CAUDA EQUINA
SYNDROME A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET
R EFERENCES
CAUDA EQUINA
SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Cauda Equina Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00203-5 1. Cauda Equina Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on cauda equina syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME .................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Cauda Equina Syndrome .............................................................. 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME .................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME .................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Chapters on Cauda Equina Syndrome ......................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME ...................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 37 Academic Periodicals covering Cauda Equina Syndrome............................................................ 37 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 41 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 43 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 47 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME DICTIONARY....................................................................... 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 79
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with cauda equina syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about cauda equina syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to cauda equina syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on cauda equina syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to cauda equina syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on cauda equina syndrome. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on cauda equina syndrome.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and cauda equina syndrome, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Cauda Equina Syndrome Source: Current Opinion in Orthopedics. 11(3): 192-195. June 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the etiology and symptoms of cauda equina syndrome and the predictors of outcome. The cauda equina consists of peripheral nerves, both motor and sensory, below the level of the conus medullaris and within the spinal canal. The conus medullaris contains the myelomeres of the five sacral nerve roots. Damage to any part of this structure may result in the cauda equina syndrome (CES). This relatively uncommon condition may occur as a result of traumatic injury, spondylosis, metastatic disease, and, most commonly, lumbar disk herniation. The clinical symptoms of CES are low back pain; sciatica; saddle and perineal hypoesthesia or anesthesia; a decrease in anal tone; absent
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
ankle, knee, or bulbocavernous reflexes; and bowel or bladder dysfunction. The diagnosis of CES is based primarily on a clinical examination. Detailed examination of the perineal area and careful evaluation of sphincter function are essential for early diagnosis. The diagnosis can be aided by conventional imaging studies. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography not only determine the level of pathology but also aid in the diagnosis of the primary pathologic lesion, either disk, tumor, or otherwise. CES can lead to poor outcomes with significant legal implications. Predictors of residual dysfunction are the presence of significant sphincter disturbance and complete perineal anesthesia at presentation. Controversy exists as to whether the timing of surgical intervention may affect these outcomes. Recent studies have reinforced that early surgical decompression may be beneficial to early return of function. Expeditious surgery is, however, only one factor that can affect outcome in this syndrome. 31 references. (AA-M).
Federally Funded Research on Cauda Equina Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to cauda equina syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to cauda equina syndrome. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore cauda equina syndrome.
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with cauda equina syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for cauda equina syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of delayed diagnosis of the cauda equina syndrome in pregnancy. Author(s): Timothy J, Anthony R, Tyagi A, Porter D, van Hille PT. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1999 May; 39(2): 260-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10755796
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A case report of lumboperitoneal shunt for cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Okada S, Hase H, Hirasawa Y, Ogawa H, Takahashi K, Shibata S. Source: Spine. 1992 March; 17(3 Suppl): S59-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1566188
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A cauda equina syndrome in a patient treated with oral anticoagulants. Case report. Author(s): Willems J, Anne A, Herregods P, Klaes R, Chappel R. Source: Paraplegia. 1994 April; 32(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8022637
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A rare extra-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis: cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Gabay R, Guignard D, Chantraine A. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1978 Summer; 5(2): 234-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=671443
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A urodynamic study of cauda equina syndrome due to lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Nielsen B, de Nully M, Schmidt K, Hansen RI. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 1980; 35(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7385464
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ACTH-producing pituitary carcinoma presenting as the cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Frost AR, Tenner S, Tenner M, Rollhauser C, Tabbara SO. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1995 January; 119(1): 93-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7802565
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Acute cauda equina syndrome after total knee arthroplasty as a result of epidural anesthesia and spinal stenosis. Author(s): Stambough JL, Stambough JB, Evans S. Source: The Journal of Arthroplasty. 2000 April; 15(3): 375-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10794236
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Acute cauda equina syndrome caused by a gas-containing prolapsed intervertebral disk. Author(s): Mehta TA, Sharp DJ. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2000 December; 13(6): 532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11132986
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Acute cauda equina syndrome caused by thrombosis of the inferior vena cava. Author(s): De Kruijk J, Korten A, Boiten J, Wilmink J. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 December; 67(6): 8278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617383
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Acute cauda equina syndrome from a ruptured aneurysm in the sacral canal. Case report. Author(s): Schmidt RH, Grady MS, Cohen W, Wright S, Winn HR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992 December; 77(6): 945-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1432139
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Acute cauda equina syndrome secondary to an arteriovenous malformation of the spinal cord. A case report. Author(s): Brodsky AE, Aldama-Lubbert A, Khalil M, Moldawer T. Source: Spine. 1986 July-August; 11(6): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3787330
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Acute cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation mimicking pure conus medullaris syndrome--case report. Author(s): Fujisawa H, Igarashi S, Koyama T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998 July; 38(7): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9745251
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Acute cauda equina syndrome. Diagnostic advantage of MRI. Author(s): Coscia M, Leipzig T, Cooper D. Source: Spine. 1994 February 15; 19(4): 475-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8178242
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Adhesive arachnoiditis causing cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: CT and MRI demonstration of dural calcification and a dorsal dural diverticulum. Author(s): Bilgen IG, Yunten N, Ustun EE, Oksel F, Gumusdis G. Source: Neuroradiology. 1999 July; 41(7): 508-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10450845
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An unusual complication of ureteroscopy with general anaesthesia: cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Erickson DR, Kuhlengel KR. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1995 October; 76(4): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7551898
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An unusual manifestation of Paget's disease of bone: spinal epidural hematoma presenting as acute cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Richter RL, Semble EL, Turner RA, Challa VR. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1990 July; 17(7): 975-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2213767
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Angiotropic lymphoma (intravascular large cell lymphoma) presenting with cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Lacomis D, Smith TW, Long RR. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1992; 94(4): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1335859
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Ankylosing spondylitis with cauda equina syndrome. Case report. Author(s): Tilgner M, Fortin D. Source: Mo Med. 1985 November; 82(11): 708-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4069104
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Ankylosing spondylitis: cauda equina syndrome with multiple spinal arachnoid cysts. Case report. Author(s): Rosenkranz W. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1971 February; 34(2 Pt 1): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14768694
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Aortic dissection presenting as an acute cauda equina syndrome : a case report. Author(s): Patel NM, Noel CR, Weiner BK. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 August; 84-A(8): 1430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12177274
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Arrested progression of the cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis after lumboperitoneal shunting. Author(s): Larner AJ, Pall HS, Hockley AD. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 July; 61(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8676141
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Bacterial meningitis and cauda equina syndrome after epidural steroid injections. Author(s): Cooper AB, Sharpe MD. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1996 May; 43(5 Pt 1): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8723854
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Case report 477: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) complicating long-standing ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Author(s): Rubenstein DJ, Ghelman B. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1988; 17(3): 212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3375851
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Case report: CT and MRI of the cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kerslake RW, Mitchell LA, Worthington BS. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1992 February; 45(2): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1737429
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Cauda equina syndrome after continuous spinal anesthesia. Author(s): Rigler ML, Drasner K, Krejcie TC, Yelich SJ, Scholnick FT, DeFontes J, Bohner D. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1991 March; 72(3): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1994754
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Cauda equina syndrome after in situ arthrodesis for severe spondylolisthesis at the lumbosacral junction. Author(s): Honet JC, Ellenberg MR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1991 April; 73(4): 629. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2013608
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Cauda equina syndrome after in situ arthrodesis for severe spondylolisthesis at the lumbosacral junction. Author(s): Schoenecker PL, Cole HO, Herring JA, Capelli AM, Bradford DS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1990 March; 72(3): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2312532
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Cauda equina syndrome after incidental total spinal anesthesia with 2% lidocaine. Author(s): Lee DS, Bui T, Ferrarese J, Richardson PK. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1998 February; 10(1): 66-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9526941
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Cauda equina syndrome after intradiscal electrothermal therapy. Author(s): Ackerman WE 3rd. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 November-December; 27(6): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12430118
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Cauda equina syndrome after spinal anaesthesia in a patient with severe vascular disease. Author(s): Tetzlaff JE, Dilger J, Yap E, Smith MP, Schoenwald PK. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1998 July; 45(7): 667-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9717601
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Cauda equina syndrome after spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric 5% lignocaine: a review of six cases of cauda equina syndrome reported to the Swedish Pharmaceutical Insurance 1993-1997. Author(s): Loo CC, Irestedt L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1999 April; 43(4): 371-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10225068
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Cauda equina syndrome after spinal tetracaine: electromyographic evaluation--20 years follow-up. Author(s): Vianna PT, Resende LA, Ganem EM, Gabarra RC, Yamashita S, Barreira AA. Source: Anesthesiology. 2001 November; 95(5): 1290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11685003
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Cauda equina syndrome after surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis with application of free autogenous fat graft. A report of two cases. Author(s): Mayer PJ, Jacobsen FS. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1989 August; 71(7): 1090-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760085
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Cauda equina syndrome and arteriovenous fistula. Author(s): Valentine AR. Source: Neuroradiology. 1979 September 26; 18(3): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=492518
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Cauda equina syndrome and continuous spinal anesthesia. Author(s): Peyton P. Source: Anesthesiology. 1993 January; 78(1): 214-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8424564
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Cauda equina syndrome and continuous spinal anesthesia. Author(s): Lambert DH, Hurley RJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1991 June; 72(6): 817-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2035866
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Cauda equina syndrome and lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Kostuik JP, Harrington I, Alexander D, Rand W, Evans D. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1986 March; 68(3): 386-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2936744
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Cauda equina syndrome as a complication of free epidural fat-grafting. A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Author(s): Prusick VR, Lint DS, Bruder WJ. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1988 September; 70(8): 1256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3417714
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Cauda equina syndrome as a postoperative complication in five patients operated for lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Henriques T, Olerud C, Petren-Mallmin M, Ahl T. Source: Spine. 2001 February 1; 26(3): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224866
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Cauda equina syndrome as the isolated presentation of sarcoidosis. Author(s): Verma KK, Forman AD, Fuller GN, Dimachkie MM, Vriesendorp FJ. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2000 July; 247(7): 573-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993507
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Cauda equina syndrome associated with an aorto-caval fistula. Author(s): Jauslin PA, Muller AF, Myers P, Velebit V. Source: Eur J Vasc Surg. 1991 August; 5(4): 471-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1915914
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Cauda equina syndrome associated with ankylosing spondylitis in a female. Author(s): Kushwaha SS, Steinberg VL. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 June; 68(800): 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1437938
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Cauda equina syndrome associated with multiple lumbar arachnoid cysts in ankylosing spondylitis: improvement following surgical therapy. Author(s): Shaw PJ, Allcutt DA, Bates D, Crawford PJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990 December; 53(12): 1076-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2292702
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Cauda equina syndrome caused by delayed traumatic spinal subdural haematoma. Author(s): Chen HJ, Liang CL, Lu K, Liliang PC, Tsai YD. Source: Injury. 2001 July; 32(6): 505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11476820
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Cauda equina syndrome caused by idiopathic sacral epidural lipomatosis. Author(s): Ohta Y, Hayashi T, Sasaki C, Shiote M, Manabe Y, Shoji M, Abe K. Source: Intern Med. 2002 July; 41(7): 593-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12132532
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Cauda equina syndrome caused by intervertebral lumbar disk prolapse: mid-term results of 22 patients and literature review. Author(s): Buchner M, Schiltenwolf M. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 July; 25(7): 727-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12138958
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Cauda equina syndrome caused by migrating fat graft after lumbar spinal decompression. A case report demonstrated with magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Stromqvist B, Jonsson B, Annertz M, Holtas S. Source: Spine. 1991 January; 16(1): 100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2003232
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Cauda equina syndrome caused by osteosarcoma in a patient with Paget's disease of bone: value of modern imaging. Author(s): Cots R, Gelman SM. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1995 December; 62(11): 807-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8869226
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Mitchell MJ, Sartoris DJ, Moody D, Resnick D. Source: Radiology. 1990 May; 175(2): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2326476
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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis: MR features. Author(s): Rubenstein DJ, Alvarez O, Ghelman B, Marchisello P. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1989 May-June; 13(3): 511-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2723187
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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis: role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Westhovens R, Verstraeten A, Knockaert D, van Holsbeeck M, Sileghem A, Vanderschueren D, Dequeker J. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1994 June; 13(2): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8088075
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Cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis: use of electromyography and computerised tomography in diagnosis. Author(s): Young A, Dixon A, Getty J, Renton P, Vacher H. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1981 June; 40(3): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7247478
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Cauda equina syndrome complicating pneumococcal meningitis. Author(s): Kikuchi M, Nagao K, Muraosa Y, Ohnuma S, Hoshino H. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1999 February; 20(2): 152-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10082347
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Cauda equina syndrome due to a facet joint synovial cyst. Author(s): Lauwers A, Courtois I, Duthel R, Alexandre C. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 December; 64(12): 856-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9476280
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Cauda equina syndrome due to lumbosacral arachnoid cysts in children. Author(s): Ziv T, Watemberg N, Constantini S, Lerman-Sagie T. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 1999; 3(6): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595674
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Cauda equina syndrome following a single spinal administration of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine through a 25-gauge Whitacre needle. Author(s): Gerancher JC. Source: Anesthesiology. 1997 September; 87(3): 687-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9316976
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Cauda equina syndrome following chemonucleolysis. Author(s): Javid MJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1988 February; 68(2): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3339452
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Cauda equina syndrome following intended epidural anesthesia. Author(s): Drasner K, Rigler ML, Sessler DI, Stoller ML. Source: Anesthesiology. 1992 September; 77(3): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1519794
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Cauda equina syndrome following lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Author(s): Boccanera L, Laus M. Source: Spine. 1987 September; 12(7): 712-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3686223
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Cauda equina syndrome following traction for acute sciatica. Author(s): Donaldson GA, Donaldson-Hugh ME, Chumas PD. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 16(4): 370-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389890
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Cauda equina syndrome from intradiscal electrothermal therapy. Author(s): Wetzel FT. Source: Neurology. 2001 June 12; 56(11): 1607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11402136
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Cauda equina syndrome from intradiscal electrothermal therapy. Author(s): Hsia AW, Isaac K, Katz JS. Source: Neurology. 2000 July 25; 55(2): 320. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10908922
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Cauda equina syndrome in a 65-year-old man, status post-bone marrow transplant for chronic myeloid leukemia. Author(s): Dalton SR, Ririe DW, Neuhauser TS. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 October; 125(10): 1385-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11570925
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Cauda equina syndrome in a patient with high titer anti-RNP antibodies. Author(s): Kappes J, Bennett RM. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1982 March; 25(3): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6279119
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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis (the CES-AS syndrome): metaanalysis of outcomes after medical and surgical treatments. Author(s): Ahn NU, Ahn UM, Nallamshetty L, Springer BD, Buchowski JM, Funches L, Garrett ES, Kostuik JP, Kebaish KM, Sponseller PD. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2001 October; 14(5): 427-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11586143
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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis diagnosed by computed tomography. Author(s): Devlin GP, Sheppeard H. Source: N Z Med J. 1987 October 28; 100(834): 651-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3452129
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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Byrne JV. Source: Semin Roentgenol. 1986 April; 21(2): 101-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3704669
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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Anatomical, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Author(s): Soeur M, Monseu G, Baleriaux-Waha D, Duchateau M, Williame E, Pasteels JL. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1981; 55(3-4): 303-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7234535
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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Sant SM, O'Connell D. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1995 March; 14(2): 224-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7789067
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Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: a report of six cases. Author(s): Hassan I. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1976 December; 39(12): 1172-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1011027
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Cauda equina syndrome in lumbar disc disease. Author(s): Choudhury AR, Taylor JC. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1980 June; 51(3): 493-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7446033
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Cauda equina syndrome masquerading as leprosy. Author(s): Ramesh A, Sampath V, Kumar KV, Janaki VR, Boopalraj JM. Source: Indian J Lepr. 1997 July-September; 69(3): 275-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9394178
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Cauda equina syndrome occurring nine years after a gunshot injury to the spine. A case report. Author(s): Conway JE, Crofford TW, Terry AF, Protzman RR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1993 May; 75(5): 7603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8501093
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Cauda equina syndrome of long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Tullous MW, Skerhut HE, Story JL, Brown WE Jr, Eidelberg E, Dadsetan MR, Jinkins JR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990 September; 73(3): 441-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2200856
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Cauda equina syndrome or a complication of total hip arthroplasty? Author(s): Gilgil E, Tuncer T, Arman M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 August; 29(8): 1801; Author Reply 1801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12180750
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Cauda equina syndrome presenting as a herniated lumbar disk. Author(s): Floman Y, Wiesel SW, Rothman RH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1980 March-April; (147): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7371304
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Cauda equina syndrome resulting in late sequela of calcaneal gait and neuropathic heel ulcer. Author(s): Ward K, Sobel E, Kosinski MA. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1997 February; 87(2): 605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9046750
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to an improperly placed nucleotome probe. Author(s): Onik G, Maroon JC, Jackson R. Source: Neurosurgery. 1992 March; 30(3): 412-4; Discussion 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1620307
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to disseminated zygomycosis. Author(s): Rozich J, Holley HP Jr, Henderson F, Gardner J, Nelson F. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988 December 23-30; 260(24): 3638-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3193592
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis. Author(s): Lisai P, Doria C, Crissantu L, Meloni GB, Conti M, Achene A. Source: Spine. 2001 February 1; 26(3): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224868
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Bartleson JD, Cohen MD, Harrington TM, Goldstein NP, Ginsburg WW. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1983 December; 14(6): 662-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6651250
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Lavyne MH. Source: Neurosurgery. 1994 March; 34(3): 561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8190238
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Young MA. Source: Neurosurgery. 1994 January; 34(1): 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8121562
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Shapiro S. Source: Neurosurgery. 1993 May; 32(5): 743-6; Discussion 746-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8492849
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Author(s): Ahn UM, Ahn NU, Buchowski JM, Garrett ES, Sieber AN, Kostuik JP. Source: Spine. 2000 June 15; 25(12): 1515-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10851100
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Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar spondylodiscitis caused by Streptococcus milleri. Author(s): Faraj A, Krishna M, Mehdian SM. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1996; 5(2): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8724196
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Cauda equina syndrome with multiple lumbar diverticula complicating longstanding ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Schroder R, Urbach H, Zierz S. Source: Clin Investig. 1994 December; 72(12): 1056-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7711415
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Cauda equina syndrome with normal lumbar myelography. Author(s): Tullberg T, Isacson J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1989 June; 60(3): 265-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2750497
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Cauda equina syndrome, continuous spinal anesthesia and repeated spinal block. Is there a relationship? Author(s): Abouleish E. Source: Reg Anesth. 1992 November-December; 17(6): 356-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1286059
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Cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Orendacova J, Cizkova D, Kafka J, Lukacova N, Marsala M, Sulla I, Marsala J, Katsube N. Source: Progress in Neurobiology. 2001 August; 64(6): 613-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11311464
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Cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Chauban R. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1994 February 16-March 1; 51(4): 193. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8012685
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Cauda equina syndrome. Implications for the orthopaedic nurse in a clinical setting. Author(s): Brown KL. Source: Orthopaedic Nursing / National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses. 1998 September-October; 17(5): 31-5; Quiz 36-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9832885
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Cauda equina syndrome: a complication of lumbar discectomy. Author(s): McLaren AC, Bailey SI. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1986 March; (204): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3956005
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Cauda equina syndrome: a consequence of lumbar disk protrusion or continuous subarachnoid analgesia? Author(s): Ackerman WE 3rd, Andrews PJ, Juneja MM, Rigor BM. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1993 April; 76(4): 898-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8466037
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Cauda equina syndrome: a neurologist's perspective. Author(s): Jaradeh S. Source: Reg Anesth. 1993 November-December; 18(6 Suppl): 473-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8110650
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Cauda equina syndrome: outcome and implications for management. Author(s): Hussain SA, Gullan RW, Chitnavis BP. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 17(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820760
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Cauda equina syndrome: what is the relationship between timing of surgery and outcome? Author(s): Gleave JR, Macfarlane R. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2002 August; 16(4): 325-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12389883
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Cauda equina syndrome--a clinical study. Author(s): Rai B, Chopra BK, Gupta RK. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1973 January 16; 60(2): 47-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4712578
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Cauda equinopathy is not necessarily cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): de Jong RH. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 March-April; 23(2): 232. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570621
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Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the tardive cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Confavreux C, Larbre JP, Lejeune E, Sindou M, Aimard G. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1991 February; 29(2): 221-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2012391
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Chondroblastoma of the lumbar spine with cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Chung OM, Yip SF, Ngan KC, Ng WF. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 June; 41(6): 359-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12746743
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Coccygeal fracture and Paget's disease presenting as acute cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Davis DP, Bruffey JD, Rosen P. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 March-April; 17(2): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195481
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Computerized tomography. An adjunct to early diagnosis in the cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kramer LD, Krouth GJ. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1978 February; 35(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=623530
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Continuous microspinal anaesthesia: another perspective on mechanisms inducing cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Ilias WK, Klimscha W, Skrbensky G, Weinstabl R, Widhalm A. Source: Anaesthesia. 1998 July; 53(7): 618-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9771167
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Continuous spinal anaesthesia and cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Denny NM. Source: Anaesthesia. 1995 May; 50(5): 474. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7793568
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CT of long-standing ankylosing spondylitis with cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Grosman H, Gray R, St Louis EL. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1983 September-October; 4(5): 107780. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6414268
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Diabetic Charcot spine as cauda equina syndrome: an unusual presentation. Author(s): Race MC, Keppler JP, Grant AE. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1985 July; 66(7): 463-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4015360
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Extramedullary blast crisis in chronic myelogenous leukemia presenting with manifestations of cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Vayopoulos G, Yataganas X, Konstantopoulos K, Meletis J, Fessas P. Source: Haematologica. 1988 March-April; 73(2): 129-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3137128
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Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy findings in a patient with cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Mangar D, Gonzalez W Jr, Linden C. Source: Anesthesiology. 1993 April; 78(4): 785-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8466078
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Glioblastoma multiforme with bone metastase and cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Lampl Y, Eshel Y, Gilad R, Sarova-Pinchas I. Source: Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 1990 April; 8(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2162916
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Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Sandhu GS, Ghufoor K, Gonzalez-Garcia J, Elexpuru-Camiruaga JA. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1998 September; 100(3): 205-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9822843
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Hemorrhage into a lumbar synovial cyst causing an acute cauda equina syndrome. Case report. Author(s): Tatter SB, Cosgrove GR. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1994 September; 81(3): 449-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8057153
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Hydroxyurea therapy in paraparesis and cauda equina syndrome due to extramedullary haematopoiesis in thalassaemia: improvement of clinical and haematological parameters. Author(s): Cianciulli P, di Toritto TC, Sorrentino F, Sergiacomi L, Massa A, Amadori S. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2000 June; 64(6): 426-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10901597
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Increased tone of the rectal wall in response to feeding persists in patients with cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Leroi AM, Saiter C, Roussignol C, Weber J, Denis P. Source: Neurogastroenterology and Motility : the Official Journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 1999 June; 11(3): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10354349
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Intended epidural anesthesia as possible cause of cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Cheng AC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1994 January; 78(1): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267152
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Laser-assisted diskectomy performed by an internist resulting in cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Epstein NE. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1999 February; 12(1): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078955
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Late urodynamic findings after surgery for cauda equina syndrome caused by a prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disk. Author(s): Hellstrom P, Kortelainen P, Kontturi M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1986 February; 135(2): 308-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3944866
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Letter: Cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Matthews WB. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 March 16; 1(906): 517. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4817173
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Long term follow up of patients with cauda equina syndrome due to intraspinal lipoma. Author(s): Ohry A, Azaria M, Zeilig G. Source: Paraplegia. 1992 May; 30(5): 366-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1598179
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Low back pain with progressive weakness: a case of cauda equina syndrome from lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Spickard A 3rd, Engel JZ. Source: Tenn Med. 1996 September; 89(9): 338-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8810869
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Lumbar cauda equina syndrome associated with the use of gelfoam: case report. Author(s): Friedman J, Whitecloud TS 3rd. Source: Spine. 2001 October 15; 26(20): E485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11598530
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Lumbar disc herniation and cauda equina syndrome. Considerations on a pathology with different clinical manifestations. Author(s): Mangialardi R, Mastorillo G, Minoia L, Garofalo R, Conserva F, Solarino GB. Source: Chir Organi Mov. 2002 January-March; 87(1): 35-42. English, Italian. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12198948
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Lumbar herniated disc presenting with cauda equina syndrome. Long-term follow-up of four cases. Author(s): Chang HS, Nakagawa H, Mizuno J. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2000 February; 53(2): 100-4; Discussion 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10713185
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Lumbar lymphoma presenting as psoas abscess/epidural mass with acute cauda equina syndrome. A case report. Author(s): Hopkins TJ, Raducan V, Sioutos N, White A 3rd. Source: Spine. 1993 May; 18(6): 774-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8516712
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Lumbar pannus presenting as cauda equina syndrome in a patient with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. Author(s): White KP, Harth M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 March; 28(3): 627-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11296971
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Lumbar spinal stenosis, cauda equina syndrome, and multiple lumbosacral radiculopathies. Author(s): Storm PB, Chou D, Tamargo RJ. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2002 August; 13(3): 713-33, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12380555
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Lumboperitoneal shunt for cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Kawasaki T, Hukuda S, Katsuura A, Inoue K, Chano T. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1996 February; 9(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8727460
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Magnetic resonance imaging of arachnoid diverticula associated with cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Sparling MJ, Bartleson JD, McLeod RA, Cohen MD, Ginsburg WW. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1989 October; 16(10): 1335-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2509695
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Magnetic resonance imaging of cauda equina syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: a case report. Author(s): Koenigsberg RA, Klahr J, Zito JL, Patel M, Carsons S. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1995 January; 5(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7849372
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Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Author(s): Shapiro S. Source: Spine. 2000 February 1; 25(3): 348-51; Discussion 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10703108
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MRI demonstration of arachnoiditis in cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Charlesworth CH, Savy LE, Stevens J, Twomey B, Mitchell R. Source: Neuroradiology. 1996 July; 38(5): 462-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8837094
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Paraneoplastic cauda equina syndrome secondary to B-cell lymphoma. Author(s): Fong GC, Fong KY. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1997 February; 99(1): 71-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9107474
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Pathologic quiz case: A case of a 35-year-old man with cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Lim J, DiMauro J, Alenghat J. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 April; 125(4): 569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260641
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Patients age and results of treatment in discogenic cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Sulla I. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 1994 March; 95(3): 107-12. English, Slovak. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7922635
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Permanent paraparesis and cauda equina syndrome after epidural blood patch for postdural puncture headache. Author(s): Diaz JH. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 June; 96(6): 1515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12170068
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Persistent cauda equina syndrome following bilateral aortoiliac dissection as a complication of cardiac angiography. Author(s): Verneuil A, Boeve BF, Fulgham JR, Johnson CM, Wright RS. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1997 April; 40(4): 377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9096939
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Posterior epidural migration of a lumbar disc fragment causing cauda equina syndrome: case report and review of the relevant literature. Author(s): Dosoglu M, Is M, Gezen F, Ziyal MI. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 August; 10(4): 348-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11563623
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Posterior epidural migration of an extruded lumbar disc fragment causing cauda equina syndrome. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. Author(s): Bonaroti EA, Welch WC. Source: Spine. 1998 February 1; 23(3): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9507629
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Posterior limbus vertebral lesions causing lumbosacral radiculopathy and the cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Baba H, Uchida K, Furusawa N, Maezawa Y, Azuchi M, Kamitani K, Annen S, Imura S, Tomita K. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 1996 July; 34(7): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8963999
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Posterior vertebral body erosion by arachnoid diverticula in cauda equina syndrome: an unusual manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Ginsburg WW, Cohen MD, Miller GM, Bartleson JD. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 July; 24(7): 1417-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9228148
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Predictors of outcome in cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Kennedy JG, Soffe KE, McGrath A, Stephens MM, Walsh MG, McManus F. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1999; 8(4): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10483835
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Progressive cauda equina syndrome and extensive calification/ossification of the lumbosacral meninges. Author(s): Rotes-Querol J, Tolosa E, Rosello R, Granados J. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1985 April; 44(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3872639
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Radiographic features of cauda equina syndrome complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Normand JP, Dufour M, Lang JY, Grondin P, Bouchard G. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 1994 February; 45(1): 58-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8118718
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RE: Cauda equina syndrome as a postoperative complication in five patients operated for lumbar disc herniation. Spine 2001; 26: 293-7. Author(s): Fraser RD. Source: Spine. 2001 November 1; 26(21): 2404-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679831
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Regression of cauda equina syndrome in AIDS patient being treated with ganciclovir. Author(s): Graveleau P, Perol R, Chapman A. Source: Lancet. 1989 August 26; 2(8661): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2570224
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Rupture of the intervertebral disc producing cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Gindin RA, Volcan IJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1978 September; 44(9): 585-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=717909
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Ruptured spinal arteriovenous malformation causing cauda equina syndrome: case report. Author(s): Timothy J, Dominguez C, Lafuente D, Marks P. Source: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. 2000 September; 7(5): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942675
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Spinal epidermoid cyst and cauda equina syndrome in a teenage girl. Author(s): O'Brien DP, Singh J, Dias PS. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1992 December; 161(12): 675-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1366239
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Subarachnoid catheters and the cauda equina syndrome: hypotheses in need of trial. Author(s): Bromage PR. Source: Anesthesiology. 1994 March; 80(3): 711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8141477
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Surgical images: musculoskeletal. Delayed cauda equina syndrome due to a sacral insufficiency fracture missed after a minor trauma. Author(s): Martineau PA, Ouellet J, Reindl R, Arlet V. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 2004 April; 47(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15132465
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'Surgiceloma' manifested as cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Banerjee T, Goldschmidt K. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1998 May; 91(5): 481-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9598861
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Tabetic lumbar osteoarthropathy with cauda equina syndrome. Case report. Author(s): Cantore GP, Gambacorta D. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1976; 33(1-2): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1274700
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The cauda equina syndrome of ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Russell ML, Gordon DA, Ogryzlo MA, McPhedran RS. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1973 April; 78(4): 551-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4632791
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The cauda equina syndrome: a rare extra-articular manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis--a case report. Author(s): Travis RC, Byrne P. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1987 November; 31(4): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3453053
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The earliest case of cauda equina syndrome caused by manipulation of the lumbar spine under a general anaesthetic. Author(s): Silver JR. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 January; 39(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11224016
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The irreplaceable image: Leptomeningeal leukemia masquerading as cauda equina syndrome: appraisal by magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Chim CS, Ooi CG. Source: Haematologica. 2001 October; 86(10): 1117. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11602427
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The role of calcium deposition in the ligamentum flavum causing a cauda equina syndrome and lumbar radiculopathy. Author(s): Baba H, Maezawa Y, Furusawa N, Imura S, Tomita K. Source: Paraplegia. 1995 April; 33(4): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7609980
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Two cases of cauda equina syndrome following spinal-epidural anesthesia. Author(s): Kubina P, Gupta A, Oscarsson A, Axelsson K, Bengtsson M. Source: Reg Anesth. 1997 September-October; 22(5): 447-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338907
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Unexpected complication of attempted epidural anaesthesia: cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Liu YC, Wu RS, Wong CS. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 August; 31(4): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12973972
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Urinary dysfunction and the cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Graham GP, Moran CG, Jones DG, Mintowt-Czyz W. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1990 July; 44(1): 62-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2397340
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to cauda equina syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to cauda equina syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to cauda equina syndrome: •
Cauda equina syndrome caused by chiropraxis on a patient previously free of lumbar spine symptoms. Author(s): Malmivaara A, Pohjola R. Source: Lancet. 1982 October 30; 2(8305): 986-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6127483
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Cauda equina syndrome due to sequestrated recurrent disk herniation after chiropractic manipulation. Author(s): Markowitz HD, Dolce DT. Source: Orthopedics. 1997 July; 20(7): 652-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9243679
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Cauda equina syndrome in patients undergoing manipulation of the lumbar spine. Author(s): Haldeman S, Rubinstein SM. Source: Spine. 1992 December; 17(12): 1469-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1471004
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Cauda equina syndrome with pagetic vertebral fusion. Clinical recovery under calcium-vitamin D supplementation plus clodronate after apparent failure of pamidronate and acquired resistance to etidronate. Author(s): Eulry F, Poirier JM, Perard D, Bergamasco P, Lechevalier D, Magnin J. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1997 July-September; 64(7-9): 495-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9338932
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Disk rupture with cauda equina syndrome after chiropractic adjustment. Author(s): Richard J. Source: N Y State J Med. 1967 September 15; 67(18): 2496-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5235409
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Intravascular lymphoma presenting with cauda equina syndrome: treated with CHOP and rituxan. Author(s): Davis TS. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2003 May; 44(5): 887-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12802932
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Postmyelographic cauda equina syndrome in an asymptomatic acquired spinal stenosis of a young acromegalic. Author(s): Woo CC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1988 April; 11(2): 11823. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3385339
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Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Michals J, Rocks D. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 June; 25(5): 349-50; Author Reply 350-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12072860
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Rapid progression of acute sciatica to cauda equina syndrome. Author(s): Busse JW, Hsu WS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 June; 24(5): 350-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11416826
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to cauda equina syndrome. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on cauda equina syndrome include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Chapters on Cauda Equina Syndrome In order to find chapters that specifically relate to cauda equina syndrome, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and cauda equina syndrome using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on cauda equina syndrome: •
Section Eight: Spine Source: in Greene, W.B., Ed. Essentials of Musculoskeletal Care. 2nd ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 2001. p. 518-576. Contact: Available from American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). 6300 North River Road, Rosemont, IL 60018-4262. (800) 626-6726 (toll-free) or (847) 823-7186. Fax (800) 823-8025 (toll-free) or (847) 823-8025. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aaos.org. PRICE: $105.00 for nonmembers; $90.00 AAOS members; $80.00 for residents; plus shipping and handling. ISBN 0892032170. Summary: This section of a book on musculoskeletal care provides health professionals with information on common conditions affecting the spine, including acute and chronic or repetitive injuries and degenerative, inflammatory, or idiopathic conditions. The section begins with information on the principles of evaluating and examining a patient presenting with a back complaint, focusing on inspection, palpation, range of motion,
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muscle testing, and special testing. This is followed by descriptions of cauda equina syndrome; cervical radiculopathy, spondylosis, and sprain; fracture of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine; low back sprain; lumbar degenerative disk disease; lumbar herniated disk; lumbar spinal stenosis; metastatic disease; scoliosis in adults; and degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis. Information includes synonyms for and red flags associated with each condition; the definition, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, adverse outcomes, and treatment of the condition; diagnostic tests; and adverse treatment outcomes. Other topics include orthotic devices for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. 66 figures and 4 tables.
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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover cauda equina syndrome.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on cauda equina syndrome is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to cauda equina syndrome. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms).
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to cauda equina syndrome, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms).
Periodicals and News
37
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on cauda equina syndrome: •
Acute Low Back Pain Source: SLE Newsletter. 24(4): 3-4. Winter 2001/2002. Contact: Available from Bay Area Lupus Foundation. 2635 North First Street, Suite 206, San Jose, CA 95134. (408) 954-8600. Website: www.balf.org. Summary: This newsletter article discusses causes and treatment of low back pain (LBP). LBP affects up to 80 percent of adults and may be caused by injury, degenerative changes in the facet joints of the spine, or disease of abdominal and pelvic organs. If LBP occurs without these causes, any 'red flag' symptoms should be carefully examined: long term pain, pain at rest, and weight loss may indicate cancer; fever may indicate infection; corticosteroid use, osteoporosis, and trauma may indicate spinal fracture; and urinary or rectal sphincter malfunction and weakness or numbness in the legs may indicate cauda equina syndrome. Patients with SLE are more prone to corticosteroidinduced osteoporosis and infection of spinal structures. X-rays, MRIs, and CTs should be used if any of the 'red flag' symptoms are present, although they are not very useful for determining the cause of LBP otherwise. Patients with LBP should limit but not discontinue their activities. NSAIDS, muscle relaxants, and antidepressant medications may be prescribed. Strengthening exercises for the trunk and extremities, ice, or heat may help alleviate pain. Epidural coricosteroids can be used for severe sciatic pain. Lumbar disc surgery may be necessary for patients with long-term disabling sciatica.
Academic Periodicals covering Cauda Equina Syndrome Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to cauda equina syndrome. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering cauda equina syndrome that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
41
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute4: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
4
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.5 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:6 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 6 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 5
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway7
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.8 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 3316 9 0 18 5 3348
HSTAT9 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.10 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.11 Simply search by “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 9 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 10 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 11 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 7 8
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists12 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.13 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.14 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 14 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 12
13
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on cauda equina syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to cauda equina syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to cauda equina syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “cauda equina syndrome”:
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
Facial Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/facialinjuriesanddisorders.html Slipped Disk http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/slippeddisk.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html Spinal Cord Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Spinal Stenosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalstenosis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on cauda equina syndrome. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Study Guide: Primary Care Approach to Low Back Pain Source: Physician Assistant. 24(11): 43-44. November 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with a summary of the major points of an article on the primary care approach to low back pain. The article presents key points concerning the differential diagnosis of back pain, the features of simple back pain, the risk factors for simple back pain, and the treatment of simple mechanical pain. The article also outlines key points about the etiology and physical features of more serious back pain; the physical features and treatment of ruptured disks, spinal stenosis, and cauda equina syndrome; and the history, workup, and treatment of people with nonmechanical pain. Highlights are also presented with regard to imaging studies and low back pain in children. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to cauda equina syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the
Patient Resources
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information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to cauda equina syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with cauda equina syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about cauda equina syndrome. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/.
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
Simply type in “cauda equina syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “cauda equina syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “cauda equina syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
51
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.15
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
15
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)16: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
16
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
55
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
57
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
59
CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of
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which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulants: Agents that prevent blood clotting. Naturally occurring agents in the blood are included only when they are used as drugs. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteriovenous Fistula: An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Dictionary 61
Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast Crisis: Rapid increase in the proportion of blast cells in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH]
Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone. [NIH]
Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
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[NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case
Dictionary 63
reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clodronate: A drug used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). It may decrease pain, the risk of fractures, and the development of new bone metastases. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray
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machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conus: A large, circular, white patch around the optic disk due to the exposing of the sclera as a result of degenerative change or congenital abnormality in the choroid and retina. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with
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Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Diagnosis, Differential: Determination of which one of two or more diseases or conditions a patient is suffering from by systematically comparing and contrasting results of diagnostic measures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diskectomy: Excision, in part or whole, of an intervertebral disk. The most common indication is disk displacement or herniation. In addition to standard surgical removal, it can be performed by percutaneous diskectomy or by laparoscopic diskectomy, the former being the more common. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diverticula: Plural form of diverticulum. [NIH] Diverticulum: A pathological condition manifested as a pouch or sac opening from a tubular or sacular organ. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is
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based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Etidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat
Dictionary 67
and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Haematological: Relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [EU] Haematology: The science of the blood, its nature, functions, and diseases. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
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In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] Incidental: 1. Small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. Accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (To something) Liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, .) [EU] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inferior vena cava: A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet, and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis. [NIH] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligamentum Flavum: The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining
Dictionary 69
laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumor-like fat in the tissues. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]
defect
resulting
from
an
intrinsically
abnormal
Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from
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cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]
Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
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Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]
Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthotic Devices: Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenic sarcoma: A malignant tumor of the bone. Also called osteosarcoma. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Osteosarcoma: A cancer of the bone that affects primarily children and adolescents. Also called osteogenic sarcoma. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pamidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; muscular diseases; intracranial hypertension; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in
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radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for
Dictionary 73
exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolapse: The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice. [NIH]
Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Psoas Abscess: Abscess of the psoas muscle resulting usually from disease of the lumbar vertebrae, with the pus descending into the muscle sheath. The infection is most commonly tuberculous or staphylococcal. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]
Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sciatica: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the L4, L5, S1 or S2 spinal nerve roots; often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sequela: Any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. [EU] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters
Dictionary 75
distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH]
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Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ureteroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the ureter. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vena: A vessel conducting blood from the capillary bed to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zygomycosis: Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 37, 59, 71 Adjustment, 30, 59 Adrenal Cortex, 59, 64, 73 Adverse Effect, 59, 74 Algorithms, 59, 61 Alkaline, 59, 61 Alternative medicine, 36, 59 Amino Acid Sequence, 59 Anaesthesia, 7, 8, 9, 19, 27, 59 Anaesthetic, 26, 59 Anal, 3, 59 Analog, 59, 66 Androgens, 59, 64 Anesthesia, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 27, 59, 64, 73, 76 Aneurysm, 6, 59 Angiography, 24, 59 Ankle, 4, 59 Antiallergic, 59, 64 Antibodies, 14, 59, 60, 72 Antibody, 60, 63, 68 Anticoagulants, 5, 60 Antidepressant, 37, 60 Antigen, 60, 63, 67, 68 Anti-inflammatory, 60, 64, 66 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 60, 64 Antineoplastic, 60, 64 Anus, 59, 60, 72, 73 Arterial, 60, 67, 73 Arteriovenous, 6, 9, 25, 60 Arteriovenous Fistula, 9, 60 Artery, 59, 60, 71 Arthroplasty, 6, 15, 60 Articular, 5, 26, 60, 68 Asymptomatic, 30, 60 Atmospheric Pressure, 60, 67 Autopsy, 20, 60 Axons, 60, 71, 72, 75 B Back Pain, 21, 48, 60 Base, 60, 68 Benign, 60, 67, 69, 70 Benign tumor, 60, 69 Bilateral, 24, 61, 71 Bile, 61, 66, 69, 75 Biotechnology, 4, 36, 43, 61 Bladder, 4, 61, 77
Blast Crisis, 20, 61 Blood Coagulation, 61 Blood vessel, 59, 61, 67, 74, 76, 77 Bone Marrow, 13, 61, 62, 69, 70 Bone metastases, 61, 63, 66 Bowel, 4, 59, 61, 68 Bupivacaine, 61, 68 C Calcification, 7, 61 Calcium, 27, 30, 61, 63, 66, 67, 70, 71 Carbohydrate, 61, 64, 66 Carcinogenic, 61, 75 Carcinoma, 5, 61 Cardiac, 24, 62, 68, 75 Case report, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 62, 63 Case series, 62, 63 Catheters, 26, 62 Central Nervous System, 62, 67 Central Nervous System Infections, 62, 67 Cerebrospinal, 18, 62, 74 Cerebrospinal fluid, 18, 62, 74 Cervical, 17, 24, 34, 62 Cervix, 62 Character, 62, 65 Chiropractic, 29, 30, 62 Cholesterol, 61, 62, 75 Choroid, 62, 64, 73 Chronic, 13, 20, 33, 60, 62, 68, 69, 75 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 62 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 20, 62 Clinical study, 18, 62 Clinical trial, 4, 43, 63 Clodronate, 30, 63 Cloning, 61, 63 Complement, 63 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 31, 63 Complementary medicine, 29, 63 Computational Biology, 43, 63 Computed tomography, 4, 12, 14, 63, 64 Computerized axial tomography, 64 Computerized tomography, 19, 64 Connective Tissue, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76 Contraindications, ii, 64 Contrast medium, 59, 64, 70 Conus, 3, 6, 64
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
Corticosteroid, 37, 64 Cranial, 64, 67, 68, 71, 72 Craniocerebral Trauma, 64, 67 Curare, 64, 70 Curative, 64, 76 Cyst, 25, 64, 76 Cytomegalovirus, 64, 65, 66 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 65, 66 D Decompression, 4, 11, 65 Decompression Sickness, 65 Degenerative, 33, 37, 64, 65 Dermis, 65, 76 Diagnosis, Differential, 34, 65 Diagnostic procedure, 36, 65 Digestion, 61, 65, 68, 69, 75 Direct, iii, 65, 73 Diskectomy, 21, 65 Dissection, 7, 24, 65 Distal, 65, 76 Diverticula, 17, 22, 24, 65 Diverticulum, 7, 65 Dorsal, 7, 65, 72, 75, 76 Dorsum, 65 Drug Interactions, 65 Dura mater, 65, 69, 71 E Efficacy, 65, 77 Elastic, 66, 68 Electrolyte, 64, 66, 70 Electromyography, 12, 66 Environmental Health, 42, 44, 66 Enzymatic, 61, 63, 66 Epidural, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 37, 66 Epithelial, 66, 76 Erythrocytes, 61, 66 Etidronate, 30, 66 Extravasation, 66, 67 Extremity, 66, 71 F Family Planning, 43, 66 Fat, 9, 10, 11, 61, 64, 66, 69, 74 Fibrosis, 66, 74 Fistula, 10, 66 Flatus, 66 Foramen, 66, 67 G Gait, 15, 66 Gallbladder, 59, 66 Ganciclovir, 25, 66 Gas, 6, 65, 66
Gene, 61, 66 Glucocorticoids, 59, 64, 66 Gonadal, 67, 75 Governing Board, 67, 72 Graft, 9, 11, 67 Grafting, 10, 67 H Haematological, 20, 67 Haematology, 20, 67 Haematoma, 11, 67 Headache, 23, 67 Headache Disorders, 67 Hematoma, 7, 67 Hemorrhage, 20, 64, 67 Herniated, 15, 22, 34, 67 Hormonal, 64, 67 Hormone, 64, 67, 73 Hyperbaric, 9, 13, 67 Hyperbaric oxygen, 67 Hypercalcemia, 63, 66, 67 Hypersensitivity, 67, 73 Hypertension, 67, 68 I Idiopathic, 11, 16, 33, 67, 74 Immune response, 60, 64, 67 In situ, 8, 68 Incidental, 9, 68 Infection, 37, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75, 77 Inferior vena cava, 6, 68 Intervertebral, 6, 11, 21, 25, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 68, 69, 73, 74 Intestine, 61, 67, 68 Intracellular, 68 Intracranial Hypertension, 67, 68, 71 Intravascular, 7, 30, 68 Invasive, 68, 69 J Joint Capsule, 68, 76 K Kb, 42, 68 L Large Intestine, 68, 73 Leprosy, 15, 68 Lesion, 4, 68, 74, 76, 77 Leukemia, 13, 27, 30, 62, 68 Lidocaine, 9, 13, 68 Ligamentum Flavum, 27, 68 Lipoma, 21, 69 Lipomatosis, 11, 16, 69 Liver, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 74
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Localized, 67, 68, 69, 77 Low Back Pain, 3, 37, 48, 69 Lymph, 62, 69, 74 Lymph node, 62, 69, 74 Lymphatic, 68, 69, 75 Lymphoid, 60, 69 Lymphoma, 7, 22, 23, 30, 69 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 11, 12, 20, 24, 27, 69 Malformation, 6, 25, 69 Malignant, 60, 69, 70, 71, 74 Mammogram, 61, 69, 70 MEDLINE, 43, 69 Membranes, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72 Meninges, 25, 62, 64, 65, 69, 75 Meningitis, 8, 12, 69 Meta-Analysis, 14, 16, 69 Metastasis, 69, 70 Metastatic, 3, 34, 70 Microcalcifications, 61, 70 Migration, 24, 70 Mineralocorticoids, 59, 64, 70 Molecular, 43, 45, 61, 63, 70 Morphology, 67, 70 Motor nerve, 70, 72 Muscle relaxant, 37, 70 Muscle tension, 70 Muscular Diseases, 70, 71 Musculoskeletal System, 70, 71 Myelogenous, 70 Myelography, 17, 70 N Necrosis, 70, 74 Neoplasm, 70, 74 Nervous System, 62, 70, 72 Neurologist, 18, 70 Neuronal, 70, 72 Neurons, 70, 75 Neuropathy, 70, 74 Nuclei, 69, 70 O Optic Disk, 64, 71 Orthopaedic, 17, 33, 71 Orthotic Devices, 34, 71 Ossification, 25, 71 Osteogenic sarcoma, 71 Osteoporosis, 37, 71 Osteosarcoma, 11, 71 P Pachymeningitis, 69, 71 Palliative, 71, 76
Palpation, 33, 71 Pamidronate, 30, 71 Pancreas, 59, 71 Paranasal Sinuses, 71, 77 Paraparesis, 20, 23, 71 Parotid, 71, 74 Patch, 23, 64, 71 Pathologic, 4, 23, 67, 71, 75 Patient Education, 48, 52, 54, 57, 71 Pelvic, 37, 71 Pelvis, 68, 69, 71, 77 Percutaneous, 65, 71 Perineal, 3, 72 Perineum, 72 Peripheral Nerves, 3, 68, 72, 75 Peripheral Nervous System, 71, 72 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 71, 72 Pharmacologic, 59, 72, 76 Phospholipids, 66, 72 Phosphorus, 61, 72 Pituitary Gland, 64, 72 Plasma, 60, 70, 72 Plasma cells, 60, 72 Pneumonia, 64, 72 Posterior, 24, 59, 60, 62, 65, 69, 71, 72, 74 Postmenopausal, 71, 72 Postoperative, 10, 25, 72 Practicability, 72, 77 Practice Guidelines, 44, 72 Probe, 16, 72 Procaine, 68, 73 Progesterone, 73, 75 Progression, 8, 30, 73 Progressive, 21, 25, 70, 73 Prolapse, 11, 73 Prone, 37, 73 Protein S, 61, 73 Psoas Abscess, 22, 73 Public Policy, 43, 73 R Race, 19, 70, 73 Radiculopathy, 24, 27, 34, 73, 74 Rectal, 20, 37, 73 Rectum, 60, 66, 68, 73 Refer, 1, 63, 73 Relaxant, 73 Retina, 62, 64, 73 Rheumatoid, 22, 73 Rheumatoid arthritis, 22, 73 Risk factor, 48, 73
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
S Saponins, 73, 75 Sarcoidosis, 10, 74 Sarcoma, 20, 74 Sciatica, 3, 13, 30, 37, 74 Sclera, 62, 64, 74 Scoliosis, 34, 74 Screening, 63, 74 Secretion, 64, 66, 70, 74 Senile, 71, 74 Sensibility, 59, 74 Sensory loss, 73, 74 Sequela, 15, 74 Shock, 74, 77 Shunt, 5, 22, 74 Side effect, 59, 74, 76 Soft tissue, 61, 74 Specialist, 49, 74 Species, 64, 70, 73, 74 Sphincter, 4, 37, 75 Spinal cord, 6, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Spinal Cord Diseases, 48, 71, 75 Spinal Cord Injuries, 48, 73, 75 Spinal Nerve Roots, 73, 74, 75 Spinal Nerves, 72, 75 Spinal Stenosis, 6, 9, 13, 22, 30, 34, 48, 75 Spleen, 64, 69, 74, 75 Spondylitis, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 75 Spondylolisthesis, 8, 34, 75 Sprains and Strains, 69, 75 Steroid, 8, 74, 75 Stomach, 59, 67, 75 Stress, 73, 75 Subacute, 68, 75 Subarachnoid, 18, 26, 67, 75 Subclinical, 68, 75 Subcutaneous, 76, 77 Supplementation, 30, 76 Suppression, 64, 76 Synovial, 12, 20, 68, 76 Synovial Cyst, 12, 20, 76
Systemic, 68, 74, 76 T Tardive, 18, 76 Tendon, 76 Tetracaine, 9, 76 Therapeutics, 30, 76 Thoracic, 34, 60, 76 Thrombosis, 6, 73, 76 Tissue, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77 Tomography, 12, 76 Tone, 3, 20, 76 Tonus, 76 Toxic, iv, 64, 70, 76 Toxicity, 65, 76 Toxicology, 44, 76 Toxins, 60, 68, 76 Traction, 13, 76 Transfection, 61, 76 Trauma, 26, 37, 70, 77 Treatment Outcome, 34, 77 U Ulcer, 15, 77 Ureteroscopy, 7, 77 Urinary, 27, 37, 77 Urine, 61, 77 Urodynamic, 5, 21, 77 Uterus, 62, 73, 77 V Vascular, 9, 62, 65, 67, 68, 75, 77 Vein, 59, 60, 68, 71, 77 Vena, 77 Venous, 60, 73, 77 Vertebrae, 68, 69, 73, 75, 77 Vertebral, 24, 30, 77 Veterinary Medicine, 43, 77 W White blood cell, 60, 62, 69, 72, 77 X X-ray, 37, 63, 64, 69, 70, 77 Z Zygomycosis, 16, 77
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Cauda Equina Syndrome
