% +1($ )&##% ! &)*% "*)!%(%*(% $(%(%##)(#+)*$ *

%(!)*! !)* .+ -/ (#!)*% )) ( (!) .+$!%)* !+( ) %!**#! % )$*"&)*% "* )& )) ! #%(!)*! % &*)"+(, $ )*!%% )* ( (%."&)*%"+(, %*)'(! * ( &( # ( +( ) %!**)"&)*%"+(, #!* % !#+% .!* ( %!**'+%"* ,&% (%."&)*% +% +( ) %!**)"&)*%"+(, ) *(!)&'*!$+$ ) ! #%(!)*! (!)+%*((%. )

(&+.%*% +.!* ( %! * #! +*% $!* ( &'*!$#% (!)%%&$!%*!&% ) %*(% $() !)*

+(.(!)*! )&## ( (!) .+$!%)* ! +( ) %!**#! % ,(!#% &)*% "% ! "+(.(!)*! %&*)"+(, %*)'(! * $ )*!%% )* ( (%."&)*%"+(, ( &( # ( +(, ( +( ) %!**#! % ,(!#% &)*% #!* ( %!**'+%"* ( (%."&)*%"+(, $!* ( +(, ( +( ) %!**#! % ,(!#% &)*% .!* ) *(!)$!%!$+$ ) ! "+(.(!)*! (!)+%*( (%.)(&+.%*%+.!*(%*(% $((.!#*.-("!% -!%% -!# )!% (#0) %! * !%$# ! )$*"&)*% "% ) +( *( #*% )!%( (&+"*!&% !)* #! -& # )!%%,&## -!# )!% (#+)* ! !%)*##+% ( (&+"*!&% %& 0 ( +) !#% ! %&*)"+(,!%%!#) )*)((%."&) *%"+(, ,("0('(* $+)) $!* .+% $%( %&*)$% + ( (!) )*!% )! )&%)* !% 1*(%&* ( %*(% $( !$$( -%!( #& %* ) # % -!( !% !%$ (!)%% !($$ -! !% !#+% ,&% !%$ )*!%% (#+ (

%&*)"+(, +) ) 1*(%&* /%* '&)!*!, ,&$ (!)

3.1.7 Produzentenrente ')#&#-%&$)-#(#&'#0(&, (-)"&''#& "&#!# #$('&('( #(( &.!( & #& &$ )-#( ## /&# &' !' # &' -) " & &(' &( +.& '# 0(& #-)(# &#- ## !' -)'.(-! $!&(0&##(&#"&#(&%&(&(+&#)#+&# # !$ -)& $#')"#(#&#( #' %&*(# )'!(' &$)-#(# &#( #' #(&#"&' ###(

&$)-#(#&#(#'#(&#"&''( &#--+'# " /&# & (%&' )# '#& #&&# "&#!# # $('&('( ' 1( " #'(%&' -) " & #(& #"&&(+.&#0(&#(#-)(# &%''('# !)#*&( !"''# &# -+'# & &'&# *$# # %&!!! -)& '-'' *&!.)( )# & #$(' )&* ' %$'(* *$" &' .#( & #(&#"& +.& &( 0(&"# ' &(' -)" &' *$# #-)(# & /& & (%&' # &

(%&'+" "" &#%' .% +(&,'+ # %' & "'%" !%&

%#(+"'"%"' %"'%"!%&'(!!%%* " %"+" +*&" ! -%" %'$%& (" %" * " "%%" !%" " "#'&%'&'" & /' " * " "&'$%&" +( "" "'%"!% %' *,%" " .'%"' "+('"

%$&&'&" (" ,("'% %%& %"("#% % "#'&(%) % -""" %#(+"'"%"' ( !' ("&%% #&'"(% )" %$& % '"

!$'#!# !"#" $ !#" # " #! !#!#&!("!''&"!# !" $ ! ! #"!#"# " #!!"

! ""#" $ ('&"!!" ! $ ! $!'!"# #"$!% $! "# "# ! !'"#$!% ! " #!"$" ! !("#!# &!

*& 1/%48&.3&.1&.3& +".. 86&*3&.2 6*& *. ##*,%4.( ",2 *''& 1&.8"421,:2&.4.%5"1*"#,&./23&.*.3&101&3*&136&1%&.6"2&.3 201&$)&.%%&1&6*..(,&*$)4.((,&*$)#&%&43&.%-*3%&14--&"42 &6*..&. 4.% *7+/23&. *23 *&

:2&-*.42/23&.

<

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

-&$ & $ $"% %& % ' + *)% $$%$ ' $ $ *!%& '$(

3.2 Kostenminimierung 3.2.1 Isoquante und Isokostengerade $ $!'&! % ! $& $ &$ $ % $!'&! %&!$ ' !%& $ % $ $ $ ' % %% %!#' & ' '%&$$& )$ * & &!$ ! &! $%&& & $!'&! % $%&& )$ +$ %!#' & "$!'&! %& % ,& '*& ,& )$ *' '$( ) &!$ ! &! $"$+% &$& $ !%& %' %&*& )$ , ' $%&& %!!%& $

! .*!$& '+,& !&+ *'-#,!'&+#,'*+ &,+(* & % *'-#, -+ & #,'*(*!+& )! %-$,!($!1!*, %!, & "/!$!& #,'*!&+,1%&& .! !& ,0(!+ '+,&-&#,!'& $-,,

) . ) .

!* & %& & ++ ! '+,&+-%% +'/! ! #,'*(*!+ ) -&) & +!& 2+& /!* ! '+,&-&#,!'& & * !& +,1%& + 1/!,& *'-#,!'&+#,'*+ - * $,& /!* ! +' #'+,&$! -&

! *( !+ *+,$$-& * +'#'+,&$! -& !+, ! +' #'+,&* ! +'#'+,&* !+, * '%,*!+ *, $$* '%!&,!'&& .'& #,'*!&+,1%&& ! && ! '+,& $! ' +!& ! +'#'+,&* , ! &,!. ,!-& .'& ) ) /!* ! !&* * 2 -& * !&+,1%& + !&& *'-#,!'&+#,'*+ !& &+ '+,&&!.- &-* $,& #2&&& /&& /!* $! 1!,! ! !&+,1%& + &*& #,'*+ *-1!*& ! ,!

,% ) *&"&*+%)% . ) *&$ + ,) * "+&)') *-)0#+ % * *+ $$+ ) ) %+%*% ++ # + ( ) * / **%*% ++ (

3.2.2 Minimalkostenkombination % #,% *+##% . ) % $#"&*+%"&$ %+ &% )

) % -&% ,* ** )&,"+ &%*$% % *+ % % %) *&(,%+ "1%%% . ) )$ ++#% $ + .#% / %+% "+&)$%%"&$ %+ &%% . ) ** )&,"+ &%*% -, )) % ) %+)%$) *+ *+)+ )&,"+ &%*$% /, $ % $#% &*+% )/,*+##% *# +)% . ) ,%+)* # *&"&*+%)% !. #* 2) % % &*+%*,$$ #+% ) '+ $#',%"+ *+ ) %%+ #',%"+ ) *&(,%+ $ + ) *&"&*+%)% * % ) *+ &*+%% -, ##) *& "&*+%)% )')0*%+ )+ .# * ,) *&(,%+ -&) % )&,"+ &%*% -, )) %

!+3 ,=//'/ 045'/.+/+.6. 6/5'3 &'3 '$'/$'&+/)6/) '+/'3 )')'$'/'/ 30&6,5+0/4.'/)' .+5 +-(' &'3 #)3#/)'6/,5+0/ $' 45+..'/ +'045'/4+/&;6.+/+.+'3'/

( 2 7 2 7 .+/

!+3.+/+.+'3'/&+'045'/6/5'3&'3'$'/$'&+/)6/),&+'30 &6,5+0/4.'/)' )')'$'/ +45

+' #)3#/)'6/,5+0/ '3)+$5 4+%* #64 &'3 "+'-(6/,5+0/ 6/& &'3 /6-- )'4'5;5'/ '$'/$'&+/)6/) &+' .+5 &'. '37+'-(# %*6/)4(#,503 8+3&

!+3$+-&'/&+'1#35+'--'/$-'+56/)'/6/&4'5;'/4+')-'+%*/6--

!+3 '3*#-5'/ '+/ -'+%*6/)44:45'. .+5 &3'+ -'+%*6/)'/ 6/& &'/ &3'+ /$',#//5'/ 7 7 408+' 4+%* (>3 )')'$'/' !'35' &'3 +9,045'/ &'3 #,503,045'/ 6/& &'3 30&6,5+0/4.'/)' '+/&'65+) -=4'/ -+'?'

/ &'3 +/+.#-,045'/,0.$+/#5+0/ )+-5 345'/4 +45 &+' 5'+)6/) &'3 4026#/5' )-'+%* &'3 5'+)6/) &'3 40 ,045'/)'3#&'/ # &+' 5'+)6/) &'3 4026#/5' &'3 /')#5+7'/ 3'/;3#5' &'3 5'%*/+ 4%*'/ 6$45+565+0/ 6/& &+' 5'+)6/) &'3 40,045'/)'3#&'/ &'. 6. )','*35'/ #,50313'+47'3*<-5/+4 '/5413+%*5 )+-5 ;8'+5'/4 , &+' /')#5+7' 3'/;3#5' &'3 5'%*/+4%*'/ 6$45+565+0/ )-'+%* +45 &'. +/7'34'/ #,50313'+47'3*<-5/+4

$' - &.*,+, $-0 ,#3'.)$- ( ,#3'.)$- , , )2+,*/&.$0$ .3. ) ).-+,$#. "$'. ,$.. )- -- $ ) ".$0 , )2,. , . #)$-# ) /-.$./.$*) )$#. )/, ( /(" & #,. ) &.*,+, $- 0 ,#3'.)$- -*) ,) /# ( /(" & #,. ) ,#3'.)$- , , )2+,* /&.$0$.3. ) ).-+,$#.

,/-!*'".0$ ,. )---$ , )2 ,.,3" - ' -$ -$#/ ) /*.$ ). ) , % 1 $'$" ) , )2+,*/&.$0$.3. ) /) $#, , & .*,+, $- ," ) !5, '' &.*, ) "' $# -$)

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

3.2.3 Faktoranpassungskurve

!* %* %( 1*# #!0.#!*!*4,*/%+*/," !. .+ 1'0%+* '8**!*3%.%* *(+#%!51)4,*/%+*/," !/+*/1)/%( !*

!.%* !0%* !.1$(0/0$!+.%! %!%*'+))!*+*/1)1.2!((! *#!*0%(,1*'0! 2+* * %""!.!*5'1.2!* 1* 1 #!0#!. !* %! !% %*'+))!*/2.%0%+*!* %! +,0%)(!* +*/1),(7*! .!,.7/!* 0%!.!* /+ %/0 %* !. *0!.*!$)1*#/0$!+.%! %! '0+.*,//1*#/ '1.2! %! !.%* 1*#/(%*%! ((!. *#!*0%(,1*'0! 2+* /+-1*0!* 1* /+'+/0!*#!. !* %!!%6* !.1*#!* !..+ 1'0%+*/)!*#! %! &!3!%(%#! %*%)('+/0!*'+)%*0%+* .!,.7/!*0%!.!* %! '0+.*,//1*#/'1.2! !. 4,*/%+*/," %/0 !. #!+)! 0.%/$! .0 ((!. +)%*0%+*!* 2+* '0+.!%*/05)!*#!* %! !% .%0%+* !. .+ 1'0%+*/)!*#! %! &!3!%(%#! %*%)('+/0!*'+) %*0%+* .!,.7/!*0%!.!*

3.3 Gewinnmaximierung !.!3%**!.#%0/%$(/ 1/ !*.(8/!*)%*1/ !* +/0!*

:

*#3'++*4'*1*(++"#.#3'++"1.!&51/605)'!&#.,"1(0',+ +'!&0 *#&. %#/0#'%#.0 3#."#+ #/&) )10#0 "'# +,03#+"'%# #"'+ %1+%$8.#'+#3'++*4'*1*"//"'##./0# )#'01+%"#.#3'++ %)#'!&1+%

+!& "#. .,"1(0',+/*#+%# +1)) '/0

1/ )#'!&1+% $,)%0 "// '* #3'++*4'*1* "'# .#+5#.)7/# %)#'!& "#+ .#+5(,/0#+ /'+"

'+" "'# .#+5#.)7/# %.79#. )/ "'# .#+5(,/0#+ ),&+0 /'!& #'+# 3#'0#.# .,"1(0',+ '+" "'# .#+5#.)7/# ()#'+#. )/ "'# .#+5(,/ 0#+ 3'." #.#'0/ 51 2'#) -.,"15'#.0 + #'"#+ 6))#+ 36.# "/ # 3'++*4'*1* +'!&0 #..#'!&0 #'51/605)'!&#.8 #."/#3'++*4'*1*&'+1/%#&#+"#..,"1( 0',+ /'+(0 "#. #3'++ *'0&'+ '/0 "'# 53#'0# )#'01+% "#. #3'++ %)#'!&1+%

+#%0'2

.1/$,)%0"//'*#3'++*4'*1*"'#0#'%1+%"#..#+5#.)7/ (1.2#()#'+#./#'+*1//)/"'#0#'%1+%"#..#+5(,/0#+(1.2#

'# .)7/# #.&)0#+ 3'. '+"#* 3'. "#+ .#'/ *'0 "#. %#/#050#+ #+%# *1)0'-)'5'#.#+ /, "// 3'. "'# #3'++%)#'!&1+%

1* /!&.#' #+ (7++#+ 51

<;

'#+,03#+"'%##"'+%1+%$8."/#3'++*4'*1*)10#0

1/ )#'!&1+% $,)%0 "// '* #3'++*4'*1* "#. .#'/ %)#'!& "#+ .#+5(,/0#+ '/0

,)+%# "#. .#'/ "'# .#+5(,/0#+ "#. .,"1(0',+ 8 #./0#'%0 3'." "#. +0#.+#&*#. /#'+# #3'++# #.&7&#+ (7++#+ , )" "'# .#+5

"&)*% 1 ( )!% #) ( (!) #& %* )! !% ('(&+"*!&% %! * ( %*(% $( $!* !)( ('(&+"*!&% )!%% $1#! % -!%% ) $0#(*

+)#! +%%+% &#*)&$!*

$-!%%$.!$+$!#*))((!)#! %(%/"&)*%+% #! % (%/(#1)% !)* ! ,&##)*0%!$ **-( !)* ) !# ( -!%%$.!$!(+% !% %&*-%!) !# &#% (!( ("*!%*(!** -0 (#!)** !)* -(% !$$( $ ( %*(% $+%% !% 0*!"!* $ ("* + % $% +% ! -!%% ) $0#(% !) !) ) #!3#! ! %+## #!% (/! ** !% %*(% $+% + ) !# ( -!%%$ .!$!(+% (& % ! ( (#+)* ! %% )! #%(!)*! ! ( ("**0*!"!* !%)*##% $2))*

4. Angebotselastizitäten 4.1 Bogen- und Punktelastizität %'%& &','.'& "#'&!&&'&%. '"&% % ')" -"%(" % "#'&!" ,(% % ')" -"%(" & %&&

" (" &' %& &','.' & "#'& & #" &','.' %&' ' ! %& &','.' & "#'& & ("' &','.' %,(&' "%&',"*%" (" (%"11 &+!# &% '" " " %"," (% (% " 10 &+!# &%'" ("" "" %"'

4.2 Streckenabschnittsregeln ! ( "" &" " ,( %""" # %& &','.' # #% "% &' !$ ' & * % " (" % % &','.'" % %*& ( " '%"&"''&% "

!& ! '! $ $% ("! '+!$&%$$%

' )% $ &$ $ ' $ &$ !&%#$&

!"&% ! +!$& % ' % )% $ &$ $

'$&$ !&%#$& $ '%!%#$% !&%#$& $

&$ '%!% ! $&$ $'$

&$ " &&-$$%%&*&+&% !"&%

+%%&%-$*!%"%%)$($!!,!!!*'

$#$+%!&$& ! !*! ! $!&!$ "$ ("! %" %% $%%&*&+& % !"&% -$ ! !$ ! "&%'$( $#% % $+&!% *)%! $ !*! '! $ "$!$!&!$%!)$!!!

! +)# $! + ) +)# ,& ! +)# ) +)# *' ** !$+

)$1&)& .!) &#$! ! &'+*#,)- !* *! ! */!** !&)&&+!-%)! !&* &!+!$+%14+) $&*+/

! )!*$*+!/!+1+ * &'+* 3) !& $!&) &'+*#,)- #&& )( !* $* ) 1$+&!* /.!* & ! )% ,)-&)! ') $ ) */!** ,& ! )% ,)-&)! ) +* -'& ) )!&+ $*&.)&

,* ,&*)& )( !* ,&+)%,)+& 0)$,&& #2&&& .!) 3) ! ".!$!& $*+!/!+1+& $!&)) &'+*#,)-& ! !& !$ ,& )*+$$+ *!& '$& $,**'$),&& /! &

& ! !$ !"&%'$( $! '%! '

%& $ '$(!$ "$ $ % *%% $,.$ % $ '$(!$ $&% ("! $ $!& %" %% $%%&*&+& % !"&% $,.$ % !% %&

!!& ! !$ !"&%'$( %& $ '$ (!$ "$ $ %*%% !'%" $". ) $ '$(! $ $&% ("! $ $!& %" %% $%%&*&+& % !"&% !% %&

& $ !! !$ !$! !"&%'$( ' %& $ '$(!$ "$ $ %*%% !$ % $ '$(!$ $&% ("! $ $!& %" %% $%%&*&+& % !"&% !$ % !% %&

%& !$ !"&%'$( ! %& $ '$ (!$ "$ $ %*%% '!! $". %" %% $%%&*&+& % !"&% ! '!! %&$&

%& !$ !"&%'$( ! %&$'$(! $ $&% ("! $ $!& '!! $". %" %% $%%&*&+& % !"&% !' %&

$%%&*&+& % !"&% ! '!&! !&!$$ ! "&%'$(! *' %& ! $! )$ ' !&%#$!! !!&!!%!'!&!*'$-

% ( & % # % $% #$$%)%*% ! $ % $ $)$$ $% #$$% )%*% # % $ &# #$"#& $% #$$%)%*% & $ # (#% % $%#% #$$%)%*% $ !%$ & # $ #% % $% $ &

4.3 Isoelastische Angebotskurven

& & $ $!$%$ !%$&# ' #$%% $ +% !%$&#' & % #$$%)%*% $ !%$ &($ ! $%#% #$ $%)%*% $ !%$ & & & $%$ && & %#*%$ $

5. Zusammenfassung $*($#+$)*%( ))* ) # * $ "!3"$ ,%$ $*($#($ (%+!* %$)+$!* %$$ "$ "" / $*$ %# $* %$$ ,%$ !*%( $)*/#$$ +$ (%+!* %$)#$$ (% +!* %$)")* / *1* # ))* &(* ""( !*%(,( * %$ (" * , 0$(+$ ( (%+!* %$)#$ # (1"*$ ) /+( ("* ,$ 0$(+$ ( $)*/#$ !*%() !"$")* / *1* # ))* *%*"( !*%(,( * %$ +$ !%$)*$*( !*%( $*$) *1* ("* , 0$(+$ ( (%+!* %$)#$ /+( ("* ,$ 0$(+$ ( $)*/#$$

!*%($ !%$)*$*$ !"$(*(1$ )* * (%+!* %$)#$ &(%&%(* %$" )* $$ !"$(*(1$ 3(&(%&%(* %$" +$ ) $!$$ !"$(*(1$ +$*(&(%&%(* %$" $ %#%$ (%+!* %$) +$!* %$$ $ +$1$ ,%$ $ !*%( $)*/#$$ $ !%$)*$* !"$")* / *1* )%'+$* / * "" %# $* %$$ ,%$ !*%( $)*/#$$ # * " # (%+!* %$)$ ,+ ( * +$ )* ($/(* ( *$ )$ + )* *+* %$ +)* *+* %$)")* / *1* # ))* !%$)*$*# (%+!* %$)$ ,+ ) (1"*$ ) ( ("* ,$ 0$(+$ (

!*%( $*$) *1*/+(("* ,$0$(+$(($/(*(*$ )$ +)* *+* %$ +)* *+* %$" (%+!* %$)+$!* %$$ $ (+$)1*/" ,%$ ( +)*+)(! * ( (%+!* %$)! *%($ +) " # ** %$" (%+!* %$)+$!* %$$ ) $ +( $ )(1$!* +)*+)(! * ( (%+!* %$)!*%($ !$$ / $* !")) ) (%+!* %$)+$!* %$ - )* $$) /+ $#$ )&1*( ) $!$ ($/(*(1 + )+)* *+* %$"

%%+")(%+!* %$)+$!* %$ * ,%$ $$ $ $ #$ ($/(*(1 ( " # ** %$"$ %$* (%+!* %$)+$!* %$ * ) $+( $ / $* %# $* %$ ,%$ ! *%( $)*/#$ +$ (%+!* %$)#$ ($)%(#* %$) !+(, (&(1)$* (* "" (%+!* %$)#2" ! *$ $( $*( $#+$(* +$ )* ($/(*(($)%(#* %$ . %)*$ ) $ (+$)1*/" +$1$ ,( " %)*$ 1$ ,%$ ( (%+!* %$)#$ ($/!%)*$ ) $ %) *$ ( (%+!* %$ $( - *($ $ * /+)1*/" $ ""$ $( )* &(%+/ (* $ $*($#+$ %(" ) *( )%&* #+#) !+(/( )* %(" ) *( )# $ #+#) (%+/$*$($* )* ($/ /- )$ ( #( $"$

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

6. Wiederholungsfragen

(.+" .'-+,"#' ,#" ,.,-#-.-#('% +(.$-# (', .'$-#('' /(' %#&#--#('%' 4,.'!

(.+" .'-+,"#- ,#" # +(.$-#(',%,-#2#-3- /(' + $%'%,-#2#-3- 4,.'!

%" 4$('(&#," .-.'! "- # -#!.'! #'+ ,(*.'-4,.'!

. 0%"#,%3,,-,#"#+(.2'-'+'-&#-#% /('(,-'$.+/'+,-%%'4,.'!

%" #'!.'!' ,#' #' + #'#&%$(,-'$(&# '-#('+ 5%%-4,.'!

%" #'!.'!' ,#' #& 0#''&1#&.& + 5%%- 4,.'!

- #' %#'+ '!(-,$.+/ # . + +#'- '-,)+#'!- #' "(" (+ #' '#+#! +#,%,-#2#-3- 4,.'!

7. Übungsaufgaben

.%'!%("$% '%&&'&"!%%&+&-& %%& /$ ! !% $"'&"!%!(' % $-&!% $ $&(! ,! $'! % &"$!%&+($-&!%%% +'$ $&(! ,!$'! $ $!+$& $ '%&&'&"! " & +& '%&&'&"!% %&+&-& ) & ! !&$! $ !& %!$ $" '&"!%&"$! ! $ $"'&"! !% '&% ($$! !! )!! $ %&%&& %% % % '%&'%($-&!% %$

&"$! -!$& & ! " '%&&'&"!%%&+&-& # +$& %% $ !&$! $ %+/ * $$! !!

.%'!%("$% !!& "%&! %! 2($!1 "%&! !& ! !$ !&$! '! %#%)% ' !$ "!'!&'$! %)-'! $"'&"! .!!! !& !.&& $&%$-& ' $'! $&%$&$ %& '!! !& !&%%! )$! "! +'!% )% &%"%&! 2($!1 %" & ! $ !&$! '! !&+#$& $ !&$! $ !!+ %$ "%&! )$ $ % ' ! #$"%#$$!! &! $%$($& !/$ $ !%&'! ("! $&%$-&! +! )!! $ !! )$& %&! '%)'! !& % !! -!$$%&! ! %&

Markttheorie

!

( !"

" " $

" "%

" "

"

+ #

!#!!"""#

) " #!!"""#

"'" "#

"" "# !""

!$ )"!

"" "# $

!$ )"!

"" "# $ !#!!"""#

#"'*"

' "

%" ## ##"!) "

+ #

!!"

%&#

"!$ #!"

"+ !

! ' #

!#

+ #

# ' !"! %"

!"! %"

1. Einleitung ')*$)(%"" $' ( $ 4

*$)'( " '!)%'#$ /* (' $

4 ""# $ " , )()%' 3' $ ' $ *(, ')()/*'"1*)'$ 4 $ "!3" $( %$%&%" ()$ (%, %"')(+' "*() $( %$%&%"( /* $".( '$ 4 *)*$'#%$%&%" () ($ %$!*''$/"('!) %'# &%".&%" () (' *$ #%$%&%" () (' "#$) /* '(($ 4 %" %&%" () ($ )') $ ' ( #*")$$ $$ *$ ' (()()/*$ ' $$ *$ ' (3''() (%, ( ')""(/*+'()$

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

2. Marktformen 2.1 Übersicht )#+')%& .)& "& ) $ "& !1& " #"+ -'& ) &0!$ ) &"+) 0"!,& *."* !) ) #$**""0")+ ') &! ,&+)*!"& ' " !&$+& 3+) !'%' & $"!)+" ') !+)' &)%)+" *"&") )"&,")*+)"&+0,)3# ,& )!$+& &,& )#+')%& " && " )#++"$&!%) & + ')"& 6-"$5 - $ )"!"*! 6('$/5 6.&" 5 - $ )" !"*! 6'$" '"5 *'." 6"&) $$"&5 - $ )"!"*! 6%' &'*5 0, ')&+ .)& " )&0,& 0."*!& 6"&%5 )#+#+,) ,& 6.&" &5 )#++"$&!%)& "*+ '&*"!+$"! " 0."*!& 6.&" &5 ,& 6-"$&5 &"!+ '!& ."+)* ) & +)*!" 0."*!& 6.&" &5 ,& 6-"$&5 "*+ &"!+ &,%)"*! ,*0,%!& ' #&& 0,% "*("$ " &0!$ -'& 0!& &"+)& ,"&%)#+6-"$5,"&%&)&)#+6.&" 5, +& &+*!"& "*+ &"!+ " !$ & *"! *'&)& ) "&$,** & "& "&0$&) )#++"$&!%) ,*3& #&& + #"&) )

&"+) 0"!,& *."* !) ) "&& *" &""#&+& "&$,** , & )#+()"* -)!$+& *" *"! '$ $"! $* )"*&!%) !2)& *" 0,) ),(( ) 6-"$&5 && "& "&0$&) &"+) 0"!,& *."* !) ) & )"* &!!$+" "&$,**& -) !1$+ ) *"! $* )"**+0) && ) *"! "*("$*."* %"+ & &)& #+,)& *"&) )#+*"+ *()"!+ ') )#+3!)) 0"!,& *."*,+&*+)!) )"*+ !2)+)0,)),(() 6.&" &5 "$,& "$$,*+)")+ " &,& )#+')%& " *"! ,*"*)/*+%+"#) &

" !

"

"

DIE RÜCKSEITE DES KÜHLSCHRANKS 2.2 Marktformen mit vielen Nachfragern ' $$$ #) $ ' '!)%'#$ *' +" '' !$$.$) ($ )$ +" $)' +"$ ''$ $1' ") $ % "-&%" 6 * +%""()/$ %$!*''$. $$$) 6 +%' $ (&" $( &%"-&%"()($ '!)( () ' '!) 1' ,0$" $ )1' ' %$(*#$) $)1' $0)) *$ ( $ ."' $'%2$*$!"$$ (/)$!*$!$$%$(((

(/)(1'' #)$$' (&'$ !0$$$

$$ $*' ,$ $)' +" '' $") ( ( *# $ $%)(%"%&%" # ""#$$ &''* %"$ +'.)$ ,' * ( '() *()$)+ (( %#&%()*#( *$ (&'$ !*'. +%$ $# "%&%" $ $'"0"(""( )$ ."' /)' +%$ $!()""$ "'$ ($ $ (&" 1' ( $""( ,) +'')) '!)%'# $ (%$' %'# $( $%)( "%&%"( ()"") ( $%)( *%&%" +" ")$( 5*%4 *)( 5.,4 ' # $* ., $)' $%)(() +')')$

$ +" '' +%$ $*' $# $)' /$ ") $ $%)(#%$%&%" +%' ( ,' !*'. "( %$%&%" .$$ "( (&" !$$ ( ())" %$%&%" &%"."' ,") $( $ ,'$ ( +" 1'' *# '' $$ ') ,""$ $'$

2.3 Marktformen mit wenigen Nachfragern ! ' *$,(*&' &", ."%' !* *' ,*!,' /"* "& (% ''"*"*$,(*&'&",/'" '!* *'

,!' /'" ' !* *' ."% '",* '3* +"' " "' -' ' "'+ !* (%" ()(%+ *3%%, & */!+%-' ' &", "'& ' (,+ %" ()(% 0- .*&"' * "' #'& %% + *+, -+,',". + (&)(+",-&+ '"!, ',%%' +( ++ "' !* (%" ()(% "&&* %+ +(%!+ 0- 0"!'' "+, " -*0 (*& %" ()(% 0"!, +"! "&&* - "' ' (,+(%" ()(% "' !* (%" ()(% %" , "+)"%+/"+ .(* /'' ."% "+!* .*+-!' "!*' "+! ' /'" "+! *(4!1'%* "' "!*& "' 0- +*"! 0- .*$-' "' ('*(*& + !* (%" ()(%+ +,%%, + !* -()(% * " & '-* 0/" !* * & *$, -,*,' "*' - "' *$,+",' /'" "%'!&* %" , "' "%, *%+ %" ()(% .(* *+-!' 0-& "+)"% %1' * -+ ' / '" ' .*%"'' %' ',"('' /" +%' (*/ ' 3 (*(*)'*%, *24,+1- ,"* /"''*"' ''" /'" ' ,*(,0 &(*%"+!' *-$+ ,1," ' 1'%* 0- .*$-' %" , "' "%,*%+ %" ()(% .(* ' "'& "%,*%' -()(% +, !'+"! '-0/"'",*-'0/"!* * '3* "' /'" !* * - "'' "'0" ' '",* ' /"+' %" , "' (%" ()(%"+,"+! +!*1'$,+ ' (,+ ('()(% .(* */'' /"* " -*0(*& "+* *$,(*& ',%%' " %& &*-+*3$ -' /"* +)*!' .(' "'& +!*1'$,' ('()(%

"++ "+, "' ' (,+&('()(% /"% '-* "' '",* -,*",, & $'',%"!0-&!'++'"!,'-*"' (,++('*'-!" !* +", +!*1'$, "+, '''' /"* + "' +!*1'$,+ ' (,+&('()(% + (%" ()(%"+,"+! +!*1'$, "+, /"% '-* / '" !* * " !* +", *)*1+',"*' ", + " +)"%+/"+ 3* "' +)0"%%+ &"0"'"+!+ *1, '-* "'' "'0" ' *+,%%* -' /'" )0"%$%"'"$' %+ !* * %" , "+ *$,(*& .(*

2.4 Marktformen mit einem Nachfrager $(%!9(%$ 2!.(!%!* .!% /!(0!*! .'0"+.)!* %* !*!* &!3!%(/ *1.!%*$".#!.1" !).'0'0%2%/0

%*!* (( /0!((0 !. !%*!/ $".#!)+*+,+(/ + !. +*+,/+*/ .

%* $".#!)+*+,+( )1// (/ /+($!/ !5!%$*!0 3!. !* !.

1/ .1' +*+,+( ((!%* "8. !%* *#!+0/)+*+,+( 2!.3!* !0 3%. $.!%0 51) !%/,%!( / !.0!% %#1*#/)%*%/0!.%1) !%*!* 1"0.# "8. .%!",,%!. )%0 !) 1* !/3!$.+#+ 1/ '7**!* /%$ 2%!(! $.!%3.!*$!./0!((!.1) %!/!* 1"0.#!3!.!* /$!.#!/0!((0! .%!",,%!. !. *1. * %! 1* !/3!$. !* !%*5%#!* 10+.%/%!.0!* $".#!. 2!.'1"!*

%* +(%#+,+(%/0%/$ !/$.6*'0!/ $".#!)+*+,+( (%!#0 2+. 3!**3!*%#! *%!0!.!%*!)$".#!.#!#!*8!./0!$!*!.3!* !* 3%. %! 1.5"+.) %!/!. .'0"+.) !*0"((!* %! ())!.1/ .8'! 1* 3%. /,.!$!* 2+* !%*!) !/$.6*'0!* $".#!)+*+ ,+( %* $".#!)+*+,+( (%!#0 2+. 3!%( !/ *1. !%*!* $".#!. #%0 ) '!**0(%$ 51 )$!* // 1$ %! *#!+0//!%0! ! /$.6*'0 %/0 *!**!* 3%. !/ !%* !/$.6*'0!/ $".#!)+*+,+( / +(%#+,+(%/0%/$ !/$.6*'0 %/0 3!%( *1. 3!*%#! *%!0!. %!

*#!+0//!%0! .!,.6/!*0%!.!* !. 1 !%*!/ 1**!(/ 51. !//!.!* 0.!'!*"8$.1*# !%*!. * /0.9! 3%. !%/,%!(/3!%/! 2+* !. 51 /06* %#!* * !/.!#%!.1*# *$#!".#0 1* 2+* 3!*%#!* -1(%"%5%!. 0!* 1'+*/+.0%!* *#!+0!*

!/0!$0 !..'0*1.1/53!%.'0'0!1.!*!%*!) *%!0!./+3%! !%*!) $".#!. (%!#0 !%* %(0!.(!/ +*+,+( 2+. !% /,%!(/3!%/! %/0 "8. %! !#!(1*# 2+* *#!+0 1* $".#! !$!(% $!. "(%$0!* %* )+*+#)!* 1(01.!* / %(0!.(! +*+,+( %! !.38*/$0! .'0"+.) ) "+(#!* !* ,%0!( !.(610!.* 3%. 51*6$/0 / +(4,+( *$* !.

((#!)!%*!* (!%$#!3%$0/0$!+.%! !) /$(%!90 /%$ !%*! *0!. /1$1*# 8!. / +*+,+( * !2+. 3%. 1" !%*! .'0"+.) !%*#! $!* %! !%*! 3%00!./0!((1*# !%**%))0 %! )+*+,+(%/0%/$! +* '1..!*5 %!/! %/0 53. *%$0 %* 1*/!.!) .'0"+.)!*/$!) %*

%( 1*# .!,.6/!*0%!.0 /0!((0 !. !%*! !. 3%$0%#/0!* .'0 "+.)!* . $(%!9(%$ *(4/%!.!* 3%. 1*0!./$%! (%$! +.)!* !%*!/ (%#+,+(/

3. Polypol 3.1 Einführung .* '*0&338*78* !-*46.* )*7 41=5417 .78 ).* 11,*2*.3* 1*.(-,* ;.(-878-*46.* .* '*78.(-8 )96(- .-6* +462&1* 1*,&3> ;*.78 &'*6 *.3*3 -4-*3 '786&08.437,6&) &9+ 93) .-6* 33&-2*3 -.38*61&77*3 *.3*3 ;.601.(-0*.87+*63*3 .3)69(0 *1'78 *.3,*+1*.7(-8* 5414,* 8*3 )*6 11,*2*.3*3 1*.(-,*;.(-878-*46.* '*-&958*3 3.(-8 )&77 ).*"27*8>93,).*7*74)*117.3)*6*&1.8@8>9+.3)*3.78&-*6.78 ).* #*679(-93, ,64D ).*7* &'786&08* !-*46.* )*7 &608*7 2&3,*17 *&1.8@873@-* >9 :*6;*6+*3 &7 %.*1 )*6 11,*2*.3*3 1*.(-,* ;.(-878-*46.* '*78*-8 /*)4(- 2.83.(-8*3 )&6.3 *&1.8@8 >9

8&88)*77*3 7411 ).*7* !-*46.* *.3 2978*6 )*6 $*88'*;*6'7;.687(-&+8 '.*8*3 .* *6&97&6'*.893, )*7 .)*&1*3 :4110422*3*3 &608*7 &17 *+*6*3>46)393, 6*&1.7.*68*6 &608+46 2*3.78*.3**.7893,&37.(-&)96(-0&33)*64097&9+).*.++* 6*3>*3>;.7(-*3)*2 41193))*278%978&3),*1*,8;*6)*3

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

*6 &608 .78 )*6 68 &3 )*2 3,*'48 93) &(-+6&,* &9+*.3&3)*6 86*++*3 &608,1*.(-,*;.(-8 1.*,8 :46 ;*33 ).* 1@3* )*6 &608 8*.13*-2*6 C'*6*.378.22*3 ;*33 &174 ).* $C37(-* )*6 43792*3 8*32.8)*3$C37(-*3)*664)9>*38*30425&8.'*17.3)

%$& *% & %' *' " (" (% " "''$("' % "#'&(%) & (" % %(%) %$%.&"'%' ! *' *# " #"&(!"'" -(!

*'&$%& "( *'&!" " %" * %#(-"'" "-('" *0"&" &' "! "" %& $ "' "#'&!" %/1% & $ "' %!" ' " "#'&0%&(&& )#% &' $ "' "%' " %/1% & $ "' "#'"

" ' " %0%&(&& )#% " % #% ("'%&' " *% "" )# #!!"" %' *# *&&" && &% "' +&'%' % %' % ""! "& )# #!!"" %'& ' %" && *% !' ! "" %"-!%' % '" ( ! *% " ,&%" /""" *& &. *""% %')# #!!"*.%"'-%"*%""!-* '" %'' -' & '%''" (")# #!!"" %'& &&" & (&&# %("" 0% '.' '" " ('" "&' "& )# #!!"" %'& &' &,!!'%& "#%!'#"&)%' (" -*&" " %'' " !%"&1'*%"!"&$ &*&"&&"'%"!% 0%%& (""& ('&"'&&%"#%!%'&" & #"&(!"'" & ' " %.%"-" %.(! % -' %

2(45>0.,&+(4 70' 5$&+.,&+(4 46 ",4 8(40$&+.=55,*(0 '$55 ?6(4 $0 706(45&+,('.,&+(0 46(0 6$'6$0' <7 706(45&+,('.,&+(0 #(,6(0 C75,0(55 70&+B (0? 0$&+ '(4 %(0'-$46( 810 706(45&+,(' .,&+(0 (4510(0 5;/2$6+,5&+705;/2$6+,5&+ /,6 706(45&+,('., &+(0 7$.,6=6(0 (456(..(4/$4-($0'(.5/$4-( 706(45&+,('.,&+( 4(,5( +$%(0 ->00(0 6$66'(55(0 *(+(0 9,4 '$810 $75 '$55 ?6(4 +1/1*(0 C*.(,&+$46,*B 5,0'

75 '(4 :,56(0< (,0(5 81..-1//(0(0 $4-6(5 )1.*6 '$5 (5(6< '(4 06(45&+,('5.15,*-(,6 '(4 4(,5( '$5 $7) '(0 (0*.,5&+(0 (1-.$55, -(4 ",..,$/ 6$0.(; (8105 <74?&-*(+6 (4 4(,5 )?4 (,0 +1/1*(0(5 76 ,56 ,//(4 *.(,&+ 70$%+=0*,* '$810 91 9$00 70' 810 9(/ (5 $0*(%16(0 9,4' ,( 755$*(0 ',( 9,4 1%(0 ?%(4 ?6(4*(641))(0+$%(0*(.6(0$7&+)?441'7-6,105)$-614(0 ,(5,0' $00$+/(*(/=@ +1/1*(0 9,4 5(+(0 $.51 %(,52,(.59(,5( '$810 $% '$55 ',( (,5670*5)=+,*-(,6 (,0(5 41'7-6,105)$-6145 ,0 '(4 ($., 6=6 5&+9$0-6

,0 81..-1//(0(4 $4-6 <(,&+0(6 5,&+ '74&+ 81..56=0',*( 10-74 4(0< $75 ,0( $61/,56,5&+( 10-744(0< /,6 (,0(4 !,(.<$+. 810 0 %,(6(4070'$&+)4$*(4056(..65,&+(4'$559('(4(,0<(.0(41'7<(0 6(0 01&+ (,0<(.0( 1057/(06(0 ?%(4 (,0( 56$4-( $4-6/$&+6 8(4)? *(070',0).755$7)'(0$4-624(,5$75?%(0(4$4-624(,5)?4(,0 76 ,56 )?4 $..( $4-66(,.0(+/(4 (,0 $67/ 1 .1+06 5,&+ %(, 52,(.59(,5( (,0( (,05(,6,*( 4(,5(4+>+70* (,0(5 06(40(+/(45 0,&+6 '$ ,0 ',(5(/ $.. $..( 1057/(06(0 <74 10-744(0< $%9$0 '(40 70' '(4 06(40(+/(4 $7) 5(,0(0 41'7-6(0 5,6<(0 %.(,%6 ,0( (,05(,6,*( 4(,55(0-70* (,0(5 06(40(+/(45 <$+.6 5,&+ (%(0)$..5 0,&+6 $75 '$ (,0 (,0<(.0(4 06(40(+/(4 ',( <75=6<.,&+( $&+)4$*( 0,&+6 %()4,(',*(0 -$00 56 (,0 1057/(06 0,&+6 %(4(,6 '(0 810 (,0(4 06(40(+/70* *()14'(46(0 4(,5 <7 (064,&+6(0 +$6 (4 -(,0( >*.,&+-(,6 $7) $0'(4( 06(40(+/(4 $75<79(,&+(0 9(,. %(, 81.. 56=0',*(4 10-744(0< $..( 06(40(+/(4 )?4 (,0 +1/1*(0(5 76 '(0 5(.%(0 4(,5 8(4.$0*(0 56 '(4 1057/(06 %(4(,6 /(+4 <7 <$+.(0 5&+=',*6(45,&+5(.%569(,.(4'$5*.(,&+(41'7-6$7&+<7(,0(/*( 4,0*(4(0 4(,5 (49(4%(0 -$00 (, 81..56=0',*(4 10-744(0< 8(4+$. 6(0 5,&+ 41'7<(06(0 70' 1057/(06(0 $.5 4(,50(+/(4 70' (0 *(0$02$55(4

!

",4 0(+/(0 *470'5=6<.,&+ $0 '$55 ?6(4 7%,37,6=4 C?%(4$..B 8(4 )?*%$4 5,0' "(00 0,&+6 $0'(45 +(4814*(+1%(0 8(40$&+.=55,*(0 9,4<7'(/',(&+9,(4,*-(,6(0',(/,6'(4-37,5,6,1037$.,),<,(46(4

(*)!(0* ,(+$$ )$ +$ $#$ )***))$ $ )) + "" (%+!*%$)!*%($ +'+*0( )$ ( ,($$ +$)( %"" $# -( $ +)-(*)* %$ (%+!*%$ $".)($ %(+))*/+$ 2( +)#1"! *$ )$ $$)+))***+$$ #* 2*($ -" $ (!**"$ #($ $)%$)*$ +$*( +)"$+$ ( (%+!*%$ !$ **" 2( ($)!*%$$ /+( (2+$ )*$ ) $$)+))***+$$ !1$$$ &(,*$ +)"* +( +) ,(0$($ )% )) ) )"3" /+ ($ -2$)*$ $+))***+$$ "$$ $ "" +)&"0$ #*$$( ,($( "* $ ""#$) "-* ,%(

3.2 Anfangsausstattungen ( *(*$ $ %"!)-(*)* #* /- 2*($ )%- /- &(,*$ +)"*$ )* #$$#03 +) )***+$ ) +)"*) #* +* #$$#03 +))***+$)+)"*) #*+* ,%"")*0$# **-( ,("*$ ) +)"* ") $$$&))( 2*(&() )$ 2( ) *$ + ) !$$

$"+)) +)2$ $ $ "+$$ +$ *($ -(

$$)+))***+$$ ( &(,*$ +)"* +)"* $) ,(2* #* )$( $$)+))***+$ $ 2( $ (%3 $ )()*$+$$($$)/-*$+*)+)"*/- * #* )$( $$)+))***+$ $ $ ($ $ ) () *$+$$(%3$)/-*$+*)

,(4( %(,'(0 3$2+,-(0 )=+3(0 8,3 ,0 %%,.'60* :6 (,0(/ (,0 :,*(0 ,$*3$// :64$//(0 ,0*('(0- '(3 $54$&+( '$44 /,5 '(0 345$6445$5560*(0 %(,'(3 $64+$.5( /,5 %(,'(0 =5(30 %(3(,54 ',( *(4$/5( 0)$0*4$6445$5560* '(3 ;-101/,( %(4&+3,(%(0 ,45 7(3 8(0'(08,3(,0&+$&+5(.',$*3$//',('*(8135+19'(3(0$/( $6) '(0 ;-101/(0 3$0&,4 #4,'31 '*(8135+ :63=&- *(+5 1%*.(,&+ 4,( (345/$.4 710 ,.)3('1 $3(51 -10 4536,(35 813'(0 ,45

..('(0$64+$.5(,04%(53())(0'(03<>(08(3'(071/342360* $64 *(/(44(0 $..( '(0 $64+$.5 :8(, %(53())(0'(0 3<>(0 71/ 3 42360* $64 ,( (0*(0 710 65 (,04 " 8(3'(0 +13,:105$. *( /(44(0',((0*(0'(4(345(0$64+$.54" $6)'(3605(3(0%4:,44( 710 .,0-4 0$&+ 3(&+54 ',( '(4 :8(,5(0 $64+$.54 " $6)'(31%(3(0 %4:,44( 710 3(&+54 0$&+ .,0-4 (0*(0 710 65 :8(, " 8(3'(0 7(35,-$. *(/(44(0 (0*(0 '(4 (345(0 $64+$.54 " $6) '(3 .,0-(0 3',0$5(710605(00$&+1%(0(0*(0'(4:8(,5(0$64+$.54" $6) '(33(&+5(03',0$5(7101%(00$&+605(0

,( 0)$0*4$6445$5560* '(4 $64+$.54 (,04 +$5 ,0 %%,. '60* ',(4(.%(0 113',0$5(0 8,( ,0 %%,.'60* ,( 0 )$0*4$6445$5560* '(4 $64+$.54 :8(, 45(..(0 8,3 ,0 $%*( 8$0'(.5(313/'$3!,3'3(+(0%%,.'60*6/3$'41'$44 '(3 342360* ',(4(4 113',0$5(0-3(6:(4 0,&+5 ,/ ='8(45(0 410

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

3.3 Präferierte Ausstattungen + 1+/#.#. +0#./1!&1+% +#&*#+ 3'. 61+8!&/0 3'))(:.)'!& + "'# %#3:+/!&0#+"1//0001+%)'#%#'+ ')"1+% '*1+(0

&- '7**/"* 0 % "&*"* "(&"&$"* *!"-"* 0*'/ 26%("* !"- *& %/ 09"-%(!"-!$"2+-/%+3(&"$/!2&-!&"."*0*'/*0-(.0. $*$.,0*'/ #8- 0*."- <"-.0 %0*!--/0);"-#%-"* "*7/&$"* &- 1"-$("& %"* !&" &* $"$""*"* *#*$.0..///0*$"* )&/ !"* &* %4,+/%"/&. % $"28*. %/"* 0..///0*$"* 0.%(/ "&*. 28*. %/ )"%- 1+* 0/ 52"& (. &%) !0- % ."&*" * #*$.0..///0*$ $"$""* &./

8- &%* (&"$/ "&* %#-$"8"-. %0.. 1$( "*$(&. % <"3 ".. !" )*!; 1+* 0/ 52"& 1+- . 2"&./ 0# "&*"* ,+.&/&1"* % #-$"8"-. %0.. %&*

0.%(/ "&*. 28*. %/ 2"*&$"- 1+* 0/ "&*. (. "- &.%"- !0- % ."&*" -./0..///0*$ "-%(/"* %/

".%( 2"&./ "- "&*"* *$"+/.8"-. %0.. 1+* 0/ "&*. 0# !"$("& %"!"0/"*! )&/ "&*") *"$/&1"* = !".%( !. = %#-$" 8"-. %0.. &./ &- &*/"-,-"/&"-"* *$"+/.8"-. %8.." (. *"$/&1" %#-$"8"-. %8.." 0) &* 0*."-"- *(4." 0# "&*" 2"&/"-" -&(" 1"-5& %/"* 50 '7**"*

0.%(/ 52"& 28*. %/ 2"*&$"- 1+* 0/ 52"& (. "- &.%"- !0- % ."&*" -./0..///0*$ "-%(/"* %/

8- &%* (&"$/ "&* *$"+/.8"-. %0.. 1+* 0/ 52"& 1+- !"- "&*") *"$/&1"* %#-$"8"-. %0.. "*/.,-& %/

0.%(/ 52"& 28*. %/ )"%- 1+* 0/ "&*. (. &%) !0- % ."&*" * #*$.0..///0*$ $"$""* &./

".%( 2"&./ "- "&*"* ,+.&/&1"* %#-$"8"-. %0.. 1+* 0/ "&*.0#

,4.-#$,3-*2#$0-% -&1 3112 223-&63#$,3-*2#$0: 63-7"'12 $(-, + : &$58-1"'2$- -# 3112 223-& 63 &$+ -&$- !(+#$2 1("' $(- 0*2 #$0 #($ $-21/0$"'$-#$- "'%0 &$ 3-# -&$!.21 8!$01"'811$ 631 ,,$-%8'02 3-# 31&+$("'2 5(0 (, ++ 4. "'%0 &$8!$01"'811$- ,(2 /.1(2(4$- 3-# (, ++ 4.- -&$!.21 8!$01"'811$- ,(2 -$& 2(4$- $-&$- 0$"'-$- %80 3-1$0 $0127-#-(1 !$0 -30 #($ &$' -#$+2$- $-&$- -("'2 #($ .06$("'$- (, .0#$0 &03-# 12$'$- 5$("'$- 5(0 3% #($ !1.+32$- $207&$ #($1$0 $-&$31 .,(2 &$+2$- 80 32 65$( $-21/0("'2 #$0 "'%0 &$8!$01"'311 #$1 $012$- 31 ' +21&$- 3#$,-&$!.218!$01"'311#$165$(2$- 31' +21

80 32 $(-1 &+$("'2 #$0 -&$!.218!$01"'311 #$1 $012$- 31' +21 #$, "'%0 &$8!$01"'311#$165$(2$- 31' +21

1 $0'7+2-(1 65(1"'$- #$, /.1(2(4$- !$6($'3-&15$(1$ -$& 2( 4$- "'%0 &$8!$01"'311$(-$1 31' +21- "'3265$(3-#1$(-$, -$& 2(4$- !$6($'3-&15$(1$ /.1(2(4$- "'%0 &$8!$01"'311 - "' 32 $(-1 (12 # 1 31"'4$0'7+2-(1 #$1 31' +21 , +$("'&$5("'2 ,311 #($1$1 %80 !$(#$ 31' +2$ &+$("' 1$(- 3-# #$, 3,&$*$'02$0$(14$0'7+2-(1 $-21/0$"'$- # 1 5($ 5(0 !$0$(21 31 #$0 31' +21 2'$.0($5(11$-#($2$(&3-&#$03#&$2&$0 #$-5(#$01/($&$+2

($20$"*$ (12 #($ 0$(1&$0 #$ ($ (12 &+$("'6$(2(& #($ 3#&$2 &$0 #$%80 31' +2$(-15$--5(01($4.,01/03-& 31!$20 "' 2$- 3-# #($ 3#&$2&0 #$ %80 31' +2 65$( 5$-- 5(0 1($ 4., 0 1/03-& 31 !$20 "'2$- , +$("'&$5("'2 &(+2 # 11 %80 )$#$ 31' +2 #($ 3,,$ ++$0 !$5$02$2$- /.1(2(4$- 5($ -$& 2(4$- "'%0 &$8!$01"'811$ -3++ $0&(!2

%80

++$)

3.4 Pareto-effiziente Verteilungen % 1, ()3& ' ) .!$$#3)$! .2 $+ ,&#+ ++*2 $! ! .3&* + ,**+++,& !) ,* $+ )*+$$+ )!& .!) , !&!)&1#,)-&&$0*1,)3#

& !$,& & %& ! &!)&1#,)-& * ,* $+* !&* *'.! !&& .' &+& )$, !& *! -)$,& #'&-/ 1,%)*(),& ! &!)&1#,)-& * ,* $+* 1.! *' .! *!& &$$* #'&-/ 1,% )*(),& !& !*% $$ !*+ ) )$-&+)*(),&) ),&.' &+)$,)&!)&1 #,)-& * 1.!+& ,* $+* !*+ !&1! )!& )3&+ ** .!) !& ) .')+ '/ *2%+$! )+ * ,* $+* 1.! -'& ) +* '& & $!&#* ,&+& $*& !) .2 $& ".!$* !& &!)&1#,)- ! ,) & ,&#+ ) &&*,**+++,& + ,% * ,) ! )*+,**+++,& &,+1&&!-,!),* $+1,!$&)!.!$$!),* )!+&,)!&&.&&*! ,) &,* !!+,+!'&#!&*)

,"%" ,' .*+!%!,*, /'' %+( + *,(*",*"-& *4%%, "+, *,("0"', "+, "' ",-,"(' " "' '"."--& ++* +,%%, (!'"''*++!%!,*0-+,%%' "' *(%& + *,(*",*"-&+ %" , *"' ++ +"' '/' -' "' * * ' '!", %,' *,"%-' ++!%4++% 0&' ,"*, "+)"%+/"+ /"* " .(*0- -' "'+ '"."--&+ "' * * ' '!", -*! " '/'-' + *,(*",*"-&+ " !%,' /"% $"' 1'*-' ' &3 %"! +"' " ' "+!* .(* 0- ,' +!%!,* +,%%' "' /",*+ *(%& +,!, *"' ++ " * ( #&' 7++*6 (* 7+!%!,*6 +,%%, "+, '-* +(%-, '"!, *%,". ',+!"' /"* *())%, +"! + % "'$(&&' "'+ -+!%,+ "+, * +(%-, ++* +,%%, %+ .(* !* %,". "+, * #(! +!%!,* +,%%, /'' +"! " %"' $(&&'*'*'-+!%,.**"!' "'0-&-+!%,"'+ !3*''"*'0$-*."/",**!,+ (' %" , *)*2+',"*, 4* ' *+,' -+!%, "' !3!*+ -,0''".- + .(' -+ &++' /"* "' 0-& -+!%, 0/" !3*' '"*'0$-*. " /",* %"'$+ -',' %" ,*)*2 +',"*, 4* ' 0/",' -+!%, "' !3!*+ -,0''".- + /"* .(' -+ &++' " %2! "''*!% * "' '"*'0$-* .' - -'- *3', -'-+ '-,0, -+!)(,',"% * -,0' -+!%,$''-*!-+! +," *,/*'/"%4*"

$,-* "' '"*'0$-*. &", "'& #/"%+ !3!*' -,0''" .- **"!* "+, -'$, & ' "+* %2! " - "'* * "' '"*'0$-*.' %" ' +"' '%%+ *,("0"', +" 0-&"'+, ' -,0' "'+ -+!%,+ +," *' (!' ' + '*' 0- +!&2%*' "%-' &!, -,%"! ++ " -+!%, '4* "!** #/"%" ' '' +-++,,,-' "' "!*' -,0' +," *' $3''' /'' " -++,,,-' "' /2!%, /"*

''"'"*'0$-*.'"-*!'-'$, !'/"+' "' !3!*+ -,0''".- - %+ " "' '"*'0$-*.' /% ! -*! ' -'$, !' 4* -+!%, "'+ *)*2+',"*, - "' !3!*+ -,0''".- %+ - 4*-+!%,0/"- "' !3!*+ -, 0''".-%+-

3.5 Pareto-optimale Verteilungen bei konstantem Preisverhältnis

#%!!"% $% %&%! # $ % # + $% '&& $$# )& $% ! #$ $%# )& $% & )% & $ $$ (,# $ (, $% ! &$$%%%& % #%!!"% $% # #%!) % &$$%%%& &%) '&$ # &$% $%# +

# (* ($ "#*##% ,%#&$$%%%& (

&$% &#%& ##$# &$#,% #$'#*% $ $%# # ,$$ ($ # )&#' ( #$# % #% ( &# & #,% $% $$ # )#% # &$%%&%! # ,%# . #"#*$ %#% &# %& # ( # )&#'.&#% #$'#*% $.#"#*$ %#%&#

! *!+% ( +*(% 5 %*)'(! * 2( +) #* !%) !)* !$ %% (!),( 0#*%!) ! 2*($%%"&$!%*!&% !$ +%"*!(*&&'*!$#!%!)$+%"*!(!)( !%% %%*!#'+%"* $!* ( 1 )*$1#! % %!(%."+(, ) +) #*) !%) +-!)* +) #* .-! ,&(!)!(* ) 2*(2%# !$ +%"* -!# !) ( %%*!#'+%"* ( (!) (% $!* ( 1 )*$1#! % %!(%."+(, ) +) #*) .-! !)*!+%"*)!%%! *$!*!%%("&$'*!#! (2() 2))%! *!#! 1 +-!)%-!! % &*)2() 2)) 2( +* !%) )* * !% (2() +)) -!# ( ( 2() +)) ) .-!*% +) #*) (13( !)* #) ( %&*)2( ) +)) ) ()*%

2( +* .-! )* * !% %&*)2() +)) -!# ( %&*) 2() +)) ) .-!*% +) #*) (13( !)* #) ( (2( ) +)) ) ()*%

3.6 Pareto-optimale Verteilungen bei variablem Preisverhältnis $ (!% '!# ( ("*"(0* 2 (% ("*+%#! -! * .+ /%(+%%((#*!,%(!)$&($###)!% (2( ) 2)) $!* (!)( 1 +%% +% %&*)2() 2)) $!* (!) )%"+%%,(+%%)&))-!(2(+*!%)$!*)*!%%+%2( +*.-!$!*)!%"%%(!)%.+( %% %+( ,(0%(* )! )(!),( 0#*%!)+%$!*! $!*!+%((!)(%

& !$,& ) + *! ! )!*) ,% & ,&#+ & ) +* '& ,% ,+$! 0, % & ** 2) & ,* !&) !& !+ * ()!*2&*+!) .')&& ,+* 0.! & !& !+& * +,)) .')&& ,+* !&* &,& .&!) !& !+& -'& ,+ !&* $* '%(&*+!'& 50 $+4 .)& )%!++$&.!)!& )-'&,+)&!$$2)! & )*+,**+++,& !& $+& ,& -)!&& .!) ! &&+!$ (,&#+ 0.!* & & ".!$!& )!*)& ,& & &+*() & &&!)&0#,)-&) $+&.!)!,* #,)-

! ,* #,)- !*+ ) '%+)!* )+ $$) '%!&+!'&& -'& 2+)%&& !&* ,* $+* ! ! &) &&*,**++ +,&,&)!+!'&))$+!-&)!*'(+!%$*!& '%!+ * )!+ ! ,* #,)- !%($!0!+ , $$ &'+* ,& )%&& * ,* $+* !& 1&!#!+ -'% )!*-) 1$+&!* & "% !*) ,+0&%/!% * )*+& ,* $+* !$+ ** ! &+!- )&0)+ ) ,*+!+,+!'& % ,%# )+& ) 1$+&!*

&"% %"+"('+" &#* ! (!%'" %&)%, '"& "' &$%'

" # ,&&' & (&(%) & +*'" (& '& " (" %!'' "

(-%"+*'"(& ' '&&"')%"+%'% (&''('#" ! (!%'" %, '"& &"% %"+"('+" (" ! (!%'" %&)%, '"& "'&$%'

(" +'(&(%)"' &#*' %(& '"& +("&*&+*""!%!!

& "'#,,)-'$, #* -+"$-*.' +#' # 2'+" #* -+"%, &#,#''* $(&),#% (*, -' '-* (*, *2"*' +#" #*#+!*-'##''# *'0$-*.'#+-,,++ + *#+.*"1%,'#+ + -*" # ,#!-'! * *#+!*' !!' #+, !'- + *#+.*"1%,'#+ #+, # & # " *! -' '!(,+/2'+" #* -+"%, .*#'* +#' !'2* * #,-,#(' #' #' ' #%-'!' #+ +,%%, #' ("% "*,++,#!*-'! * +#" # ! #* -+"%, .*+ +*,'!#%, 2* -, #'+ ',+)*#", # !)%', '!(,+&'! + -+"%,+ #'+*!)%','" *!&'!+-+"%,+0/#

2* -, 0/# ',+)*#", # !)%', " *!&'! + -+"%,+ #'+*!)%',''!(,+&'!+-+"%,+0/#

# (!-#/( +(3+-( + .,-#-.-#)( #+ .,"&- ,#( !&#" .( (-,*+"( ,)0)"& ( .'!%"+-( +"4&-(#,,( + +(3(.-3( ,)0# ' .'!%"+-( +#,/+"4&-(#,

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

3.7 Pareto-optimale Verteilungen bei variabler Anfangsausstattung .('"+ /+!0#,,+( 0#+ .(, ,, # "& + ( (!,.,,-- -.(! ( &&, #( (-,"#.(! #,- # 3.+ #,*),#-#)( !,-&&0+(%((,"&!"(0#+#')&!(((#"-'"+/)(#(+ !!(( ( (!,.,,---.(! ., ,)(+( ("'( ( ,, ,# #,*)(#& #,- (( %5((( 0#+ .(,+ (&2, (&)! 6+ (+ ( (!,.,,---.(!( .+" 6"+( .( 0#-+ +-))*-#'& .(%- +'#--&( +6 ( 0#+ # +!(#,, 6+ && '5!&#"( ( (!,.,,---.(!( +"&-( 0#+ .((&#" /#& +-))*-#'& .(%- (4'&#" #''+ !(. #(( .(%- 6+ #( ,-#''- (

&*,**+++,& )!&& .!) !* ,&#+ &+.!#$& .!) ! '&+)#+#,)- !& !$,&

! '&+)#+#,)- !*+ ) '%+)!* )+ $$) '%!&+!'&& -'& 2+)%&& !) ,* $+ ! ! )!+!'& ) )$+!-& )!*,&)&&*,**+++,&&)+''(+!%$*!&

! '&+)#+#,)- !*+ ! )!&,&*$!&! $$) &!++(,&#+ ) ,* #,)-&!),* $+ %0,'$!*+!&)),&#+, )'&+)#+#,)-),&#+)2)!&&*,**+++,& )+''(+!%$ !*+ 2) &) )*+,**+++,&& )& *! &) )+''(+!%$ &,**+++,&& ) )$, ) '&+)#+#,)- #&& -)!!)& ! '&+)#+#,)- + ) !%%) -'& !&% ) *(),&0,%&)& )*(0!!* ))$, 1&+-'&&,+0& ,&#+!'&& !) ,* $+

3.8 Nutzenmöglichkeiten ) &!)&0#,)- !&* ,* $+* #&& !& ,+0&!&/ 0, * )!&.)& %& *+$$+"),&#+,)'&+)#+#,)- !%($!0!+ !& '%!&+!'& 0.!) ,+0&!&!0* ) !* ,+0&

"-& &#* #"'%'(%) & &' /""" +$ -' " " (' -"%!! 0%'%" *%" .%" #"'%'(%) %'##$'! " 0'%!""#!"'#"" "' &" ! (' -"%!! !' &" "" #%%&$#"%"" %'##$ '! " ('-"*%' '%" #"'%'(%) * " " &" 0'%!"" !&&' *% &#-(&" " " ('-" !/ '"(%) 30%&'-'2 " %" &" ('-"*%' !&&' ('-"!/ '"(%) &' % #!'%& %' % #! "'#"" )#" ('-"")(& % (& ' %'#" % % ')" %& (" % ""&(&&'''("" %'##$'! &" ('-"!/ '"(%) ' " "') '(" " "% %'##$'! " '('#" % ('-"*"" & "" (& '&!'"!('-")% (&'&"%""%' %# & #")+ #% #") -(! %&$%(" )% .(' &' "' "(' -( "'*#%'" *% "(% " #%" "' " %" (' -"& )%*"" (" &' ' " ',$& ('-" !/ '"(%) %

*$" $ % " $"$%"& ' % % %#$ # "$& & & * $" #%"$ # " *" ## # %$(&% # "#$ %#$# "$& % # # ('$ %#$# "$& " #$ # " $#!" %$ % " %$( )$%"& % "$& '$ ' # %$(&% # "#$ %#$# "$& % # # ('$ "$& " #$ *$" $ % " $"$ %"&' % %%#$#"$& ' & *$" #%"$ # " *" ## # %$ (&% # "#$ %#$# "$& " % # # ('$ %#$# "$& #$ # " $#!" %$ % " %$()$%"& % "$& '$%$' #%$(&%#"#$%#$#"$&" %##('$"$& #$

3.9 Soziale Wohlfahrt

# "$%#!" $ '$" %)#$ ' '" %# #" %" % "$ !$ )#% ($""$ $ " #$$ ' #" "$ !$ %##$$$% ##$ "'*#$ #$ *" *" '" % # ( "$#%"&

*& 30:*"-& 0)-'")243,526& *34 %&2 (&0.&42*3$)& 24 "--&2 0.#* /"4*0/&/ 60/ 54:&//*6&"53 #&*%&2 "53)"-4& #&* %&/&/ %&2 (&3&-- 3$)"'4-*$)& 54:&/ (-&*$) )0$) *34

*& 30:*"-& 0)-'")243'5/,4*0/ 02%/&4 +&%&2 0.#*/"4*0/ */%*6*%5 &--&2 54:&/ &*/&/ (&3&--3$)"'4-*$)&/ 54:&/ :5 *& ,"// %")&2 "-3 30:*"-& 54:&/'5/,4*0/ */4&212&4*&24 7&2%&/ %*& (2"1)*3$) &*/& (& 3&--3$)"'4-*$)& /%*''&2&/:,526& %"234&--4

"3 (&3&--3$)"'4-*$) C#&34&B 0/,522&/:(-&*$)(&7*$)4 7*2% &2.*4 4&-4 %52$) %*& "8*.*&25/( %&2 (&3&--3$)"'4-*$)&/ 0)-'")243'5/, 4*0/ 5/4&2 %&2 &#&/#&%*/(5/( %"33 %*& "2&4014*."-*4<4 (&7<)2 -&*34&4 *34 "-30 &*/ 5/,4 "5' %&2 0/42",4 #&:*&)5/(37&*3& 54 :&/.>(-*$),&*4&/,526& (&7<)-4 7*2% 2"1)*3$) 7<)-&/ 7*2 %&/ "/(&/4*"-15/,4 %&2 54:&/.>(-*$),&*4&/,526& .*4 %&2 30:*"-&/ 0)-'")243,526& %*& %"3 )>$)34& (&3&--3$)"'4-*$)& 54:&//*6&"5 6&2,>21&24/##*-%5/(*34%*&3&2014*."-&5/,4%&25/,4 "3 0/:&14 %&2 30:*"-&/ 0)-'")243'5/,4*0/ *34 /*$)4 5/5.342*4 4&/ %" */3#&30/%&2& %*& ((2&("4*0/ */%*6*%5&--&2 54:&/7&24& :5 &*/&. (&3&--3$)"'4-*$)&/ 54:&/7&24 120#-&."4*3$) *34 /3&2& / 4&/4*0/ %*& >(-*$),&*4 %&2 8*34&/: &*/&3 "--(&.&*/&/ -&*$)(& 7*$)43"5':5:&*(&/7*2%%"%52$)"#&2/*$)4#&2?)24

3.10 Erweiterungen durch Zukunftsmärkte &2 .&2*,"/&2 &//&4) 03&1) 2207 (&/ 307*& %&2 2"/:03& =2"2% &5 &27&*4&24&/ %*& 7"-2"3*"/*3$)& -&*$)(&7*$)434)&02*& /4&2 &2?$,3*$)4*(5/( 60/ */4&24&.102" -&/ 2<'&2&/:&/ 5/% *45"4*0/&/ #&* /3*$)&2)&*4 -"33&/ 3*$) ?4&2 31&:*'*:*&2&/ /"$)

*)2&/ 1)93*3$)&/ *(&/3$)"'4&/ *)2&2 >24-*$)&/ &2'?(#"2,&*4 *)2&2 :&*4-*$)&/ &2'?(#"2,&*4 %&2 ")23$)&*/-*$),&*4 *)2&2 &2'?(#"2,&*4

<2,4& ,>//&/ */ &(&/7"243 5/% !5,5/'43.<2,4& 5/4&24&*-4 7&2 %&/*&3&7&2%&/*/%&2&(&/7"24&2>''/&45/%6&235$)&/%"3,?/' 4*(& /( 5/% %*& ,?/'4*(& "$)'2"(& */ ;#&2&*/34*..5/( :5 #2*/(&/ / %&2 &(&/7"24 7&2%&/ 0/42",4& ?#&2 ,?/'4*(& 2&*(

'#++ !+"%(++' * *#+.$,(* !#%, 5* (',*$, #' '' '+)*5"- #-$-' ,.**# ,+#'

!

- #' "' -$-' ,+&3*$,' "**+", #"*"#, 5* # )"1+# +"' #!'+" ,' # 4*,%#" -' 2#,%#" * 5!*$#, +(/# # "*+"#'%#"$#, * * 5!*$#, * 5,* %% #+ +)$, *#,+ #' * !'/*, #' (',*$,' #0#*, /*' - & /*' # *#+ 5* # #' * -$-' , 2- "'%'' 5,* +,!%!, #+)#% #' "* -$-' ,+&3*$, +#' *',*&#' &3*$,(**#,&3*$, - $(',#'!',' #'!,' -$-' ,+&3*$,' "**+", '+#"* "#, # * 5%%-'! * (',*$, .(' #'& #' * !'/*, '#", .(*"*+"*' *#!'#+ "3'!, #+)#% $(',#'!',* -$-' ,+&3*$, +#' *+#"*-'!+&3*$, '!(, -' " *! #'+ -,+"3'!'- $(',#'!','-$-' ,+&3*$,'-".('' *#+' %%* $(',#'!',' (',*$, 2/#+"' '' -+,#,- ,#('+ -' (&)%&',3*2#"-'!' +,"' -& * # #' ,*,&)(*% -!,*+,*#$,#(' '#", .*%,2, /*' & +#&-%,''

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

*#,,'+ /#* # ,#%#,3, .(' *3 *'2' '!'(&&' ' *

!'/*, /*' *,*3! !+"%(++' # #' * -$-' , -',* !'- #'#*,' #'!-'!' +,#&&, *#!'#++ '" +#" 2# "' #* '"&' ' ++ #+ *#!'#++ /#,*"#' # */5'+" ,'+#'/*'

+ !+&, '%' * *$,,#%'"&* /#* #' * !'/*, ,*&#'#*, * !%#"!/#",#! *#+.$,(* ',"3%, # !' /*,+)*#+ %%* #' * !'/*, -' #' * -$-' , !"'%,' 2#"-'!+/#+2-"'%'' 5,*

$&%+' &$&! %& !%%"!$ !! $+& "!&!!&! $&$- /$ ! !$! )&+'%&! $/! +' .!!! %#%)% !!! ' ! ''!&% $& ! &$! $ & $ $"'&"! ("! /&$! ("$ % ! )&+' %&! !!! .!!! " & %&& $ ("! !"&% '!

$/$%/%%!$$'%)'%% !$ !! '!! %% % $"'&"! '!! %! ! ! !&$&!! )&+'%&! !#%%& %" %% ,$%'%% ! !($ !)$!$%&+!)$ &"$!&'!!%$ & '$ *&-& ! % $"$! $)&$'!! $ & ("! $$") '! $' +' !$ ($!&! )$%! %! &

4. Monopol 4.1 Einführung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

4.2 Amoroso-Robinson-Relation %) 5/,,23:.$)'%1 /.+411%.9 )23 $%1 1%)2 %). !34- $)% .")%3%1 2).$ 1%)2.%(-%1 4.$ %.'%.!.0!22%1 )% 1%)2%,!23)9)3:3 $%1 !#(&1!'% 231%"3 )- $%!,&!,, "%31!'2-:=)' '%'%. 4.%.$,)#( %6)..-!7)-4- '),3 &<1 %).%. /,80/,)23%. $!22 $)% 1%.9%1,;2% ',%)#($%.1%.9+/23%.4.$',%)#($%-1%)22).$

). /./0/,)23 (!3 96%) 03)/.%. .36%$%1 2%393 %1 $%. 1%)2 &%23 4.$ 0!223 2%).% %.'% !. /$%1 %1 2%393 $)% %.'% &%23 4.$ 0!223 2%).%. 1%)2 !. !$41#( )23 !4& %).%- /./0/,-!1+3 $)% ,%)#('% 6)#(32"%$).'4.' )--%1 %1&<,,3 6/.!#( $!2 &<1 %).%. "%23)--3%. 1%)2 '%0,!.3% <3%1!.'%"/3 $%1 &<1 $%.2%,"%. 1%)2 '%0,!.3%. < 3%1.!#(&1!'% %.3201)#(3

2

$

)% 1%)2 "2!394.+3)/. %1-)33%,3 $)% *%6%),)'%. %.'%. $)% %). /./0/,)23 94 !,3%1.!3)5%. 5/. )(- '%2%393%. 1%)2%. !"2%39%. +!.. %1 1%)2 )23 $)% 4.!"(:.')'% $)% !"'%2%393% %.'% $)% !" (:.')'% 1;=% $!2 ).429%)#(%. 4.3%1(!," 5/. 6%)23 !4& $)% .% '!3)5% %123% ",%)34.' ().

)% ).5%12% 1%)2"2!394.+3)/. %1-)33%,3 $)% *%6%),)'%. 1%)2% $)% %). /./0/,)23 94 !,3%1.!3)5%. "2!39-%.'%. &%232%39%. +!.. )% !"'%2%393% %.'% )23 $)% 4.!"(:.')'% $%1 1%)2 $)% !"(:.')'% !1)!",%

)% ). $%1 .3%1.%(-4.'23(%/1)% "%1%)32 %1,:43%13 %1'%"%. 2)#( $)% %6)..% !42$%.1,;2%.-).42$%./23%.

>

/36%.$)'% %$).'4.' &<1 %). %6)..-!7)-4- )23 $!2 4,,2%39%. $%1%123%.",%)34.'

/-)3 '),3 )- /./0/, %"%.2/ 6)% )- /,80/, $!22 )- %6).. -!7)-4-$)%1%.9%1,;2%',%)#($%.1%.9+/23%.2).$

)% 96%)3% %$).'4.' &<1 %). %6)..-!7)-4- ,!43%3 $!22 $)% 96%)3% ",%)34.' .%'!3)5 )23

)%2 "%$%43%3 $!22 )- %6)..-!7)-4- $)% 3%)'4.' $%1 1%.9%1 ,;2+415% +,%).%1 )23 !,2 $)% 3%)'4.' $%1 1%.9+/23%.+415% 2/ $!22 $)%1%.9+/23%.+415%$)%1%.9%1,;2+415%5/.4.3%.2#(.%)$%3

).% 1(;(4.' $%1 1/$4+3)/.2-%.'% 9)%(3 %).%. %.'%. 2/6)% %).%. 1%)2%&&%+3 .!#( 2)#( 4- %).%. 23%)'%. $)% 1,;2% !4& 14.$ $%2 0/2)3)5%. %.'%.%& &%+32 %.. $%1 /./0/,)23 %1(;(3 2%).% "2!39-%.'%

$ ?$

4-!.$%1%.2).+%.$)%1,;2%!4&14.$$%2.%'!3)5%.1%)2%&&%+32 %.. $)% %1(;(3% "2!39-%.'% &<(13 94 %).%1 1%)22%.+4.' &<1 !,,% !"'%2%393%. <3%1-%.'%.

)" )!B%

.*,*6&17*50?6>2)*582,'*75>,7

)" )" !B)%)!B%

#31.7,.07+@5).*5*2<*50?6*

1 *22*5 ).*6*6 58(-6 67*-7 ).* !5*.6*0&67.<.7>7 )*5 &(-+5&,* .*6* .67 .2 )*5 "*,*0 2*,&7.9 63 )&66 :.5 81+35180.*5*2 /?22*2

0*.(-82, .67 ).* 135363"3'.2632"*0&7.32 ).* 2&(- )*1 .7&0.*2.6(-*2 &7-*1&7./*5 8.,. 135363 82) )*5 '5.7.6(-*2 =/3231.2 3&2 $.30*7 "3'.2632 '*2&227 :35)*2 .67 &6 *:.221&;.181 *.2*6 323430.67*2 0.*,7 .1 45*.6*0&67.6(-*2 *5*.(- )*5 &(-+5&,* 67 ).* !5*.6*0&67.<.7>7 )*5 &(-+5&,* /0*.2*5 &06 *.26 6.2) )*5 0&11*5&86)58(/ .2 0*.(-82, 82))&1.7).*5*2<*575>,*2*,&7.92).*6*1&00/?22*2).* 2*,&7.9*2 5*2<*575>,* 2.(-7 ,0*.(- )*2 436.7.9*2 5*276'*).2,82, .67 2.(-7 *5+@00'&5

4.3 Gewinnmaximum &6 *:.221&;.181 .1 323430 *50>87*52 :.5 &2-&2) 932 ''.0 )82,

%! '%)!,! ,!%- -.4/,0! 4!%#. /)- 1!'$! ,!%-! !, *)* +*'%-. -!.4!) (7--.! /( !-.%((.! !)#!) -!.4!) 4/ &6))!) ( $)%..+/)&. !, ,!%- -.4/,0! (%. !, , %).! !,$'.!) 1%, !) ,*$%%.%0+,!%- %( $)%..+/)&. (%. !, -4%--! %! 5..%#/)#-(!)#! (2

%! ,!)4!,'6-&/,0! 1!%-. 1%! %! ,!%- -.4/,0! !%)! )!#.%0! .!%#/)# /" !% ! /,0!) !).-+,%)#!) %( -!'!) /)&. /" !, , %).! !, $)%..+/)&. !, ,!)4!,'6-&/,0! (%. !, -4%--! '%!#. #!)/ !% !, $'!) 5..%#/)#-(!)#! (2 %!,!) 4!,'6-&/,0!%-. *++!'.-*-.!%'1%! %!,!%- -.4/,0!

%! /,$-$)%..-&*-.!)&/,0! )%((. !) .3+%-$!) ;:"6, (%#!) !,'/" !%) %! ,!)4&*-.!)&/,0! "5''. 4/)5$-. !0*, -%! )-.!%#. /) %! /,$-$)%..-&*-.!)&/,0! %) !,!) %)%(/( %) -$)!% !. ) %' /)# '%!#. /" !, ,!%- -.4/,0! (%. 1%, -+5.!, - *)*+*' '!%$.!, (%. !( *'3+*' 0!,#'!%$!) &6))!) *.1!) %# %-. %!-! *-%.%*) )%$.

!(58 /)-!,!, '!%$#!1%$.-! %)#/)# /- '!%$/)# #%'. -- %( !1%))(2%(/( %! ,!)4!,'6-! #'!%$ !) ,!)4&*-.!) -%) !-$' !,(%..!') 1%, 4/)5$-. %) !) $)%..+/)&. 0*) ,!)4!,'6- /) ,!)4&*-.!)&/,0! !, /)- %! #!1%))(2%('! ,* /&.%*)-(!)#! !- *)*+*'%-.!) )4!%#. ( !) #!1%)) (2%('!) ,!%- 4/!-.%((!)1) !,)1%,0*) /--!)&,!$.

2%', 3&)2 &-6 :-5 -2 (-) 5)-6&6%7=859) )55)-',)2 -67 ()5 3852376',) 82/7 ()5 826 (-) +):-221%;-1%0) 5)-6)2+)2 31&-2%7-32 )-2)6 323430-67)2 =)-+7 )2%227 -67 (-)6)5 82/7 2%', ()1 *5%2=A6-6',)2 %7,)1%7-/)5 82( /0%66-6',)2 >/3231)2 273-2)8+867-2 385237 ()5 (-)6)2 $86%11)2,%2+

%8*+)()'/7 ,%7

-) +):-221%;-1%0) )2+) 1866 /0)-2)5 %06 (-) ,%0&) @77-+82+6 1)2+) 6)-2 )22 285 (%22 6-2( (-) 5)2=)575@+) 436-7-9 82( /A2 2)2 1-7 ()2 436-7-9)2 5)2=/367)2 -2 ?&)5)-267-1182+ +)&5%',7 :)5()2 67 (-) ,%0&) @77-+82+61)2+) )55)-',7 &)*-2()2 :-5 826 -1 575%+61%;-181-)7)2:-5)-2)-2,)-71),5%2:)5()2(-)5)2 =)575@+) 2)+%7-9 % (-) 5)-6)0%67-=-7@7 ()5 %',*5%+) -1 575%+6 1%;-181 +)2%8 &)- )-26 0-)+7 :-66)2 :-5 %8', (%66 ()5 32343 0-67 +)1@C ()5 1353633&-2632)0%7-32 -11)5 -1 45)-6)0%67- 6',)2)5)-',6)-2):-221%;-181*-2()2:-5( 8', -1 82/7 -67 (-) 237:)2(-+) )(-2+82+ )-2)6 ):-221%;- 1816 )5*B007 -) 5)2=)50A6) 6-2( +0)-', ()2 5)2=/367)2 00)5 (-2+6 -67 (-) =:)-7) &0)-782+ 436-7-9 (% -2 (-) 5)2=)50A6/859) 67)-0)5 9)50@8*7 %06 (-) 5)2=/367)2/859) 63 (%66 (-) 5)2=/367)2 /859) (-) 5)2=)50A6/859) 932 3&)2 6',2)-()7 2 0-)+7 )-2 ) :-221-2-181 &)=-),82+6:)-6) !)508671%;-181 935 "-5 9)5+0)-',)2 (-) 3234300A682+ 1-7 ()5 A682+ (-) :-5 &)+0)-',)5 367)26758/785 -1 30<430 )5=-)07 ,@77)2 )- 930067@2(-+)5 32/855)2= +-07 (%66 ()5 5)-6 +0)-', ()2 5)2=/367)2 -67 2 & &-0(82+ -67 (-)6 ()5 ',2-77482/7 ()5 5)2=/367)2/859) 1-7 ()5 5)-6&6%7=859) 2 (-)6)1 82/7 0-)+)2 (-) 27)52),1)5+) :-22) &)- 2800 :)-0 (-) 50A6) ()2 367)2 )27645)',)2 1 323 430 6-2( (-) 32681)27)2 6',0)',7)5 +)67)007 %06 -1 30<430 $81 )-2)2 -67 -1 323430 (%6 B7)5%2+)&37 /0)-2)5

##

$81%2()5)2-67-1323430()55)-6,A,)5

-) 3234300A682+ -67 %5)73-2)**-=-)27 -) +):-221%;-1%0) )2+) )-2)6 30<4306 -67 &)- 2-)(5-+)5)2 5)-6)2 +5AC)5 %06 (-).) 2-+) )-2)6 3234306 &)- ,A,)5)2 5)-6)2 6 +-&7 437)27-)00) %',*5%+)5 (-) &)5)-7 6-2( )-2)2 ,A,)5)2 5)-6 %06 (-) 5)2=/367)2 =8 =%,0)2 -)6) 437)27-)00) %',*5%+) /%22 .)(3', 2-',7 &)*5-)(-+7 :)5()2 :)-0 (%6 2+)&37 ()6 323430-67)2 /0)-2)5 %86*@007 %06 (%6 2+)&37 &)- 930067@2(-+)5 32/855)2= )5 323430-67 6)2/7 6)-

1)1 4)-5 1-',6 %7* (-) ?,) ()4 4)1<.256)1 9)-/ 821 52/', )-1)4 4)-55)1.71+ %//) 21570)16)1 342*-6-)4)1 71( (-) )9-11) ()5 21232/-56)1 +)5',0>/)46 9)4()1 )4 21232/-5-)471+5+4%( -56(-)4)/%6-8)-**)4)1<<9-5',)1()0

4)-5()1()421232/-565)6<671(()04)-5 ()19-4&)-()4 +)9-110%:-0%/)1 )1+) ()5 21232/-56)1 ,>66)1 9)11 (-) 32 /;32/-56-5',) )+)/ +>/6) (%55 ()4 4)-5 ()1 4)1<.256)1 )16 534-',6

)4 21232/-5-)471+5+4%( .%11 #)46) <9-5',)1 17// 71( )-15 %1 1),0)1 &)- 82//56>1(-+)4 21.744)1< /-)+6 )4 &)- 17// 9)-/ -1 (-) 5)0 %// .)-1) 21232/4)16)1 %&+)5',?3*6 9)4()1 % -0 )9-110%:-070 (-) 4)1<.256)1 +/)-', ()1 4)1<)4/?5)1 5-1( +-/6 1-',6 174 (%55 ()4 21232/-5-)471+5+4%( (-) 4)/%6-8) -* *)4)1< <9-5',)1 ()0 21232/34)-5 71( ()1 4)1<.256)1 ()4 +) 9-110%:-0%/)1 )1+) 0-556 521()41 %7', (-) 4)/%6-8) -**)4)1< <9-5',)1 ()0 21232/34)-5 71( ()1 4)1<)464>+)1 ()4 +)9-110% :-0%/)1 )1+)

)0>@ ()4 024252 2&-1521 )/%6-21 -1 /)-',71+ .?11)1 9-4(-)4)1<)4/?5))45)6<)1

)4 21232/-5-)471+5+4%( )16534-',6 ()0 )64%+ ()4 -18)45)1 4)-5)/%56-<-6>6 ()4 %',*4%+) -)5)1 $75%00)1,%1+ 1)11)1 9-4 %7', )41)41(): &)1%116 1%', ()0 "!=.2120)1 &&% 6%',;% )41)4 )- 82//56>1(-+)4 21.744)1< 564)&6 (-) 4)-5

$*+!0!+1+ ) ) & ,&&$! *' ** ) '&'('$!*! ),&*)&&,$$*+)+&!*% $$!$+%13)%')'*' '!&*'&$+!'& ** ) )!* $! & )&0#'*+& !*+

4.4 Wohlfahrtsverluste & !$,& !&+!!0!)& .!) ! ,) !& '&'('$ -),) * +& ' $ )+*-)$,*+

!) -)$! & ! '&#,))&0$2*,& !& %!+ ) '&'('$$2*,& !& ! ' $ )+*-)$,*+ %**& .!) & & ) )1&),&& ) '&*,%&+& ,& )',0&+&)&+ !) & %& .!+) !& & ** ! '*+&*+),#+,) !% '$/('$ ! $! *! .! !"&! !% '&'('$ !) $&& & $$ ,* ** !% '&'('$ ! )&0 #'*+& !*(!$*.!* , ),& -'& /&)!#+& !& ) ') * ,& &+.!#$,& ') )',#+!'& )!&) *!& #2&&+& $* !% '$/('$ ,% *! ), !&.!*& ** ! !& !$,& +)& )&0)$2*#,)- !&* '&'('$!*+& ) )!**+0) !*+ &)* -)$1,+ $* ! )&0)$2*#,)- !&* '$/('$!*+& ) )!*& %) !*+

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

4.5 Natürliches Monopol

-()$. +%"!(,')()"' %"')(+'"*() ' %$% &%""0(*$ #) *)" ,'*# #'!),')()" %'$)') %"!(,')()$ %$%&%" '*$(/)." .* +'$'$ (*$ ""'$( ) ( * %$()"")%$$ $ $$ ( $ )) ,'("0(*$ "$'() $) *'().$ !$$ ( ()) 0"!) $)1'"' %$%&%"

$ $)1'"( %$%&%" () *' !$$.$) (( ( '%*!)%$(!%()$ *' (' % -!%()$ *$ $' '$. !%()$ *(.$$ ( ()) *)+)/) ' %()$ $' ().#$ "$ %()$ $( $)'( 4*$)'"3 +" ")$( 4(*3 ' %()$ ( *( ' 4)%$3 ' %()$ $)' '$ ,$$ (" $ +%$ #' "( $# $)'$#' $%)$ ,' "" $ )' #1(($ %$ -!%()$ )'$ !0$$$ ' $) $&'%*.'$1'#%')('*$'%()$'%''" () ' ().'$ $ ($ %()$ 0' "( '"0(

' !0$$$ $ '% !) $!$ #) %$ %()$ 1' $' ()'*!)*' +'*$$ ($ *# (&" () #' ')()" "*$ +%$ $$$).$ *' #'' $)'$#' $$.""

(#". .,!, -"& 1#, # )()*)&-#./.#)( %3*.#,. ( #&/(! -"( 1#, -- # &(! ,#-.#!( /,"-"(#..-%)- .( # $, -.3,( (! -#(%( -) -- # &(! ,#-.#! /,"-"(#..-%)-.(%/,0 '#. #",' &&(( -. # ,#--.3 /,0-"(#.#-#-.#("#(,#"( #(!/(! 6,#((.6, &#"- )()*)& ' /(%. "( 1#, # !1#(('2#'& )()*)&&5-/(! # 0)&%-1#,.-" .&#" /(..,%.#0 #-. #( !,#(! (! 3/ #(' ")"( ,#- (!).( 1#, /(%. ,*,4-(.#,. # )(%/,,(3&5-/(! '#. ' #3#(.( /.*/. 1#& , ,#- !&#" ( &(! ,#-.#!( ,(3%)-.( #-. &&,#(!- #-. , ,#- (#,# !, &- # &(! ,#-.#!( /,"-"(#..-%)-.( -) -- #( (., ("'/(!/ /,,&/-.,3#&. ' /(%. ,,#"( 1#, )-.(%/(! , ,#- !(/-) ")" #-. 1# # &(! ,#-.#!( /,"-"(#..-%)-.( , ,)/%.# )(-'(! , /.*/. #-. &&,#(!- (#". #3#(. , ,#"5", #-. &- # ,(3%)-.( 0)( -) -- 3/-4.3&#" ,)/%.# )(-#("#.( *,) #.& 14,( -#".#!. , .. ( %)-.( %(( ,#- -.3/&!( -.". , 31# ,)&'( !!(6, /'#((#-.- 6,(..-"1#,#!1(((#".!,/('5!&#" # /,"-"(#..-%)-.( 4+/. 3/ -"4.3( /' (,( -.3. #( %)-.(%(,,#-%#((,#3 6,(.,("'/(!(#",)- .(3/-(%( #(,-.#!,/(!0)(#3(3( 6,#/.3/(!, ( ,-.,/%./, %5((. "#& -" (

4.6 Preisdifferenzierung ,#-# ,(3#,/(! #-. #( )&#.#% # /," - .3( /(., -"#&#", ,#- - -"5* ( , )(-/'(.(,(. 3/!/(- .(,/-1#./(!,,)/3(.(,(.3/'#&". #0)&&-.4( #!, )(%/,,(3 ". , (.,("', &- ,#-("', (#". # 5!&#"%#. /(.,-"#&#" ,#- 3/ -.3( /' ( /(.,-"# &#"( ',!#(&( "&/(!-,#.-" .( , ,,/", " (/(! 3/ .,!( / /(0)&&%)''(( 4,%.( 1# )()*)&( %5((( (.,("', $)" ,#--.3, -#( /( 0,-/"( #", ,#- 3/'#(-. #((,"& #(- -.#''.( "'(- (3/*--(

&#% &)$%))!*!)%0!),%,%+)* !%.!)

!% +/'!* &)$ (,%+!++!-) )!*!)%0!),% !*+ ) % %)++ )&4 1%#) ) #+% ! % $ -&% !%*+$%% !%% )!*% #** ) #!% 1%#)% %! + 0,*+ +

)% % ,%+)* !#! % )+% ,%+)* !#! )!* 3) * #! )&,"+ %&$$% *') % .!) -&% #&"#) )!*!)% 0!),% !% -)'"+* !%,*+)!## )0,+* !* $ +!# !*+ !% ) #$+)%+,))#*!%!%$,')$)"+!%)%%%*++

)!!)% ! )!* 3) * #! )&,"+ -&% !+ 0, !+ #!+ !% +$'&)# )!*!)%0!),% -&) $ '1+ )*+ !*+ !% "! ,*)3*+,% !% ) # +,)) #* !$ )3 #!% .%% ! !% +)*'&)+*!*&% ! )$ % %+% +

)% $ *#% )+ 0,) *#% !+ !$ , #! ) %% ,%+)* !#! )!* 3) ,%+)* !#! )*&%% %&$$% *') % .!) -&% ')*&%#) )!*!)%0!),% & 0 #% 0,$ !*'!# !%) +,%+% ,% %+%) 3) % *, ')!-+) .!$$1) .%!) #* %) )*&%%),''% .!# *! $!* +%* 3) )!% !%%0!## !++# -)3% ,% $!+ ! ) $)! %#% #,%*)!+* +% %! + * ) & *!% % .!*% ),*+1+!). *%!%)#!% 2 )&%*,$%+%)%+ , ! ,) ! ')*&%# )!*!)%0!),% 0,$ !# * 2'+ .)% *&##

5. Monopolistische Konkurrenz 5.1 Einführung #%$%&%"()( %$!*''$. () $ '!)%'# $ *$('# '!)%'#$(# $) '1!()) ,' $$% $ ,) +'')) '!)%'# '()"") ,() ., $)($ '!#" * '$ * $ '()$ "! ,'(&'1" !"$ $$ #$ ')')$ '()$( () #%$%&%"()( %$!*''$. *' $ )%#()( $%)(*$'()'*!)*''!)'('),,'(+%$' +%""()/$$ %$!*''$. !$$$ ( ) +" $)' *$ +" ''

,)$(($1)'$%)$.*$(,($') ,'$ $) , # %"-&%" %#%$ (%$'$ )'%$ ($ $) " (%$'$ /$" *$ ''$ $ )"((% (( ' )),' *$+%""()/$ () )'%$)/) ' 1)' '*.') '$(&'$. ( '(,)),'( /$" 1)' (,'' .* +'"$ ($ "( " 1)' (" !0$$$ $)'$#' $ $' ( '$ $ $ $( %$% &%"()$ '$$')

# "" ' #%$%&%"()($ '!%$!*''$. ($ '' '(,""' $)' '($#' ( ") $ (-##)'( $%'#)%$(+')"*$ .**$()$ ' '' +%' ( +'1$ 1' +%""()/$ $%'#)%$ $) $*' 1' ' (%$'$ * 1' $%)(() ,/'$ $)' $*' *$+%""()/$ $%'#') ($ '' $ 0"!) *' ' (*$(&%")(( $()'*#$)'*# $ $$ )),' .* )')$ ' $) &'(" %'$)') ()

# "" ' #%$%&%"()($ $%)(!%$!*''$. ($ $ )' '(().' '' '($#' ( ") $ (-##) '( $%'#)%$(+')"*$ .**$()$ ' $)' +%' ( +'1$ 1' +%""()/$ $%'#)%$ $) $*' 1' $ %)((%$'$*1''(),%$'' *$+%""()/$ $%'#') ($ $)' $ 0"!) *' ' ().&%")(( $()'*#$)'*# $ $$ )),' .* )')$ ' $) &'(" %'$)') () #%$%&%"()( $ %)(!%$!*''$. $$$$ ,' !*'. #%$%&%"()( %$!*''$.

,/'$ #%$%&%"()( '!%$!*''$. ##' "( (%" .*.$$()

$(%,,'*$('$)'(**$1'(%$%&%"*($ %)(#%$%&%" ('/$!) $ +'.)$ ,' # %"$$ * $/' *(1'*$$ .*' #%$%&%"()($ '!%$!*''$. *$ !%$.$)''$ *$( * #%$%&%"()( $%)(!%$!*' '$. *$/() '#))"$ ,' ( !*'.'() $("2$ ( "$ '() ",) "2" $ ,' * 1' #%$% &%"()( $%)(!%$!*''$. )-&( '%*!)'$.'*$ $

5.2 Kurzfristiges Gleichgewicht

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

$)'$#' +'(*$ ( # '(,)),' *' .* $) .$ (( ( ' !)+)/)$ * $$ $) &'(" %'$)' )$ )),' +'"'$ "*$ ()"") '!)%'# ' #%$%&%"()($ %$!*' '$.'

'"0(!*'+ ,() $ $ ($))$ ( $ &%()+ ) *$ * ( 1) '() ")*$ ' '"0(!*'+ () &%()+ # $ ( '))$ ($))( '') ( $ '$ &"($!) $ $ $ ($))$ *$ *# ("1" $ $ ($))$(,'.*()$ *$$$&%"-&% "()($ '$(%,*$)'()()*$ ' '"0(!*'+ # '()$ #$) () '"0(!*'+ ()"' "( # ($)) $$ #/1 ' '( ().*'+ () ' '( $ ' $)'$#' %''$ !$$ $ 0' "( $ (%(($* '"0(&'% $)0'($"($

'$.'"0(!*'+ ,() $ $ &%"-&%"()($ '$ (%, ,"( $ )*$ +%$ $*"" * '( *$ )'("' $$$)$ $ $ ,"$ ($))$

# ) % +% !- # % (%0(#2) $ ( ) %*)'(% $3))%%% ( % )1##* (%0(#2)"+(,- # ( ) $ * 0+%$%( % ) %"% % % )% **% +% ) +( % (#* , ( % ( )#)* 0 *1* ( ( +)0 %% ) % (%0(#2) )&( %* , - # ( $ )*0,(#+)* + (+% ) %* ,% ( )"*) % * +( % ( %% '&) * ,% %%"* ( +( 0+)1*0# ( %*)** +)# % - ( ()* $ * ( )* %% ( )#)* 0 *1* (( )% **-)% (%0(#2)- (- # ( )%#1))%+%3( $$($(0+)1*0# ()&(%% )% ** ) % (%0(#2) %& %* , 0+ %% ,&% )% ** #%% ) !& - ( % % '&) * ,% ( $ '&#/'&# )* )% )% ** ) % (%0(#2) "&%)*%* - # ) ( ) $ * 0+%$%( )*0$% + (+% ( .*($&%( )#)* 0 *1*((% *$(1%(%

(%0"&)*%"+(, 1##* $ ()*% ( - # (%0"&)*% + (+% ) ) %"%% ."&)*%%* #) %$% * %&* -% (- ) ( % #+% %$% (%0"&)*% )% ** 0+ - # )' #)- ) ,( #% &)*% )* % +% % "* ( ) %"%% +()% **# % ."&)*% 3( "&$'%) (% (%0"&)*% '( % * &%$ % * %* , -( % "2%%% -% ) ) $$( $ '&) * ,% ( ) & &( %*%)/)*$)

( ) )*0+(, 0 * -# $("*(1+$%% ( ) %*(%$( % 1% " * ,&% (% -1#*% )*0$%% )*#% "2%%% % % % 1+4(% '&#/'&# )* )% ( % )&- # * ( ) )*0+(, (!% % ,&##)*1% ( &%"+((%0 ,(#1+* + (+% ( ,&##"&$$% '( )#)* )% ( '(### 0+( )0 )) $ $ **#(% $& %&'&# )* )% ( )* ( )#)* 0 *1* ( ( ( %( )& )) ( ) )*0+(, % * $( &( 0&%*# )* )&%(% 1##* )( (#+ )&## ,(+*# % )) ) $&%& '&# )* )( &%"+((%0 %% $&%&'&# )* )% ( * % -#$ $ ( )-**-( %+( % +%*(&(%* +*+% 0+"&$$* % ( ) !& )&%() & &( )&%() % ( *(*% % *'( )# % (1(%0% % % %*((+% ***))% ( (% &%)+$%*% + ( )1%(+%% %$ ) )( &% ( )% 0 +%)- ) )( % ( % ( )%0+-%(%

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

$#(,&2,& %:/ $(, $4(,,+ 5(+2+ # 00 #($ 74$(1$ !*$(12,& #$/ $4(,,&*$("'2,& )*$(,$/ *0 ,2** (01

/ 20%-*&1# 00(+$4(,,+ 5(+2+#($1$(&2,&#$//$,7$/*90 )2/3$)*$(,$/0$(,+200 *0#($#$//$,7)-01$,)2/3$

($0 !$#$21$1 # 00 #($ /$,7)-01$,)2/3$ #($ /$,7$/*90)2/3$ 3-, 2,1$, 0"',$(#$, +200 , 74$( #$/ 3($/ &$, ,,1$, 2,)1$ 0"',$(#$1 #($ /$,7)-01$,)2/3$ #($ /$,7$/*90)2/3$ !$/ 3-, -!$, $( #$, /-#2)1(-,0+$,&$, 2,# *($&$, /$* 1(3$ $4(,,+(,(+ 3-/ # (, !$7($'2,&04$(0$ (, #($ 1$(&2,& #$/ /$,7)-01$,)2/3$ )*$(,$/ (01 *0 #($ #$/ /$,7$/*90)2/3$ , #$, 2,)1$, 2,# 0"',$(#$1 #($ /$,7)-01$,)2/3$ #($ /$,7$/*90)2/3$ 3-, 2,1$, # 0 '$(;1#($1$(&2,&#$//$,7)-01$,)2/3$(01&/9;$/ *0#($#$//$, 7$/*90)2/3$ -+(1 *($&$, (, #$, !$(#$, )-//$0.-,#($/$,#$, 2,)

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

5.3 Langfristiges Gleichgewicht ' &(! +#,-#!( &#"!0#"- #,- 3. +6%,#"-#!( ,, # ),-( /+#& .( + +%- 6+ *)-(-#&& #-0++ ) ( #,- )&(! 0#(( +3#&- 0+( -+-( (. (#-+ . ( +%- ,) ,, + +%-(-#& #(, #(3&(( (#-+, ,#(%- ,"& /+,"#- ,#" #( #&.(! # +#,,-3.+/ (" &#(%, # +,"#.(! #,- %#( *+&&& ,)(+( #( *+)3(-.& + +%- .' #(( ,-#''-( +)3(-,-3 ,#(%- ,"& '6,,( # -+%(/+"4&-(#,, ,)0# !&#" ,#( #+ /+,"#( # +#,,-3.+/ #( )'#(-#)( '##(+ +".(! ,)&(! (" &#(%, #, # (. +#,,-3.+/ # .+/ + &(! +#,-#!( .+","(#--,%),-( #' .(%- -(!#+- ( +"&-( 0#+ , &(! +#,-#! &#"!0#"- + ')()*)&#,-#,"( )(%.++(3 #& # +&5, .+" # ),-( /)&&,-4(#!. !3"+-0+( "&(#(+#3 6+0#-+(-+ ("'.(!('+%-%-#/3.0+(

$)'" +%$ '" $ $)'$#*$$ '"*() $ (# "" ' %()$ 0' ( $ "( ' '"0( %'" +%$

', ')()$ ( , $$ (% (( , )' %$!*''$)$ * $ '!) ()'0#$ )%# () (' $%)( *$ '()'*!)*' " $ , $$ $*"" , " $*' $ (# "" ! $ , )'$ $ )' * # '!) !) + ,'$ '%). ( *(" $( +%$ , $$$ () $ *$)'$#' ( /) ! ) ))'!) + .* $ %()$ * !"!*")%' ($ !)%'$)") '$) ,' $, .*# (& "'!"!*")%' ($)'$#'"%$%' $!& )"+'. $(*$ *# '" ., ($ ' #%$%&%" () ($ *$ ' &%"-&%" () ($ %$!*''$. )'$ , ' 1' $ "" +%""()/$ ' %$!*''$. ' ( ().*'+ ( +'"/*) ,') ' ("() . )/) ' ' # %"-&%" $ *$$" ()') ' *$!) '&'/($) ') %&) #" ' ($$%# $) %$ $ ' +%""()/$ $ %$!*''$. # '" .*' %&) #"$ ' ( $$%# $) %$ $ ' #%$%&%" () ($ %$!*''$. ( $

60--349/%*(&2 0/,522&/8 %*& (&)"/%&-4&/ &/(&/ (2:<&2 5/% %*& 2&*3& /*&%2*(&2

/ 5/3&2&. &*31*&- 120%58*&2&/ %*& /4&2/&).&2 */ %&2 60--349/%* (&/ 0/,522&/8 *. &42*ெ*.5. */ %&. %*& -"/('2*34*(&/ 52$)3$)/*443,034&/ .*/*."- 3*/% &2 024&*- %&2 .0/010-*34*3$)&/ 0/,522&/8 -*&(4 */ %&2 20%5,4 6*&-'"-4 %" %*& 0-*4*, %&2 20%5,4%*''&2&/8*&25/( /*$)4 &*/)&*4-*$)& 30/%&2/ 5/4&23$)*&%-*$)& ;4&2 )&2602#2*/(4 *&3& 0-*4*, 7*2% *. 0-(&/%&/ 602(&34&--4

5.4 Produktdifferenzierung *& 0-*4*, %&2 20%5,4%*''&2&/8*&25/(*34 %"2"5' "53(&2*$)4&4 (& 2*/(& /4&23$)*&%& 9)/-*$)&2 20%5,4& "-3 3*(/*'*,"/4 )&2"53 85 342&*$)&/ 5/% %&/ &2#2"5$)&2/ 85 35((&2*&2&/ %"33 +&%&3 %*''&2&/ 8*&24& 20%5,4 &*/8*("24*( 5/% /*$)4 %52$) "/%&2& 9)/-*$)& 20%5,4& 8535#34*45*&2&/*345'25/%%&2602(&#-*$)&/."/(&-/%&/5#34* 45*&2#"2,&*4 *34 %*& 2&*3&-"34*8*494 %&2 "$)'2"(& (&2*/(&2 7*& 7*2 #&2&*43 */ %&2 "53)"-434)&02*& (&-&2/4 )"#&/ *& &2'0-(2&*$) &*/& 0-*4*, %&2 20%5,4%*''&2&/8*&25/( *34 -9334 3*$) #&*31*&-37&*3& %"2"/ &2,&//&/ %"33 &*/ 2&1293&/4"4*6&2 %&54 3$)&2 "53)"-4 .*/%&34&/3 &*/& 5/%&243$)"'4 "/ 2*/,(&'9<&/ #& 2&*4)9-4 *2 ,&//&/ 85. &*31*&- "!!"!! ! !!!! "!! (! "(! (! (! ' (! " (! *(!

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

6. Oligopol 6.1 Einführung

7, # )&#!)*)&#-.#-" ,%. ),' #-. -.,.!#-"- ,"&.( , ,%..#&("', ",%.,#-.#-" %.#)(( #(3&(, "( /," 4,.,!/(!- /( 7%1#,%/(!- %. /-1#,%/(!( / ( ! -'.( ,%. (&( -#( -.,. # '6!&#"( ,"&.(- 1#-( , (,( ,%.%./, 3/ (.#3#*#,( /( #( (-.,/'( .,#/' (!'--(, %.#)(-'/-., ,#. 3/ "&.( # !(% &#" ),1!("' - ,"&.(- , )(%/,,(.( #-. #' )&2*)& (#". ,!##! 1#& #( #(3&(, %./, (/, #(( 0,-"1#(( !,#(!( #( &/-- / ( ,%. /-7. /( #' )()*)& (#". (). 1(#!1#&-%#()(%/,,(3!#. ' )&!(( /(.,-"#( 1#, ,# ),'( -.,.!#-"( ,"& .(- ,-.(- -#'/&.( (.,%.#)(( # (( # %./, #", (.-"#/(!( !&#"3#.#! ., ( )"( # (.-"#/(! - $ 1#&- (,( 3/ %((( 31#.(- -+/(.#&& (.,%.#)(( # (( # ,%..#&("', #", (.-"#/(!( ("#((, ., ( /( / # (.-"#/(! #",- $1#&#!( !(7,- ,!#,( %6((( ,#..(- ,.&& # (( # (&(( !'#(-'

-*,"( ., (

6.2 Isogewinnkurven und Reaktionskurven ' # ,%. ),' - &#!)*)&- 3/ /(.,-/"( !"( 1#, 0)' #( "-.( && #(- &#!)*)&- /- 0)( #(' /)*)& #( ' (/,31#(.,("', /( !#. # #(, #&3"& 0)( " ,!,( !!(7, -."( /(5"-. .,".( 1#, 7, # (.,("', && (%,( 1#((-#./.#)(( 5'.&#" )'#(.#)(( '6!&#", ,%/ - '(!( #, (.,("', # 3/' !&#"( 1#(( #(- (., ("',- 7",( &#!( / --( -)!1#((%/,0 6!&#" -) !1#((%/,0( -#( #( #&/(! ,!-.&&.

! )&-!%%"+(, !%) %*(% $() !)* ( &$*(!) (* ##( &$!%*!&%% ,&% 2*($%% !)) %*(% $() +% )!%) &%"+((%*% ! %% ( -!%% ) !%% %*(% $() #! & !)* *( *%-!(/+%0 )*%*(% $(/-!))%2*(%&*+ ( (!%* $))% -!( % 1 )*% -!%% (/!#* ( -%% ( #) &%&'&#!)* !(* -%% #)& ! "&%"+((!(% %*(% $+% !%) (% 2*(%&* + ( )/!)) $))% -!( 2( +'* %! *) '(&+/!(* $03 ( $&(&)&&!%)&%# *!&% '(&+/!(* ( #) &%&'&#!)* !(% #!&'&#!)* %+ ! # 0**!+%)$% !% -!%%$.!$#( +%"* !)* ) !#*

)&-!%%"+(,% ! -!*( ( *) #!% +*% 2( %*(% $( /-! !%% (!%(% -!%% % !)$ ## !** %0$#! + %*(% $( !%) )!% 2*( $ ("* % +% $ * $

1/",' ',*'!&* ++' *$,',"% +,*"," ", 1-'!&' & ' (, + ('$-**',' +," , ,*"+ )*"-+ " *$, &' /+"''2&)''*"+$,'!+"!,1"!, ',/* /"* ',*'!&* 1/" /'" * ' %+ "' +"'& ),"&-& '",' /+ -*! " +!'",, +"'* +( /"''$-*.' *)*2 +',"*, /"* " -',*!% +"'+ /"''&0"&%' 4,*' (,+ -'&",-',*!%*,*$%" '**/"*&!* ' 1-"'& *"' *'*"+'",'/+-*!"+!'",, +"'* +( /"''$-*.' *)*2+',"*, /"* " (*!% +"'* /"''&0"&%'' -'&",(*!%*"'"%" '

4* " +( /"''$-*.' .(' ',*'!&* "'+ *(% , " *$%2 *-' '%( "' /"''&0"&-& %" , "& -'$, "' & +"' ('$-**', ',*'!&* 1/" 4*!-), '"!,+ '",, ',* '!&* "'+ %+( "' &('()(%"+,"+! (+","(' "''!, + "%,

+( /"''$-*.' " /",* (' %" ' -,' 4* ',*'!&* "'+ "'' *"' *' /"'' ' "+& %% ",, '2&%"! -! ',*'!&* 1/" +"' 4,* & *$, ' ',/* /"* ',* '!&* "'+ /'" * ' '",' /+ -*! " +!'",, +" '* +( /"''$-*.' *)*2+',"*, /"* " %"'$+ .(' +"'& /"''&0"&%' 4,*' (, -' &", %"'$+ .(' * " '" %" ' * * /"* &!* ' 1- "'& *"' *' *"+ '",' /+ -*! " +!'",, +"'* +( /"''$-*.' *)*2 +',"*, /"* " *!,+ .(' +"'* /"''&0"&%' ' -' &",*!,+.('*"'"%" ' "'+( /"''$-*.1" ,-'+++*/"''"'+',*'!&*+ *-'+2,1%"! " 1/" -',*+!"%"! !(!' *(-$,"('+&' ' %"! +"' $'' ", 1-'!&'* *(-$,"(' +," , + *$,' (, +( ++ * *"+ -' * -*!+!'",,%"! /"'' +"'$' ", '!&'* *(-$,"(' +"'$, + *$,' (, +( ++ * *"+ -' * -*!+!'",,%"! /"'' +," ' %"!' +"! * ' ' -' * *"+$, -+ %"' " /"'' -' .*2'*, !& /"* -'+ &", ' &3 %"!' /"''+",-,"('' * ',* '!&*.*,*-, &!,!'/''/"*-'+"!*&+,*, "+!' *!%,' 1- '' $"'* * "' ',*'!&* 1-& ',+!" -' +1",)-'$, .(%%+,2'" '(*&,"(' 4* + *!%,' +"'+ ('$-**',' !, &-++ #* .*+-!' " &3 %"!' *!%

("'+'"'"&",)"(,$&")!&)-%)(&&" ,) .""" #$(! " (#"'!. (" +&" & $' )& (#"')&*" '&"

(#"')&* "' "(&"!&' '( & #!(&' &( & #!"(#"" *#" /(&!"" " "(&"!& " -"( *#" & "#("" " '"' #")&&"(" " ((

' )&* ,( !( + ! "#( & "(&"!& ) """(')" '"' #")&&"(" &&( (&(" +& (#"')&* ' "(&"!&' ,+ " )" " (&"!& ,+ ) "(')"" ' "(&"!&' "' & ' ! #&"" "( ""( *&- ( & ' '(&( ' )" '$ ( . (" )& "(&"!& "' #" '(" "(&"!& "' &)"'-(, '-!( " ""(" +- " "" ) & ','' !''" +& " .""" +& " " & '& """(" "

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

)'*# !,(%..!') 1%, %) %' /)# %! !&.%*)-&/,0! !- ) .!,)!$(!,- !%)-

%*(%$( %) + %*) +%%,&%%*(%$( /- %*(%$( /- (+%)0*/# )0$*# %% % *% -0#% "%% + ( ( %* $))% -(% "1%%% - ( %"# % !( )( %% % *% % &( /&%*# *(% -# % )* $$* % ) %*(%$() /- )*#* +% ## 1# " *% +/ * $ * -#% %% % *(%$( %) ( (% "%% )( - ( %*#% ( ( *% % +%"* -0#% ( 2( % - %%$. $# )* ) )* )' #)- ) ( +%"* ( % )&- %%"+(, *% (* % - ( %"# % (* "# ,&% )$ +%"* /+( )/ )) "% %% - ( - %%$. $# %&*)$% ) %*(%$() %) 2( % ## )) %*(%$( /- % % ** %% - ( )) ((% + )0$*# $1# % %&*) $%% ) %*(%$() /- % (#*% - ( +%%# , # %%* #'+%"* ,&% )&- %%"+(,% ) %*(%$() %) +% (*% (%()'(+%+(( %*%$%( % % - ( )0$*# (2(+%)'+%"* %*- "#% - ( "* &%)

+415% $%2 .3%1.%(-%12 %).2 )% %!+3)/.2+415% $%2 %123%. .3%1 .%(-%12 "%')..3 ). 2%).%- %6)..-!7)-4- ). !4& $%1 "28)22% 4.$%.$%3).$%1933)'4.'2-%.'%$%286%)3%..3%1.%(-%12!4&$%1 1$).!3%

6.3 Simultane Mengenfestsetzung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

""),$4.' 8%)'3 $)% :24.' &;1 $%. !,, $%1 2)-4,3!.%. %. '%.&%232%384.' $)% !4#( /41./3,%)#('%6)#(3 '%.!..3 6)1$

#(&#"& !''# #(')# &' $# )&&#(# )# "((!& # & #(')# #!/# '$ '' ## !$ &(")' )'(!!# & '-"(! ($## ) %$(#(!!#

#(')## ' (+&&' #,( #(&#"& ,+ &(( ' ) '# +!' $%("! ($# ) ## #(')# ' #(&#"&' #' *$& &%' +-!( & ## )# ( ) '#& ($#' )&* #&#!!' *&-!( & ' ')$% ("! #!$ !( &)"#(($# .& #(&#"& #' & # -# ( *$# & ###(')# ' #(&#"&' ,+ #!!' # ! (&( &%' ) '#& ($#' )&* !( ' !! '# $%("!# ($## &%&-'#(&( !( .& #(&#"& '' ' +!' ## )# ( ) && ( $#' )&* %&-&&# '( ' !+( '")!(#& ##'( '(,)# &'( ## &&( +## #(&#"& ,+ # )# #(&#"& #' # +-!( ## $$&#(# '& # ## !# #) # " #((%)# ( & ($#' )&*# # !!# #&# -!!# '(!!( ' ,)"#'( #&

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

6.4 Simultane Preisfestsetzung ( '' -$(/'.) , , $-! -.- .3/)" -.$(( ) $ ). ,) #( , $#, , $- *#) -- -$ 1$-- ) 1$ $ *)&/,, )3 , "$ ,. $ )" ) $ -$ 3/ $#, ) % 1 $'- ! -." ' ". ) , $- ) - .3 ) &5) ) ) 1 , ) 0*( ,&. -.$((. 31, $) '$"*+*' 0*,'$ ".

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

6.5 Mengenführerschaft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

*&"/"/ !"./+ 2"*&$"- &"/"/ !"- "*$"*#+($"- * &" "'/&+*. #0*'/&+* !". "*$"*#+($"-. (0/"/

"- "*$"*#+($"- 26%(/ ."&*" *$"+/.)"*$" "*/(*$ ."&*""'/&+*.'0-1" !&" &%) !&" $"2&**)3&)(" ./4)"*$" &* %6*$&$'"&/ 1+* !"- *$"+/"*"* "*$" !". "*$"*#8%-"-. 4"&$/ "- "*$"*#8%-"- )0.. .& % &* !&" $" !". "*$"*#+($"-. 1"-."/4"*0*!8"-("$"*2"( %""*$"#8-&%*(."*$"*#8%-"-!&" +,/&)(" &./ 2"** "- !1+* 0.$"%/ !.. !"- "*$"*#+($"- *0+)&*/&+*"* 0# ."&*"- "'/&+*.'0-1" 26%(/ -,%&. % "*/ . %"&!"/.& %!"-"*$"*#8%-"-#8-!&""*$""&2"( %"-!&""' /&+*.'0-1" !". "*$"*#+($"-. !&" %7 %./)7$(& %" .+$"2&**'0-1" !". "*$"*#8%-"-. /*$&"-/ 2&" !&". &) 0*'/ !"- (( &./ 0) "!"*'"* * !"* !"0/. %"* 5'+*+)"* "&*-& % -"&%"-- 1+* / '"("-$ *"**"* 2&- !&" +,/&)(" "*$"*'+)&* /&+* "& "*$"*#8%-"-. %#/ 1+*/ '"("-$("& %$"2& %/

$% %# #*( -##& %# # $ "$$# % $ '! %# (% & & %

#& %%! #!% ! %# # *( % $

-## *&# % $ $$ %# # $ $ ! # & '!# $ -##$ !"% ## & $ & % & $ # %! $&#' (+ (# -##+%&*&& %# , %! $ !#$ *& "#!'!*# -# %# # *( ( ) $% $ %$% $ #

-## #"$ -# %"& % # %! $ &#' $ !#$ % # ,$%, $!( &#' $ -##$

6.6 Preisführerschaft $ ##(( )2(()** %((# &'&# )*% %+ *% ("*)*##+% %% ) $ (#+* %% ( ) )*0+)* 0% % % ) ( %( +&'&# )* %0+'))% * %% $ %&*&$&%( 2*("%%)%+( %%("*'( )%- # %(%##) %+( ( 2%)* ( % *( + $ ("* 0+$ + "&$$* %*(%$( %) ) ( ( )2(( %*(%$( 0- ( ( ) &#( ( ( )2(( %) %#/) (* 0+%1)* ) ,&(+)) *# (#*%) %)&%"+((%*%+$(+++% 2( %&' * $# ( )%%&$ %* &% 0+ ($ **#% 2( %*(%$( 0- )*(( ) % *+$(-1#*- %(,&##)*1% %&% "+((%0 ) % - %%$. $# %&*)$% )& )) ( ( ) ) %% (%0"&)*% %*)'( * &$ * )* $$* ( 2( !% %" (% ( ) ) % '#%* %&*)$% )% +)$$%% )' #* % #+% %&*)"+(, ) ) %*(%$() 0- - (

&" .(0+ %#.$" (++ !1. % !&" +$",0/*"+$"+ "&!". +0". +"%*". "#.&"!&$0 3".!"+ %". ".$&0 /& % !&" "/&!1)+ %#.$" #9. !"+ ."&/#9%.". "& 1+0"./ %&"!)& %"+ ."&/"+ 1/ !". '"3"&)&$"+ &##"."+6!".$"/*0"+.(0+ %#.$"1+!!"/"&)/!"..(0+ % #.$"!".!1. %!/ +$",0!"/."&/#,)$"./"#.&"!&$03&.!+!"* 1+(0 &+ !"* !&" "/&!1)+ %#.$"(1.2" &+ &)!1+$ &* /") "+1+(03&"!&".(0+ %#.$"(1.2"1#!&" /6&//"0.&##0&"0"0 !". ."&/#,)$". 63"& 9".%1-0 ("&+" 90". + "/%) &/0 !&" .(0+ %#.$" &!"+0&/ % *&0 !". "/&!1)+ %#.$" #9. !"+ ."&/ #9%.". "&+/ + !"* )) &+ !"* !&" "/&!1)+ %#.$"(1.2" 1# !&" .!&+0" 0.&##0 2".0"&)0 /& % !&" .(0+ %#.$" 1// %)&":)& % 1# 90"."&+%"&0"+ !"/ +0".+"%*"./ 63"& ,*&0 &/0 !&" "/0+ %#.$" #9.+0".+"%*"."&+/+1)) !&" #9. !"+ ."&/#9%.". .")"2+0" "/&!1)+ %#.$"(1.2" )&+". 2".)71#0 )&"$0 !&" ."&/")/0&6&070 !". %#.$" &+ !". &00" !&"/". 1.2" 1+! &+ !". &00" !"/ "+0/-." %"+!"+ /6&//"+/ %+&00/ "& "&+/ ,)+$" !&" ."&/")/0&6&070 !". %#.$" 3&" &* )&+("+ " ."& % !". "/&!1)+ %#.$"(1.2" $.8:". )/ "&+/ &/0 #9%."+ ."&/ /"+(1+$"+ 61 .)8//0"&$".1+$"+ ,)! !&" ."&/")/0&6&070 ()"&+". )/ "&+/ &/0 / %)$"+ /& % ."&//"+(1+$"+ &+ /&+("+!"+ .)8/"+ +&"!". %". 0.&##0 !&" ."+6".)8/(1.2" !"/ ."&/#9%."./ $"+1 &* )) !". ."&/")/0&6&070 2,+ "&+/ 1# !&" /6&//" &" ."+6".)8/ (1.2" !"/ +0".+"%*"./ "&+/ &/0 !,--")0 /, /0"&) 3&" !&" "/&!1) + %#.$"(1.2" +0".+"%*". 63"& #9. !"+ !". ."&/ "&+ 01* &/0 "/0&**0 /"&+" $"3&++*4&*)" "+$" 3&" "&+ ,)5-,)&/0 + /"&+"* "3&++* 4&*1* &/0 !". ."&/ $)"& % !"+ ."+6(,/0"+ +0".+"%*". "&+/ !". ."&//"06". &/0 ".*&00")0 /"&+" $"3&++*4&*)" "+$" 3&" "&+ , +,-,)&/0 + /"&+"* "3&++*4&*1* /&+! !&" ."+6".)8/" $)"& % !"+ ."+6(,/0"+ *1+(0 / %+"&!"+/& %!&"."+6".)8/1+!!&"."+6(,/0"+(1.2" !"/ ."&/#9%."./ ,*&0 &/0 /"&+" $"3&++*4&*)" +$" ,0/*"+$"*!"+$"3&++*4&*)"+."&/61"/0&**"+3+!".+ 3&. 2,+ 1/ /"+(." %0 + % ,"+ &/ 3&. &+ 1# !&" "/&!1 )+ %#.$"(1.2" #9. +0".+"%*". "&+/ 0."##"+ "&) !". ."&/#9%.". &* "$"+/06 61* ,+,-,)&/0"+ +& %0 !&" $"/*0" .(0+ %#.$" /,.&"."+ (++ /,+!".+ +1. !&" "/&!1)+ %#.$" ".%)0"+ 3&. !"+ ,-0&*)"+ ."&/ &+ &" ,-0&*)" ."&/"+$"+,*&+ 0&,+!"/."&/#9%."./&/0!1. %!&",,.!&+0"+ $"$""+ +

-+("'+ 20# '.,, (,&( +#, 03"&( 0# (-+("'+ #(,

. '+%-%((+#(! 7 (#-(

6.7 Kartell

, #& #(, +-&&, &#!- +#( '#--&, ,*+" ( +( "(!0#(( 2. '1#'#+(

.+ #( +-))*-#'&+ .(%- %(( 0# #( #&.(! #( &#"!0#"- /+%4+*+( ,- # #(!.(! + +-)*-#'&#-3(#"- + 5&&- %(( # ,*+" #''+ "#(!"( !3(+- 0+ ( ,, # #-.-#)( #(, (-+("'+, /+,,+- 0#+ )"( #$(#! , (+( 2. /+,"&"-+( +-))*-#'& %4((( + (.+ (!(-#&*.(%- + ,)!0#((%.+/( #+ (-+("'+ ,#( +#(( 0#+ ,3'-&#" (!(-#&*.(%- +"&-( 0#+ #( .+/ # 0#+ +-&&%.+/ (((( # +-&&%.+/ #&- # + 20#,"( ( .(%-( .( # ( $0#&#!( '1#'&(

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

7. Zusammenfassung

- #$0 0*22'$.0($ !$1"'9%2(&$- 5(0 3-1 ,(2 3-2$01"'($#+("'$ 0*2%.0,$- #($ 1("' #30"' 3-2$01"'($#+("'$ 0 #$ ('0$0 0*23-4.++*.,,$-'$(2$- 318$("'-$-

(0 3-2$01"'$(#$- 8 '+0$("'$ 0*2%.0,$- #($ 5(0 - "' #$, 0(2$0(3,#$0 -8 '+#$0 0*22$(+-$',$04($+$5$-(&$$(-$0 3%1"'+;11$+--21"'$(#$-#%;0#($ !&0$-83-&(12#$0(-%+311 #$-$(-$(-8$+-$0 -!($2$0!$8($'3-&15$(1$ "'%0 &$0 31;!$* --

, .+7/.+ 12$'$- 4($+$ -!($2$0 4($+$- "'%0 &$0- &$&$- ;!$0 $(- $(-8$+-$0 *2$30 ;!2 *$(-$- - "'' +2(&$- (-%+311 3% #$- 0*2 31 0(4 2$ 31' +2$ 3-# -2$0-$',$0 1(-# 0$(1 -$',$0 3-# $-&$- -/ 11$0 ($ ++&$,$(-$ +$("'&$5("'21 2'$.0($ 8$(&2 #($ 6(12$-8 $(-$1 ++&$,$(-$- +$("'&$5("'21 3% 0$2../2(, + (12 $(-$ (23 2(.- (- #$0 $1 -("'2 ,$'0 ,:&+("' (12 )$, -#$- !$11$0 83 12$++$- .'-$ $(-$- -#$0$1"'+$"'2$08312$++$-30"'%0$(5(++(&$- 31"'* --#($.'+ % '02 ++$0 0*22$(+-$',$0 &$12$(&$02 5$0#$-

(-$ .-./.++:13-& (12 0$2.(-$%%(8($-2 ($ &$59'+2$ 0$(1 $-&$-.,!(- 2(.- 8$("'-$2 1("' (, $0&+$("' 830 4.++129- #(&$-.-*300$-8#30"'$(-$-':'$0$-0$(13-#$(-$&$0(-&$0$ $-&$ 31 , $5(--, 6(,3, $-21/0$"'$- #($ 0$-8*.12$85 0 3"' #$- 0$-8$0+:1$- -("'2 !$0 #$, 0$(1 $0 .'+ % '0214$0+312 (12 (- #$0 -$%%(8($-8 #$0 0.#3*2(.- 3-# (- #$0- $%%(8($-8 #$1 .-13,1 !$&0;-#$2 $,9< #$0 ,.0.1..!(- 1.-$+ 2(.- /0.#38($02 #$0 .-./.+(12 (, /0$(1$+ 12(1"'$$0$("' #$0 0$(1 !1 28304$ 2;0+("'$ .-./.+$ $-212$ '$- 5$-- #($ 0.#3*2(.-1*.12$- '.'$ (6 3-# -($#0(&$ 0$-8*.12$- 3%5$(1$-

($ ,.-./.+(12(1"'$ .-*300$-8 (12 5($ $(- .+7/.+ #30"' $(-$ 2.,(12(1"'$ -&$!.21 3-# "'%0 &$1203*230 "' 0 *2$0(1($02

3% 03-# #$0 $2$0.&$-(292 #$0 -&$!.2$-$- ;2$0 &(!2 $1 )$ #."' $(-$- ,.-./.+(12(1"'$- $0$("' (- #$, #$0 0$(15$22!$ 5$0! -30 $(-$ 3-2$0&$.0#-$2$ .++$ 1/($+2 $1' +! ' 2 #$0 - !($2$0 #($ :&+("'*$(2 !$(1/($+15$(1$ #30"' 0.#3*2#(%%$0$- 8($03-&.-13,$-2$- -1("'83!(-#$-

, +(&./.+ 12$'$- 5$-(&$ -!($2$0 4($+$- "'%0 &$0- &$ &$-;!$0 $0 +(&./.+(12 4$0'9+2 1("' 120 2$&(1"' # 1 '$(<2 $0

)%&(' %'!&*&! &!% "!(%%!'! -( !'- #%! % (!'%&! & ('! !'%'"!! &$(!' !'%'"!! &"* %' ! & ('!! !'%'"!! /!!! "!"#"&'! !'*% !! "% %& &'&'-! & ('!% !!+%(! %-! *% ! "(%!"'*' & !0% % )"&'.!!

"!(%%!- -( "%'&)%(&'! 0%' & ('! %& +%(! " "!! 0'%! ' ",#" & ('! %&&'&'-(! '%"!! 0'%! % "!"#" &'&! "!(%%!- ' & !! %'0%% &" !! &% !'*% & !!0%% "% & %&0%% %! ! ! .!)%&'-'&%%'0%%-(!.&'! &!% "!(%%!'! ( %! / '"!! -( % ' '! %( ((! ' % !'*% &! !"'& ! "% ! %& &' %' &! &#%! -*&! !'% ! %! ! %'*' !! *% % %& !! " !'"! %'""#' &'

8. Wiederholungsfragen

&# +%-!)+' (% (( ($ 3,.("!!.(

, $,- + (- +,#$ 10$,# ( + -)!!$1$ (1 .( + -)*-$'&$-2- 3,.(" !

$ $,-$ )(-+%-%.+/ !$($ +- 3,.("

, / +,- # ( $ .(- + + ')+),))$(,)( & -$)( 3,.("

,/ +,- # ($ .(- + '+ +" ++ $ % 3,.(" !

&# ,)( +# $- ( % ((1 $#( - $ ')()*)&$,-$ ,# )(%.++ (1 3,.("!

$ / +#2&- ,$# $( (" (!4#+ + $( $( ' &$")*)& 3,.(" !

%''#%

9. Übungsaufgaben % ,('%" ! !" % !"" *'&'# % -#"#!& ('(" & "''$("'& +*% (&(%)" 4+-' +.(*+!% " -+!$-*. *)*3+',"*, "& /" 5 ,* %% " '* '' +-++,,,-' -' *","(' * *"+.*!3%,'"++ %% (),"&%' 5,*&' '$(&"',"('' "'+)*".,'-+!%,+-#&-'$,*-+!$-*.', +)*"!, " *'1*, * -+,",-,"(' & -& $!*,' * !3%,'"+ * *'1'-,1' +(/" & -& $!*,' *"+.*!3%, '"+ & !'",,)-'$, 1/"* -+!$-*.' "%, &1-(% ++ " "'& +,"&&,' *"+.*!3%,'"+ " *'1*,' * -+,",-,"(' -' " *%,".' *'1'-,1' "* )*".,' -+!%, %"! +"' % ,('%"*%(!&%' % %- $%#(+%"","% "'&' &'

4+-' +.(*+!% '" -,' '",* .(' *4% +, !' ."%' !* *' '! *4% '5* +( ++ " *$,(*& "'+ %" ()(%+ .(*%" , " *-'+3,1%"! "'

*,%% *&4 %"!, " ',*++' * *4% )*(-1"*'' 3'* ".* "*' %%*"' + 3'*' &", *(6' *4%*+* .' /" ' *"'" ,' *"+!' &"*,' (* -"* "' "+, "' * % *' % ' *(6 ' ' - & %,&*$, '1-",' -& "!* *%4+ 1- +," *' "+* (%" ,"$ +,!' 3'* &", *"' ' *4%*+*.' ', ' "+ .(*1- ' "' $5'+,%"! *(++%-' * ' (,+&' - & %,&*$, -& ' *"+ !(! 1- !%,' '' '+,,, "!* .*+" '' ++(-*' 1- '"*" ' *"+' 1- .*$-' .(*1- ' +" *4% 5* "'' %3' *' ",*-& !"'/ 1!4!*' *"+' 1- 0)(*,"*' '' "!* ,,+!-+!%, -' "!* )(%","+!+ 2*%' .(' ' "''!&' -+ & *4% +!3, !3' ' &5++' +" +"! #(! -! '"*" *' *"+' 5 '

Literatur zur Vertiefung

Weiterführende Literatur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

%

! '""$"(!

360';?*('(3/,-31>-101/,4&+(0+(13,(23,0*(3

!(3 ,04%(410'(3( (,0( *3$2+,4&+( $345(..60*48(,4( %(713;6*5 4(, $6) '$4 8(.5%(-$005( 6&+710$. $3,$07(38,(4(0

" 360';?*('(3,-31>-101/,-.'(0%163*

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

& !#"!"''!""

&101/,&4!135+6%.,4+(34

360';?*('(3 1.-48,354&+$)54.(+3(&+=))(31(4&+(.

%#! % !"%#

&101/,&4&3$8,..145106$

1.-48,354&+$)54.(+3(/,$&+7(3.$*3$0-)635$,0

Register

A

Budgetgerade 34 ff., 45 ff., 51 ff., 61 ff., 89 ff., 106 ff., 174, 201, 205 f. Budgetgleichung 34 ff., 48, 61 f. Budgetrestriktion 34, 37, 41, 43 ff., 62, 102, 106 f., 214

absatzpolitisches Instrumentarium 227 absolut inferiores Gut 84 f., 95 ff., 104 adaptive Präferenzen 21 f. Amoroso-Robinson-Relation 216 ff., 220 f., 231, 237, 244 Anfangsausstattungen 197 ff., 209 ff.

C

Angebotskurve 111 f., 163 ff., 178 ff., 195, 248

CES-Produktionsfunktion 147

Angebotsüberschuss 195, 200 f., 205

Cobb-Douglas-Präferenzen 33

Arbeitsanbieter 106

Cobb-Douglas-Produktionsfunktion 145 ff.

Arbeitsangebotskurve 6, 111 f.

Cournot-Gleichgewicht 242 ff., 251 ff. Cournotscher Punkt219

Arbeitsleid 106

Ceteris-paribus-Klausel 11, 83

Arbeitsnachfrager 106 asymmetrische Informationsverteilung 227

B

D demeritorisches Gut 22 f. Differential 70, 135

Bandwagon Effect 104 f.

Differentialquotient 70, 86 f.

Bedarf 12

Differenzenquotient 68, 86 ff.

Bedürfnis 12

direkte Preisvariation 52

Bertrand-Wettbewerb 245

Duopol 191 f., 236, 244 ff.

beschaffungspolitisches Instrumentarium 227

durchschnittliche variable Kosten 156, 160

Betriebsminimum 163 f., 167

Durchschnittsprodukt 127

Betriebsoptimum 163, 234

Durchschnittsproduktivität 127 ff., 140 ff., 150

bilaterales Monopol 190, 193 bilaterales Oligopol 190, 192 Bogenelastizität 68 ff., 177 Bracketing 10

E

Faktorintensität 123, 127, 130, 137, 144 f., 149 Faktorpreisverhältnis 171 ff. Faktorverbrauchsfunktion 123 freies Gut 13

Edgeworth Box 198 ff. Effektivität 9 f. Effizienz 9 f., 203 Einheitselastizität 70, 73 ff., 81 f., 231 Einkommen-Konsum-Kurve 50 ff., 174 Einkommenseffekt 40, 89 ff., 109 ff.

G

Einkommenselastizität 68, 84 f., 95 f.

Gebrauchswert 13

Einkommensexpansionspfad 51

Gegenwartskonsum 62 ff.

Elastizität 67 ff., 70 ff., 86, 140

Gesamtkosten 158 f., 161 ff.

endogene Änderungen 37, 86

Gesetz der Nachfrage 103

Engel-Kurve 50 ff. Engpassfaktor 123, 150 f.

Gesetz der Unterschiedslosigkeit der Preise 196

Equimarginalprinzip 41

Gewinn 162, 174 ff., 236 ff.

Erlöse 76 ff., 79 f., 162 ff., 168, 175, 217, 220, 224, 229 ff.

Gewinnmaximierung 138, 154, 174 ff., 245

Erstes Gossensches Gesetz 17

Gewinnmaximum 175 f., 216 ff., 219 ff., 231, 238, 240, 242, 249, 251

Ertragsgebirge 124 ff., 130 ff., 140, 143 f.

Giffen-Gut 95 ff., 101 f.

Ertragsgesetz 138, 145

Grenzerlös 175 f., 216 ff., 229 ff., 249

Expansionspfad 51, 174

Grenzerträge des Geldes 141, 173

F Faktoranpassungskurve 174 Faktoreinsatzfunktion 123 Faktoreinsatzverhältnis 123, 127, 130, 137, 149 Faktorergiebigkeit 140 Faktorgrenzkosten 173

Grenzkosten 157 ff., 168, 175 f., 216 ff., 230 ff., 245, 248 f. Grenznutzen 15 ff., 25, 28, 41 ff., 47 ff., 173, 207 ff. Grenznutzen des Geldes 42 ff., 173 Grenznutzenausgleichsgesetz 41 Grenzprodukt 128, 141 Grenzproduktivität 127 ff., 135, 141 ff., 173 Grenzrate der Substitution 25 ff., 37, 47 f., 89, 102, 134, 137, 145, 186, 204, 206 f. Grenzrate der technischen Substitution 134 ff., 144, 172 f. Grenzrate der Transformation 153

H

K

Harberger Dreieck 223

kardinale Nutzenmessung 13 f., 211

Hicks-Analyse 90, 101, 108

Kartell 236, 250 ff.

homo oeconomicus 7 f., 16, 106

klassische Produktionsfunktion 138 ff., 144 f.

homothetische Produktionsfunktion 135 f., 147, 151

Knappheit 12 f., 33, 41

hypothetische Budgetgerade 92, 101

komparativ-statische Analyse 37 f., 41

kollektive Entscheidungen 19, 21

konkave Präferenzen 27

I Indifferenzkurve 23 ff., 33 f., 45 ff., 51, 53, 61, 63, 89, 91 ff., 107 ff., 134, 202 ff., 209 ff. inhomogene Produktionsfunktion 132

konstante Skalenerträge 131 Konsumentenrente 41, 59 f., 114, 116, 119, 165, 223, 225 f., 245 Konsum-Freizeit-Entscheidung 106 f., 112 Konsum-Freizeit-Kurve 106, 110 f. Konsum-Freizeit-Plan 107 f., 111 Kontraktkurve 210 ff.

Input-Output-Koeffizient 128

Kosten 8, 16, 37, 154 ff., 220, 224 f., 230 ff.

intertemporale Budgetrestriktion 62, 214

Kostendeckung 225

intertemporale Nutzenfunktion 62 intertemporales Konsumoptimum 41, 60 ff.

Kostenkurven 119, 154, 157 ff., 167 ff., 217 ff.

inverse Nachfragefunktion 56

Kostenminimierung 119, 154, 169

inverse Produktionsfunktion 123

Kreuznachfragekurve 56 ff.

isoelastische Angebotskurve 181

Kreuzpreiselastizität 68, 83 f.

isoelastische Nachfragekurve 75 Isogewinnkurve 236 ff., 240 f., 246 ff. Isokline 135 f. Isokostengerade 169 ff. Isokostengleichung 170 Isoquante 127, 133 ff., 144 ff., 148 f., 152, 169, ff.

L Lagrange-Funktion 48, 172 Leontief-Produktionsfunktion 119, 121, 149 ff. limitationale Produktionsfunktion 123, 149

linear-homogene Produktionsfunktion 131, 133, 147

natürliches Monopol 224 f.

Lohn-Freizeit-Kurve 111

Netzwerkeffekt 105

Nebenwetten 22

Nicht-Sättigungsprinzip 12, 25, 27, 47, 110

M marginale Zahlungsbereitschaft 25, 55 Marginalprinzip 15 Marktform 189 ff., 216, 227 ff., 236 Marktgleichgewicht 194 f.

Niveauertragskurve 132 Non-Intentionalitäten 21 Nutzenmöglichkeitenkurve 211 ff.

O

Maximum-Prinzip 8 f.

ökonomisches Prinzip 8

Mengenanpasser 196 f., 216, 247

ökonomisch-rational 8

Mengenfolger 245 ff.

Opportunitätskosten 10, 25, 37 ff., 65, 109

Mengenführer 245 ff., 251

Optimum-Prinzip 9

Mengenführerschaft 245 ff.

ordinale Nutzenmessung 13

meritorisches Gut 22 f. Metapräferenzen 21 Minimalkostenkombination 171 ff. Minimum-Prinzip 8 f. Mitläufer-Effekt 104 f. Monopolisierungsgrad 221 f.

P

monopolistische Konkurrenz 193, 227 f.

Pareto-effizient 202 ff.

Monotonie 25

Pareto-optimal 204 f., 209 ff., 250 ff. partielle Faktorvariation 126 ff., 140, 143 ff.

N

perfekte Komplemente 30, 102 perfekte Substitute 28, 102, 148 Praeposteriori-Analyse 8 Präferenzen 5, 11, 18 ff., 27, 33 f., 195 f., 213 f., 228, 230

Nachfragefunktion 50, 54, 56, 78 f., 81 f.

Präferenzordnung 18 ff., 24 f., 41, 107

Nachfragekurve 54 ff., 59 f., 68 ff., 74 ff., 81 ff., 100 ff., 195

präferierte Ausstattungen 199 f.

Nachfrageüberschuss 195, 200 f., 205, 215

Preisdifferenzierung 216, 225 f.

Preis-Absatz-Funktion 216 f.

Preiselastizität 68 ff., 81, 87 f., 114, 116, 177 ff., 216, 218, 220 f., 230 ff., 249 Preisfolger 248 f. Preisführer 248 f., 253 Preisführerschaft 248

S

Preisgerade 59 f., 165 ff., 201, 204 ff.

Sättigungsgesetz 17

Preis-Konsum-Kurve 52 f., 57

Sättigungsmenge 33, 55, 74, 81 f., 219 f., 237, 240, 242, 244 f.

Preisnehmer 190, 196, 216, 222, 225, 227 Preissetzer 190, 222, 225, 227, 245, 249 Preisvariation 52 ff., 57 Preisverhältnis 37 ff., 40, 44, 47 f., 101, 201, 204 ff.

sequentielle Interaktionen 236, 245 simultane Interaktionen 242 ff. simultane Mengenfestsetzung 242 ff. simultane Preisfestsetzung 244 f., 253

Prestige-Effekt 105

sinkende Skalenerträge 131, 144, 147

Produktdifferenzierung 228, 234, 245

Skalenelastizität 126, 130 ff., 140, 143 ff., 151

Produktionselastizität 126 ff., 131, 140, 142 f., 146 f., 150 f.

Slutsky-Analyse 99 ff., 116

Produktionsfunktion 119 ff., 130 ff., 138 ff., 143 ff.

Snob-Effekt 105

Produktionskoeffizient 122, 128, 146, 150 f.

soziale Wohlfahrtsfunktion 213

Produzentenrente 119, 165 ff., 222 ff.

soziale Wohlfahrtskurve 212 f.

Prohibitivpreis 55, 81 f., 219, 231

statisches Konsumoptimum 41, 45 f.

Punktelastizität 68, 70 f., 177

steigende Skalenerträge 131 f., 144, 147

soziale Nutzenfunktion 213

strategisches Verhalten 236

R Rationalprinzip 7 f. Reaktionskurve 239 ff., 243, 246 f. Reflexivität 19, 24 relativ inferiores Gut 84 f. Reservationspreis 55 Residualnachfragekurve 249

Streckenabschnittsregeln 73, 177, 180 Subadditivität 224 substitutionale Produktionsfunktion 122, 133 f. Substitutionseffekt 89 ff., 93 ff., 101 ff., 109 ff. Substitutionselastizität 127, 133, 137 f., 140, 144 ff., 152 Substitutionsgut 83 f. superiores Gut 84 f., 95 f., 103 f.

T Tauschkurve 206 ff., 255

W Wohlfahrtsverlust 222 ff., 245

Tauschverhältnis 25, 92, 103, 201 Tauschwert 13 Technik 121 f., 124 totale Faktorvariation 136, 143 Transitivität 19, 21, 24 f.

U Überschussfaktoren 123, 150 f. unabhängige Güter 83 Utilitätsprinzip 11

V variable Kosten 156, 158 ff., 168 Veblen-Effekt 105 Vernunftprinzip 8 Vollständigkeit 18, 24, 214 von-Stackelberg-Gleichgewicht 246 f., 251

Z Zeitpräferenz 61 ff., 114 Zukunftskonsum 60 ff. Zweites Gossensches Gesetz 41, 45