Xanax - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ANAX A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ARK...

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ANAX A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Xanax: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84245-0 1. Xanax-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Xanax. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON XANAX ...................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Xanax............................................................................................ 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND XANAX ............................................................................................ 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Xanax........................................................................................... 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND XANAX ...................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 34 General References ....................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND XANAX ................................................................................... 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Recent Trials on Xanax................................................................................................................ 37 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON XANAX ................................................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patent Applications on Xanax ..................................................................................................... 39 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON XANAX ...................................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 43 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 43 Chapters on Xanax....................................................................................................................... 44 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 XANAX DICTIONARY................................................................................................................... 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 99

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Xanax is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a nonsystematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Xanax, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Xanax, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Xanax. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Xanax, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Xanax. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON XANAX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Xanax.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Xanax, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Alprazolam as an Alternative to Low-Dose Haloperidol in Older, Cognitively Impaired Nursing Facility Patients Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 46(5): 620-625. May 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study comparing alprazolam with low-dose haloperidol for the management of disruptive behaviors associated with dementia, delirium, amnesia, and other cognitive disorders. The participants were 48 patients, aged 65 to 98 years, from 25 nursing homes in western Washington state, who were receiving haloperidol at a dose of 1 mg or less per day for agitation and behavioral disturbances. A randomized, double blind, crossover design, with two 6-week treatment periods, was used to compare alprazolam 0.5 mg twice daily to the current haloperidol regimen. The patients were assessed at baseline and the end of each treatment period. The outcomes of interest were the number of behavioral episodes, activities of daily

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living as measured by the Blessed Dementia Scale, extrapyramidal symptoms measured by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, and psychopathology measured with the Clinical Global Impressions and the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric scales. No significant differences were bserved between alprazolam and haloperidol on the number of behavioral episodes or, with few exceptions, the other outcome measures. The authors conclude that alprazolam may be as effective as haloperidol for the treatment of agitation and other behavioral problems associated with dementia and related cognitive disorders. 3 tables, 44 references.

Federally Funded Research on Xanax The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Xanax. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Xanax. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Xanax. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Xanax: •

Project Title: MECHANISMS IN RISK TAKING: DISINHIBITORY DRUGS OF ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lane, Scott D.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application seeks to achieve two broad objectives: (i) to study the effects of disinhibitory drugs of abuse on (maladaptive) human risk-taking using laboratory behavior-based procedures; (ii) to identify basic behavioral mechanisms operating in individuals (specifically young adults) who show heightened susceptibility to risk taking following use of disinhibitory drugs. Disinhibitory drugs can engender increases in the (otherwise low) frequency of certain behaviors. Use of disinhibitory drugs is associated with a number of risk-taking behaviors leading to harmful outcomes -- including automobile accidents, vandalism, violent crimes, sexual assault, and risky sexual behavior. Importantly, use of disinhibitory drugs and the risky behavior that often follows is prevalent among younger adults. The social and behavioral consequences of drug-mediated risk taking in young adults are thus a considerable public health concern and a vital scientific endeavor. Studying the relationship between disinhibitory drugs and risk-taking behavior under controlled laboratory conditions will provide important scientific

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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information. The experiments in this application propose to investigate changes in risktaking following acute administration of four drugs abused by young adults: alcohol, marijuana, and the benzodiazepines alprazolam (Xanax) and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). While many young adults use these drugs, not all abuse them, and not all engage in excessive risk-taking while under the influence. Thus, identification of basic behavioral processes and characteristics involved in risk-taking may help predict those whose behavior is most likely to be unduly influenced by drug use. Each of the four proposed experiments will employ a laboratory-based task to measure risk-taking. This task has been systematically developed over several years, and has been shown to be sensitive to (i) individual differences in risk-taking (in both adolescent and adult populations), and (ii) acute drug effects. Each participant will work on the risk-taking task following acute administration of one of the above-mentioned disinhibitory drugs. Using a withinsubject design, a range of doses will administered in order to determine dose-effect relationships. Quantitative analyses of behavior patterns will be used to identify factors that may mediate this relationship. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Xanax in the PubMed Central database: •

Alprazolam dependence prevented by substituting with the [beta]-carboline abecarnil. by Pinna G, Galici R, Schneider HH, Stephens DN, Turski L.; 1997 Mar 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20156

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Effects of Psychological Stress and Alprazolam on Development of Oral Candidiasis in Rats. by Nunez MJ, Balboa J, Riveiro P, Linares D, Mana P, Rey-Mendez M, Rodriguez-Cobos A, Suarez-Quintanilla JA, Garcia-Vallejo LA, Freire-Garabal M.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120028

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Imidazenil prevention of alprazolam-induced acquisition deficit in patas monkeys is devoid of tolerance. by Auta J, Guidotti A, Costa E.; 2000 Feb 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15798

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Xanax, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Xanax (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative evaluation of the effects of oral lorazepam, alprazolam and diazepam on venous admixture. Author(s): Naqib A, Mir B, Beigh A. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2002 March; 50: 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922228&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative pharmacokinetic and dynamic evaluation of alprazolam sustainedrelease, bromazepam, and lorazepam. Author(s): Busto UE, Kaplan HL, Wright CE, Gomez-Mancilla B, Zawertailo L, Greenblatt DJ, Sellers EM. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 December; 20(6): 628-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11106134&dopt=Abstract

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Absence of neuropsychologic deficits in patients receiving long-term treatment with alprazolam-XR for panic disorder. Author(s): Gladsjo JA, Rapaport MH, McKinney R, Auerbach M, Hahn T, Rabin A, Oliver T, Haze A, Judd LL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 April; 21(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270908&dopt=Abstract

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Acute dystonic reactions to “street Xanax”. Author(s): Hendrickson RG, Morocco AP, Greenberg MI. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 May 30; 346(22): 1753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037164&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Alprazolam (a benzodiazepine activating GABA receptor) reduces the neuroendocrine responses to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in humans. Author(s): Giordano R, Grottoli S, Brossa P, Pellegrino M, Destefanis S, Lanfranco F, Gianotti L, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2003 September; 59(3): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919154&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam (Xanax, the Upjohn Company). Author(s): Evans RL. Source: Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1981 September; 15(9): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6115742&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam 0.125 mg twice a day improves aspects of psychometric performance in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Bourin M, Colombel MC, Guitton B. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 October; 18(5): 364-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9790153&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam and hypotension. Author(s): Ranieri P, Franzoni S, Trabucchi M. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1999 May; 14(5): 401-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389047&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam as an alternative to low-dose haloperidol in older, cognitively impaired nursing facility patients. Author(s): Christensen DB, Benfield WR. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1998 May; 46(5): 620-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588378&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam increases dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations. Author(s): Kroboth PD, Salek FS, Stone RA, Bertz RJ, Kroboth FJ 3rd. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 19(2): 114-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211912&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam is another substrate for human cytochrome P450-3A isoforms. Author(s): Venkatakrishnan K, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 June; 18(3): 256. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617989&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam poisoning. Author(s): Samal KK, Parija BL, Nanda MK, Viswabandya A, Patnaik SR. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1999 November; 47(11): 1117. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10862328&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam reduces response to loud tones in panic disorder but not in posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Shalev AY, Bloch M, Peri T, Bonne O. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 July 1; 44(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646885&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam withdrawal delirium: a case report. Author(s): Zalsman G, Hermesh H, Munitz H. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 May-June; 21(3): 201-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9617514&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, blunts but does not abolish the ACTH and cortisol response to hexarelin, a GHRP, in obese patients. Author(s): Grottoli S, Arvat E, Gauna C, Maccagno B, Ramunni J, Giordano R, Maccario M, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2000 June; 24 Suppl 2: S136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10997633&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, does not modify the ACTH and cortisol response to hCRH and AVP, but blunts the cortisol response to ACTH in humans. Author(s): Grottoli S, Maccagno B, Ramunni J, Di Vito L, Giordano R, Gianotti L, DeStefanis S, Camanni F, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2002 May; 25(5): 420-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12035937&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam, citalopram, and clomipramine for stuttering. Author(s): Brady JP, Ali Z. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 April; 20(2): 287. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10770483&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam-induced panic disorder. Author(s): Bashir A, Swartz C. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2002 January-February; 15(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841142&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam-ritonavir interaction: implications for product labeling. Author(s): Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Harmatz JS, Durol AL, Daily JP, Graf JA, Mertzanis P, Hoffman JL, Shader RI. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2000 April; 67(4): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10801241&dopt=Abstract

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Anticipatory anxiety in moderately to highly-anxious oral surgery patients as a screening model for anxiolytics: evaluation of alprazolam. Author(s): Wolf DL, Desjardins PJ, Black PM, Francom SR, Mohanlal RW, Fleishaker JC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 February; 23(1): 51-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544376&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral contingencies modulate alprazolam self-administration by humans. Author(s): Haney M, Comer SD, Foltin RW, Fischman MW. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 1997 February; 8(1): 82-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833004&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral effects of alprazolam in humans. Author(s): Kelly TH, Foltin RW, Serpick E, Fischman MW. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 1997 February; 8(1): 47-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9833000&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral, psycho-physiological and salivary cortisol modifications after short-term alprazolam treatment in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Author(s): Pruneti C, Giusti M, Boem A, Luisi M. Source: Ital Heart J. 2002 January; 3(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899591&dopt=Abstract

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Benzodiazepines in schizophrenia: prefrontal cortex atrophy predicts clinical response to alprazolam augmentation. Author(s): Seeley WW, Turetsky N, Reus VI, Wolkowitz OM. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002 October; 3(4): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516314&dopt=Abstract

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Biotransformation of alprazolam by members of the human cytochrome P4503A subfamily. Author(s): Gorski JC, Jones DR, Hamman MA, Wrighton SA, Hall SD. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1999 September; 29(9): 931-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548453&dopt=Abstract

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Brief hypnosis substitutes for alprazolam use in college students: transient experiences and quantitative EEG responses. Author(s): Nishith P, Barabasz A, Barabasz M, Warner D. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1999 January; 41(3): 262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554387&dopt=Abstract

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps prevent relapse and recurrence of panic disorder following alprazolam discontinuation: a long-term follow-up of the Peoria and Dartmouth studies. Author(s): Bruce TJ, Spiegel DA, Hegel MT. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1999 February; 67(1): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10028220&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of tropisetron with the addition of dexamethasone or alprazolam in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with CEF (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil). Author(s): Tsavaris N, Kosmas C, Vadiaka M, Sougioultzis S, Kontos A, Agelopoulou A, Boulamatsis D, Koufos C. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2001 December; 13(6): 641-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806626&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the frequency of behavioral disinhibition on alprazolam, clonazepam, or no benzodiazepine in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Author(s): Rothschild AJ, Shindul-Rothschild, Viguera A, Murray M, Brewster S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 February; 20(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10653202&dopt=Abstract

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Cytochrome p450 3A4 messenger ribonucleic acid induction by rifampin in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: correlation with alprazolam pharmacokinetics. Author(s): Gashaw I, Kirchheiner J, Goldammer M, Bauer S, Seidemann J, Zoller K, Mrozikiewicz PM, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003 November; 74(5): 448-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14586385&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased EEG sensitivity to alprazolam in subjects with a parental history of alcoholism. Author(s): Sarid-Segal O, Knapp CM, Ciraulo AM, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Ciraulo DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 January; 40(1): 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631626&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased plasma cortisol level during alprazolam treatment of panic disorder: a case report. Author(s): Fukuda M, Takazawa S, Nakagome K, Iwanami A, Hata A, Kasai K, Hiramatsu K. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1998 July; 22(5): 909-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723127&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of alprazolam (Xanax) and its metabolites in urine using dual capillary column, dual nitrogen detector gas chromatography. Author(s): Joern WA, Joern AB. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1987 November-December; 11(6): 247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3431092&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in pharmacodynamics but not pharmacokinetics between subjects with panic disorder and healthy subjects after treatment with a single dose of alprazolam. Author(s): Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Goddard JE, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 20(3): 338-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831021&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of alprazolam on the baseline and fear-potentiated startle reflex in humans: a dose-response study. Author(s): Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Urbano G, Morte A, Antonijoan R, Barbanoj MJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 157(4): 358-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605094&dopt=Abstract

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Differential metabolism of alprazolam by liver and brain cytochrome (P4503A) to pharmacologically active metabolite. Author(s): Pai HV, Upadhya SC, Chinta SJ, Hegde SN, Ravindranath V. Source: The Pharmacogenomics Journal. 2002; 2(4): 243-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196913&dopt=Abstract

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Do alprazolam-induced changes in saccadic eye movement and psychomotor function follow the same time course? Author(s): Kroboth PD, Folan MM, Bauer KS, Tullock W, Wright CE, Sweeney JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 April; 38(4): 337-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9590461&dopt=Abstract

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Dose-response evaluation of the interaction between sertraline and alprazolam in vivo. Author(s): Hassan PC, Sproule BA, Naranjo CA, Herrmann N. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 April; 20(2): 150-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10770452&dopt=Abstract

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Xanax

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Effect of alosetron on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Author(s): D'Souza DL, Levasseur LM, Nezamis J, Robbins DK, Simms L, Koch KM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 April; 41(4): 452-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304902&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of alprazolam (Xanax) on esophageal motility and acid reflux. Author(s): Singh S, Bailey RT, Stein HJ, DeMeester TR, Richter JE. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 April; 87(4): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1553935&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of itraconazole on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam. Author(s): Yasui N, Kondo T, Otani K, Furukori H, Kaneko S, Ohkubo T, Nagasaki T, Sugawara K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1998 October; 139(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9784084&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of venlafaxine on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Author(s): Amchin J, Zarycranski W, Taylor KP, Albano D, Klockowski PM. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(2): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641003&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam on cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide-induced panic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity: a placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Zwanzger P, Eser D, Aicher S, Schule C, Baghai TC, Padberg F, Ella R, Moller HJ, Rupprecht R. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 May; 28(5): 979-84. Epub 2003 March 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700707&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam on driving ability, memory functioning and psychomotor performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Verster JC, Volkerts ER, Verbaten MN. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 August; 27(2): 260-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093599&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam on the acoustic startle response in humans. Author(s): Rodriguez-Fornells A, Riba J, Gironell A, Kulisevsky J, Barbanoj MJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 143(3): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10353431&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, on the ACTH-, GH- and PRL-releasing activity of hexarelin, a synthetic peptidyl GH secretagogue (GHS), in patients with simple obesity and in patients with Cushing's disease. Author(s): Grottoli S, Arvat E, Gauna C, Maccagno B, Ramunni J, Giordano R, Maccario M, Deghenghi R, Ghigo E. Source: Pituitary. 1999 November; 2(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11081154&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam, caffeine, and zolpidem in humans trained to discriminate triazolam from placebo. Author(s): Smith BJ, Bickel WK. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2001 February 1; 61(3): 249-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164689&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of concomitant fluvoxamine on the metabolism of alprazolam in Japanese psychiatric patients: interaction with CYP2C19 mutated alleles. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Shioiri T, Muratake T, Kawashima Y, Sato S, Hagiwara M, Inoue Y, Shimoda K, Someya T. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 April; 58(12): 829-33. Epub 2003 March 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698310&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dexamethasone and alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, on the stimulatory effect of hexarelin, a synthetic GHRP, on ACTH, cortisol and GH secretion in humans. Author(s): Arvat E, Maccagno B, Ramunni J, Di Vito L, Gianotti L, Broglio F, Benso A, Deghenghi R, Camanni F, Ghigo E. Source: Neuroendocrinology. 1998 May; 67(5): 310-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9641612&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice on the single and multiple oral-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam. Author(s): Yasui N, Kondo T, Furukori H, Kaneko S, Ohkubo T, Uno T, Osanai T, Sugawara K, Otani K. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 150(2): 185-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907671&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy studies of alprazolam in panic disorder. Author(s): Spiegel DA. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(2): 191-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640999&dopt=Abstract

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Extensive impairment of triazolam and alprazolam clearance by short-term low-dose ritonavir: the clinical dilemma of concurrent inhibition and induction. Author(s): Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Daily JP, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 August; 19(4): 293-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10440454&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal overdose of tramadol and alprazolam. Author(s): Michaud K, Augsburger M, Romain N, Giroud C, Mangin P. Source: Forensic Science International. 1999 November 8; 105(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10643652&dopt=Abstract

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First-degree atrioventricular block in alprazolam overdose reversed by flumazenil. Author(s): Mullins ME. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 March; 51(3): 367-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10344640&dopt=Abstract

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Food “cravings” and the acute effects of alprazolam on food intake in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Author(s): Evans SM, Foltin RW, Fischman MW. Source: Appetite. 1999 June; 32(3): 331-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10336792&dopt=Abstract

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging of alprazolam-induced changes in humans with familial alcoholism. Author(s): Streeter CC, Ciraulo DA, Harris GJ, Kaufman MJ, Lewis RF, Knapp CM, Ciraulo AM, Maas LC, Ungeheuer M, Szulewski S, Renshaw PF. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1998 May 20; 82(2): 69-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754450&dopt=Abstract

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Granisetron plus or minus alprazolam for emesis prevention in chemotherapy of lymphomas: a randomized multicenter trial. Granisetron Trialists Group. Author(s): Bauduer F, Coiffier B, Desablens B. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 1999 July; 34(3-4): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439371&dopt=Abstract

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I read in your June 1997 publication that one of the risk factors for hip fracture is current use of long-acting benzodiazepines. Could you list exactly which medications these are? I take Xanax and doxepin for fibromyalgia. My pharmacist could find no evidence that either of these drugs depletes bone calcium. How do they place me at increased risk for osteoporosis? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 1998 January; 5(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9600042&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro/in vivo scaling of alprazolam metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in humans. Author(s): Hirota N, Ito K, Iwatsubo T, Green CE, Tyson CA, Shimada N, Suzuki H, Sugiyama Y. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 2001 March; 22(2): 53-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745908&dopt=Abstract

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Increased sensitivity to alprazolam in females with a paternal history of alcoholism. Author(s): Evans SM, Levin FR, Fischman MW. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 150(2): 150-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10907668&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of endogenous progesterone on alprazolam pharmacodynamics. Author(s): McAuley JW, Friedman CI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 June; 19(3): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350029&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibition of naloxone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin release by alprazolam in myotonic dystrophy patients. Author(s): Joyner JM, Grice JE, Hockings GI, Torpy DJ, Crosbie GV, Walters MM, Jackson RV. Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 1998 May; 10(5): 391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663654&dopt=Abstract

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Ketoconazole inhibition of triazolam and alprazolam clearance: differential kinetic and dynamic consequences. Author(s): Greenblatt DJ, Wright CE, von Moltke LL, Harmatz JS, Ehrenberg BL, Harrel LM, Corbett K, Counihan M, Tobias S, Shader RI. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1998 September; 64(3): 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9757147&dopt=Abstract

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Laboratory validation study of drug evaluation and classification program: alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, and marijuana. Author(s): Heishman SJ, Singleton EG, Crouch DJ. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1998 October; 22(6): 503-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9788526&dopt=Abstract

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Lack of effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Author(s): Preskorn SH, Greenblatt DJ, Harvey AT. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 October; 20(5): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11001249&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term effects of alprazolam on memory: a 3.5 year follow-up of agoraphobia/panic patients. Author(s): Kilic C, Curran HV, Noshirvani H, Marks IM, Basoglu M. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1999 January; 29(1): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10077311&dopt=Abstract

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Masking devices and alprazolam treatment for tinnitus. Author(s): Vernon JA, Meikle MB. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2003 April; 36(2): 307-20, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856299&dopt=Abstract

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Mood and performance changes in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: acute effects of alprazolam. Author(s): Evans SM, Haney M, Levin FR, Foltin RW, Fischman MW. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 December; 19(6): 499-516. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803426&dopt=Abstract

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New alternative agents in essential tremor therapy: double-blind placebo-controlled study of alprazolam and acetazolamide. Author(s): Gunal DI, Afsar N, Bekiroglu N, Aktan S. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 October; 21(5): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286044&dopt=Abstract

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No correlations between the urinary ratio of 6beta-hydroxycortisol to free cortisol and pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Author(s): Yasui-Furukori N, Kondo T, Kubota T, Otake H, Ohkubo T, Nagasaki T, Sugawara K, Chiba K, Otani K, Kaneko S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 July; 57(4): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549205&dopt=Abstract

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Noninvasive indices of autonomic regulation after alprazolam and lorazepam: effects on sympathovagal balance. Author(s): Tulen JH, Man in't Veld AJ. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 1998 August; 32(2): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700978&dopt=Abstract

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Open study of effects of alprazolam on seasonal affective disorder. Author(s): Yamadera H, Okawa M, Takahashi K. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 February; 55(1): 27-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235853&dopt=Abstract

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Opipramol for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial including an alprazolam-treated group. Author(s): Moller HJ, Volz HP, Reimann IW, Stoll KD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 February; 21(1): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11199949&dopt=Abstract

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Personality and symptom sensitivity predictors of alprazolam withdrawal in panic disorder. Author(s): Roy-Byrne P, Russo J, Pollack M, Stewart R, Bystrisky A, Bell J, Rosenbaum J, Corrigan MH, Stolk J, Rush AJ, Ballenger J. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 April; 33(3): 511-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701671&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of metabolism-based drug interactions with alprazolam, midazolam, and triazolam. Author(s): Yuan R, Flockhart DA, Balian JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 November; 39(11): 1109-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10579141&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the inhibition of alprazolam by citalopram and fluoxetine. Author(s): Hall J, Naranjo CA, Sproule BA, Herrmann N. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 August; 23(4): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12920410&dopt=Abstract

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Photosensitivity due to alprazolam with positive oral photochallenge test after 17 days administration. Author(s): Watanabe Y, Kawada A, Ohnishi Y, Tajima S, Ishibashi A. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1999 May; 40(5 Pt 2): 832-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10321628&dopt=Abstract

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Photosensitivity reaction to fluoxetine and alprazolam. Author(s): Pazzagli L, Banfi R, Borselli G, Semmola MV. Source: Pharmacy World & Science : Pws. 1998 June; 20(3): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9618738&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with panic disorder: effect of alprazolam therapy. Author(s): Brambilla F, Bellodi L, Perna G. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 December 13; 89(1): 21-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10643874&dopt=Abstract

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Predictors of individual differences in alprazolam self-medication. Author(s): Oswald LM, Roache JD, Rhoades HM. Source: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 November; 7(4): 379-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609973&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative alprazolam reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a comparison with oral midazolam. Author(s): De Witte JL, Alegret C, Sessler DI, Cammu G. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1601-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456424&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitation of alprazolam and alpha-hydroxyalprazolam in human plasma using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization MS-MS. Author(s): Crouch DJ, Rollins DE, Canfield DV, Andrenyak DM, Schulties JE. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1999 October; 23(6): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517554&dopt=Abstract

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Separate and combined effects of a benzodiazepine (alprazolam) and noise on auditory brainstem responses in man. Author(s): Parrot J, Petiot JC, Morizot S, Petiot MT, Smolik HJ. Source: Audiology : Official Organ of the International Society of Audiology. 1999 November-December; 38(6): 312-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10582532&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous assessment of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activity in vivo with alprazolam and caffeine. Author(s): Schmider J, Brockmoller J, Arold G, Bauer S, Roots I. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1999 December; 9(6): 725-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634135&dopt=Abstract

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Single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam in elderly and young subjects. Author(s): Kaplan GB, Greenblatt DJ, Ehrenberg BL, Goddard JE, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 January; 38(1): 14-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597554&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, but not IL-8, by alprazolam: effect of alprazolam on c-Rel/p65 and c-Rel/p50 binding to the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 promoter region. Author(s): Oda T, Ueda A, Shimizu N, Handa H, Kasahara T. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 September 15; 169(6): 332935. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218154&dopt=Abstract

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Take a Xanax and I'll call you in the morning. Author(s): Klein DH. Source: Inquiry. 1993 Winter; 30(4): 343-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8288397&dopt=Abstract

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The acute and chronic performance effects of alprazolam and lorazepam in the elderly: relationship to duration of treatment and self-rated sedation. Author(s): Pomara N, Tun H, DaSilva D, Hernando R, Deptula D, Greenblatt DJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(2): 139-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640992&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of alprazolam and buspirone in light and moderate female social drinkers. Author(s): Evans SM, Levin FR. Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2002 September; 13(5-6): 427-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394419&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of alprazolam on the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems in dysthymic patients. Relationship to clinical response. Author(s): Santagostino G, Cucchi ML, Frattini P, Zerbi F, Di Paolo E, Preda S, Corona GL. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998 July; 31(4): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9754847&dopt=Abstract

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The inhibitory effect of alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, overrides the stimulatory effect of metyrapone-induced lack of negative cortisol feedback on corticotroph secretion in humans. Author(s): Arvat E, Maccagno B, Ramunni J, Di Vito L, Giordano R, Gianotti L, Broglio F, Camanni F, Ghigo E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999 August; 84(8): 2611-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10443648&dopt=Abstract

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The role of extended-release benzodiazepines in the treatment of anxiety: a riskbenefit evaluation with a focus on extended-release alprazolam. Author(s): Klein E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 14: 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562116&dopt=Abstract

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The stimulatory effect of canrenoate, a mineralocorticoid antagonist, on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is abolished by alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, in humans. Author(s): Grottoli S, Giordano R, Maccagno B, Pellegrino M, Ghigo E, Arvat E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 October; 87(10): 4616-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364444&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic drug monitoring of alprazolam in adolescents with asthma. Author(s): DeVane CL, Hill M, Antal EJ. Source: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. 1998 June; 20(3): 257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9631921&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of panic disorder in older adults: a pilot study comparison of alprazolam, imipramine, and placebo. Author(s): Sheikh JI, Swales PJ. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1999; 29(1): 107-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10376237&dopt=Abstract

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Unusually low clearance of two CYP3A substrates, alprazolam and trazodone, in a volunteer subject with wild-type CYP3A4 promoter region. Author(s): von Moltke LL, Tran TH, Cotreau MM, Greenblatt DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 February; 40(2): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664927&dopt=Abstract

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What did she want with Xanax? Author(s): Gupta S. Source: Time. 2002 February 11; 159(6): 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859599&dopt=Abstract

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Xanax can lead to dependency. Author(s): Martin T. Source: Am Pharm. 1992 June; Ns32(6): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1615842&dopt=Abstract

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Xanax: pros and cons. Author(s): Glod CA. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1992 June; 30(6): 36-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1613686&dopt=Abstract

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You say Zantac, I say Xanax: a critique of drug trademark approval and proposals for reform. Author(s): Gentin DA. Source: Food Drug Law J. 2000; 55(2): 255-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uid s=12269368&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND XANAX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Xanax.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Xanax The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Xanax” (or a synonym): •

A case of lipomeningocele reported with fluoxetine (and alprazolam, vitamins B1 and B6, heptaminol) prescribed during pregnancy. Author(s): C.H.U. de Limoges. Service de Gynecologie-Obstetrique II, Limoges, France. Source: Vendittelli, F Alain, J Nouaille, Y Brosset, A Tabaste, J L Eur-J-Obstet-GynecolReprod-Biol. 1995 January; 58(1): 85-6 0301-2115

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A comparison of plasma alprazolam concentrations following different routes of chronic administration in the Sprague-Dawley rat: implications for psychotropic drug research. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Source: Skelton, K H Nemeroff, C B Owens, M J Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 2000 July; 151(1): 72-6 0033-3158

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A double-blind trial of oral progesterone, alprazolam, and placebo in treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. Source: Freeman, E W Rickels, K Sondheimer, S J Polansky, M JAMA. 1995 July 5; 274(1): 51-7 0098-7484

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Abecarnil and alprazolam reverse anxiety-like behaviors induced by ethanol withdrawal. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, [email protected] Source: Jung, M E Wallis, C J Gatch, M B Lal, H Alcohol. 2000 Jun; 21(2): 161-8 0741-8329

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Adenosine analogs attenuate tolerance-dependence on alprazolam. Author(s): Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas y de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Concepcion, Chile. Source: Contreras, E Germany, A Gen-Pharmacol. 1991; 22(4): 637-41 0306-3623

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Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, does not modify the ACTH and cortisol response to hCRH and AVP, but blunts the cortisol response to ACTH in humans. Author(s): Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy. Source: Grottoli, S Maccagno, B Ramunni, J Di Vito, L Giordano, R Gianotti, L DeStefanis, S Camanni, F Ghigo, E Arvat, E J-Endocrinol-Invest. 2002 May; 25(5): 420-5 0391-4097

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Alprazolam, diazepam, yohimbine, clonidine: in vivo CA1 hippocampal norepinephrine and serotonin release profiles under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, City University of New York Medical School, NY, USA. [email protected] Source: Broderick, P A Prog-Neuropsychopharmacol-Biol-Psychiatry. 1997 October; 21(7): 1117-40 0278-5846

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Augmentation of analgesic effect of ibuprofen by alprazolam in experimental model of pain. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Dolezal, T Krsiak, M Physiol-Res. 2002; 51(2): 179-84 0862-8408

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Biotransformation of alprazolam by members of the human cytochrome P4503A subfamily. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis 46202, USA. [email protected] Source: Gorski, J C Jones, D R Hamman, M A Wrighton, S A Hall, S D Xenobiotica. 1999 September; 29(9): 931-44 0049-8254

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Differential reinforcement of low rate performance, pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling: independent interaction of alprazolam and caffeine. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA. Source: Lau, C E Wang, Y Falk, J L J-Pharmacol-Exp-Ther. 1997 June; 281(3): 1013-29 0022-3565

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Effect of alosetron on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Author(s): Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Glaxo Wellcome Canada, Mississauga, Ontario. Source: D'Souza, D L Levasseur, L M Nezamis, J Robbins, D K Simms, L Koch, K M JClin-Pharmacol. 2001 April; 41(4): 452-4 0091-2700

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Effects of alprazolam, caffeine, and zolpidem in humans trained to discriminate triazolam from placebo. Author(s): Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA. [email protected] Source: Smith, B J Bickel, W K Drug-Alcohol-Depend. 2001 February 1; 61(3): 249-60 0376-8716

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Effects of repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice on the single and multiple oral-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alprazolam. Author(s): Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Yasui, N Kondo, T Furukori, H Kaneko, S Ohkubo, T Uno, T Osanai, T Sugawara, K Otani, K Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 2000 June; 150(2): 185-90 0033-3158

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Evaluation of the interaction of lithium and alprazolam. Author(s): University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Pharmacy 64108. Source: Evans, R L Nelson, M V Melethil, S Townsend, R Hornstra, R K Smith, R B JClin-Psychopharmacol. 1990 October; 10(5): 355-9 0271-0749

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Food “cravings” and the acute effects of alprazolam on food intake in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Author(s): New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA. Source: Evans, S M Foltin, R W Fischman, M W Appetite. 1999 June; 32(3): 331-49 01956663

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Influence of alprazolam on opioid analgesia and side effects during steady-state morphine infusions. Author(s): Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104. Source: Coda, B A Mackie, A Hill, H F Pain. 1992 September; 50(3): 309-16 0304-3959

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Inhibition of naloxone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin release by alprazolam in myotonic dystrophy patients. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia.

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Source: Joyner, J M Grice, J E Hockings, G I Torpy, D J Crosbie, G V Walters, M M Jackson, R V J-Neuroendocrinol. 1998 May; 10(5): 391-5 0953-8194 •

Laboratory validation study of drug evaluation and classification program: alprazolam, d-amphetamine, codeine, and marijuana. Author(s): National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Intramural Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. [email protected] Source: Heishman, S J Singleton, E G Crouch, D J J-Anal-Toxicol. 1998 October; 22(6): 503-14 0146-4760

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Mechanism of immunosuppressive effect of alprazolam: alprazolam suppresses T-cell proliferation by selectively inhibiting the production of IL2 but not acquisition of IL2 receptor. Author(s): Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, CA 90073. Source: Chang, M P Castle, S C Norman, D C Int-J-Immunopharmacol. 1992 February; 14(2): 227-37 0192-0561

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Modification of the EMIT tox benzodiazepine assay for screening of alprazolam in serum. Author(s): Victoria General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Source: Fraser, A D Bryan, W Isner, A F J-Anal-Toxicol. 1988 Jul-August; 12(4): 197-9 0146-4760

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Platelet activating factor vasoconstriction of dog kidney. Inhibition by alprazolam. Source: Baer, P G Cagen, L M Hypertension. 1987 March; 9(3): 253-60 0194-911X

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Prenatal exposure to diazepam and alprazolam, but not to zolpidem, affects behavioural stress reactivity in handling-naive and handling-habituated adult male rat progeny. Author(s): Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Palermo University, V. Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy. [email protected] Source: Cannizzaro, C Martire, M Steardo, L Cannizzaro, E Gagliano, M Mineo, A Provenzano, G Brain-Res. 2002 October 25; 953(1-2): 170-80 0006-8993

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Separate and combined effects of caffeine and alprazolam on motor activity and benzodiazepine receptor binding in vivo. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111. Source: Kaplan, G B Tai, N T Greenblatt, D J Shader, R I Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1990; 101(4): 539-44 0033-3158

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Simultaneous assessment of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 activity in vivo with alprazolam and caffeine. Author(s): Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinic Charite, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Schmider, J Brockmoller, J Arold, G Bauer, S Roots, I Pharmacogenetics. 1999 December; 9(6): 725-34 0960-314X

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Strain differences in mice antinociception: relationship between alprazolam and opioid receptor subtypes. Author(s): Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, TelAviv University, Israel. Source: Pick, C G Eur-Neuropsychopharmacol. 1996 August; 6(3): 201-5 0924-977X

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Suppressive effects of alprazolam on the immune response of mice. Author(s): Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, CA 90073. Source: Chang, M P Castle, S C Norman, D C Int-J-Immunopharmacol. 1991; 13(2-3): 259-66 0192-0561

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND XANAX Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Xanax. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Xanax and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Xanax: •

A comparison of alprazolam, gefarnate and their combination in treatment of peptic ulcer patients--an application of life table analysis. Author(s): Ogawa N, Namiki M, Kusunoki T, Fujii S. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1985 February; 23(2): 109-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2859256&dopt=Abstract

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A multimodal approach to functional dysphagia. Author(s): Atkins DL, Lundy MS, Pumariega AJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 September; 33(7): 1012-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7961340&dopt=Abstract

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A synthetic agonist at the orphanin FQ/nociceptin receptor ORL1: anxiolytic profile in the rat.

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Author(s): Jenck F, Wichmann J, Dautzenberg FM, Moreau JL, Ouagazzal AM, Martin JR, Lundstrom K, Cesura AM, Poli SM, Roever S, Kolczewski S, Adam G, Kilpatrick G. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2000 April 25; 97(9): 4938-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758169&dopt=Abstract •

Agoraphobia and panic disorder: 3.5 years after alprazolam and/or exposure treatment. Author(s): Kilic C, Noshirvani H, Basoglu M, Marks I. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1997; 66(4): 175-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259039&dopt=Abstract

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Alprazolam reduces response to loud tones in panic disorder but not in posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Shalev AY, Bloch M, Peri T, Bonne O. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 July 1; 44(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646885&dopt=Abstract

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Biotransformation of alprazolam by members of the human cytochrome P4503A subfamily. Author(s): Gorski JC, Jones DR, Hamman MA, Wrighton SA, Hall SD. Source: Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems. 1999 September; 29(9): 931-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10548453&dopt=Abstract

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Brief hypnosis substitutes for alprazolam use in college students: transient experiences and quantitative EEG responses. Author(s): Nishith P, Barabasz A, Barabasz M, Warner D. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1999 January; 41(3): 262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554387&dopt=Abstract

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CARL: a LabVIEW 3 computer program for conducting exposure therapy for the treatment of dental injection fear. Author(s): Coldwell SE, Getz T, Milgrom P, Prall CW, Spadafora A, Ramsay DS. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998 April; 36(4): 429-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9670603&dopt=Abstract

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Coma from the health food store: interaction between kava and alprazolam. Author(s): Almeida JC, Grimsley EW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 December 1; 125(11): 940-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8967683&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of the psychomotor and antistress effects of ritanserin, alprazolam and diazepam in healthy subjects: some trait anxiety-independent responses. Author(s): Danjou P, Warot D, Hergueta T, Lacomblez L, Bouhours P, Puech AJ. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 November; 7(2): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487624&dopt=Abstract

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Development of Cushing's syndrome after use of a herbal remedy. Author(s): Krapf R. Source: Lancet. 2002 December 7; 360(9348): 1884. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480390&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of alprazolam on the baseline and fear-potentiated startle reflex in humans: a dose-response study. Author(s): Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Urbano G, Morte A, Antonijoan R, Barbanoj MJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 157(4): 358-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11605094&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blindness procedures, rater blindness, and ratings of outcome. Observations from a controlled trial. Author(s): Basoglu M, Marks I, Livanou M, Swinson R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 August; 54(8): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283510&dopt=Abstract

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Drug treatment of panic disorder. Reply to comment by Marks and associates. Author(s): Klerman GL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 October; 161: 465-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1309180&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of St John's wort on drug metabolism by induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme. Author(s): Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Taylor RM, Ruan Y, Wang JS, Chavin KD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 September 17; 290(11): 1500-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129991&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on cytochrome P-450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Markowitz JS, DeVane CL, Boulton DW, Carson SW, Nahas Z, Risch SC. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 January 21; 66(9): Pl133-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698361&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alprazolam on influenza virus infection in stressed mice. Author(s): Freire-Garabal M, Balboa JL, Fernandez-Rial JC, Nunez MJ, Belmonte A. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1993 September; 46(1): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8255908&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Markowitz JS, Devane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Ruan Y, Donovan JL. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2003 August; 74(2): 170-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891227&dopt=Abstract

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Mode of action of the triazolobenzodiazepines in the treatment of panic attacks: a hypothesis. Author(s): Van Gool D, Igodt P, De Cuyper H. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1992 December; 2(4): 433-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1362662&dopt=Abstract

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Panic disorder with agoraphobia. Author(s): Klein DF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 December; 163: 835-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905776&dopt=Abstract

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Psychoimmunoendocrine aspects of panic disorder. Author(s): Brambilla F, Bellodi L, Perna G, Battaglia M, Sciuto G, Diaferia G, Petraglia F, Panerai A, Sacerdote P. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1992; 26(1-2): 12-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1335559&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of physical activities by means of ambulatory accelerometry: a validation study. Author(s): Bussmann JB, Tulen JH, van Herel EC, Stam HJ. Source: Psychophysiology. 1998 September; 35(5): 488-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9715093&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability and validity of the longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation for assessing outcome of anxiety disorders. Author(s): Warshaw MG, Keller MB, Stout RL. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1994 November-December; 28(6): 531-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7699612&dopt=Abstract

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•

Safety and side-effects of alprazolam. Controlled study in agoraphobia with panic disorder. Author(s): O'Sullivan GH, Noshirvani H, Basoglu M, Marks IM, Swinson R, Kuch K, Kirby M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 July; 165(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802851&dopt=Abstract

•

Siberian ginseng (Eleutheroccus senticosus) effects on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity in normal volunteers. Author(s): Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Chavin KD, Taylor RM, Markowitz JS. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2003 May; 31(5): 519-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695337&dopt=Abstract

•

Stress, neuropsychiatric disorders and immunological effects exerted by benzodiazepines. Author(s): Covelli V, Maffione AB, Nacci C, Tato E, Jirillo E. Source: Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology. 1998 May; 20(2): 199-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9653667&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of personality factors and suggestion in placebo effect during mental stress test. Author(s): McCann CC, Goldfarb B, Frisk M, Quera-Salva MA, Meyer P. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1992 January; 33(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1540479&dopt=Abstract

•

Tranquilizers and sedative/hypnotics: appropriate use in the elderly. Author(s): Allen RM. Source: Geriatrics. 1986 May; 41(5): 75-8, 81-3, 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2870007&dopt=Abstract

•

Using minute ventilation for ambulatory estimation of additional heart rate. Author(s): Wilhelm FH, Roth WT. Source: Biological Psychology. 1998 September; 49(1-2): 137-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792490&dopt=Abstract

•

Vigilance impairment after a single dose of benzodiazepines. Author(s): Kozena L, Frantik E, Horvath M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1995 May; 119(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7675948&dopt=Abstract

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to Xanax; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 35

•

Herbs and Supplements Alprazolam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ava Alternative names: Kava Kava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Benzodiazepines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzodiazepines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Alternative names: Piper methysticum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kava Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Kava Kava Alternative names: Ava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Methysticum Alternative names: Kava Kava Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yohimbe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

37

CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND XANAX Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Xanax.

Recent Trials on Xanax The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Xanax.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Effect of Alprazolam on Anxiety Condition(s): Healthy; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to understand the effects of the drug alprazolam (Xanax ) on anxiety. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044096

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Xanax” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

39

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON XANAX Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Xanax” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Xanax, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Xanax As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Xanax:

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 10 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

40

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•

Alprazolam inclusion complexes and pharmaceutical compositions thereof Inventor(s): Penkler, Lawrence John; (Port Elizabeth, ZA) Correspondence: Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon; 225 West Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030113367 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: Pharmaceutical composition for transmucosal delivery contains an inclusion complex of alprazolam and a water soluble unsubstituted or substituted beta- or gamama-cyclodextiin such as 2-hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextfin, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. The pharmaceutical composition is of particular application in the treatment of Generalised Anxiety Disorder or for the management of panic disorders. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an inclusion complex of alprazolam and an unsubstituted or substituted beta- or gamma-cyclbdextrin, and to pharmaceutical compositions containing such a complex, particularly for oral, nasal or rectal mucosal delivery, for the treatment of anxiety and panic attack. Alprazolam is also known as 8chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4]tr- iazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine. In an acute state such as a panic attack, a rapid onset of action is desirable. Although alprazolam is well absorbed from a tablet formulation after conventional orogastric administration, maximum plasma levels occur between 0,7 to 1,8 hours post-dose. The onset of anxiolysis correlates with attainment of maximum plasma levels. The absorption rate is therefore often not sufficiently rapid to provide immediate symptomatic relief in an anxiety crisis. Absorption of alprazolam from the stomach is further adversely affected by the presence of food and antacids, the use of the latter being frequently associated with stress related syndromes. Rapid absorption of alprazolam in a manner which would avoid these complications and avoid the need for administration of the dosage form with a liquid would have distinct advantages. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Delivery of alprazolam, estazolam, midazolam or triazolam through an inhalation route Inventor(s): Rabinowitz, Joshua D.; (Mountain View, CA), Zaffaroni, Alejandro C.; (Atherton, CA) Correspondence: Richard R. Eckman; Morrison & Foerster Llp; 755 Page Mill Road; Palo Alto; CA; 94304-1018; US Patent Application Number: 20030012738 Date filed: May 22, 2002 Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/294,203 entitled "Thermal Vapor Delivery of Drugs," filed May 24, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application further claims priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/317,479 entitled "Aerosol Drug Delivery," filed Sep. 5, 2001, Rabinowitz and Zaffaroni, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This application further claims priority to U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/345,876 entitled "Delivery of Alprazolam, Estazolam, Midazolam, and Triazolam Through an Inhalation Route," filed

Patents 41

Nov. 9, 2001, Rabinowitz and Hale, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to the delivery of alprazolam, estazolam, midazolam or triazolam through an inhalation route. Specifically, it relates to aerosols containing alprazolam, estazolam, midazolam or triazolam that are used in inhalation therapy. There are a number of compositions currently marketed for the treatment of anxiety or insomnia. The compositions contain at least one active ingredient that provides for observed therapeutic effects. Among the active ingredients in such compositions are alprazolam, estazolam, midazolam, and triazolam. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Osmotic device containing alprazolam and an antipsychotic agent Inventor(s): Faour, Joaquina; (Buenos Aires, AR), Vergez, Juan A.; (Buenos Aires, AR) Correspondence: Innovar, Llc; P O Box 250647; Plano; TX; 75025; US Patent Application Number: 20020051807 Date filed: January 8, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an osmotic device containing controlled release alprazolam in the core optionally in combination with an anti-psychotic agent, in a rapid release external coat. A wide range of anti-psychotic agents can be used in this device. Particular embodiments of the invention provide osmotic devices having predetermined release profiles. One preferred embodiment of the osmotic device includes an external coat that has been spray coated rather compression coated onto the device. The device with spray coated external core is smaller and easier to swallow than the similar device having a compression coated external coat. The device is useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety or psychosis related disorders. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the priority of U.S. provisional application for patent serial No. 60/175,827 filed Jan. 13, 2000. This invention pertains to an osmotic device containing alprazolam and an anti-psychotic agent. More particularly, it pertains to an osmotic device tablet that provides a controlled release of alprazolam and an immediate release of an anti-psychotic agent, wherein the tablet is suited for once-daily administration in the treatment of psychological disorders. Clinical depression is a disorder characterized by low self-esteem, guilt, self-reproach, introversion, sadness, despair, sleeping disorders, eating disorders or discouragement. Depression generally causes a lower or decrease of a person's function. Anxiety is a disorder characterized by responses to anticipation of unreal or imagined danger and is know to cause increased heart rate, altered respiration rate, sweating, trembling, weakness, or fatigue. Psychosis is a disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality perception as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behavior without apparent awareness on the part of the person of the incomprehensibility of his behavior. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Xanax, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address:

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Xanax

http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Xanax. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Xanax. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

43

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON XANAX Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Xanax. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Xanax include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Xanax” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover nonmedical books that use the generic term “Xanax” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Xanax” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Stopping Valium and Ativan, Centrax, Dalmane, Librium, Paxipam, Restoril, Serax, Tranxene, Xanax by Eve Bargman; ISBN: 0937188123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937188123/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From

44

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there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Drug treatment of neurotic disorders: focus on alprazolam: proceedings of an international symposium, Vienna, Austria, 14-15 November 1984 Author: Lader, Malcolm Harold.; Year: 1985; Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986, c1985; ISBN: 0443035555 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443035555/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Xanax In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Xanax, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Xanax using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Xanax: •

Drugs Meant to Block Symptoms Temporarily Source: in Haybach, P.J. Meniere's Disease: What You Need to Know. Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. 1998. p. 163-170. Contact: Available from Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.vestibular.org. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963261118. Summary: This chapter is from a book that provides information for people who have or suspect they have Meniere's disease and want to know more about its diagnosis and treatment, as well as strategies for coping with its effects. Written in nontechnical language, the chapter discusses the use of drugs meant to block symptoms temporarily. The author groups these drugs into three categories: motion sickness drugs, drugs used for nausea and vomiting, and anti-anxiety anti-vertigo drugs. For each category, the author briefly reviews the drugs included, limitations as to who can use the drugs,

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

45

possible side effects, and strategies for safe and effective drug use. Drugs covered include meclizine (Antivert), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), scopolamine, promethazine (Phenergan), prochlorperazine (Compazine), trimethobenzamide (Tigan), diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin). 10 references.

47

APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

51

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1297 2 982 0 0 2281

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “Xanax” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

55

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Xanax can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Xanax. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Xanax. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Xanax”:

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•

Other guides Club Drugs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clubdrugs.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Prescription Drug Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/prescriptiondrugabuse.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Xanax. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Xanax. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Xanax. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Xanax. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Xanax” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Xanax”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Xanax” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Xanax” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

59

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

65

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

67

XANAX DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosols: Colloids with a gaseous dispersing phase and either liquid (fog) or solid (smoke) dispersed phase; used in fumigation or in inhalation therapy; may contain propellent agents. [NIH]

Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular

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quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH]

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Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU]

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Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic

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engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the

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interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chloral Hydrate: A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. The safety margin is too narrow for chloral hydrate to be used as a general anesthetic in humans, but it is commonly used for that purpose in animal experiments. It is no longer considered useful as an anti-anxiety medication. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing

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acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]

Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin

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system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH]

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Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dehydroepiandrosterone: DHEA. A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called steroids. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by

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rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH]

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Dimenhydrinate: A drug combination that contains diphenhydramine and theophylline. It is used for treating vertigo, motion sickness, and nausea associated with pregnancy. It is not effective in the treatment of nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Evaluation: Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH]

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Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH]

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Epirubicin: An anthracycline antibiotic which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. Clinical studies indicate activity in breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, ovarian cancer, soft-tissue sarcomas, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, small-cell lung cancer and acute leukemia. It is equal in activity to doxorubicin but exhibits less acute toxicities and less cardiotoxicity. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than diazepam or nitrazepam. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Factor V: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease. [NIH] Factor Va: Activated form of factor V. It is an essential cofactor for the activation of prothrombin catalyzed by factor Xa. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Flunitrazepam: Benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of diazepam. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug. Steps are being taken to reclassify this substance as a Schedule 1 drug with no accepted medical use. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate

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synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It is effective in the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, and alcohol amnestic disorders. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fumigation: The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gefarnate: A water insoluble terpene fatty acid used in the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers; it facilitates the healing and function of mucosal tissue. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-

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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heptaminol: An amino alcohol that has been used as a myocardial stimulant and vasodilator and to relieve bronchospasm. Its most common therapeutic use is in orthostatic hypotension. The mechanism of heptaminol's therapeutic actions is not well understood although it has been suggested to affect catecholamine release or calcium metabolism. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH]

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Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]

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Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is

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also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. [NIH]

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Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Mineralocorticoid: 1. Any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. Of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]

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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training,

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health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotic Disorders: Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the

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next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot

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flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pharmacist: A person trained to prepare and distribute medicines and to give information about them. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Piloerection: Involuntary erection or bristling of hairs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH]

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Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Portal Pressure: The venous pressure measured in the portal vein. [NIH] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Product Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a product or its container or wrapper. It includes purpose, effect, description, directions,

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hazards, warnings, and other relevant information. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Performance: The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH]

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Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be

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cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk-Taking: Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her. [NIH] Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually

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at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to

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induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and

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antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. [NIH]

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Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear

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part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of impotence. It is also alleged to be an aphrodisiac. [NIH]

99

INDEX A Abdominal, 67, 88, 90 Acoustic, 12, 67, 98 Activities of Daily Living, 4, 67 Adenosine, 24, 67, 71, 89, 96 Adjuvant, 10, 67 Adrenal Cortex, 67, 68, 75, 91 Adrenal Medulla, 67, 72, 78, 87 Adrenergic, 67, 69, 77, 78, 95, 98 Adverse Effect, 67, 83, 94 Aerosols, 41, 67 Afferent, 67, 90 Affinity, 67, 94 Agonist, 29, 67, 71, 77, 86 Agoraphobia, 16, 30, 32, 33, 67, 82, 89 Akathisia, 67, 69 Aldosterone, 68, 85 Alertness, 68, 71 Algorithms, 68, 71 Alimentary, 68, 89 Alkaline, 68, 71 Alkaloid, 68, 70, 86, 93, 95, 98 Alleles, 13, 68 Alopecia, 68, 75 Alternative medicine, 68 Alveoli, 68, 97 Amnesia, 3, 68 Amnestic, 68, 80, 85 Amphetamine, 15, 26, 68, 76 Anaesthesia, 68, 82 Analgesic, 24, 68, 73, 82, 86, 88, 96 Analog, 68, 79 Anatomical, 68, 70, 82 Anesthesia, 18, 24, 68, 85 Antagonism, 68, 71, 77, 96 Anthracycline, 68, 79 Antiallergic, 69, 91 Antibiotic, 68, 69, 77, 79, 90 Antibody, 67, 69, 73, 81, 82, 85 Anticholinergic, 69, 77 Anticonvulsant, 69, 73, 79, 84, 87 Antidepressant, 69, 73, 80, 82, 97 Antidote, 69, 79 Antiemetic, 69, 77 Antifungal, 69, 83 Antigen, 67, 69, 74, 81, 82, 85 Anti-inflammatory, 69, 76, 80, 82 Antimetabolite, 69, 79

Antineoplastic, 69, 75, 77, 79 Antipsychotic, 41, 69, 87 Antispasmodic, 69, 88, 93 Antitussive, 69, 77, 88 Anus, 70, 71, 92 Anxiety, 9, 17, 18, 19, 24, 31, 32, 34, 37, 40, 41, 44, 68, 70, 71, 72, 80, 83, 84, 88, 90, 93, 94 Anxiety Disorders, 32, 70, 71, 89 Anxiolytic, 29, 70, 71, 85 Arterial, 70, 91 Arteries, 70, 71, 75, 85, 86 Arterioles, 70, 71 Aspergillosis, 70, 83 Assay, 26, 70 Atrioventricular, 14, 70 Atrium, 70, 97 Atrophy, 9, 70 Atropine, 70, 93 Auditory, 18, 70, 90 Autonomic, 16, 69, 70, 87 B Bactericidal, 70, 79 Basal Ganglia, 69, 70, 73, 84 Base, 70, 76, 84 Benzene, 70 Benzodiazepines, 5, 9, 14, 19, 33, 35, 70, 71, 79 Bile, 70, 80, 84, 95 Biochemical, 68, 69, 70, 94 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 44, 51, 70 Bladder, 71, 82, 97 Blastomycosis, 71, 83 Blood Coagulation, 71, 79 Blood Platelets, 71, 94 Blood pressure, 71, 72, 81, 94 Blood vessel, 71, 72, 83, 94, 95, 96, 97 Bowel, 71, 76 Bowel Movement, 71, 76 Branch, 63, 71, 92, 94 Breakdown, 71, 76, 80 Bromazepam, 6, 71 Bronchospasm, 71, 81 Buspirone, 19, 71 C Caffeine, 13, 18, 25, 26, 71 Calcium, 14, 71, 73, 79, 81, 91 Capillary, 11, 71, 97

100 Xanax

Carbohydrate, 72, 94 Carbon Dioxide, 72, 80, 90, 93 Carcinogenic, 70, 72, 91, 95 Cardiac, 71, 72, 78, 80, 85, 86, 95 Cardiorespiratory, 72, 85 Cardiotoxicity, 72, 79 Cardiovascular, 16, 68, 72, 94 Case report, 8, 11, 72 Catecholamine, 72, 77, 81 Caudal, 72, 76, 81 Cell, 26, 67, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98 Cell Division, 72, 90 Cell proliferation, 26, 72 Cell Respiration, 72, 93 Central Nervous System, 68, 70, 71, 72, 76, 80, 81, 86, 93, 94, 95 Cerebral, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 91, 92, 96 Chemoreceptor, 69, 72 Chemotherapy, 10, 14, 72, 77 Chloral Hydrate, 24, 72 Cholecystokinin, 12, 72 Cholinergic, 69, 72 Chorea, 69, 73 Chronic, 19, 24, 71, 73, 82, 95 Citalopram, 8, 17, 73 Clinical trial, 4, 37, 38, 51, 73, 74, 92 Clomipramine, 8, 73 Clonazepam, 10, 45, 73 Clonic, 73 Cloning, 71, 73 Coagulation, 71, 73, 81 Cochlear, 73, 96, 97, 98 Cochlear Diseases, 73, 96 Codeine, 15, 26, 73, 88 Cofactor, 73, 79, 91 Complement, 73, 74 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 35, 74 Complementary medicine, 29, 74 Computational Biology, 51, 74 Concomitant, 13, 74 Confusion, 74, 77, 81, 87 Congestion, 69, 74 Conjugated, 74, 75 Conjunctiva, 74, 83 Consciousness, 68, 74, 76, 77 Constipation, 69, 74 Contraindications, ii, 74 Controlled study, 12, 16, 33, 74 Convulsions, 69, 74, 81

Coordination, 74, 91 Coronary, 75, 85, 86 Coronary Thrombosis, 75, 85, 86 Corpus, 75, 91, 96 Corpus Luteum, 75, 91 Cortical, 75, 90, 94 Corticosteroids, 75, 80, 85 Cortisol, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 19, 24, 75 Cortisone, 75, 76 Craniocerebral Trauma, 75, 81, 96 Cyclic, 71, 75, 95 Cyclophosphamide, 10, 75 Cytochrome, 7, 9, 10, 11, 25, 30, 31, 32, 75 D Databases, Bibliographic, 51, 75 Dehydroepiandrosterone, 7, 75 Delirium, 3, 8, 69, 75 Delusions, 41, 76, 91 Dementia, 3, 69, 76 Deoxyribonucleic, 76, 93 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 76, 93 Depersonalization, 76, 88, 93 Depressive Disorder, 76, 84 Derealization, 76, 88 Dexamethasone, 10, 13, 76 Dextroamphetamine, 68, 76 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 76 Diencephalon, 76, 81, 90, 95, 96 Digestion, 68, 70, 71, 76, 84, 89, 95 Digestive system, 38, 76 Dimenhydrinate, 45, 77 Diphenhydramine, 45, 77 Direct, iii, 77, 92 Disinfectant, 77, 79 Disorientation, 74, 76, 77 Dissociation, 67, 77, 83 Diuresis, 71, 77, 95 Dizziness, 77, 88, 97 Dopamine, 68, 69, 76, 77, 86 Doxepin, 14, 77 Doxorubicin, 77, 79 Drug Evaluation, 15, 26, 77 Drug Interactions, 17, 77 Drug Monitoring, 20, 77 Drug Tolerance, 78, 96 Duct, 78, 79, 93 Duodenum, 70, 78, 95 Dyskinesia, 69, 73, 78 Dysphagia, 29, 78 Dysphoric, 14, 16, 25, 76, 78 Dyspnea, 78, 88 Dystonia, 69, 78

Index 101

E Eating Disorders, 41, 78 Efficacy, 13, 71, 78 Electrolyte, 68, 76, 78, 85, 90, 94 Electrons, 70, 78, 83, 88, 92 Embryo, 78, 82 Emesis, 14, 78 Endocrine System, 78, 87 Endoscopic, 78, 85 Endotoxin, 78, 97 Environmental Health, 50, 52, 78 Enzymatic, 71, 74, 78, 81 Enzyme, 31, 78, 86, 89, 91, 95, 96, 98 Epinephrine, 67, 77, 78, 87 Epirubicin, 10, 79 Epithelial, 79, 85 Epithelial Cells, 79, 85 Esophageal, 12, 79 Esophagus, 76, 79, 89, 92, 95 Essential Tremor, 16, 79 Estazolam, 40, 79 Ethanol, 24, 73, 79 Exocrine, 72, 79, 88 Expiration, 79, 93 Extrapyramidal, 4, 68, 69, 77, 79 F Factor V, 26, 79 Factor Va, 26, 79 Family Planning, 51, 79 Fatigue, 41, 79 Fissure, 79, 90 Flatus, 79, 80 Flumazenil, 14, 79 Flunitrazepam, 5, 79 Fluorouracil, 10, 79 Fluoxetine, 17, 24, 80 Fluvoxamine, 13, 80 Frontal Lobe, 80, 90 Fumigation, 67, 80 G GABA, 7, 73, 80 Gallbladder, 67, 72, 76, 80 Gas, 11, 72, 79, 80, 87, 97 Gas exchange, 80, 97 Gastric, 79, 80, 81, 89 Gastric Juices, 80, 89 Gastric Mucosa, 80, 89 Gastrointestinal, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 94, 95 Gastrointestinal tract, 73, 79, 80, 94 Gefarnate, 29, 80 Gene, 44, 68, 71, 80 Ginseng, 33, 80

Gland, 67, 75, 80, 88, 94, 95 Glucocorticoid, 76, 80, 85 Glucose, 80, 81, 83 Glycoprotein, 79, 80, 97 Governing Board, 80, 90 Growth, 68, 69, 72, 81, 90, 97 H Haematemesis, 78, 81 Haloperidol, 3, 7, 81 Headache, 71, 81, 83, 90 Heme, 75, 81 Hemorrhage, 75, 81, 95 Hemostasis, 81, 94 Hepatic, 76, 81 Heptaminol, 24, 81 Heredity, 80, 81 Histamine, 69, 77, 81, 84, 91 Homologous, 68, 81 Hormonal, 70, 81 Hormone, 68, 75, 78, 81, 83, 91 Hypersensitivity, 77, 81 Hypnotic, 72, 77, 79, 81, 84, 85, 87 Hypoglycaemia, 7, 76, 81 Hypotension, 7, 69, 74, 81 Hypothalamic, 12, 81 Hypothalamus, 20, 76, 81, 84, 96 Hypothermia, 81, 82 Hypoxia, 76, 82 I Ibuprofen, 24, 82 Id, 27, 34, 56, 62, 64, 82 Illusion, 82, 97 Imipramine, 20, 73, 82 Immune response, 27, 67, 69, 75, 82, 95, 98 Immune system, 82, 86, 97, 98 Immunology, 18, 67, 82 Immunosuppressant, 79, 82 Immunosuppressive, 26, 75, 80, 82 Impairment, 14, 33, 41, 76, 78, 82, 85, 91 Impotence, 82, 98 In vitro, 15, 82 In vivo, 11, 15, 18, 24, 26, 82 Incontinence, 82, 93 Indicative, 43, 82, 97 Induction, 10, 14, 31, 69, 82 Infarction, 82 Infection, 32, 71, 76, 82, 83, 84, 95, 98 Inflammation, 69, 82, 83, 85, 93 Influenza, 32, 83 Ingestion, 13, 25, 83, 90 Inhalation, 40, 67, 83, 90 Innervation, 77, 83

102 Xanax

Insomnia, 34, 41, 72, 83, 90, 96 Insulin, 7, 83 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 83 Intestinal, 72, 83 Intoxication, 76, 83, 98 Intracellular, 71, 82, 83, 90, 92 Intracranial Hypertension, 81, 83, 96 Invasive, 83, 84 Involuntary, 4, 73, 79, 83, 86, 89, 92 Ion Transport, 83, 85 Ionization, 18, 83 Ions, 70, 77, 78, 83, 91 Ischemia, 70, 83 Itraconazole, 12, 83 K Kava, 30, 35, 83 Kb, 50, 84 Kinetic, 15, 84 L Labile, 73, 79, 84 Large Intestine, 76, 84, 92 Leukemia, 14, 77, 79, 84 Leukocytes, 84, 97 Library Services, 62, 84 Limbic, 84, 90 Limbic System, 84, 90 Lipid, 83, 84, 85 Lithium, 25, 69, 84 Liver, 11, 67, 70, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84 Localized, 82, 84, 90 Lorazepam, 6, 16, 19, 45, 84 Lymphatic, 82, 84 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 84 Malnutrition, 70, 84 Manic, 69, 84, 91 Manic-depressive psychosis, 84, 91 Meclizine, 45, 84 Mediate, 5, 77, 85 Mediator, 72, 85, 94 MEDLINE, 51, 85 Membrane, 74, 85, 86, 88 Memory, 12, 16, 68, 76, 85 Meningitis, 83, 85 Menstrual Cycle, 85, 90, 91 Menstruation, 85, 90 Mental Disorders, 38, 85, 91 Mental Health, iv, 4, 20, 37, 38, 50, 52, 85, 92 Mesolimbic, 69, 85 Metabolite, 11, 73, 85 MI, 6, 65, 85

Microorganism, 73, 85, 98 Midazolam, 17, 18, 40, 85 Mineralocorticoid, 20, 85 Modeling, 25, 85 Molecular, 51, 53, 70, 74, 86, 92, 97 Molecule, 69, 70, 74, 77, 86, 88, 92 Monoamine, 68, 76, 86 Monocyte, 18, 86 Mononuclear, 10, 86, 97 Morphine, 25, 73, 86, 88 Motility, 12, 86, 94 Motion Sickness, 44, 77, 84, 86, 91, 93 Motor Activity, 26, 74, 86, 91 Movement Disorders, 69, 86 Mucosa, 72, 80, 86 Muscle relaxant, 79, 86 Myalgia, 83, 86 Mydriatic, 86, 93, 98 Myocardial infarction, 9, 75, 85, 86 Myocardium, 85, 86 Myotonic Dystrophy, 15, 25, 86 N Naive, 26, 86 Naloxone, 15, 25, 86 Narcotic, 86, 96 Nasal Mucosa, 83, 86 Nausea, 44, 69, 77, 84, 86, 88, 90 NCI, 1, 38, 49, 86 Necrosis, 82, 85, 86, 87 Need, 3, 40, 44, 57, 87, 96 Nerve, 67, 68, 83, 85, 87, 95, 96, 97, 98 Nervous System, 67, 68, 72, 85, 87, 90, 95 Neuroendocrine, 7, 87 Neuroleptic, 68, 69, 87 Neuronal, 73, 87 Neurosis, 87 Neurotic, 44, 87 Neurotic Disorders, 44, 87 Neurotransmitters, 77, 87, 90 Nitrazepam, 79, 87 Nitrogen, 11, 68, 75, 87, 97 Norepinephrine, 24, 67, 77, 87 Nuclei, 78, 84, 87, 98 Nucleic acid, 87, 93 Nucleus, 75, 86, 88, 90, 98 O Opium, 86, 88 Optic Chiasm, 81, 88 Orthostatic, 69, 81, 88 Osmosis, 88 Osmotic, 41, 88 Osteoporosis, 14, 88

Index 103

Overdose, 14, 88 Ovum, 75, 88, 91 Oxidation, 75, 88 Oxygen Consumption, 88, 93 P Pancreas, 67, 76, 83, 88 Pancreatic, 72, 79, 88 Pancreatic cancer, 79, 88 Panic, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 56, 80, 82, 88 Panic Disorder, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 56, 80, 82, 88 Paresthesias, 88, 89 Parkinsonism, 69, 89 Pepsin, 89 Pepsin A, 89 Peptic, 29, 89 Peptic Ulcer, 29, 89 Peptide, 72, 89, 91 Perception, 41, 76, 89, 93 Peripheral blood, 10, 89 Pharmacist, 14, 89 Pharmacodynamic, 17, 25, 89 Pharmacokinetic, 6, 17, 25, 89 Pharmacologic, 68, 79, 89, 96 Pharynx, 83, 89 Phenyl, 40, 89 Phosphorus, 71, 89 Phototherapy, 89, 94 Physiologic, 67, 85, 89, 92 Piloerection, 81, 89 Pilot study, 20, 89 Placebo Effect, 33, 89 Placenta, 90, 91 Plants, 68, 70, 72, 80, 87, 90, 96 Plasma, 11, 17, 18, 24, 40, 79, 81, 85, 90, 91 Plasma Volume, 85, 90 Poisoning, 8, 76, 83, 86, 90 Portal Pressure, 90, 93 Postmenopausal, 88, 90 Potassium, 68, 85, 90 Practice Guidelines, 52, 90 Prefrontal Cortex, 9, 90 Premedication, 90, 93 Premenstrual, 14, 16, 24, 25, 90 Premenstrual Syndrome, 24, 90 Presynaptic, 77, 90 Presynaptic Terminals, 77, 90 Product Labeling, 9, 90 Progeny, 26, 91 Progesterone, 15, 24, 91, 95 Progressive, 76, 78, 81, 86, 87, 91, 93

Projection, 87, 90, 91 Promethazine, 45, 91 Promoter, 18, 20, 91 Protease, 91, 93 Protein S, 44, 71, 91 Proteins, 69, 73, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 Prothrombin, 79, 91, 96 Pruritus, 77, 91 Psychiatric, 10, 13, 25, 32, 85, 91 Psychiatry, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 91, 97 Psychic, 87, 91, 94 Psychomotor, 11, 12, 31, 76, 87, 91 Psychomotor Performance, 12, 91 Psychopathology, 4, 91 Psychosis, 41, 69, 91 Psychotomimetic, 68, 76, 91 Psychotropic, 24, 92 Public Health, 4, 52, 92 Public Policy, 51, 92 Publishing, 5, 92 Pyramidal Tracts, 79, 92 Q Quaternary, 92, 93 R Radiation, 84, 92 Radioactive, 83, 92 Randomized, 3, 12, 14, 78, 92 Reality Testing, 91, 92 Receptor, 7, 26, 29, 69, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 92, 94 Receptors, Serotonin, 92, 94 Rectal, 40, 92 Rectum, 70, 71, 76, 79, 80, 82, 84, 92 Recur, 92, 93 Recurrence, 10, 84, 92, 94 Refer, 1, 73, 77, 86, 87, 91, 92, 97 Reflex, 11, 31, 92 Reflux, 12, 92 Regimen, 3, 78, 89, 92 Relapse, 10, 92 Remission, 84, 92 Renal failure, 76, 93 Respiration, 41, 72, 93 Respiratory Physiology, 93, 97 Rheumatism, 82, 93 Ribonucleic acid, 10, 93 Risk factor, 14, 93 Risk-Taking, 4, 93 Ritanserin, 31, 93 Ritonavir, 9, 14, 93

104 Xanax

S Saliva, 93 Salivary, 9, 76, 88, 93 Salivary glands, 76, 93 Schizoid, 93, 98 Schizophrenia, 9, 93, 98 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 76, 93, 98 Scopolamine, 45, 93 Screening, 9, 26, 73, 93 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 16, 93 Secretion, 13, 19, 81, 83, 85, 94 Sedative, 33, 72, 73, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 94 Seizures, 73, 76, 94 Self Care, 67, 94 Senile, 88, 94 Serotonin, 24, 69, 71, 73, 80, 92, 93, 94, 97 Sertraline, 11, 15, 94 Serum, 26, 73, 85, 94, 97 Side effect, 25, 45, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 84, 94, 96 Signs and Symptoms, 92, 94 Smooth muscle, 71, 81, 86, 94, 95 Sodium, 68, 85, 94, 95 Solvent, 70, 79, 88, 94 Somatic, 84, 90, 94 Specialist, 57, 94 Spinal cord, 72, 87, 92, 94 Sterility, 75, 94 Steroid, 75, 95 Stimulant, 68, 71, 76, 81, 95 Stimulus, 83, 89, 92, 95 Stomach, 40, 67, 76, 79, 80, 81, 86, 89, 92, 95 Stress, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33, 40, 72, 75, 86, 95 Stroke, 38, 50, 95 Subacute, 82, 95 Subclinical, 82, 94, 95 Substance P, 85, 94, 95 Substrate, 7, 95 Supplementation, 32, 95 Sweat, 81, 95 Sympathomimetic, 68, 76, 77, 78, 87, 95 Symptomatic, 40, 95 Systemic, 71, 76, 78, 82, 83, 95 T Tardive, 69, 73, 95 Thalamus, 76, 84, 90, 95 Theophylline, 77, 95 Third Ventricle, 81, 95, 96 Thrombin, 79, 91, 96

Thrombosis, 91, 95, 96 Tinnitus, 16, 96, 98 Tissue, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 96 Tolerance, 5, 24, 73, 96 Tonic, 73, 96 Topical, 79, 96 Toxic, iv, 70, 96 Toxicity, 72, 77, 96 Toxicology, 11, 15, 18, 52, 96 Toxins, 69, 82, 96 Tramadol, 14, 96 Transfection, 71, 96 Transmitter, 77, 85, 87, 96 Trauma, 76, 87, 96 Triazolam, 13, 14, 15, 17, 25, 40, 96 Tricyclic, 73, 77, 82, 97 Trigger zone, 69, 97 Tryptophan, 94, 97 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 17, 97 U Unconscious, 82, 97 Urethra, 97 Urinary, 16, 82, 93, 97 Urine, 11, 71, 77, 82, 97 Uterus, 75, 85, 91, 97 V Vaccine, 67, 97 Vascular, 82, 90, 97 Vasodilator, 77, 81, 97 Veins, 71, 97 Venlafaxine, 12, 97 Venous, 6, 90, 91, 97 Ventilation, 33, 97 Ventricle, 70, 96, 97 Venules, 71, 97 Vertigo, 44, 77, 84, 97, 98 Vestibular, 44, 97, 98 Vestibule, 97 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 96, 97, 98 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 96, 98 Veterinary Medicine, 51, 98 Viral, 83, 98 Virus, 32, 98 Vitro, 98 Vivo, 98 W Wakefulness, 76, 98 Weight Gain, 94, 98 White blood cell, 69, 84, 86, 98 Withdrawal, 8, 17, 24, 76, 98

Index 105

Y

Yohimbine, 24, 98

106 Xanax

Index 107

108 Xanax

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