Guillain-Barre Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENC...

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GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Guillain-Barre Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84442-9 1. Guillain-Barre Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Guillain-Barre syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME .................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Guillain-Barre Syndrome.............................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME ........................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Guillain-Barre Syndrome ............................................................ 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME .................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 General References ....................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME .............................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Recent Trials on Guillain-Barre Syndrome ................................................................................. 61 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 62 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME .............................................................. 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Patents on Guillain-Barre Syndrome........................................................................................... 65 Patent Applications on Guillain-Barre Syndrome....................................................................... 70 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME .................................................................. 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 73 Chapters on Guillain-Barre Syndrome ........................................................................................ 74 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME .................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 77 Academic Periodicals covering Guillain-Barre Syndrome........................................................... 79 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 81 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 83 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 87 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 89 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 91 The Genome Project and Guillain-Barre Syndrome .................................................................... 91 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 95 Associations and Guillain-Barre Syndrome............................................................................... 105 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109

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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 109 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 109 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 109 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 115 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 115 GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME DICTIONARY .................................................................. 117 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 163

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Guillain-Barre syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Guillain-Barre syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Guillain-Barre syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Guillain-Barre syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Guillain-Barre syndrome. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Guillain-Barre syndrome.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and Guillain-Barre syndrome, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Plasmapheresis in the Intensive Care Unit. Part 2: Clinical Indications Source: Care of the Critically Ill. 14(6): 207-211. August 1998. Contact: Available from Stockton Press. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, UK. 44(0) 1256 329242. Fax: 44(0) 1256 810526. Website: http://www.stocktonpress.co.uk/cci/. Summary: This review article, the second part of a two part article on plasmapheresis in the intensive care unit, focuses on disorders seen in intensive care units in which plasmapheresis may be useful. Therapeutic plasmapheresis and plasma exchange is becoming more accessible for use in the general intensive care unit. The article explains the role of plasmapheresis in specific disorders and provides guidance on appropriate

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treatment regimens. Plasmapheresis consists of the removal of plasma from previously withdrawn blood by centrifugation, reconstitution of the cellular elements in an isotonic solution, and reinfusion of this solution back into the donor. Therapeutic plasma exchange can benefit patients by removing certain antibodies in diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, Eton-Lambert syndrome, and Goodpasture's syndrome; removing immune complexes in diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid vasculitis; and removing inflammatory mediators in diseases such as Goodpasture's syndrome and sepsis. In addition, therapeutic plasma exchange can facilitate the replacement of plasma deficiencies in diseases such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or the removal of some drugs or toxins. 7 tables. 30 references.

Federally Funded Research on Guillain-Barre Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Guillain-Barre syndrome. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Guillain-Barre syndrome.

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Guillain-Barre syndrome in the PubMed Central database:

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

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A case of central nervous system vasculitis related to an episode of Guillain-Barre syndrome. by Sinardi D, Spada A, Marino A, Mondello E.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29044

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Campylobacter jejuni from Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome Preferentially Expresses a GD1a-Like Epitope. by Nachamkin I, Liu J, Li M, Ung H, Moran AP, Prendergast MM, Sheikh K.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128258

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Campylobacter Species and Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Nachamkin I, Allos BM, Ho T.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88896

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Flagella as a Potential Marker for Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Tsang RS, Figueroa G, Bryden L, Ng LK.; 2001 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87815

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Genetic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni O:41 Isolates in Relation with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Wassenaar TM, Fry BN, Lastovica AJ, Wagenaar JA, Coloe PJ, Duim B.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86231

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Guillain-Barre Syndrome- and Miller Fisher Syndrome-Associated Campylobacter jejuni Lipopolysaccharides Induce Anti-GM1 and Anti-GQ1b Antibodies in Rabbits. by Ang CW, De Klerk MA, Endtz HP, Jacobs BC, Laman JD, van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98180

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Heat-Labile Serotyping of Two Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Belonging to Serotype O19 (Penner). by Tsang RS, Frosk P, Johnson WM.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86658

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Human Monoclonal Immunoglobulin M Antibodies to Ganglioside GM1 Show Diverse Cross-Reactivities with Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Prendergast MM, Willison HJ, Moran AP.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116569

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome patients mimic human gangliosides in structure. by Aspinall GO, Fujimoto S, McDonald AG, Pang H, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL.; 1994 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186479

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni O:41 Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome Exhibit Mimicry of GM1 Ganglioside. by Prendergast MM, Lastovica AJ, Moran AP.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108398

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Pleocytosis and immunoglobulin changes in cerebrospinal fluid and herpesvirus serology in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. by Link H, Wahren B, Norrby E.; 1979 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=273021

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Reply to "Heat-Labile Serotyping of Two Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Belonging to Serotype O19 (Penner)". by Misawa N, Allos BM, Blaser MJ.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116940

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Tolerance to Self Gangliosides Is the Major Factor Restricting the Antibody Response to Lipopolysaccharide Core Oligosaccharides in Campylobacter jejuni Strains Associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. by Bowes T, Wagner ER, Boffey J, Nicholl D, Cochrane L, Benboubetra M, Conner J, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Willison HJ.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128228

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Toxoplasma gondii-Associated Guillain-Barre Syndrome in an Immunocompetent Patient. by Bossi P, Caumes E, Paris L, Darde ML, Bricaire F.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105275

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Guillain-Barre syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Guillain-Barre syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A case of relapsing Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B virus hepatitis. Author(s): Chroni E, Thomopoulos C, Papapetropoulos S, Paschalis C, Karatza CL. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 2003 June; 9(3): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775424&dopt=Abstract

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A case-control study on children with Guillain-Barre syndrome in North China. Author(s): Liu GF, Wu ZL, Wu HS, Wang QY, Zhao-Ri GT, Wang CY, Liang ZX, Cui SL, Zheng JD. Source: Biomed Environ Sci. 2003 June; 16(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964782&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A descriptive study of Guillain-Barre syndrome in high and low Campylobacter jejuni incidence regions of Michigan: 1992-1999. Author(s): Church Potter R, Kaneene JB. Source: Neuroepidemiology. 2003 July-August; 22(4): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792145&dopt=Abstract

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A family with Campylobacter enteritis: anti-GD1a antibody with/without GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Hirano M, Kusunoki S, Asai H, Tonomura Y, Morita D, Ueno S. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 27; 60(10): 1719-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771281&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-beta 1a in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pritchard J, Gray IA, Idrissova ZR, Lecky BR, Sutton IJ, Swan AV, Willison HJ, Winer JB, Hughes RA. Source: Neurology. 2003 November 11; 61(9): 1282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14610140&dopt=Abstract

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Acute Guillain-Barre syndrome during the chronic phase of HIV infection and dramatic improvement under highly active antiretroviral therapy. Author(s): Bani-Sadr F, Neuville S, Crassard I, Guihot A, Molina JM. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 July 26; 16(11): 1562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131198&dopt=Abstract

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Acute immunoinflammatory neuropathy: update on Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hartung HP, Willison HJ, Kieseier BC. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 October; 15(5): 571-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352001&dopt=Abstract

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Acute motor conduction block neuropathy Another Guillain-Barre syndrome variant. Author(s): Capasso M, Caporale CM, Pomilio F, Gandolfi P, Lugaresi A, Uncini A. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 9; 61(5): 617-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963751&dopt=Abstract

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Advances in the management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Green DM. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 November; 2(6): 541-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359110&dopt=Abstract

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Adverse effect of polyvalent immunoglobulin in the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Chamouni P, Tamion F, Gueit I, Girault C, Lenain P, Varin R, Czernichow P. Source: Transfusion and Apheresis Science : Official Journal of the World Apheresis Association : Official Journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis. 2003 April; 28(2): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679114&dopt=Abstract

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An antibody to VacA of Helicobacter pylori in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Chiba S, Sugiyama T, Yonekura K, Tanaka S, Matsumoto H, Fujii N, Ebisu S, Sekiguchi K. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 76-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082053&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-ganglioside antibodies and clinical outcome of patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome in northeast Brazil. Author(s): Dourado ME, Duarte RC, Ferreira LC, Queiroz JW, Illa I, Perez-Perez G, Guerrant RL, Jeronimo SM. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2003 August; 108(2): 102-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859286&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome; useful diagnostic markers as well as possible pathogenetic factors. Author(s): Kusunoki S. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 457-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12857038&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-GM1 antibody IgG subclass: a clinical recovery predictor in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Koga M, Yuki N, Hirata K, Morimatsu M, Mori M, Kuwabara S. Source: Neurology. 2003 May 13; 60(9): 1514-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743241&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-GT1a IgG in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Koga M, Yoshino H, Morimatsu M, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 June; 72(6): 767-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023422&dopt=Abstract

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Apolipoprotein E genotypes and clinical outcome in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pritchard J, Hughes RA, Rees JH, Willison HJ, Nicoll JA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2003 July; 74(7): 971-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810796&dopt=Abstract

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Association of anti-GM1 antibodies but not of anti-cytomegalovirus, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori IgG, with a poor outcome in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Annunziata P, Figura N, Galli R, Mugnaini F, Lenzi C. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 September 15; 213(1-2): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873755&dopt=Abstract

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Axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Kokubun N, Hirata K, Kuwabara S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 July 15; 211(1-2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767505&dopt=Abstract

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Axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome subtypes: do we need more splitting? Author(s): Yuki N, Saperstein DS. Source: Neurology. 2003 September 9; 61(5): 598-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12963746&dopt=Abstract

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Axonal pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome without Anti-GT1a IgG antibody. Author(s): Arai M, Susuki K, Koga M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 August; 28(2): 246-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872333&dopt=Abstract

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Backache and the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Grant R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 23; 293(6545): 506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2943357&dopt=Abstract

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Backache and the Guillain-Barre syndrome: a diagnostic problem. Author(s): Clague JE, Macmillan RR. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 August 2; 293(6542): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2942218&dopt=Abstract

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Barium carbonate poisoning mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Koley TK, Goyal AK, Gupta MD. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2001 June; 49: 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584944&dopt=Abstract

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Benefit of intravenously administered immune serum globulin in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Shahar E, Murphy EG, Roifman CM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 January; 116(1): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2295955&dopt=Abstract

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Benign intracranial hypertension and Guillain-Barre syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report. Author(s): Maiuri F, De Chiara A, Benvenuti D, Stella L. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1983 December; 5(6): 475-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6670604&dopt=Abstract

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Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome overlap with negative anti-GQ1b antibodies. Author(s): Stevenson VL, Ferguson SM, Bain PG. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 March; 10(2): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603297&dopt=Abstract

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Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis: clinical features of 62 cases and a subgroup associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Yamada M, Koga M, Takemi T, Hirata K, Kuwabara S. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 October; 126(Pt 10): 2279-90. Epub 2003 July 07. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847079&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral crocodile tears in a patient with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Author(s): Delaney YM, Elston JS. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2002 June; 22(2): 113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131472&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral third-nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Georgiou T, McKibbin M, Doran RM, George ND. Source: Eye (London, England). 2003 March; 17(2): 254-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640420&dopt=Abstract

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Binding of immunoglobulin G antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome sera to a mixture of GM1 and a phospholipid: possible clinical implications. Author(s): Kusunoki S, Morita D, Ohminami S, Hitoshi S, Kanazawa I. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 March; 27(3): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635116&dopt=Abstract

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Biofeedback treatment of upper extremity dysfunction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ince LP, Leon MS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1986 January; 67(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3942481&dopt=Abstract

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Blood pressure fluctuations in the dysautonomia of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ropper AH, Wijdicks EF. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1990 June; 47(6): 706-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2346398&dopt=Abstract

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Borrelia burgdorferi infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Mancardi GL, Del Sette M, Primavera A, Farinelli M, Fumarola D. Source: Lancet. 1989 October 21; 2(8669): 985-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2571897&dopt=Abstract

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Botulism and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Notermans SH, Wokke JH, van den Berg LH. Source: Lancet. 1992 August 1; 340(8814): 303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1353209&dopt=Abstract

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Bradycardia and asystole requiring permanent pacemaker in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Narayan D, Huang MT, Mathew PK. Source: American Heart Journal. 1984 August; 108(2): 426-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6380257&dopt=Abstract

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Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Schiff JA, Cracco RQ, Cracco JB. Source: Neurology. 1985 May; 35(5): 771-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3990977&dopt=Abstract

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Brief psychotherapy with a patient suffering from Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Teitelbaum ML, Kettl P. Source: Psychosomatics. 1988 Spring; 29(2): 231-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3368569&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter DNA is present in circulating myelomonocytic cells of healthy persons and in persons with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Van Rhijn I, Bleumink-Pluym NM, Van Putten JP, Van den Berg LH. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 January 15; 185(2): 262-5. Epub 2002 Jan 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807702&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter jejuni from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome preferentially expresses a GD(1a)-like epitope. Author(s): Nachamkin I, Liu J, Li M, Ung H, Moran AP, Prendergast MM, Sheikh K. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 September; 70(9): 5299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183587&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter jejuni infection during pregnancy: long-term consequences of associated bacteremia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and reactive arthritist. Author(s): Smith JL. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 April; 65(4): 696-708. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952223&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter jejuni O:19 serotype-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome in a child: the first case reported from Greece. Author(s): Chatzipanagiotou S, Kilidireas K, Trimis G, Nicolaou C, Anagnostouli M, Athanassaki C, Giannoulia A, Legakis N, Youroukos S. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003 January; 9(1): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691547&dopt=Abstract

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Carbamezapine for pain management in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients in the intensive care unit. Author(s): Tripathi M, Kaushik S. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 March; 28(3): 655-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10752810&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome. MR imaging in diagnosis and follow-up. Author(s): Coskun A, Kumandas S, Pac A, Karahan OI, Gulec M, Baykara M. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 March; 44(2): 230-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694112&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical deterioration in Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis caused by overlapping Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Susuki K, Johkura K, Yuki N, Kuroiwa Y. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 July 15; 211(1-2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767504&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults in Sweden 1996-97: a prospective study. Author(s): Cheng Q, Jiang GX, Press R, Andersson M, Ekstedt B, Vrethem M, Liedholm LJ, Lindsten H, Brattstrom L, Fredrikson S, Link H, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 November; 7(6): 685-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136356&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni isolates implicated in Guillain-Barre syndrome and strains that cause enteritis by a DNA microarray. Author(s): Leonard EE 2nd, Tompkins LS, Falkow S, Nachamkin I. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 1199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14742576&dopt=Abstract

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Concurrent myelitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome after varicella infection. Author(s): Chua HC, Tjia H, Sitoh YY. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2001 November; 55(9): 643-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11770365&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with maternal inflammatory bowel disease is responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Bamford NS, Trojaborg W, Sherbany AA, De Vivo DC. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 2002; 6(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11995958&dopt=Abstract

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Cortical processing in Guillain-Barre syndrome after years of total immobility. Author(s): Kotchoubey B, Lang S, Bostanov V, Birbaumer N. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 250(9): 1121-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504979&dopt=Abstract

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Corticospinal tract involvement in a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Oshima Y, Mitsui T, Endo I, Umaki Y, Matsumoto T. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 46(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11455182&dopt=Abstract

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Cost analysis of plasma-exchange therapy for the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Author(s): Esperou H, Jars-Guincestre MC, Bolgert F, Raphael JC, Durand-Zaleski I. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 August; 26(8): 1094-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030166&dopt=Abstract

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Cross-reactive anti-galactocerebroside antibodies and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ang CW, Tio-Gillen AP, Groen J, Herbrink P, Jacobs BC, Van Koningsveld R, Osterhaus AD, Van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2002 September; 130(1-2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225900&dopt=Abstract

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CSF filtration is an effective treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Manfredi PL. Source: Neurology. 2002 March 26; 58(6): 988; Author Reply 988-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914430&dopt=Abstract

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CSF filtration is an effective treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Wollinsky KH, Hulser PJ, Brinkmeier H, Aulkemeyer P, Bossenecker W, Huber-Hartmann KH, Rohrbach P, Schreiber H, Weber F, Kron M, Buchele G, Mehrkens HH, Ludolph AC, Rudel R. Source: Neurology. 2001 September 11; 57(5): 774-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552002&dopt=Abstract

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Current cases in which epitope mimicry is considered a component cause of autoimmune disease: Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Yuki N. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2000 April; 57(4): 527-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130452&dopt=Abstract

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Current practice of prophylactic anticoagulation in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Gaber TA, Kirker SG, Jenner JR. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2002 March; 16(2): 190-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926177&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous innervation in Guillain-Barre syndrome: pathology and clinical correlations. Author(s): Pan CL, Tseng TJ, Lin YH, Chiang MC, Lin WM, Hsieh ST. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 February; 126(Pt 2): 386-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538405&dopt=Abstract

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Demyelinating inflammatory neuropathies, including Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Steck AJ, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Hartung HP. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 1998 August; 11(4): 311-8. Review. Erratum In: Curr Opin Neurol 1998 December; 11(6): 739. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9725076&dopt=Abstract

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Detection and prevalence of alpha-latrotoxin-like effects of serum from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Jacobs BC, Bullens RW, O'Hanlon GM, Ang CW, Willison HJ, Plomp JJ. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2002 April; 25(4): 549-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932973&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni serogroup PEN O:19 purified flagellar protein in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Lange D, Aleksic S, Kassubek J, Vrvic MM, Kist M, Steinbruckner B, Mitova M. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1999 October; 289(4): 429-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10603661&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of anti-ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome and its variants by the agglutination assay. Author(s): Alaedini A, Briani C, Wirguin I, Siciliano G, D'Avino C, Latov N. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2002 April 15; 196(1-2): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959155&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Campylobacter jejuni/C.coli infection in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome by serology and culture. Author(s): Hariharan H, Naseema K, Kumaran C, Shanmugam J, Nair MD, Radhakrishnan K. Source: New Microbiol. 1996 July; 19(3): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841044&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of serious bradyarrhythmias in Guillain-Barre syndrome: sensitivity and specificity of the 24-hour heart rate power spectrum. Author(s): Flachenecker P, Lem K, Mullges W, Reiners K. Source: Clinical Autonomic Research : Official Journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society. 2000 August; 10(4): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11029015&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of serum anti-ganglioside antibodies by latex agglutination assay in Guillain-Barre syndrome: comparison with ELISA. Author(s): Irie S, Saito T, Kanazawa N, Ogino M, Ogino Y, Sakai F. Source: Intern Med. 2003 June; 42(6): 490-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12857046&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetic ketoacidosis associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome with autonomic dysfunction. Author(s): Fujiwara S, Oshika H, Motoki K, Kubo K, Ryujin Y, Shinozaki M, Hano T, Nishio I. Source: Intern Med. 2000 June; 39(6): 495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852172&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic and classification criteria for the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Van der Meche FG, Van Doorn PA, Meulstee J, Jennekens FG; GBS-consensus group of the Dutch Neuromuscular Research Support Centre. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 45(3): 133-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306855&dopt=Abstract

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Differential distribution of HLA alleles in two forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Monos DS, Papaioakim M, Ho TW, Li CY, McKhann GM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 December; 176 Suppl 2: S180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9396707&dopt=Abstract

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Differential distribution of HLA-DQ beta/DR beta epitopes in the two forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute motor axonal neuropathy and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP): identification of DQ beta epitopes associated with susceptibility to and protection from AIDP. Author(s): Magira EE, Papaioakim M, Nachamkin I, Asbury AK, Li CY, Ho TW, Griffin JW, McKhann GM, Monos DS. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 March 15; 170(6): 3074-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626563&dopt=Abstract

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Differential immune response to gangliosides in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients from Japan and The Netherlands. Author(s): Ang CW, Koga M, Jacobs BC, Yuki N, van der Meche FG, van Doorn PA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2001 December 3; 121(1-2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730944&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiating symptoms of panic from relapse of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dattilio FM, Castaldo JE. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 September-October; 9(5): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553530&dopt=Abstract

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Dissociation between titer of anti-ganglioside antibody and severity of symptoms in a case of Guillain-Barre syndrome with treatment-related fluctuation. Author(s): Inoue N, Kunishige M, Yoshida S, Oshima Y, Ohnishi Y, Kuroda Y, Asano A, Yoshino H, Matsumoto T, Mitsui T. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 June 15; 210(1-2): 105-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736098&dopt=Abstract

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Distinct pattern of age-specific incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Harbin, China. Author(s): Cheng Q, Wang DS, Jiang GX, Han H, Zhang Y, Wang WZ, Fredrikson S. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2002 January; 249(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954865&dopt=Abstract

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Distinct time pattern of complement activation and cytotoxic T cell response in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wanschitz J, Maier H, Lassmann H, Budka H, Berger T. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2003 September; 126(Pt 9): 2034-42. Epub 2003 July 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847075&dopt=Abstract

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Distinctions between critical illness polyneuropathy and axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): de Letter MA, Visser LH, van der Meche FG, Ang W, Savelkoul HF. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 March; 68(3): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10787316&dopt=Abstract

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Does informing patients of the risk of acquiring Guillain-Barre syndrome following influenza vaccination have an effect on their willingness to be vaccinated? Author(s): De Wals P. Source: Can Commun Dis Rep. 2000 December 1; 26(23): 205-7. English, French. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11131690&dopt=Abstract

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Drain the roots: a new treatment for Guillain-Barre syndrome? Author(s): Feasby TE, Hartung HP. Source: Neurology. 2001 September 11; 57(5): 753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11551999&dopt=Abstract

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Dysfunction at the motor end-plate and axon membrane in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a single-fiber EMG study. Author(s): Spaans F, Vredeveld JW, Morre HH, Jacobs BC, De Baets MH. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 April; 27(4): 426-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661043&dopt=Abstract

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Early electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD001798 Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 June; 58(6): 913-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076424

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Early predictors of mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sharshar T, Chevret S, Bourdain F, Raphael JC; French Cooperative Group on Plasma Exchange in Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 January; 31(1): 278-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545029&dopt=Abstract

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Easing the course of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Worsham TL. Source: Rn. 2000 March; 63(3): 46-50; Quiz 52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10765378&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on intensive care unit outcome of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Schleicher GK, Black A, Mochan A, Richards GA. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 June; 31(6): 1848-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12794429&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of methylprednisolone when added to standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome: randomised trial. Author(s): van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PI, Meche FG, Visser LH, Meulstee J, van Doorn PA; Dutch GBS study group. Source: Lancet. 2004 January 17; 363(9404): 192-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14738791&dopt=Abstract

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Effects on axonal conduction of anti-ganglioside sera and sera from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dilley A, Gregson NA, Hadden RD, Smith KJ. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 June; 139(1-2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799030&dopt=Abstract

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Eighty three years of the Guillain-Barre syndrome: clinical and immunopathologic aspects, current and future treatments. Author(s): Toyka KV. Source: Revue Neurologique. 1999 October; 155(10): 849-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10546299&dopt=Abstract

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Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barre syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barre Syndrome Trial Group. Author(s): Hadden RD, Cornblath DR, Hughes RA, Zielasek J, Hartung HP, Toyka KV, Swan AV. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1998 November; 44(5): 780-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818934&dopt=Abstract

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Electrophysiological forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Beijing suburb. Author(s): Zhang X, Tang X, Zhang Z, Du H, Li B. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1997 November; 110(11): 856-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9772418&dopt=Abstract

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Electrophysiology to predict mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Durand MC, Lofaso F, Lefaucheur JP, Chevret S, Gajdos P, Raphael JC, Sharshar T. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 January; 10(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534991&dopt=Abstract

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Elevated number of cells secreting transforming growth factor beta in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dahle C, Kvarnstrom M, Ekerfelt C, Samuelsson M, Ernerudh J. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 December; 111(12): 1095-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14678018&dopt=Abstract

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Emergency intubation for respiratory failure in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wijdicks EF, Henderson RD, McClelland RL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2003 July; 60(7): 947-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873850&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological surveillance of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Sweden, 1996-1997. Network members of the Swedish GBS Epidemiology Study Group. Author(s): Cheng Q, Jiang GX, Fredrikson S, Link H, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 101(2): 104-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685857&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological, clinical, and electrodiagnostic findings in childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome: a reappraisal. Author(s): Paradiso G, Tripoli J, Galicchio S, Fejerman N. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1999 November; 46(5): 701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553986&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Govoni V, Granieri E. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2001 October; 14(5): 605-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562572&dopt=Abstract

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Event-related potentials in patients with total locked-in state due to fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ragazzoni A, Grippo A, Tozzi F, Zaccara G. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2000 July; 37(1): 99-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10828378&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence for acquisition of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis locus in Campylobacter jejuni GB11, a strain isolated from a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome, by horizontal exchange. Author(s): Gilbert M, Godschalk PC, Karwaski MF, Ang CW, van Belkum A, Li J, Wakarchuk WW, Endtz HP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2004 February; 72(2): 1162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14742567&dopt=Abstract

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Experience of double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Chen WH, Yeh JH, Chiu HC. Source: Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 1999; 14(3): 126-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10540367&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of TNFalpha and TGFbeta1 in Guillain-Barre syndrome: correlation of a low TNFalpha-/TGFbeta1-mRNA ratio with good recovery and signs for immunoregulation within the cerebrospinal fluid compartment. Author(s): Ossege LM, Sindern E, Voss B, Malin JP. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 January; 7(1): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10809911&dopt=Abstract

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Extreme labile blood pressure in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): McQuillan JJ, Bullock RE. Source: Lancet. 1988 July 16; 2(8603): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2899232&dopt=Abstract

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Facial diplegia: cranial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome? Author(s): Tan EK, Lim SH, Wong MC, Chan LL. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 January; 92(1): 26-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10319037&dopt=Abstract

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Familial Guillain-Barre syndrome subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Yuki N, Tsujino Y. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1995 January; 126(1): 162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7815216&dopt=Abstract

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Familial Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wilmshurst JM, Pohl KR, Vaughan RW, Hughes RA. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 1999 July; 6(4): 499-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10362907&dopt=Abstract

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Familial inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: a Guillain-Barre syndrome variant without autoimmune predilection. Author(s): Korn-Lubetzki I, Steiner I, Brenner T, Brautbar C, Argov Z. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1994 August; 57(8): 1008-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8057095&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Lawn ND, Wijdicks EF. Source: Neurology. 1999 February; 52(3): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10025803&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal lactic acidosis and mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome in an adolescent with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Author(s): Rosso R, Di Biagio A, Ferrazin A, Bassetti M, Ciravegna BW, Bassetti D. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 July; 22(7): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886900&dopt=Abstract

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Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G--a role in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Vedeler CA, Myhr KM, Nyland H. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2001 August 30; 118(2): 187-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498253&dopt=Abstract

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Features of the Guillain-Barre syndrome in mice following intraperitoneal injection of patient serum. Author(s): van den Berg LH, Oey PL, Wokke JH, Veldman H, Wieneke GH, Notermans SH. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1994 December 1; 127(1): 103-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7699383&dopt=Abstract

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Filtration of cerebrospinal fluid in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome). Author(s): Wollinsky KH, Hulser PJ, Brinkmeier H, Mehrkens HH, Kornhuber HH, Rudel R. Source: Annales De Medecine Interne. 1994; 145(7): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7864511&dopt=Abstract

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Fine specificities of anti-LM1 IgG antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Susuki K, Yuki N, Hirata K, Kuwabara S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2002 March 30; 195(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897245&dopt=Abstract

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First report of Guillain-Barre syndrome after rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a very young infant. Author(s): Smeets CC, Brussel W, Leyten QH, Brus F. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 March; 159(3): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664242&dopt=Abstract

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Flagella as a potential marker for Campylobacter jejuni strains associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Tsang RS, Figueroa G, Bryden L, Ng L. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 February; 39(2): 762-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11158146&dopt=Abstract

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From the other side of the bedrail: a personal experience with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Blanco K, Cuomo N. Source: J Neurosurg Nurs. 1983 December; 15(6): 355-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6558117&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis and antiganglioside antibody. Author(s): Saito T. Source: Intern Med. 2002 October; 41(10): 760-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12412991&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni enteritis and monospecific anti-GT1a IgG antibody. Author(s): Okuda B, Koga M, Katsuta T, Okamoto K, Yuki N. Source: Intern Med. 2002 October; 41(10): 889-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413017&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome mimicking cerebral death: case report and literature review. Author(s): Vargas F, Hilbert G, Gruson D, Valentino R, Gbikpi-Benissan G, Cardinaud JP. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000 May; 26(5): 623-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10923739&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome with quadriplegia and total paresis of motor cranial nerves as a result of segmental demyelination. Author(s): Tan AK, Chee MW. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1995 December; 134(1-2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8747867&dopt=Abstract

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Fulminant Guillain-Barre syndrome with universal inexcitability of peripheral nerves: a clinicopathological study. Author(s): Berciano J, Figols J, Garcia A, Calle E, Illa I, Lafarga M, Berciano MT. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1997 July; 20(7): 846-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9179157&dopt=Abstract

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Gabapentin for the treatment of pain in guillain-barre syndrome: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Author(s): Pandey CK, Bose N, Garg G, Singh N, Baronia A, Agarwal A, Singh PK, Singh U. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 December; 95(6): 1719-23, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456446&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after exanthem subitum. Author(s): Miyake F, Yoshikawa T, Suzuki K, Ohashi M, Suga S, Asano Y. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 June; 21(6): 569-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12182386&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after myocardial infarction. Author(s): Ng E, Stafford PJ. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July; 90(1): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821231&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome after simultaneous therapy with suramin and interferonalpha. Author(s): Bachmann T, Koetter KP, Muhler J, Fuhrmeister U, Seidel G. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 599. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940847&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome and hyponatraemia. Author(s): McNeil AR, Panaya P. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 September-October; 33(9-10): 476-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14511209&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome and hyponatraemia. Author(s): Colls BM. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2003 January-February; 33(1-2): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534871&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection in England, 2000-2001. Author(s): Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, O'Brien SJ. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 July 15; 37(2): 307-10. Epub 2003 Jul 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856224&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with immune reconstitution. Author(s): Piliero PJ, Fish DG, Preston S, Cunningham D, Kinchelow T, Salgo M, Qian J, Drusano GL. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 May 1; 36(9): E111-4. Epub 2003 April 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715328&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with minimal change glomerulopathy and tubular dysfunction - related to acetone-based organic solvent? Author(s): Chen JK, Wu MS, Yang CW, Huang JY, Hsu PY, Lin CL, Huang CC. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2002 September-December; 22(5-6): 560-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381959&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome following acute falciparum malaria. Author(s): Sokrab TE, Eltahir A, Idris MN, Hamid M. Source: Neurology. 2002 October 22; 59(8): 1281-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391369&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in a pediatric patient following infection due to Leptospira. Author(s): Bal AM, Bharadwaj RS, Gita N, Joshi SA, Thakare JP. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 56(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711824&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in southern Taiwan: clinical features, prognostic factors and therapeutic outcomes. Author(s): Cheng BC, Chang WN, Chang CS, Chee CY, Huang CR, Chen JB, Chang CJ, Hung PL, Wang KW, Chang HW, Lu CH. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 November; 10(6): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14641510&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-barre syndrome presenting pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness in the recovery phase. Author(s): Miura Y, Susuki K, Yuki N, Ayabe M, Shoji H. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 48(1): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12138316&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome with marked pleocytosis or a significant proportion of polymorphonuclear granulocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid: neuropathological investigation of five cases and review of differential diagnoses. Author(s): Rauschka H, Jellinger K, Lassmann H, Braier F, Schmidbauer M. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 479-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940826&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hedges T 3rd. Source: Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology : the Official Journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society. 2003 March; 23(1): 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616099&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Joseph SA, Tsao CY. Source: Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2002 October; 13(3): 487-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270796&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome: a prospective, population-based incidence and outcome survey. Author(s): Chio A, Cocito D, Leone M, Giordana MT, Mora G, Mutani R; Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta Register for Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Source: Neurology. 2003 April 8; 60(7): 1146-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682322&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome: a retrospective, hospital-based study. Author(s): Yuan CL, Tsou HK, Wang YJ, Tsai CP. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2002 November; 65(11): 540-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583519&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome: an overview of current concepts. Author(s): Ambler Z. Source: Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2000; 53: 388-95. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12741026&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome--a patient guide and nursing resource. Author(s): Kehoe M. Source: Axone. 2001 June; 22(4): 16-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14621501&dopt=Abstract

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Haemolytic anaemia associated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a child with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Trifa M, Simon L, Hamza J, Bavoux F, des Roziers NB. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2003 September; 88(9): 836-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937119&dopt=Abstract

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Haemophilus influenzae has a GM1 ganglioside-like structure and elicits GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Mori M, Kuwabara S, Miyake M, Dezawa M, Adachi-Usami E, Kuroki H, Noda M, Hattori T. Source: Neurology. 1999 April 12; 52(6): 1282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10214761&dopt=Abstract

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Haemophilus influenzae infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Mori M, Kuwabara S, Miyake M, Noda M, Kuroki H, Kanno H, Ogawara K, Hattori T. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 October; 123 ( Pt 10): 2171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004133&dopt=Abstract

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Hallucinations in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Rosenlicht N, Lee K. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 157(12): 2056-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097982&dopt=Abstract

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Hand weakness onset Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Mori I, Koga M, Hirata K, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2004 January; 75(1): 16970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14707338&dopt=Abstract

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Heat-labile serotyping of two Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and belonging to serotype O19 (Penner) Author(s): Tsang RS, Frosk P, Johnson WM. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 May; 38(5): 2021-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866545&dopt=Abstract

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Hepatitis C associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Lacaille F, Zylberberg H, Hagege H, Roualdes B, Meyrignac C, Chousterman M, Girot R. Source: Liver. 1998 February; 18(1): 49-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9548267&dopt=Abstract

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High anti-GM1 and anti-GD1a IgG antibody titers are detected in Guillain-Barre syndrome but not in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Author(s): Tagawa Y, Yuki N, Hirata K. Source: European Neurology. 2002; 48(2): 118-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187004&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): van der Meche FG, Kleyweg RP, Meulstee J, Oomes PG. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1988 October; 24(4): 588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2467602&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose intravenous immune globulin in the management of severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Baskin E, Turkay S, Icagasioglu D, Tanzer F, Cevit O. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1996 January-March; 38(1): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8819632&dopt=Abstract

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HIV drug stavudine (Zerit, d4T) and symptoms mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wooltorton E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 April 16; 166(8): 1067. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002986&dopt=Abstract

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HIV-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Brannagan TH 3rd, Zhou Y. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 April 15; 208(1-2): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639723&dopt=Abstract

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HLA alleles in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Li H, Yuan J, Hao H, Yan Z, Wang S. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2000 May; 113(5): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776098&dopt=Abstract

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HLA and T-cell receptor gene polymorphisms in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ma JJ, Nishimura M, Mine H, Kuroki S, Nukina M, Ohta M, Saji H, Obayashi H, Saida T, Kawakami H, Uchiyama T. Source: Neurology. 1998 August; 51(2): 379-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9710006&dopt=Abstract

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HLA antigens in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Winer JB, Briggs D, Welsh K, Hughes RA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 1988 April; 18(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2831249&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperextension of spine: unusual presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Baranwal AK, Singhi SC. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 October; 87(4): 359. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12244026&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperreflexia in a patient with motor axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Podnar S, Vodusek DB. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 November; 7(6): 727-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136364&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperreflexia in axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Kuwabara S, Nakata M, Sung JY, Mori M, Kato N, Hattori T, Koga M, Yuki N. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2002 July 15; 199(1-2): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084449&dopt=Abstract

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Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are low in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kanbayashi T, Ishiguro H, Aizawa R, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Abe M, Hirota K, Nishino S, Shimizu T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 June; 56(3): 273-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047592&dopt=Abstract

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Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Warren JD, Thompson PD. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1998 September 21; 169(6): 342. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785539&dopt=Abstract

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IFN-beta decreases adhesion and transmigration capacities of lymphocytes in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Creange A, Chazaud B, Plonquet A, Sharshar T, Poron F, Sonnet C, Raphael JC, Gherardi RK. Source: Neurology. 2001 November 13; 57(9): 1704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706116&dopt=Abstract

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IgG Fc-receptor polymorphisms in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Vedeler CA, Raknes G, Myhr KM, Nyland H. Source: Neurology. 2000 September 12; 55(5): 705-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10980740&dopt=Abstract

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IgG from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channels. Author(s): Krampfl K, Mohammadi B, Buchwald B, Jahn K, Dengler R, Toyka KV, Bufler J. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 April; 27(4): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12661044&dopt=Abstract

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IL-10 and IFN-gamma in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Network Members of the Swedish Epidemiological Study Group. Author(s): Press R, Deretzi G, Zou LP, Zhu J, Fredman P, Lycke J, Link H. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2001 January 1; 112(1-2): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11108941&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoadsorption in Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Haupt WF, Rosenow F, van der Ven C, Birkmann C. Source: Therapeutic Apheresis : Official Journal of the International Society for Apheresis and the Japanese Society for Apheresis. 2000 June; 4(3): 195-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10910018&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin G subclass distribution of autoantibodies to gangliosides in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ilyas AA, Chen ZW, Cook SD, Mithen FA, Singhal BS. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2001 July; 109(1-2): 115-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458979&dopt=Abstract

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Immunoglobulin KM genes in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pandey JP, Vedeler CA. Source: Neurogenetics. 2003 April; 4(3): 147-9. Epub 2003 February 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736802&dopt=Abstract

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Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): van Doorn PA, van Koningsveld R. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2004 February; 3(2): 84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14746999&dopt=Abstract

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Infections and course of disease in mild forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Van Koningsveld R, Schmitz PI, Ang CW, Groen J, Osterhaus AD, Van der Meche FG, Van Doorn PA. Source: Neurology. 2002 February 26; 58(4): 610-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865140&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Muller HD, Beckmann A, Schroder JM. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2003 December; 106(6): 509-17. Epub 2003 September 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13680278&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of geomedical factors on Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence in the region of western Slovakia. Author(s): Varsik P, Traubner P, Cernacek J, Traubnerova R. Source: Bratisl Lek Listy. 2002; 103(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12061085&dopt=Abstract

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Influenza vaccine and the risk of relapse of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wijdicks EF, Fletcher DD, Lawn ND. Source: Neurology. 2000 August 8; 55(3): 452-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10932292&dopt=Abstract

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Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Myhr KM, Vagnes KS, Maroy TH, Aarseth JH, Nyland HI, Vedeler CA. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 June; 139(1-2): 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799024&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immune globulins in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and contraindications to plasma exchange: 3 days versus 6 days. Author(s): Raphael JC, Chevret S, Harboun M, Jars-Guincestre MC; French GuillainBarre Syndrome Cooperative Group. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 August; 71(2): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459901&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome with IgG antiGM1 antibody. Author(s): Kuwabara S, Mori M, Ogawara K, Hattori T, Oda S, Koga M, Yuki N. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2001 January; 24(1): 54-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11150966&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Korinthenberg R. Source: European Journal of Paediatric Neurology : Ejpn : Official Journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society. 1998; 2(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726847&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous immunoglobulins neutralize blocking antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Buchwald B, Ahangari R, Weishaupt A, Toyka KV. Source: Annals of Neurology. 2002 June; 51(6): 673-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12112071&dopt=Abstract

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Is Campylobacter lipopolysaccharide bearing a GD3 epitope essential for the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome? Author(s): Yuki N, Koga M, Hirata K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2000 August; 102(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949532&dopt=Abstract

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Is there a decrease in Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence after bovine ganglioside withdrawal in Italy? A population-based study in the Local Health District of Ferrara, Italy. Author(s): Govoni V, Granieri E, Manconi M, Capone J, Casetta I. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 December 15; 216(1): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607309&dopt=Abstract

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Ischaemic myelopathy presenting as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hui AC, Wong KS, Fu M, Kay R. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 June; 54(5): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954964&dopt=Abstract

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Kappa/lambda ratios of IgG, IgA and IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Araga S, Kagimoto H, Adachi A, Funamoto K, Inoue K, Takahashi K. Source: Jpn J Med. 1991 March-April; 30(2): 118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1907691&dopt=Abstract

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Kinetics of anti-peripheral nerve myelin antibody in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome treated and not treated with plasmapheresis. Author(s): Vriesendorp FJ, Mayer RF, Koski CL. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1991 August; 48(8): 858-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1898263&dopt=Abstract

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Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid of children with GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Nussinovitch M, Prais D, Finkelstein Y, Harel D, Amir J, Volovitz B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 September; 87(3): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193446&dopt=Abstract

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Lesson of the week: A painful hip as a presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children. Author(s): Tang T, Noble-Jamieson C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 20; 322(7279): 149-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11159574&dopt=Abstract

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Lethal hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with the use of intravenous gammaglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome, in combination with phenytoin. Author(s): Koehler PJ, Koudstaal J. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1996 April; 243(4): 366-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8965113&dopt=Abstract

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome patients mimic human gangliosides in structure. Author(s): Aspinall GO, Fujimoto S, McDonald AG, Pang H, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1994 May; 62(5): 2122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8168981&dopt=Abstract

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Lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni O:41 strains associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome exhibit mimicry of GM1 ganglioside. Author(s): Prendergast MM, Lastovica AJ, Moran AP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1998 August; 66(8): 3649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9673245&dopt=Abstract

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Lipopolysaccharides in the development of the Guillain-Barre syndrome and Miller Fisher syndrome forms of acute inflammatory peripheral neuropathies. Author(s): Prendergast MM, Moran AP. Source: Journal of Endotoxin Research. 2000; 6(5): 341-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521055&dopt=Abstract

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Lipopolysaccharides of a Campylobacter coli isolate from a patient with GuillainBarre syndrome display ganglioside mimicry. Author(s): Bersudsky M, Rosenberg P, Rudensky B, Wirguin I. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2000 March; 10(3): 182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10734265&dopt=Abstract

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Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: structures of core oligosaccharide regions from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Pang H, Kurjanczyk LA, Penner JL. Source: Biochemistry. 1994 January 11; 33(1): 241-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286348&dopt=Abstract

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Lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni serotype O:19: structures of O antigen chains from the serostrain and two bacterial isolates from patients with the GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Pang H. Source: Biochemistry. 1994 January 11; 33(1): 250-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7506928&dopt=Abstract

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Liver function disturbances in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a prospective longitudinal study in 100 patients. Dutch Guillain-Barre Study Group. Author(s): Oomes PG, van der Meche FG, Kleyweg RP. Source: Neurology. 1996 January; 46(1): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8559429&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal changes of anti-ganglioside antibodies before and after Guillain-Barre syndrome onset subsequent to Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Author(s): Odaka M, Koga M, Yuki N, Susuki K, Hirata K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 June 15; 210(1-2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736097&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal study of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) class-specific antibodies against Campylobacter jejuni and GM1 ganglioside in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kimura F, Ito T, Yuki N, Nakajima H, Tanaka T, Shinoda K, Ohsawa N. Source: Intern Med. 1995 October; 34(10): 1009-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8563080&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term impact on work and private life after Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Bernsen RA, de Jager AE, Schmitz PI, van der Meche FG. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2002 September 15; 201(1-2): 13-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163188&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Vajsar J, Fehlings D, Stephens D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 March; 142(3): 305-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640380&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. Author(s): Fletcher DD, Lawn ND, Wolter TD, Wijdicks EF. Source: Neurology. 2000 June 27; 54(12): 2311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10881259&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term sensory deficit after Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Bernsen RA, Jager AE, Schmitz PI, van der Meche FG. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 June; 248(6): 483-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11499638&dopt=Abstract

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Low-dose oral etidronate therapy for immobilization hypercalcaemia associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Go T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 October; 90(10): 1202-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697437&dopt=Abstract

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Lower extremity pain in a three year old: manifestations of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Jackman NL, Klig JE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 August; 14(4): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9733250&dopt=Abstract

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Lower limb and back pain in Guillain-Barre syndrome and associated contrast enhancement in MRI of the cauda equina. Author(s): Wilmshurst JM, Thomas NH, Robinson RO, Bingham JB, Pohl KR. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 June; 90(6): 691-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440105&dopt=Abstract

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Lymphocyte subset proportions in Guillain-Barre syndrome patients treated with plasmapheresis. Author(s): Yoshii F, Shinohara Y. Source: European Neurology. 2000; 44(3): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11053965&dopt=Abstract

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Major surgery with Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Koc M, Ozalp N, Zulfikaroglu B. Source: J Int Med Res. 2002 November-December; 30(6): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526288&dopt=Abstract

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Massive intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in pregnancy complicated by Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Author(s): Yamada H, Noro N, Kato EH, Ebina Y, Cho K, Fujimoto S. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 July; 97(1): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435020&dopt=Abstract

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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased and correlates with severity in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Creange A, Sharshar T, Planchenault T, Christov C, Poron F, Raphael JC, Gherardi RK. Source: Neurology. 1999 November 10; 53(8): 1683-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10563613&dopt=Abstract

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Meeting the challenge of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sulton LL. Source: Nursing Management. 2002 July; 33(7): 25-30; Quiz 31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163770&dopt=Abstract

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Mild forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in an epidemiologic survey in The Netherlands. Author(s): Van Koningsveld R, Van Doorn PA, Schmitz PI, Ang CW, Van der Meche FG. Source: Neurology. 2000 February 8; 54(3): 620-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680793&dopt=Abstract

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Mild Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Green DM, Ropper AH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 July; 58(7): 1098-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448299&dopt=Abstract

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Miller Fisher variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with lactic acidosis and stavudine therapy. Author(s): Shah SS, Rodriguez T, McGowan JP. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2003 May 15; 36(10): E131-3. Epub 2003 May 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746793&dopt=Abstract

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MMP-9 correlates with electrophysiologic abnormalities in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sharshar T, Durand MC, Lefaucheur JP, Lofaso F, Raphael JC, Gherardi RK, Creange A. Source: Neurology. 2002 November 26; 59(10): 1649-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12451218&dopt=Abstract

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Molecular population genetic analysis of Campylobacter jejuni HS:19 associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome and gastroenteritis. Author(s): Nachamkin I, Engberg J, Gutacker M, Meinersman RJ, Li CY, Arzate P, Teeple E, Fussing V, Ho TW, Asbury AK, Griffin JW, McKhann GM, Piffaretti JC. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 July 15; 184(2): 221-6. Epub 2001 June 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11400077&dopt=Abstract

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Monoclonal antibodies to P2 basic protein and their use in the investigation of some aspects of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Luijten JA, Reijneveld-de Jong SD, Teerlink T, Camps VT, Osterhaus AD, UytdeHaag AG. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1988 September; 86(2-3): 265-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2464668&dopt=Abstract

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Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and chemokine receptor CCR2 productions in Guillain-Barre syndrome and experimental autoimmune neuritis. Author(s): Orlikowski D, Chazaud B, Plonquet A, Poron F, Sharshar T, Maison P, Raphael JC, Gherardi RK, Creange A. Source: Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2003 January; 134(1-2): 118-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507779&dopt=Abstract

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Motor conduction studies in Guillain-Barre syndrome: description and prognostic value. Author(s): Cornblath DR, Mellits ED, Griffin JW, McKhann GM, Albers JW, Miller RG, Feasby TE, Quaskey SA. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1988 April; 23(4): 354-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3382170&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Berciano J. Source: Radiology. 1999 April; 211(1): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189489&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple A waves in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kornhuber ME, Bischoff C, Mentrup H, Conrad B. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1999 March; 22(3): 394-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10086901&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple complications of IVIG therapy in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Steinberger B, Coleman TA. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2001 May; 67(1): 59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279662&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle injury in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Hanemann CO, Neuen-Jacob E. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 December; 246(12): 1207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10653320&dopt=Abstract

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen detection in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Meseguer MA, Aparicio M, Calvo A, de Blas G, Lorenzo G. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 December; 157(12): 1034. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9877049&dopt=Abstract

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Myocardial sympathetic innervation in the course of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Matheja P, Ludemann P, Schober O, Schafers M. Source: Nuklearmedizin. 2001 December; 40(6): N63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11797514&dopt=Abstract

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Neck stiffness in two children with Guillain-Barre syndrome after Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Nishimoto Y, Koga M, Yuki N. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2001 December; 248(12): 1104-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013593&dopt=Abstract

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Neonatal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): al-Qudah AA, Shahar E, Logan WJ, Murphy EG. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1988 July-August; 4(4): 255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3242528&dopt=Abstract

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Nerve ischemia in Guillain-Barre syndrome: an alternative mechanism for early conduction failure. Author(s): Berciano J, Garcia A. Source: Revue Neurologique. 2002 March; 158(3): 364-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976600&dopt=Abstract

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Neurogenic stunned myocardium in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Bernstein R, Mayer SA, Magnano A. Source: Neurology. 2000 February 8; 54(3): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680822&dopt=Abstract

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Neuromuscular blockade by IgG antibodies from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome: a macro-patch-clamp study. Author(s): Buchwald B, Toyka KV, Zielasek J, Weishaupt A, Schweiger S, Dudel J. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1998 December; 44(6): 913-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9851436&dopt=Abstract

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New concepts of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Asbury AK. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 March; 15(3): 183-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757475&dopt=Abstract

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Non-invasive ventilation to avoid tracheal intubation in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pearse RM, Draper A, Grounds RM. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 December; 91(6): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14633766&dopt=Abstract

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Nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis simulating Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Gorson KC, Ropper AH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 September; 58(9): 1460-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559319&dopt=Abstract

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Non-T(H)1 cytokines are augmented systematically early in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Press R, Ozenci V, Kouwenhoven M, Link H. Source: Neurology. 2002 February 12; 58(3): 476-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11839856&dopt=Abstract

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Novel therapeutic approaches to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pritchard J. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2000 October; 9(10): 2307-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11060808&dopt=Abstract

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Octave Landry: Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Brody AJ, Sternbach G, Varon J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1994 November-December; 12(6): 833-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7884203&dopt=Abstract

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Ophthalmoplegic and lower cranial nerve variants merge into each other and into classical Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ter Bruggen JP, van der Meche FG, de Jager AE, Polman CH. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1998 February; 21(2): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9466601&dopt=Abstract

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Opioid analgesics and the burning pain of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ennis JH. Source: Anesthesiology. 1991 November; 75(5): 913-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1952218&dopt=Abstract

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Opsoclonus in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Nicolai A, Lazzarino LG. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1992 May; 85(5): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1621500&dopt=Abstract

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Osteoporotic fracture complicating Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hatfield A, Collin C. Source: Hosp Med. 1999 March; 60(3): 216. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10476249&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome in severe pediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome after immunotherapy or supportive care. Author(s): Graf WD, Katz JS, Eder DN, Smith AJ, Chun MR. Source: Neurology. 1999 April 22; 52(7): 1494-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227643&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of axonal and demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children. Author(s): Tekgul H, Serdaroglu G, Tutuncuoglu S. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2003 April; 28(4): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849884&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome of severe Guillain-Barre syndrome in children: comparison between untreated cases versus gamma-globulin therapy. Author(s): Shahar E, Leiderman M. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2003 March-April; 26(2): 84-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671527&dopt=Abstract

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Overlap of Guillain-Barre syndrome and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis. Author(s): Yuki N, Wakabayashi K, Yamada M, Seki K. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1997 January; 145(1): 119-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9073040&dopt=Abstract

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Overlapping Guillain-Barre syndrome and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis associated with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody after herpes simplex virus infection. Author(s): Yuki N, Susuki K, Odaka M, Hirata K. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 104(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11442445&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy initially diagnosed as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Odaka M, Yuki N, Hirata K. Source: Journal of Neurology. 2003 August; 250(8): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928908&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma exchange and double filtration plasmapheresis in chronic glomerulonephritis patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Nakamura T, Ushiyama C, Hirokawa K, Osada S, Inoue T, Shimada N, Koide H. Source: Renal Failure. 2002 May; 24(3): 387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166708&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Raphael JC, Chevret S, Hughes RA, Annane D. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (2): Cd001798. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076424&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma exchange versus double filtration plasmapheresis in the treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Lyu RK, Chen WH, Hsieh ST. Source: Therapeutic Apheresis : Official Journal of the International Society for Apheresis and the Japanese Society for Apheresis. 2002 April; 6(2): 163-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982959&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma immunoadsorption therapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: critical day for initiation. Author(s): Takei H, Komaba Y, Araki T, Iino Y, Katayama Y. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2002 December; 69(6): 557-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646988&dopt=Abstract

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Polyradiculoneuritis with myelitis: a rare differential diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Martens-Le Bouar H, Korinthenberg R. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2002 April; 33(2): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075491&dopt=Abstract

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Possible link between flu jab and Guillain-Barre syndrome under investigation. Author(s): Marwick C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 March 22; 326(7390): 620. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649232&dopt=Abstract

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Post-infectious central and peripheral nervous system diseases in patient with Devic's disease and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hawley RJ, Madrid R. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2003 September; 10(5): 600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12940848&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of clinical epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Harbin, China. Author(s): Cheng Q, Wang DS, Jiang GX, Han H, Zhang Y, Wang WZ, Fredrikson S. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 November 15; 215(1-2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14568130&dopt=Abstract

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Pseudotumour cerebri and Guillain-Barre syndrome: cause or effect? Author(s): Moosa A, Joy MA, Kumar A. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571035&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Flachenecker P, Wermuth P, Hartung HP, Reiners K. Source: Annals of Neurology. 1997 August; 42(2): 171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9266726&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative studies of F responses in Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Author(s): Kiers L, Clouston P, Zuniga G, Cros D. Source: Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1994 August; 93(4): 25564. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7521285&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled trial of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a pilot study. Author(s): Bensa S, Hadden RD, Hahn A, Hughes RA, Willison HJ. Source: European Journal of Neurology : the Official Journal of the European Federation of Neurological Societies. 2000 July; 7(4): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971602&dopt=Abstract

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Rapidly progressive, predominantly motor Guillain-Barre syndrome with antiGalNAc-GD1a antibodies. Author(s): Ang CW, Yuki N, Jacobs BC, Koga M, Van Doorn PA, Schmitz PI, Van Der Meche FG. Source: Neurology. 1999 December 10; 53(9): 2122-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10599792&dopt=Abstract

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Re: “incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome following infection with Campylobacter jejuni”. Author(s): Weinberg ED. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 September 15; 154(6): 590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549565&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances of therapeutic apheresis in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Haupt WF. Source: Therapeutic Apheresis : Official Journal of the International Society for Apheresis and the Japanese Society for Apheresis. 2000 August; 4(4): 271-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10975472&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent Guillain-Barre syndrome as a complication of immune reconstitution in HIV. Author(s): Makela P, Howe L, Glover S, Ferguson I, Pinto A, Gompels M. Source: The Journal of Infection. 2002 January; 44(1): 47-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11972420&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between pathogenesis of Guillain-Barre syndrome and Penner's serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni. Author(s): Li H, Yuan J, Shen B, Sun X, Hao H. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 September; 112(9): 794-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11717947&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for Guillain-Barre syndrome: a population-based case-control study. Emilia-Romagna Study Group on Clinical and Epidemiological Problems in Neurology. Author(s): D'Alessandro R, Casmiro M, Guarino M. Source: Journal of Neurology. 1999 November; 246(11): 1004-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10631630&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Author(s): Patja A, Paunio M, Kinnunen E, Junttila O, Hovi T, Peltola H. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 February; 138(2): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174624&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of relapse of Guillain-Barre syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy following immunisation. Author(s): Pritchard J, Mukherjee R, Hughes RA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 September; 73(3): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12185184&dopt=Abstract

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Role of gancyclovir and HAART administration in the treatment of a rare complication of HIV disease: cytomegalovirus-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Calza L, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Briganti E, Giuliani R, Talo S, Chiodo F. Source: J Chemother. 2001 October; 13(5): 575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11760224&dopt=Abstract

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Sarcoidosis of the cauda equina mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Shah JR, Lewis RA. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 April 15; 208(1-2): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639735&dopt=Abstract

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Selective contrast enhancement of anterior spinal nerve roots on magnetic resonance imaging: a suggestive sign of Guillain-Barre syndrome and neurobrucellosis. Author(s): Berciano J, Pascual J. Source: Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System : Jpns. 2003 September; 8(3): 135. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904233&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Oh SJ, LaGanke C, Claussen GC. Source: Neurology. 2001 January 9; 56(1): 82-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11148240&dopt=Abstract

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Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors levels in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Radhakrishnan VV, Sumi MG, Reuben S, Mathai A, Nair MD. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 2004 January; 109(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14653854&dopt=Abstract

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Severe backache in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sanchez-Guerra M, Infante J, Pascual J, Berciano J. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2002 March; 25(3): 468. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870731&dopt=Abstract

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Severe Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection. Author(s): Lindes DM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 November-December; 12(6): 505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612373&dopt=Abstract

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Significance of serum antibody to GD1b ganglioside in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Reuben S, Mathai A, Sumi MG, Nair MD, Radhakrishnan VV. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2001 June; 113: 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816958&dopt=Abstract

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Single high-dose immunoglobulin therapy for childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Zafeiriou DI, Kontopoulos EE, Katzos GS, Gombakis NP, Kanakoudi FG. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 1999 July; 14(7): 480-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10573477&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome with combined administration of interferon-beta-1a and intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Schaller B, Radziwill AJ, Steck AJ. Source: European Neurology. 2001; 46(3): 167-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598343&dopt=Abstract

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Sulcal abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Lo YL, Wong MC, Chan LL, Lim PA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2002 July; 73(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082065&dopt=Abstract

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The morbidity of Guillain-Barre syndrome admitted to the intensive care unit. Author(s): Henderson RD, Lawn ND, Fletcher DD, McClelland RL, Wijdicks EF. Source: Neurology. 2003 January 14; 60(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530364&dopt=Abstract

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The podiatron: an adjunct to physiotherapy treatment for Guillain-Barre syndrome? Author(s): Bulley P. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 2003; 8(4): 210-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14730725&dopt=Abstract

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The recovery phase in Guillain-Barre syndrome: moving from dependency to independence. Author(s): Cooke JF, Orb A. Source: Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. 2003 July-August; 28(4): 105-8, 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875142&dopt=Abstract

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The refractory period of transmission is impaired in axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kuwabara S, Bostock H, Ogawara K, Sung JY, Kanai K, Mori M, Hattori T, Burke D. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 December; 28(6): 683-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14639581&dopt=Abstract

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The relation of clinical symptoms and anti-ganglioside antibodies to MEPPs frequency increase in 8 cases of variant type Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kishi M, Fujioka T, Miura H, Sekine A, Iguchi H, Nakazora H, Kiyozuka T, Igarashi O, Ichikawa Y, Sugimoto H, Kurihara T, Irie S, Saito T. Source: Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System : Jpns. 2003 June; 8(2): 82-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795712&dopt=Abstract

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The successful use of i.v. gammaglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome following gold therapy in an RA patient. Author(s): Tektonidou MG, Skopouli FN. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003 May-June; 21(3): 404-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12846068&dopt=Abstract

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The sural sensory nerve is usually spared in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wee AS, Abernathy SD. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 2003 August; 44(8): 251-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14531230&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic strategies in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kieseier BC, Hartung HP. Source: Seminars in Neurology. 2003 June; 23(2): 159-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894381&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome with corticosteroids: lack of benefit? Author(s): Hughes RA. Source: Lancet. 2004 January 17; 363(9404): 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14738786&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Winer JB. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 2002 November; 95(11): 717-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391383&dopt=Abstract

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Ulcerative colitis and acquired demyelinating neuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome) Author(s): Roca B, Moreno I, Meneu E. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1999 March; 54(3): 129-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10189787&dopt=Abstract

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Unilateral cranial and phrenic nerve involvement in axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sakakibara Y, Mori M, Kuwabara S, Katayama K, Hattori T, Koga M, Yuki N. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2002 February; 25(2): 297-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870703&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual clinical variants and signs in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ropper AH. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1986 November; 43(11): 1150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2946281&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual features of the Guillain-Barre syndrome after rabies vaccine prepared in suckling mouse brain. Author(s): Cabrera J, Griffin DE, Johnson RT. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1987 November; 81(2-3): 239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3694230&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual neurologic complications of typhoid fever (aphasia, mononeuritis multiplex, and Guillain-Barre syndrome): a report of two cases. Author(s): Ozen H, Cemeroglu P, Ecevit Z, Secmeer G, Kanra G. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1993 April-June; 35(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8249195&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual T cell receptor phenotype V gene usage of gamma delta T cells in a line derived from the peripheral nerve of a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Cooper JC, Ben-Smith A, Savage CO, Winer JB. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2000 October; 69(4): 522-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10990516&dopt=Abstract

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Upper airway dysfunction--an unusual presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Faloona J, Walsh-Kelly CM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1992 April; 21(4): 437-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1554187&dopt=Abstract

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Upper airway obstruction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Wilson FE. Source: Chest. 1985 March; 87(3): 410-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3971775&dopt=Abstract

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Upper airway obstruction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Rodrigues JF, York EL, Nair CP. Source: Chest. 1984 July; 86(1): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6734279&dopt=Abstract

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Use of demand pacemaker in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome and cardiac arrhythmias. Author(s): Maytal J, Eviatar L, Brunson SC, Gootman N. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1989 September-October; 5(5): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2803388&dopt=Abstract

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Vaccines and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hughes R, Rees J, Smeeton N, Winer J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 8; 312(7044): 1475-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664637&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of hospital discharge diagnoses for public health surveillance of the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Bogliun G, Beghi E; Guillain-Barre Syndrome Registry Study Group. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2002 September; 23(3): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391495&dopt=Abstract

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Variants of Guillain-Barre syndrome: Miller Fisher syndrome, facial diplegia and multiple cranial nerve palsies. Author(s): Shuaib A, Becker WJ. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1987 November; 14(4): 611-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690433&dopt=Abstract

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Vasculitic neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Suggs SP, Thomas TD, Joy JL, Lopez-Mendez A, Oh SJ. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1992 August; 35(8): 975-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1322672&dopt=Abstract

•

Ventilator dependence in acute severe asthma due to a variant presentation of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Hamilton RJ, Puckett R, Bazemore WC. Source: Chest. 1989 November; 96(5): 1205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2805855&dopt=Abstract

•

Ventilatory drive and carbon dioxide response in ventilatory failure due to myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Borel CO, Teitelbaum JS, Hanley DF. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1993 November; 21(11): 1717-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8222689&dopt=Abstract

•

Ventilatory management of respiratory failure in patients with severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Aggarwal AN, Gupta D, Lal V, Behera D, Jindal SK, Prabhakar S. Source: Neurology India. 2003 June; 51(2): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571003&dopt=Abstract

•

Videofluoroscopic evaluation of patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Chen MY, Donofrio PD, Frederick MG, Ott DJ, Pikna LA. Source: Dysphagia. 1996 Winter; 11(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556871&dopt=Abstract

•

Vincristine neuropathy and a Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case with acute lymphatic leukemia and quadriparesis. Author(s): Norman M, Elinder G, Finkel Y. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1987 July; 39(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477471&dopt=Abstract

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49

•

Visual loss with papilledema in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Kharbanda PS, Prabhakar S, Lal V, Das CP. Source: Neurology India. 2002 December; 50(4): 528-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12577118&dopt=Abstract

•

What treatment for the Guillain-Barre syndrome? Author(s): McFarland HR. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1993 July; 50(7): 687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8323468&dopt=Abstract

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Widenings of the myelin lamellae in a typical Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Vallat JM, Leboutet MJ, Jauberteau MO, Tabaraud F, Couratier P, Akani F. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1994 April; 17(4): 378-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8170482&dopt=Abstract

•

Workshop summary and recommendations regarding the development of GuillainBarre syndrome following Campylobacter infection. Author(s): Lang DR, Allos BM, Blaser MJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997 December; 176 Suppl 2: S198-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9396711&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER

2.

NUTRITION SYNDROME

AND

GUILLAIN-BARRE

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Guillain-Barre Syndrome The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or a synonym): •

Acute peripheral neuropathy in adults. Guillain-Barre syndrome and related disorders. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. Source: Pascuzzi, R M Fleck, J D Neurol-Clin. 1997 August; 15(3): 529-47 0733-8619

•

Alcohol-related acute axonal polyneuropathy: a differential diagnosis of GuillainBarre syndrome. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Klinikum Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Germany. [email protected] Source: Wohrle, J C Spengos, K Steinke, W Goebel, H H Hennerici, M Arch-Neurol. 1998 October; 55(10): 1329-34 0003-9942

•

Congenital Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with maternal inflammatory bowel disease is responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin. Author(s): Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Neurological Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA. [email protected] Source: Bamford, N S Trojaborg, W Sherbany, A A De Vivo, D C Eur-J-Paediatr-Neurol. 2002; 6(2): 115-9 1090-3798

•

Epidural morphine as an adjuvant to the treatment of pain in a patient with acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy secondary to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Department of Podiatric Surgery, Deaconess Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri. Source: Longobardi, J J Comens, R Jacobs, A M J-Foot-Surg. 1991 May-June; 30(3): 267-8 0449-2544

•

Epidural opioids for the management of pain in a patient with the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Source: Connelly, M Shagrin, J Warfield, C Anesthesiology. 1990 February; 72(2): 381-3 0003-3022

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Gabapentin for the treatment of pain in guillain-barre syndrome: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. [email protected] Source: Pandey, C K Bose, N Garg, G Singh, N Baronia, A Agarwal, A Singh, P K Singh, U Anesth-Analg. 2002 December; 95(6): 1719-23, table of contents 0003-2999

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Cologne, Germany. [email protected] Source: Re, D Schwenk, A Hegener, P Bamborschke, S Diehl, V Tesch, H Ann-Oncol. 2000 February; 11(2): 217-20 0923-7534

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Immunoadsorption with PH-350: as a beneficial therapy for acute Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Haemodialysis Center, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, Shimane, Japan. Source: Ishida, H Shimizu, Y Imada, K Itagaki, T Urushidani, Y Shimoyama, R Oono, Y Biomater-Artif-Cells-Immobilization-Biotechnol. 1991; 19(1): 267-75 1055-7172

•

Impaired ventilatory capacity after recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.

Nutrition

53

Source: Sibert, K S Sladen, R N J-Clin-Anesth. 1994 Mar-April; 6(2): 133-8 0952-8180 •

Inappropriate antidiuresis and hyponatremia with suppressible vasopressin in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tenn, 38104, USA. Source: Cooke, C R Latif, K A Huch, K M Wall, B M Am-J-Nephrol. 1998; 18(1): 71-6 0250-8095

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Management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London. Source: Ferner, R Barnett, M Hughes, R A Br-J-Hosp-Med. 1987 December; 38(6): 525-8, 530 0007-1064

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Short-term variability of blood pressure and heart rate in Guillain-Barre syndrome without respiratory failure. Author(s): Service de Reanimation Medicale, Hopital Raymond Poincare, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincare 92380 Garches, France. Source: Annane, D Baudrie, V Blanc, A S Laude, D Raphael, J C Elghozi, J L Clin-Sci(Colch). 1999 June; 96(6): 613-21 0143-5221

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Treatment approaches for Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Author(s): Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, College of Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA. Source: Lindenbaum, Y Kissel, J T Mendell, J R Neurol-Clin. 2001 February; 19(1): 187204 0733-8619

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Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK. [email protected] Source: Winer, J B QJM. 2002 November; 95(11): 717-21 1460-2725

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Vincristine neuropathy and a Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case with acute lymphatic leukemia and quadriparesis. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, St. Goran's Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Source: Norman, M Elinder, G Finkel, Y Eur-J-Haematol. 1987 July; 39(1): 75-6 0902-4441

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GUILLAINBARRE SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Guillain-Barre syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Guillain-Barre syndrome: •

A point of view: The need to identify an antigen in psyconeuroimmunological disorders. Author(s): Covelli V, Pellegrino NM, Jirillo E. Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2003; 9(24): 1951-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12871180&dopt=Abstract

•

Advances in the management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Green DM. Source: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 November; 2(6): 541-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359110&dopt=Abstract

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•

Aromatherapy massage for joint pain and constipation in a patient with Guillian Barre. Author(s): Shirreffs CM. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 2001 May; 7(2): 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855776&dopt=Abstract

•

Biofeedback treatment of upper extremity dysfunction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ince LP, Leon MS. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1986 January; 67(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3942481&dopt=Abstract

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Blood pressure fluctuations in the dysautonomia of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Ropper AH, Wijdicks EF. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1990 June; 47(6): 706-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2346398&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical diagnosis in Karwinskia humboldtiana polyneuropathy. Author(s): Martinez HR, Bermudez MV, Rangel-Guerra RA, de Leon Flores L. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998 January 21; 154(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543321&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiating symptoms of panic from relapse of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Dattilio FM, Castaldo JE. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 September-October; 9(5): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553530&dopt=Abstract

•

Electromyographic biofeedback as a physical therapeutic adjunct in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Cohen BA, Crouch RH, Thompson SN. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1977 December; 58(12): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=597026&dopt=Abstract

•

Emotional experience and perception in the absence of facial feedback. Author(s): Keillor JM, Barrett AM, Crucian GP, Kortenkamp S, Heilman KM. Source: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : Jins. 2002 January; 8(1): 130-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843071&dopt=Abstract

•

Fulminant peripheral neuropathy with severe quadriparesis associated with vincristine therapy. Author(s): Moudgil SS, Riggs JE.

Alternative Medicine 57

Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 October; 34(10): 1136-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054980&dopt=Abstract •

Guillain-Barre syndrome and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid-dependent pseudothrombocytopenia associated with mumps. Author(s): Sawazaki A, Nakamura N, Jyokaji H, Minami S, Nakamura S, Matsuda T. Source: Intern Med. 1996 December; 35(12): 996-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9031003&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Author(s): Aral YZ, Gursel T, Ozturk G, Serdaroglu A. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2001 July-August; 18(5): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452406&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Author(s): Re D, Schwenk A, Hegener P, Bamborschke S, Diehl V, Tesch H. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2000 February; 11(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761759&dopt=Abstract

•

Guillain-barre syndrome support group. Author(s): Streinberg JS. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1984 July; 13(4): 455. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6564120&dopt=Abstract

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Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Pemberton L. Source: Nurs Times. 1998 November 18-24; 94(46): 50-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923382&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose chemotherapy and APSCT as a potential cure for relapsing hemolysing AILD. Author(s): Lindahl J, Kimby E, Bjorkstrand B, Christensson B, Hellstrom-Lindberg E. Source: Leukemia Research. 2001 March; 25(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226525&dopt=Abstract

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Hypnotherapy in a case of pruritus and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Sampson RN. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1990 January; 32(3): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2296918&dopt=Abstract

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IGIV in neurology--evidence and recommendations. Author(s): Bril V, Allenby K, Midroni G, O'Connor PW, Vajsar J. Source: The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques. 1999 May; 26(2): 139-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352875&dopt=Abstract

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'Just the ticket': case studies, reflections and clinical supervision (Part III). Author(s): Cromwell C, Dryden SL, Jones D, Mackereth PA. Source: Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery. 1999 April; 5(2): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474346&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral nervous system and spinal cord involvement in lymphoma. Author(s): Correale J, Monteverde DA, Bueri JA, Reich EG. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1991 January; 83(1): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1849335&dopt=Abstract

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Peripheral neuropathy. Author(s): Bowers M. Source: Beta. 1997 March; : 14-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11364522&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome after successful therapy of Hodgkin's disease. Author(s): Maslovsky I, Volchek L, Blumental R, Ducach A, Lugassy G. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 2001 January; 66(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168510&dopt=Abstract

•

Phase I-II trial of high dose Ara-C, carboplatinum, etoposide and steroids in patients with refractory or relapsed lymphomas. Author(s): Ahmed T, Cook P, Feldman E, Coombe N, Puccio C, Mittelman A, Chun H, Coleman M, Helson L. Source: Leukemia : Official Journal of the Leukemia Society of America, Leukemia Research Fund, U.K. 1994 April; 8(4): 531-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8152247&dopt=Abstract

•

Polyneuropathy in childhood. Author(s): Evans OB. Source: Pediatrics. 1979 July; 64(1): 96-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=450571&dopt=Abstract

•

Recent advances in drug-induced neuropathies. Author(s): Peltier AC, Russell JW.

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Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 2002 October; 15(5): 633-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352008&dopt=Abstract •

Schwann cell nuclear remodelling and formation of nuclear and coiled bodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Berciano MT, Calle E, Andres MA, Berciano J, Lafarga M. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 1996 October; 92(4): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8891071&dopt=Abstract

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Severe cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in a patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Zollei E, Avramov K, Gingl Z, Rudas L. Source: Autonomic Neuroscience : Basic & Clinical. 2000 December 28; 86(1-2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11269930&dopt=Abstract

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Stimulus-evoked sinus arrest in severe Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report. Author(s): Minahan RE Jr, Bhardwaj A, Traill TA, Hanley DF. Source: Neurology. 1996 November; 47(5): 1239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909436&dopt=Abstract

•

The mechanism of hypertension in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): Mitchell PL, Meilman E. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1967 June; 42(6): 986-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6027165&dopt=Abstract

•

The treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy with acupuncture: a clinical case study. Author(s): Elgert G, Olmstead L. Source: Am J Acupunct. 1999; 27(1-2): 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10513094&dopt=Abstract

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The ventilated patient undergoing hydrotherapy: a case study. Author(s): Taylor S. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2003 August; 16(3): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533215&dopt=Abstract

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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an adjunct in the pain management of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Author(s): McCarthy JA, Zigenfus RW. Source: Physical Therapy. 1978 January; 58(1): 23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=304219&dopt=Abstract

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Vincristine neuropathy and a Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case with acute lymphatic leukemia and quadriparesis. Author(s): Norman M, Elinder G, Finkel Y. Source: European Journal of Haematology. 1987 July; 39(1): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3477471&dopt=Abstract

•

Vincristine neurotoxicity in the presence of hereditary neuropathy. Author(s): Trobaugh-Lotrario AD, Smith AA, Odom LF. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2003 January; 40(1): 39-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426685&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Recent Trials on Guillain-Barre Syndrome The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Guillain-Barre syndrome.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Assessment of Chronic Guillain-Barre Syndrome Improvement with Use of 4aminopyridine Condition(s): Guillain-Barre Syndrome Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development Purpose - Excerpt: In developed countries, Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is the most common cause of acute neuromuscular paralysis, afflicting about 5,000 persons annually in the United States. Over 20% of GBS patients have permanent residual motor deficits that affect their activities of daily living. The goal of this study is to assess the potential usefulness and safety of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in those patients who suffer chronic functional deficits from GBS.This medication is a potassium channel blocker that has the potential to improve nerve conduction, particularly across partially demyelinated axons. It is felt that by increasing nerve conduction there will be improved motor performance for walking and activities of daily living, as well as decreased fatiguability. This medication has demonstrated potential usefulness in central demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.Because the peripheral nervous system is much more accessible to systemic medication delivery it is felt that this medication may improve the functional status of those patients who are suffering from the residual side effects of this medication.

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056810 •

Randomized Study of Plasmapheresis or Human Immunoglobulin Infusion in Childhood Guillain-Barre Syndrome Condition(s): Guillain-Barre Syndrome Study Status: This study is suspended. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; Emory University Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Compare the efficacy of plasmapheresis and human immunoglobulin infusion in minimizing morbidity and augmenting the pace of recovery in children with Guillain-Barre syndrome. II. Compare the potential risks, in terms of treatment related side effects and adverse clinical outcome, between these two treatment modalities. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004833

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “GuillainBarre syndrome” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Guillain-Barre syndrome, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Guillain-Barre Syndrome By performing a patent search focusing on Guillain-Barre syndrome, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on Guillain-Barre syndrome: •

Method for monitoring an inflammatory disease state by detecting circulating ICAMR Inventor(s): Gallatin; W. Michael (Seattle, WA), Vazeux; Rosemay (Seattle, WA) Assignee(s): Icos Corporation (bothell, Wa) Patent Number: 5,869,262 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: Methods for monitoring the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a patient by detecting elevated levels of circulating ICAM-R wherein progression is indicated in an SLE patient whose circulating ICAM-R levels are increased as compared to normal individuals or individuals with in active SLE. Methods for the detection of an inflammatory disease state selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis in a patient by detecting elevated levels of circulating ICAM-R wherein the presence of the inflammatory disease state is indicated in a patient whose circulating ICAM-R levels are increased as compared to normal healthy individuals. ICAM-R is also known as ICAM-3 and CDw50 in the art. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to cellular adhesion molecules and more particularly to the cloning and expression of DNA encoding a heretofore unknown human polypeptide designated "ICAM-R" which possesses structural relatedness to the intercellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and -2. Research spanning the last decade has significantly elucidated the molecular events attending cell-cell interactions in the body, especially those events involved in the movement and activation of cells in the immune system. See generally, Springer, Nature, 346: 425-434 (1990). Cell surface proteins, and especially the so-called Cellular Adhesion Molecules ("CAMs") have correspondingly been the subject of pharmaceutical research and development having as its goal intervention in the processes of leukocyte extravasation to sites of inflammation and leukocyte movement to distinct target tissues. The isolation and characterization of cellular adhesion molecules, the cloning and expression of DNA sequences encoding such molecules, and the development of therapeutic and diagnostic agents relevant to inflammatory processes, viral infection and cancer metastasis have also been the subject of numerous U.S. and foreign applications for Letters Patent. See Edwards, Current Opinion in Therapeutic Patents, 1(11): 1617-1630 (1991) and particularly the published "patent literature references" cited therein. Of fundamental interest to the background of the present invention are the prior identification and characterization of certain mediators of cell adhesion events, the "leukointegrins," LFA-1, MAC-1 and gp 150.95 (referred to in WHO nomenclature as CD18/CD11a, CD18/CD11b, and CD18/CD11c, respectively) which form a subfamily of heterodimeric "integrin" cell surface proteins present on B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes monocytes and granulocytes. See, e.g., Table 1 of Springer, supra, at page 429. Also of interest are other single chain adhesion molecules (CAMs) that have been implicated in leukocyte activation, adhesion, motility and the like, which are events attendant the inflammatory process. For example, it is presently believed that prior to the leukocyte extravasation which characterizes inflammatory processes, activation of integrins constitutively expressed on leukocytes occurs and is followed by a tight ligand/receptor interaction between the integrins (e.g., LFA-1) and one or both of two distinct intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)

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designated ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 which are expressed on blood vessel endothelial cell surfaces and on other leukocytes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05869262__ •

Method for treating multiple sclerosis Inventor(s): Abe; Hayao (Chiba, JP), Arita; Masanobu (Kanagawa, JP), Nagai; Yoshitaka (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Mitsui Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 5,112,810 Date filed: May 15, 1985 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition containing serum thymic factor (FTS) and a method for using FTS containing compositions for treating a variety of immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis, GuillainBarre syndrome, inflammatory neuropathy, polyneuritis and other immunodemyelinating diseases. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method and composition for treating multiple sclerosis, demyelinating diseases and other diseases belonging to the general category of immunodeficiency diseases. Multiple sclerosis, one of the demyelinating diseases of unknown etiology, has been known as one of the most intractable diseases known in the world with no effective therapy having yet been developed for it (c.f. G. Kuroiwa, "Intractable Diseases-Study and Prospect", S. Okinaka, Ed., Tokyo Univ. Press, 1979, pp. 7-27, 1979). For allergic demyelinating diseases in humans, however, a useful experimental model was developed in 1947 by three research groups independently but having recourse to the same technique. Feund et al. (J. Freund et al., J. Immunol. 57, 179, 1947), Kabat et al. (E. A. Kabat et al., J. Exp. Med., 85, 117, 1947) and Morgan et al. (I. M. Morgan et al., J. Exp. Med., 85, 131, 1947) disclosed the successful development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in animals by injecting a homogenized emulsion of the animal brain employing Freund's complete adjuvant technique, and the death of the animals within two or three weeks of the treatment. Since, then, EAE has been utilized as an experimental model in studies of multiple sclerosis and other diseases influenced by cellular immunodeficiency. Indeed, it has served as a rare and useful system for in vivo-screening of curatives and treatments for demyelinating diseases and other immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05112810__

•

Methods for promoting production of myelin by Schwann cells Inventor(s): Moore; Emma E. (Seattle, WA), Novak; Julia E. (Bainbridge Island, WA) Assignee(s): Zymogenetics, Inc. (seattle, Wa) Patent Number: 6,569,419 Date filed: February 27, 2001 Abstract: A method for promoting the expression of myelin or Protein Zero in Schwann cells using Zcyto7 or IL-17. Zcyto7 or IL-17 are further used to promote myelination of the peripheral nervous system. This is particularly useful in treating diseases dymyelinating diseases such as diabetic neuropathy, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, chronic

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demyelinating disease, acute demyelinating polyneuropathy and human immunodeficiency viral demyelinating neuropathy or demyelination caused by trauma. Excerpt(s): The peripheral nervous system (PNS) serves as a bridge between the environment and the central nervous system (CNS). The PNS is comprised of primary afferent neurons, which sends information from sensory receptors to the CNS, somatic motor neurons, which transmit electrical stimuli from the CNS to voluntary muscles, and autonomic motor neurons, which transmit electrical stimuli to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands. A neuron generally has a cell body, and an axon, which is a long nerve cell process extending from the cell body that is capable of rapidly conducting nerve impulses over long distances so as to deliver signals to cells. The axons of many vertebrate neurons are insulated by a myelin sheath, which greatly increases the rate at which an axon can conduct an action potential. Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system. The Schwann cells wrap layer upon layer of their own plasma membrane in a tight spiral around the axon thereby insulating the axonal membrane so that almost no current leaks across it. Unmyelinated axons in the PNS are nonetheless embedded in Schwann cells although they are not ensheathed by myelin. A number of neuropathies of the PNS are associated with demyelination or failure of the Schwann cells to properly ensheath the axons of the PNS. They are diabetic neuropathy, Guillain-Barre disease (acute demyelinating polyneuropathy), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIPD), and HIV inflammatory demyelinating disease. Also axon damage due to physical trauma may result in demyelination of the PNS. Thus, there is a need to discover agents that can be used to promote the production of myelin by Schwann cells. The present invention fills this need by providing for a method for promoting production of myelin or P zero protein by Schwann cell comprising bringing a Zcyto7 polypeptide or IL-17 into contact with Schwann cells. Examples of Zcyto7 polypeptides are the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 7, and 9-28. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569419__ •

Use of 4-amino pyridine for treatment of peripheral neuropathies Inventor(s): Meythaler; Jay M. (Birmingham, AL) Assignee(s): The Uab Research Foundation (birmingham, Al) Patent Number: 6,503,931 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides methods of using aminopyridine compounds to treat peripheral nervous system demyelinating diseases including Guillain-Barre Syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hereditary sensory-motor neuropathies. Excerpt(s): The subject invention relates to the treatment of peripheral neuropathies and, more specifically, to the treatment of demyelinating peripheral neuropathies. By way of background, demyelinating neuropathies or diseases can occur in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative and inflammatory neurological disease which affects the central nervous system and, more specifically, the myelin sheath. MS causes demyelination of nerve fibers which results in a short-circuiting of nerve impulses and thus a slowing or blocking of transmission along the nerve fibers with associated disabling symptoms including spasticity, loss of motor strength, and painful dysaesthesias (neurogenic pain). In contrast, with peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, spasticity does not occur;

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however, weakness and neurogenic pain are problematic. Peripheral neuropathies are associated with a number of diseases, syndromes, or conditions including but not limited to acquired diseases or conditions including Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS), chronic demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), diabetic mellitus (prevalence of diabetic neuropathy alone is over one million in the United States), or the hereditary sensory-motor neuropathies (Charcopt-Marie-Tooth disease, Friedrich's ataxia, porphyria, lipoprotein neuropathies, and familial amyloid neuropathies). U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,938 to Masterson et al., issued Jul. 30, 1996, and assigned to Elan Corporation discloses a method for the treatment of neurological diseases characterized by central nervous system demyelination such as MS and Alzheimer's disease, by the administration of mono- or di-aminopyridine to a patient having the central nervous system demyelinating disease. The Masterson et al. patent only teaches the amelioration of symptoms associated with the central nervous system demyelating diseases and does not describe the use of aminopyridines for the treatment of peripheral nervous system demyelating diseases or their symptoms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503931__ •

Use of IL-12 and IL-12 antagonists in the treatment of autoimmune diseases Inventor(s): Goldman; Samuel (Acton, MA), Leonard; John (Auburn, NH), O'Hara, Jr.; Richard (Quincy, MA) Assignee(s): Genetics Institute, Inc. (cambridge, Ma) Patent Number: 6,338,848 Date filed: February 25, 2000 Abstract: Method of treating autoimmune conditions are disclosed comprising administering to a mammalian subject IL-12 or an IL-12 antagonist. In certain preferred embodiments the autoimmune condition is one which is promoted by an increase in levels of IFN-.gamma. or TNF-.alpha. Suitable conditions for treatment include multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune pulmonary inflammation, Guillain-Barre syndrome, autoimmune thyroiditis, insulin dependent diabetes melitis and autoimmune inflammatory eye disease. Excerpt(s): Gamma interferon (IFN-.gamma.) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF.alpha.) have been implicated in the development, exacerbation and/or recurrence of numerous autoimmune conditions. For example, both IFN-.gamma. and TNF-.alpha. have been associated with the course of multiple sclerosis [Choflon et al., Eur. Cytokine Netw. 3(6), 1992, pp. 523-531; Steinman, Scientific American, September 1993, pp. 107114; Hofman et al., J. Exp. Med. 170, 1989, pp. 607-612; Panitch et al., Neurology, 37, 1987, pp. 1097-1102] and Type-I diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes melitis, IDDM) [Castano et al., Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8, 1990, pp. 647-679; Campbell et al., J. Clin. Invest. 87, 1991, pp. 739-742]. While TNF-.alpha. has been found to promote development of rheumatoid arthritis [Feldmann et al., Progress in Growth Factor Research, 4, 1992, pp. 247-255], administration of IFN-.gamma. has been linked to improvements in arthritic subjects [Veys et al., J. Rheumatology, 15(4), 1988, pp. 570-574]. Studies have also demonstrated the involvement of IFN-.gamma. in the autoimmune diseases processes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [Funauchi et al., Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 164, 1991, pp. 259-267; Bankhurst, J. Rheumatology, 14(supp. 13), 1987, pp. 63-67], autoimmune thyroiditis [Tang et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 1993, pp. 275-278], and autoimmune inflammatory eye disease (e.g., autoimmune uveoretinitis) [Charteris et al., Immunology 75, 1992, pp. 463-467]. Development of autoimmune pulmonary

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inflammation [Deguchi et al., Clin. Exp. Immunol. 85, 1991, pp. 392-395] and GuillainBarre syndrome [Baron et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1993, pp. 4414-4418] have also been tied to TNF-.alpha. activity. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine which was originally identified as a factor which induces IFN-.gamma. from T cells and natural killer cells as set forth in PCT/US91/06332, published Apr. 2, 1992. PCT/US91/06332 refers to IL-12 as Natural Killer Cell Stimulating Factor or NKSF. EP 433827, published Jun. 26, 1991 discloses IL-12 as a cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF). IL-12 also stimulates natural killer cells in vitro by increasing their ability to lyse target cells at a level comparable to that obtained with IFN-.gamma. and IL-2, well-known activators of natural killer cells' cytotoxic activity. Additional in vitro activities of IL-12 which have been identified include induction of TNF-.alpha.; induction of T cell proliferation as a co-stimulant; suppression of IL-2 induced proliferation of natural killer blasts; suppression of IL-2 induced proliferation of T cell receptor-.gamma.delta.-positive cells; promotion of Th1 T cell differentiation from progenitors; enhancement of Th1, but not Th2 proliferation; enhancement of T cell cytolytic activity; enhancement of cytotoxic lymphocyte generation; enhancement of natural killer and natural killer blast cytolytic activity; ex vivo enhancement of natural killer activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of IL-2-treated patients; induction of adhesion molecules on natural killer cells; induction of perforin and granzyme B mRNAs in natural killer blasts; induction of IL-2 receptor subunits (p55, p75) on natural killer cells; suppression of IgE synthesis by IFN-.gamma.-dependent and independent mechanisms; modulation of T cell development in fetal thymic organ cultures; and synergy with kit ligand to promote growth of myeloid and B cell progenitors. The known in vivo activities of IL-12 include induction of IFN-.gamma.; enhancement of natural killer cell activity in spleen, liver, lungs and peritoneal cavity; enhancement of generation of allo-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes; induction of extramedullary hematopoiesis in mouse spleen; reversible suppression of hematopoiesis in bone marrow; reversible induction of anemia, lymphopenia, and neutropenia in mice; suppression of anti-IgD induced IgE, IgG1, and IL-4 expression; increased survival in SCID mice treated with Toxoplasma gondii; cure of leishmaniasis in susceptible strains of mice; decreased bioburden in cryptococcoses model; suppression of tumor growth; and promotion of immunity to tumor cells. IL-12 is also induced in vivo in the shwarzman reaction model of septic shock. Although IL-12 can induce production of IFN-.gamma. and TNF-.alpha. in vivo, the relationship of in vivo levels of IL-12 to autoimmune diseases which are affected by levels of IFN-.gamma. and TNF-.alpha. has not been established. Furthermore, the effects of administration of IL-12 or antagonists of endogenous IL-12 (such as anti-IL-12 antibodies) on autoimmune diseases associated with induction of IFN-.gamma. or TNF-.alpha. have not been examined. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06338848__

Patent Applications on Guillain-Barre Syndrome As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome:

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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•

Substituted imidazoles as cannabinoid receptor modulators Inventor(s): Finke, Paul E.; (Milltown, NJ), Mills, Sander G.; (Scotch Plains, NJ), Plummer, Christopher W.; (Keasbey, NJ), Shah, Shrenik K.; (Metuchen, NJ), Truong, Quang T.; (Edison, NJ) Correspondence: Merck And CO Inc; P O Box 2000; Rahway; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20030114495 Date filed: July 17, 2002 Abstract: The use of compounds of the present invention as antagonists and/or inverse agonists of the Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor particularly in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases mediated by the Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor. The invention is concerned with the use of these novel compounds to selectively antagonize the Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor. As such, compounds of the present invention are useful as psychotropic drugs in the treatment of psychosis, memory deficits, cognitive disorders, migraine, neuropathy, neuro-inflammatory disorders including multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome and the inflammatory sequelae of viral encephalitis, cerebral vascular accidents, and head trauma, anxiety disorders, stress, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. The compounds are also useful for the treatment of substance abuse disorders, particularly to opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. The compounds are also useful for the treatment of obesity or eating disorders associated with excessive food intake and complications associated therewith. Novel compounds of structural formula (I) are also claimed. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority of U.S. provisional application Serial No. 60/307,224, filed Jul. 20, 2001. and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof which are antagonists and/or inverse agonists of the Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor and are useful in the treatment, prevention and suppression of diseases mediated by the Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor. The invention is concerned with the use of these novel compounds to selectively antagonize the Cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor. As such, compounds of the present invention are useful as psychotropic drugs in the treatment of psychosis, memory deficits, cognitive disorders, migraine, neuropathy, neuroinflammatory disorders including multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome and the inflammatory sequelae of viral encephalitis, cerebral vascular accidents, and head trauma, anxiety disorders, stress, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. The compounds are also useful for the treatment of substance abuse disorders, particularly to opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. The compounds are also useful for the treatment of obesity or eating disorders associated with excessive food intake and complications associated therewith. The present invention is also concerned with treatment of these conditions, and the use of compounds of the present invention for manufacture of a medicament useful in treating these conditions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Guillain-Barre syndrome, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the

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following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Guillain-Barre syndrome. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning GuillainBarre syndrome. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Guillain-Barre syndrome include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Guillain-Barre syndrome” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A First Step: Understanding Guillain-Barre Syndrome by Brian S. Langton; ISBN: 1553694112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1553694112/icongroupinterna

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Guillain-Barre Syndrome by Gareth J. Parry, J. D. Pollard; ISBN: 0865774447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865774447/icongroupinterna

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Guillain-Barre Syndrome by R. A. C. Hughes; ISBN: 354019634X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/354019634X/icongroupinterna

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Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Contemporary Neurology Series , No 34) by Allan H. Ropper, et al; ISBN: 0803675720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803675720/icongroupinterna

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Immune System Disorders Sourcebook: Basic Information About Lupus, Multiple Sclerosis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Chronic Granulomatous Disease, and More,

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Along Statistical and demographic (Health Reference Series, Vol 18) by Allan R. Cook (Editor); ISBN: 0780802098; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802098/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Guillain-Barre Syndrome In order to find chapters that specifically relate to Guillain-Barre syndrome, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and Guillain-Barre syndrome using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on Guillain-Barre syndrome: •

Neurological Disorders Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 336-373. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: Dental staff should be able to recognize abnormalities involving the cranial nerves, especially the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagal and hypoglossal nerves. This chapter on neurologic disorders is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. Topics include congenital neurological disorders, including cerebral palsy (CP), neural tube defects (spina bifida), syringomyelia, Huntington's chorea, and Friedreich's ataxia; acquired neurological disorders, including the examination and lesions of the cranial nerves, facial sensory loss (facial pain is covered in a separate chapter), facial paralysis, Bell's palsy, trigeminal motor neuropathy, abnormal facial movements (dystonias, dyskinesias, facial tics, Tourette syndrome), multiple cranial nerve palsies, blindness and visual impairment, deafness and hearing impairment, Meniere's disease, autonomic dysfunction, epilepsy, syncope (fainting), raised intracranial pressure, hypoxic encephalopathy, infections of the nervous system (including HIV and syphilis), cerebrovascular accidents (stroke), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, GuillainBarre syndrome (infective or idiopathic polyneuritis), motor neurone disease, mercury intoxication, tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), myasthenia gravis, patients with respiratory paralysis, and peripheral neuropathies. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues, dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 1 appendix. 4 figures. 15 tables. 52 references.

•

Physical Disability and Sensory Impairment Source: in Griffiths, J. and Boyle, S. Colour Guide to Holistic Oral Care: A Practical Approach. Mosby-Year Book Europe. 1993. p. 131-150. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book Europe. Lynton House, 7-12 Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9LB, England. Telephone 0171-391 4471. Fax 0171-391 6598. ISBN: 0723417792.

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Summary: This chapter, from a textbook that outlines the role of the nurse in oral health care, discusses the oral care of people with physical disability or sensory impairment. The authors summarize the more common conditions that may affect manual dexterity, arm control, and mobility. Topics covered include the prevalence of physical disability; barriers to oral health; arthritis; brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta); rickets and osteomalacia; osteoporosis; Paget's disease (oteitis deformans); muscular dystrophies and myotonic disorders; myasthenia gravis; motor neurone disease; multiple sclerosis; Guillain-Barre syndrome; stroke (cerebrovascular accident); Bell's palsy; Parkinson's disease; cleft lip and palate; cerebral palsy; spina bifida and hydrocephalus; spinal injuries and trauma; head injury; epilepsy; and sensory impairment. 6 tables. 22 references. (AA-M). •

Neuromuscular Disorders Source: in Grundy, M.C.; Shaw, L.; and Hamilton, D.V. Illustrated Guide to Dental Care for the Medically Compromised Patient. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1993. p. 87-88. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146-9934. (800) 426-4545 or (314) 872-8370; Fax (800) 535-9935 or (314) 4321380; E-mail: [email protected]; http://www.mosby.com. PRICE: $24.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815140223. Summary: This chapter, from an illustrated guide to dental care for medically compromised patients, discusses neuromuscular disorders. Topics covered include muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. For each condition, the authors provide a brief description, the components of medical management, and suggestions for dental care.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GUILLAINBARRE SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Guillain-Barre syndrome.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Guillain-Barre syndrome is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Guillain-Barre syndrome: •

Serum TNF-alpha linked to severity of Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 21, 2003

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•

Baseline disability score prognostic in pediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 25, 2001

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Metalloproteinase-9 levels correlate with severity of Guillain-Barre syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 22, 1999

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Intravenous immunoglobulin reduces cytokine levels in Guillain-Barre syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 28, 1999

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Recent flu shots posed no unusual risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 17, 1998

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Plasmapheresis Improves Respiratory Function In Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 07, 1998

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Potential Treatment For Guillain-Barre Syndrome In Animal Model Discovered Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 12, 1997

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Human Immunoglobulin Beneficial In Rat Model Of Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 10, 1997

•

C. Jejuni Infection Impacts On Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 24, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to

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Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Guillain-Barre syndrome, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Guillain-Barre Syndrome Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Guillain-Barre syndrome that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for Guillain-Barre syndrome. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks,

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etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to Guillain-Barre syndrome: Carbamazepine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atretol; Carbatrol; Epitol; Tegretol; Tegretol-XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202111.html

Danazol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Danocrine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202180.html

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids •

Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202180.html

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acel-Imune; Certiva; Infanrix; Tripedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202201.html

Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed and Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tetramune http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html

Diphtheria Antitoxin •

Systemic http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202911.html

Laxatives •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html

•

Rectal - U.S. Brands: Bisco-Lax; Ceo-Two; Dacodyl; Deficol; Dulcolax; Fleet Babylax; Fleet Bisacodyl; Fleet Enema; Fleet Enema for Children; Fleet Enema Mineral Oil; Fleet Glycerin Laxative; Fleet Laxative; Sani-Supp; Senokot; Theralax; Therevac Plus; Therevac-SB http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202320.html

Nitrofurantoin •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Furadantin; Macrobid; Macrodantin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202414.html

Penicillamine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cuprimine; Depen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202445.html

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4075 17 142 11 24 4269

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Guillain-Barre Syndrome In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for Guillain-Barre syndrome: •

Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Familial Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=139393 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

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Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

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Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

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Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

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Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

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NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

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Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

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OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

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PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

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ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

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Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

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Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

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Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then

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select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

23

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Guillain-Barre syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Guillain-Barre syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Guillain-Barre syndrome”:

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Guides on Guillain-Barre syndrome Guillain-Barre Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/guillainbarresyndrome.html

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Other guides Autoimmune Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/autoimmunediseases.html Diabetic Nerve Problems http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticnerveproblems.html Dizziness and Vertigo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dizzinessandvertigo.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Hearing Disorders and Deafness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearingdisordersanddeafness.html Influenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/influenza.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Multiple Sclerosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/multiplesclerosis.html Neurologic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neurologicdiseases.html Peripheral Nerve Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Spinal Cord Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcorddiseases.html Spinal Cord Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Tremor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tremor.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to Guillain-Barre syndrome, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00413

Patient Resources

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Diagnosis/Symptoms Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Velocities Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q75ss.html Spinal Tap (Lumbar Puncture) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01414

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Treatment Plasmapheresis and Autoimmune Disease Source: Muscular Dystrophy Association http://www.mdausa.org/publications/fa-plasmaph.html?NS-searchset=/371cc/aaaa005J41ccc8e&NS-doc-offset=7&

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Coping Coping With Autoimmunity Source: American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association http://www.aarda.org/coping_art.html

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Campylobacter: Low-Profile Bug Is Food Poisoning Leader Source: Food and Drug Administration http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/599_bug.html Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/cidp.htm Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) and Influenza Vaccine Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nip/vacsafe/concerns/GBS/default.htm Miller Fisher Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/miller_fisher.htm

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From the National Institutes of Health Guillain-Barre Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/pubs/guillain_barre.htm

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Organizations American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association http://www.aarda.org/ Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation International http://www.guillain-barre.com/

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

(1) Prevention and control of influenza. (2) Update: influenza activity-United States, 2003--04 season Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1984 April (revised 2003 Apr; addendum released 2003 Dec); Original guideline: 36 pages; addendum: 4 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4428&nbr=3342&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

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2001 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 August (updated 2001 November 28); 64 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3080&nbr=2306&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Source: American College of Cardiology Foundation - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 April (revised 2002 Sep); 48 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3439&nbr=2665&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for ataxia Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 6 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2449&nbr=1675&a mp;string=Guillain-Barre+AND+syndrome

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for chronic foot pain Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998 (revised 2002); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3555&nbr=2781&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for multiple sclerosis -- when and how to image Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 16 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2447&nbr=1673&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for orbits, vision and visual loss Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2450&nbr=1676&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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ACR Appropriateness Criteria for progressive neurologic deficit Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1996 (revised 1999); 21 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2438&nbr=1664&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Acute sinusitis in adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1995 July (revised 2002 Dec); 30 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3673&nbr=2899&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Ankle sprain Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1997 August (revised 2002 Mar); 24 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3356&nbr=2582&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Assessment and management of acute pain Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 2000 October (revised 2002 Oct); 74 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3500&nbr=2726&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Assessment: Neurologic risk of immunization. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Source: American Academy of Neurology - Medical Specialty Society; 1999 May; 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2824&nbr=2050&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

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Chemotherapy and biotherapy: guidelines and recommendations for practice Source: Oncology Nursing Society - Professional Association; 2001; 226 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3209&nbr=2435&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Clinical practice guideline for the management of postoperative pain Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2001 July (revised 2002 May); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3284&nbr=2510&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Clinical practice guideline for the management of rheumatoid arthritis Source: Advanced Research Techniques in the Health Services - Private For Profit Research Organization; 2001; 170 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3683&nbr=2909&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Diabetic foot disorders: a clinical practice guideline. Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Orthopedics and Medicine - Professional Association; 2000 September; 60 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2892&nbr=2118&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians Source: American Medical Association - Medical Specialty Society; Reprint released 2001 January; 88 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2707&nbr=1933&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

Patient Resources

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Diagnosis and treatment of adult degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the knee Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1996 June (revised 2002 May); 42 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3355&nbr=2581&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Disorders of the neck and upper back Source: Work Loss Data Institute - Public For Profit Organization; 2003; 109 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3803&nbr=3030&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Guideline for the use of Neurontine in the management of neuropathic pain Source: Washington State Department of Labor and Industries - State/Local Government Agency [U.S.]; 2002; 5 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3550&nbr=2776&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

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Guidelines for the management of leg ulcers in Ireland Source: Smith and Nephew, Ltd. - Private For Profit Organization; 2002; 44 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3616&nbr=2842&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Heel spur syndrome Source: Academy of Ambulatory Foot and Ankle Surgery - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 (revised 2003 Sep); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4245&nbr=3245&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Intravenous immunoglobulin preparations Source: University HealthSystem Consortium - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1999 March; 216 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1976&nbr=1202&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

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K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification Source: National Kidney Foundation - Disease Specific Society; 2002 February; 246 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3192&nbr=2418&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Management of chronic kidney disease and pre-ESRD in the primary care setting Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 2000 November; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3099&nbr=2325&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Management of Crohn's disease in adults Source: American College of Gastroenterology - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 March; 9 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2802&nbr=2028&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1996 March (revised 2002 Sep); 77 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3499&nbr=2725&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Massachusetts guidelines for adult diabetes care Source: Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Family and Community Health, Diabetes Control Program - State/Local Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 June (revised 2001 Jun); Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3429&nbr=2655&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1997 January 24 (revised 2000 May 19); 30 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2299&nbr=1525&a mp;string=ascending+AND+paralysis

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Practice management guidelines for the management of venous thromboembolism in trauma patients Source: Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Professional Association; 1998 (revised 2001); 63 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3189&nbr=2415&a mp;string=ascending+AND+paralysis

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Primary angle closure Source: American Academy of Ophthalmology - Medical Specialty Society; 2000 September; 20 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2548&nbr=1774&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Recommendations to prevent hepatitis B virus transmission-United States-Update Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 January 22; 2 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1982&nbr=1208&a mp;string=Guillain-Barre+AND+syndrome

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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome clinical practice guidelines - third edition Source: International Research Foundation for RSD/CRPS - Private Nonprofit Research Organization; 2003 January 1; 48 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=4117&nbr=3162&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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Specialty referral guidelines for people with diabetes Source: American Healthways, Inc - Public For Profit Organization; 1998 (revised 1999); 22 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2005&nbr=1231&a mp;string=acute+AND+polyneuropathy

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Source: Finnish Medical Society Duodecim - Professional Association; 2001 April 30; Various pagings http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3390&nbr=2616&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain Source: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 Sep-October; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3173&nbr=2399&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy

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The management of diabetes mellitus in the primary care setting Source: Department of Defense - Federal Government Agency [U.S.]; 1999 December; 147 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2583&nbr=1809&a mp;string=acute+AND+inflammatory+AND+neuropathy Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Information Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=779 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Guillain-Barre syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Associations and Guillain-Barre Syndrome The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome: •

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation International Telephone: (610) 667-0131 Fax: (610) 667-7036 Email: [email protected] Web Site: www.gbsfi.com Background: The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation, which was established in 1980, provides emotional support and assistance to people affected by this rare disease of the peripheral nervous system. The foundation currently consists of approximately 18,000 members in 160 chapters. It arranges personal visits to affected individuals in hospitals and rehabilitation centers, when possible; fosters research into the cause, treatment, and other aspects of the disorder; and directs affected individuals with long-term disabilities to resources for vocational, financial, and other forms of assistance. The foundation's Medical Advisory Board includes neurologists who are active in Guillain-Barre research, physicians in rehabilitation medicine, and physicians who have had Guillain-Barre syndrome. The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation also supplies informational materials such as a directory, newsletters, and other literature about the disorder, including a comprehensive 55 page booklet entitled 'An Overview for the Layperson.'.

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Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group of the United Kingdom Telephone: 01529 300328 Toll-free: TTY: Fax: 01529 300328 Background: The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group of the United Kingdom is a national voluntary health organization dedicated to providing information, support, and resources to affected individuals, family members, and friends. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare, rapidly progressive disorder that affects nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (peripheral nervous system). GBS frequently follows an upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. The syndrome is characterized by nerve inflammation (polyneuritis) and associated weakness, tingling, and numbness that may rapidly progress to paralysis. Such symptoms usually initially affect the feet and spread to the trunk, arms, and face. Recovery is very variable. The syndrome often resolves in a few weeks or months, but some residual symptoms may persist for longer periods. Although the exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown, it is thought to result from an abnormal autoimmune response following infection. The Guillain-Barre Syndrome Support Group of the United Kingdom was founded in 1985 and currently consists of approximately 2,000 members. The Group is committed to educating affected individuals, health care professionals, and the public about Guillain-Barre syndrome.

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In addition, the Group provides educational materials including a regular newsletter entitled 'Reaching Out' and several guides such as 'GBS: Quick Guide,' 'The GBS Patient in Intensive Care,' and 'Other Neuropathies.'.

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Guillain-Barre syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Guillain-Barre syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Guillain-Barre syndrome. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Guillain-Barre syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Guillain-Barre syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Guillain-Barre

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syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “GuillainBarre syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

25

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

26

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 111 •

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 113 •

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

115

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 4-Aminopyridine: A potassium channel blocker. It is used primarily as a research tool and is helpful in characterizing subtypes of potassium channels. It has been used clinically in Lambert-Eaton syndrome and multiple sclerosis because by blocking potassium channels it prolongs action potentials thereby increasing transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (and elsewhere). [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH]

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Airway Obstruction: Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminopyridines: Pyridines substituted in any position with an amino group. May be hydrogenated, but must retain at least one double bond. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Amyloid Neuropathies: Protein found in the senile plaques. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of

Dictionary 119

pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, second-

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generation) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Asystole: Cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome. [EU]

Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures.

Dictionary 121

Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU]

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Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH] Blasts: Immature blood cells. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to)

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the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Neoplasms: Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulbar: Pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cauda Equina: The lower part of the spinal cord consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing

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specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Infarction: The formation of an area of necrosis in the cerebrum caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., infarction, anterior cerebral artery), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction). [NIH]

Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervical Plexus: A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH]

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Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Choreatic Disorders: Acquired and hereditary conditions which feature chorea as a primary manifestation of the disease process. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of

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the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coiled Bodies: A distinct subnuclear domain enriched in splicesomal snRNPs (ribonucleoproteins, small nuclear) and p80-coilin. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum components C1 through C9, initiated by an erythrocyte-antibody complex or by microbial polysaccharides and properdin, and producing an inflammatory response. [NIH] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices

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are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special

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afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH]

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Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH]

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Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]

Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid

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and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Etidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoked Potentials: The electric response evoked in the central nervous system by stimulation of sensory receptors or some point on the sensory pathway leading from the receptor to the cortex. The evoked stimulus can be auditory, somatosensory, or visual, although other modalities have been reported. Event-related potentials is sometimes used synonymously with evoked potentials but is often associated with the execution of a motor, cognitive, or psychophysiological task, as well as with the response to a stimulus. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH]

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Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Facial Paralysis: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. Facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. Neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Foodborne Illness: An acute gastrointestinal infection caused by food that contains harmful bacteria. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Also called food poisoning. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored

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in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less

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than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

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Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterodimers: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]

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Hypesthesia: Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation. [NIH] Hypoglossal Nerve: The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune Complex Diseases: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other systemic immunologic diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis nodosa. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH]

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In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as

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a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrins: A family of transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including extracellular matrix glycoproteins, complement, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the cytoskeleton. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors, the leukocyte adhesion receptors, and the very-late-antigen receptors. Each family contains a common beta-subunit combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits. These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development, hemostasis, thrombosis, wound healing, immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms, and oncogenic transformation. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hemorrhages: Bleeding within the intracranial cavity, including hemorrhages in the brain and within the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH]

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Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH]

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Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH]

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Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lymphopenia: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mechanical ventilation: Use of a machine called a ventilator or respirator to improve the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH]

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Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus

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surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Diseases: Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath investing many axons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (Schwann cells in the peripheral and oligodendroglia in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in demyelinating diseases is a serious clinical problem. [NIH] Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; autoimmune diseases; spinal cord; and ischemia (see also spinal cord vascular diseases). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction. [NIH]

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Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Natural killer cells: NK cells. A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large granular lymphocytes (LGL). [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube

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defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuritis: A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include pain; paresthesias; paresis; or hypesthesia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Diseases: A general term encompassing lower motor neuron disease; peripheral nervous system diseases; and certain muscular diseases. Manifestations include muscle weakness; fasciculation; muscle atrophy; spasm; myokymia; muscle hypertonia, myalgias, and musclehypotonia. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction Diseases: Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the neuromuscular junction. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or acetylcholinesteraseactivity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurosyphilis: A late form of syphilis that affects the brain and may lead to dementia and death. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]

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Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oligodendroglia: A class of neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal satellite cells according to their location. The most important recognized function of these cells is the formation of the insulating myelin sheaths of axons in the central nervous system. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A collagen disorder resulting from defective biosynthesis of type I collagen and characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. There are four major types, I-IV. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU]

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Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsies: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Papilledema: Swelling around the optic disk. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

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[NIH]

Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Exchange: Removal of plasma and replacement with various fluids, e.g., fresh frozen plasma, plasma protein fractions (PPF), albumin preparations, dextran solutions, saline. Used in treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune complex diseases, diseases of excess plasma factors, and other conditions. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyradiculoneuropathy: Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots. [NIH]

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Polyradiculopathy: Disease or injury involving multiple spinal nerve roots. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH]

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Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU]

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Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quadriplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from brain diseases; spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; neuromuscular diseases; or rarely muscular diseases. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper brain stem which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Rabies: A highly fatal viral infection of the nervous system which affects all warm-blooded animal species. It is one of the most important of the zoonoses because of the inevitably fatal outcome for the infected human. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original

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form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitation Centers: Facilities which provide programs for rehabilitating the mentally or physically disabled individuals. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirator: A mechanical device that helps a patient breathe; a mechanical ventilator. [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Respiratory Paralysis: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve disorders; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders. [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU]

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Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with ribonucleic acids (RNA) or specific RNA. Many viruses are ribonucleoproteins. [NIH] Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear: Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rubella: An acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, röteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. [EU] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerae: A circular furrow between the sclerocorneal junction and the iris. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and

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cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Senile Plaques: Spherical masses consisting of amyloid fibrils and neuronal processes. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]

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Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]

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Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Hypoxic-ischemic and hemorrhagic disorders of the spinal cord. Arteriosclerosis, emboli, and vascular malformations are potential causes of these conditions. [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spirochete: Lyme disease. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and

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peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Syphilis: A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. [NIH]

Syringomyelia: The presence in the spinal cord of elongated central fluid containing cavities surrounded by gliosis. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH]

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Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thromboembolism: Obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH]

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Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGFbeta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins. [NIH]

Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH]

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Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventilator: A breathing machine that is used to treat respiratory failure by promoting ventilation; also called a respirator. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH]

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Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zoonoses: Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to man or may be transmitted from man to non-human animals. [NIH]

163

INDEX 4 4-Aminopyridine, 61, 117 A Abdominal, 117, 129, 132, 133, 138, 147, 148 Aberrant, 10, 117 Acetone, 24, 117, 139 Acetylcholine, 29, 117, 125 Acidosis, 21, 36, 117 Action Potentials, 117 Activities of Daily Living, 61, 117 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 57, 117 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 117 Adjuvant, 52, 67, 117 Adverse Effect, 117, 155 Afferent, 68, 117, 127, 157 Age of Onset, 117, 123, 160 Agonist, 117, 145 Airway, 47, 117, 118 Airway Obstruction, 47, 118 Albumin, 118, 149 Algorithms, 118, 122 Alkaline, 117, 118, 123, 148 Alkaloid, 118, 143, 145 Alleles, 16, 28, 118 Allo, 70, 118 Alternative medicine, 78, 118 Alveoli, 118, 161 Amino Acid Sequence, 118, 119 Amino Acids, 118, 147, 149, 151 Aminopyridines, 69, 118 Amyloid, 69, 118, 155 Amyloid Neuropathies, 69, 118 Anaemia, 26, 118 Anaesthesia, 38, 118, 137 Anal, 119, 140 Analgesic, 119, 143, 146 Analog, 119, 157 Anaphylatoxins, 119, 126 Anatomical, 119, 136, 154 Anemia, 70, 93, 119, 141 Anesthesia, 23, 52, 117, 119 Anorexia, 119, 133, 146 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 119, 152, 159 Antibacterial, 119, 156 Antibiotic, 119, 156 Antibodies, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 22, 31, 33, 36, 38, 42, 45, 70, 119, 121, 136, 141, 149

Antibody, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 22, 27, 31, 32, 40, 44, 119, 120, 126, 131, 135, 136, 137, 139, 155, 156 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 119, 139 Antidepressive Agents, 119, 152 Antigen, 33, 37, 55, 119, 120, 126, 135, 136, 137, 138, 155 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 120, 126 Antineoplastic, 120, 149, 158, 162 Antiproliferative, 120, 138 Antiseptic, 117, 120 Antiviral, 120, 138 Anxiety, 71, 119, 120, 147 Anxiety Disorders, 71, 120 Aphasia, 46, 120 Apheresis, 8, 20, 29, 40, 42, 120 Apolipoproteins, 120, 140 Aqueous, 120, 121, 128, 130 Arterial, 120, 124, 125, 135, 139, 151, 158 Arteries, 120, 122, 127, 140, 142, 144 Arterioles, 120, 122 Aseptic, 120, 146 Assay, 15, 120 Astringents, 120, 142 Asystole, 11, 120 Ataxia, 69, 74, 92, 93, 98, 120, 124, 135, 159 Atrophy, 92, 121, 145 Auditory, 11, 121, 131, 161 Autoantibodies, 30, 121 Autoantigens, 121 Autoimmune disease, 14, 67, 69, 121, 143, 149 Autonomic, 15, 16, 41, 59, 68, 74, 117, 121, 128, 133, 143, 148, 157 Autonomic Nervous System, 121, 148 Axonal, 9, 16, 17, 18, 28, 39, 45, 46, 52, 68, 121 Axons, 61, 68, 121, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 157 B Back Pain, 34, 121 Bacteremia, 12, 121 Bacteria, 119, 120, 121, 130, 132, 142, 155, 156, 161 Basal Ganglia, 121, 123, 125 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 121, 125 Base, 121, 128, 139, 148

164

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Basophils, 122, 134, 140 Benign, 10, 122, 123, 134, 144, 154 Beta-pleated, 118, 122 Bifida, 122 Bile, 122, 132, 140 Biochemical, 118, 122 Biological response modifier, 122, 138 Biosynthesis, 20, 122, 146 Biotechnology, 4, 6, 78, 89, 91, 92, 93, 122 Bladder, 122, 137, 143, 145, 151, 161 Blast phase, 122, 125 Blasts, 70, 122 Blood pressure, 11, 20, 53, 56, 122, 135, 142 Blood vessel, 67, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 139, 140, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161 Bone Marrow, 70, 117, 122, 125, 136, 140, 142 Bowel, 119, 122, 129, 131, 137, 138, 145, 148 Bowel Movement, 122, 129 Brachial, 9, 25, 122 Brain Diseases, 122, 152 Brain Neoplasms, 123, 135, 159 Brain Stem, 123, 152 Branch, 113, 123, 140, 147, 152, 156, 159 Buccal, 123, 140 Bulbar, 123, 152 C Calcium, 123, 126, 131, 135, 146, 147 Carbon Dioxide, 48, 123, 133, 153 Carcinogenic, 123, 137, 146, 150 Carcinogens, 123, 146 Cardiac, 47, 68, 98, 120, 123, 144, 146 Cardiovascular, 41, 59, 123 Case report, 10, 12, 23, 35, 37, 59, 123, 132 Catheterization, 123, 139 Cauda Equina, 34, 43, 123 Cell Adhesion, 66, 123, 138 Cell Cycle, 123, 131 Cell Differentiation, 70, 123 Cell Division, 92, 121, 123, 124, 131, 149 Cell membrane, 124, 139, 143, 148 Cell proliferation, 70, 124 Central Nervous System, 5, 68, 74, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 131, 133, 134, 135, 143, 146, 150 Central Nervous System Infections, 124, 134, 135 Centrifugation, 4, 124 Cerebellar, 121, 124, 153, 160 Cerebellar Diseases, 121, 124, 160

Cerebral, 23, 71, 74, 75, 121, 123, 124, 130, 132, 135, 141, 158 Cerebral Infarction, 124, 135 Cerebral Palsy, 74, 75, 124 Cerebrospinal, 5, 8, 20, 22, 25, 29, 32, 33, 124, 135 Cerebrospinal fluid, 5, 8, 20, 22, 25, 29, 32, 33, 124, 135 Cerebrovascular, 74, 75, 121, 124, 159 Cerebrum, 124, 160 Cervical, 9, 25, 124, 148, 154 Cervical Plexus, 124, 148 Cervix, 124 Character, 125, 128 Chemotactic Factors, 125, 126 Chemotherapy, 57, 100, 125 Cholera, 125, 155 Cholesterol, 122, 125, 140 Cholesterol Esters, 125, 140 Cholinergic, 125, 145 Chorea, 74, 125 Choreatic Disorders, 125 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 125 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 122, 125 Chronic phase, 7, 125 Chronic renal, 125, 149 Chylomicrons, 125, 140 Circulatory system, 125, 138 Clamp, 38, 125 Clear cell carcinoma, 125, 128 Clinical trial, 4, 61, 62, 89, 126, 129, 152 Cloning, 66, 122, 126 Cod Liver Oil, 126, 130 Cofactor, 126, 151 Coiled Bodies, 59, 126 Colitis, 46, 126, 137 Collagen, 126, 132, 146 Complement, 17, 119, 126, 127, 133, 138, 149 Complement Activation, 17, 119, 126 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 60, 126 Complementary medicine, 55, 127 Computational Biology, 89, 91, 127 Conduction, 7, 18, 36, 38, 61, 97, 127, 143 Conjunctiva, 127, 137, 160 Connective Tissue, 122, 126, 127, 132, 133, 140, 148, 153, 158 Consciousness, 119, 127, 152, 158 Constipation, 56, 127 Constitutional, 127, 143 Constriction, 127, 139, 151

Index 165

Consumption, 127, 128, 133, 153 Contamination, 127, 154 Contraindications, ii, 31, 127 Coordination, 127, 143 Coronary, 127, 142, 144 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 142, 144 Cortex, 121, 123, 127, 131, 132, 153 Corticosteroids, 46, 127 Cranial, 20, 23, 39, 46, 48, 74, 127, 128, 133, 134, 136, 138, 145, 147, 148, 152, 160, 161 Cranial Nerves, 23, 74, 127, 128 Craniocerebral Trauma, 121, 128, 134, 135, 159 Critical Illness, 17, 128 Curative, 128, 154, 159 Cutaneous, 14, 124, 128, 136, 139, 140 Cytokine, 69, 78, 128, 138 Cytomegalovirus, 9, 43, 128 Cytoplasm, 122, 124, 128, 131, 134, 143, 145 Cytoskeleton, 128, 138 Cytotoxic, 17, 70, 128 D Databases, Bibliographic, 89, 128 Defense Mechanisms, 128, 138 Degenerative, 68, 101, 128, 133, 135, 143 Delusions, 128, 134, 151 Demyelinating Diseases, 61, 67, 68, 128, 143 Dendrites, 128, 145 Density, 124, 128, 140, 156 Dental Care, 75, 128 DES, 26, 119, 128 Developed Countries, 61, 128 Dexterity, 75, 129 Diabetes Mellitus, 68, 104, 129, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 65, 79, 129 Diaphragm, 124, 129, 148 Diarrhea, 129, 132 Diarrhoea, 129, 133 Diastolic, 129, 135 Diethylcarbamazine, 129, 158 Digestion, 122, 129, 138, 140, 157 Digestive system, 63, 129 Dilation, 129, 135 Direct, iii, 81, 129, 153 Distal, 121, 129, 148 Dorsal, 129, 150, 157 Double-blinded, 23, 52, 129 Drive, ii, vi, 48, 51, 75, 129 Drug Interactions, 83, 129 Dyes, 118, 122, 129, 145

Dyskinesia, 129 Dysplasia, 93, 129 Dystrophy, 75, 92, 97, 103, 129 E Eating Disorders, 71, 129 Edema, 129, 138 Effector, 117, 119, 126, 130, 139 Effector cell, 119, 130, 139 Efficacy, 62, 130 Elective, 43, 130 Electrolyte, 130, 150 Embryo, 124, 130, 132, 137, 146 Emulsion, 67, 130 Encephalitis, 10, 12, 40, 71, 130 Encephalitis, Viral, 130 Encephalocele, 130, 144 Encephalomyelitis, 67, 130 Encephalopathy, 74, 130 Endemic, 125, 130, 141, 157 Endothelial cell, 67, 130 Endotoxin, 33, 130, 160 End-stage renal, 125, 130, 149 Enteritis, 7, 13, 21, 22, 28, 33, 131 Enterocolitis, 131 Environmental Exposure, 131, 146 Environmental Health, 88, 90, 131 Enzymatic, 123, 126, 131 Enzyme, 130, 131, 149, 151, 160, 162 Eosinophils, 131, 134, 140 Epidermis, 131, 152 Epitope, 5, 12, 14, 31, 131 Erythrocytes, 118, 119, 122, 131 Esophagus, 129, 131, 148, 157 Essential Tremor, 92, 131 Etidronate, 34, 131 Etoposide, 58, 131 Evacuation, 127, 131 Evoked Potentials, 11, 131 Exhaustion, 131, 141 Exogenous, 132, 160 Extracellular, 118, 127, 132, 138 Extracellular Matrix, 127, 132, 138 Extravasation, 66, 132 Extremity, 11, 34, 56, 132, 139, 147 Eye Movements, 132, 152 F Facial, 20, 48, 56, 74, 132 Facial Pain, 74, 132 Facial Paralysis, 74, 132 Family Planning, 89, 132 Fat, 122, 132, 139, 140, 143, 153, 156 Fatal Outcome, 132, 152

166

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Feces, 127, 132 Fetal Development, 132, 144 Fibroblasts, 132, 138 Fibrosis, 93, 132, 154 Filtration, 14, 20, 22, 40, 132 Foodborne Illness, 100, 132 Foramen, 132, 148 Forearm, 122, 132 G Gallbladder, 117, 129, 132 Ganglia, 117, 121, 133, 144, 148, 157 Ganglioside, 5, 8, 15, 17, 18, 22, 26, 31, 32, 33, 44, 45, 133 Gangrenous, 133, 155 Gas, 123, 133, 135, 153, 158, 161 Gas exchange, 133, 153, 161 Gastroenteritis, 22, 36, 133, 154 Gastrointestinal, 105, 132, 133, 141, 158 Gene, 28, 47, 93, 94, 118, 122, 133, 146, 160 Genetic Engineering, 122, 126, 133 Genotype, 133, 148 Gland, 133, 140, 141, 147, 151, 155, 157, 159 Gliosis, 133, 158 Glomerular, 133 Glomeruli, 133 Glomerulonephritis, 40, 133, 136 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 132, 133 Glucose, 92, 129, 133, 134, 137, 138 Glucose Intolerance, 129, 133 Glycoprotein, 134, 160 Governing Board, 134, 150 Graft, 134, 135, 136 Graft Rejection, 134, 136 Grafting, 134, 136 Granulocytes, 25, 66, 134, 162 Gravis, 4, 29, 48, 74, 75, 134 Growth, 69, 92, 119, 120, 124, 132, 134, 138, 141, 144, 146, 149, 155, 159, 160 H Hallucinogens, 134, 152 Headache, 134, 135, 137 Heartbeat, 120, 134 Hematopoiesis, 70, 134 Heme, 134, 150 Hemoglobin, 119, 131, 134, 150 Hemoglobinuria, 92, 134 Hemorrhage, 128, 134, 152, 157 Hemostasis, 134, 138 Hepatic, 118, 135, 150 Hepatitis, 6, 27, 103, 135 Hepatocytes, 135

Hereditary, 60, 68, 69, 125, 135, 143, 153 Heredity, 133, 135 Herpes, 40, 135 Herpes Zoster, 135 Heterodimers, 135, 138, 160 Homodimer, 135, 160 Homologous, 118, 135, 158 Hormonal, 121, 135 Hormone, 118, 127, 128, 135, 137, 147, 154, 159, 160 Host, 135, 136, 161 Hydrocephalus, 75, 135, 138 Hydrogen, 117, 121, 135, 142 Hydrolysis, 135, 149, 151 Hydrophobic, 135, 140 Hypercalcemia, 131, 135 Hypersensitivity, 32, 135, 154 Hypertension, 59, 135, 138 Hypesthesia, 136, 145 Hypoglossal Nerve, 74, 136 I Id, 54, 60, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 112, 114, 136 Idiopathic, 74, 136 Immune Complex Diseases, 120, 136, 149 Immune function, 136, 160 Immune response, 16, 117, 120, 121, 134, 136, 158, 161, 162 Immune Sera, 136 Immune system, 66, 130, 136, 141, 143, 161, 162 Immunity, 12, 13, 20, 32, 70, 136, 160 Immunization, 100, 136 Immunodeficiency, 18, 21, 67, 68, 92, 98, 136 Immunoglobulin, 5, 8, 10, 13, 18, 21, 26, 30, 31, 35, 44, 52, 62, 78, 101, 119, 136 Immunologic, 125, 136 Immunology, 16, 69, 117, 136 Immunosuppressive, 136 Immunosuppressive therapy, 136 Immunotherapy, 30, 39, 136 Impairment, 74, 75, 120, 129, 136, 142, 151 Implantation, 98, 136 In vitro, 70, 136, 137, 155, 157 In vivo, 67, 70, 136, 137 Incision, 137, 139 Incontinence, 135, 137, 143 Indicative, 73, 137, 147, 161 Induction, 70, 137 Infancy, 137, 154 Infarction, 124, 137

Index 167

Infiltration, 133, 137 Inflammatory bowel disease, 13, 52, 137 Influenza, 17, 30, 96, 97, 98, 137 Infusion, 62, 137 Ingestion, 137, 149 Inhalation, 137, 149 Initiation, 40, 137 Innervation, 14, 37, 136, 137 Insulator, 137, 143 Insulin, 69, 137, 138, 139, 160 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 138 Integrins, 66, 138 Intensive Care, 3, 12, 13, 18, 23, 45, 106, 138 Intensive Care Units, 3, 138 Interferon, 7, 23, 44, 69, 138, 140 Interferon-alpha, 23, 138 Interferon-beta, 7, 44, 138 Intestinal, 131, 138, 141 Intestine, 122, 131, 138, 139 Intoxication, 74, 138, 162 Intracellular, 137, 138, 150 Intracranial Hemorrhages, 135, 138, 159 Intracranial Hypertension, 10, 134, 135, 138 Intracranial Pressure, 74, 138, 151 Intraperitoneal, 21, 138 Intravenous, 13, 18, 26, 27, 31, 32, 35, 44, 52, 78, 101, 137, 138 Intubation, 19, 38, 123, 139 Invasive, 38, 136, 139, 141 Involuntary, 121, 125, 131, 139, 144 Ischemia, 38, 121, 133, 139, 143 Isotonic, 4, 139, 142 J Joint, 56, 101, 139, 158 K Kb, 88, 139 Ketone Bodies, 117, 139 Kidney Disease, 63, 88, 93, 101, 102, 139 Killer Cells, 70, 139 L Labile, 5, 6, 20, 27, 126, 139 Large Intestine, 129, 138, 139, 153, 156 Leg Ulcer, 101, 139 Leishmaniasis, 70, 139 Lesion, 133, 139, 152, 161 Lethargy, 135, 139 Leukapheresis, 120, 139 Leukemia, 48, 53, 57, 58, 60, 92, 125, 139 Leukocytes, 66, 122, 125, 131, 134, 138, 140, 142, 145, 160

Library Services, 112, 140 Ligament, 140, 151 Ligands, 138, 140 Lip, 75, 140 Lipid, 120, 137, 140, 143 Lipopolysaccharide, 6, 31, 140 Lipoprotein, 69, 140 Liver, 27, 33, 70, 117, 118, 122, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, 140 Localized, 137, 140, 143, 149, 161 Longitudinal study, 33, 140 Low-density lipoprotein, 140 Lumbar, 97, 121, 123, 140 Lupus, 73, 140, 158 Lymph, 124, 125, 130, 140, 154 Lymph node, 124, 140, 154 Lymphatic, 48, 53, 60, 137, 140, 154, 157, 159 Lymphatic system, 140, 154, 157, 159 Lymphoblastic, 140 Lymphoblasts, 117, 140 Lymphocyte, 35, 70, 119, 120, 139, 141 Lymphoid, 119, 127, 141 Lymphoma, 52, 57, 58, 92, 140, 141 Lymphopenia, 70, 141 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 43, 44, 141 Malabsorption, 92, 141 Malaria, 24, 141 Malaria, Falciparum, 141 Malaria, Vivax, 141 Malignant, 92, 120, 123, 141, 144 Malnutrition, 118, 121, 141, 143 Manic, 141, 151 Manic-depressive psychosis, 141, 151 Manifest, 121, 141 Mastication, 141, 160 Mastitis, 141, 155 Mechanical ventilation, 18, 19, 34, 141 Mediate, 139, 141 Medical Staff, 129, 141 Medicament, 71, 141 MEDLINE, 89, 91, 93, 141 Melanocytes, 142 Melanoma, 92, 142 Membrane, 17, 68, 124, 126, 127, 132, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 154 Memory, 71, 119, 142 Meninges, 124, 128, 142, 157 Mental Disorders, 63, 142, 151 Mental Health, iv, 4, 63, 88, 90, 142, 152 Mercury, 74, 142

168

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Metastasis, 66, 142 MI, 115, 142 Microorganism, 126, 142, 162 Mineralization, 142, 146 Mitochondrial Swelling, 142, 144 Mitotic, 131, 142 Mobility, 75, 142 Molecular, 14, 36, 66, 89, 91, 122, 127, 142, 160 Molecule, 120, 121, 126, 130, 131, 135, 142, 152, 160 Monitor, 142, 145 Monocytes, 66, 140, 142 Mononuclear, 70, 142, 143, 160 Morphine, 52, 143, 144, 146 Motility, 66, 143 Motor Activity, 143, 152 Motor nerve, 143, 148 Motor Neurons, 68, 143 Movement Disorders, 143, 159 Mucociliary, 143, 156 Mucocutaneous, 139, 143 Mucosa, 131, 140, 143 Multiple sclerosis, 21, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 117, 143 Muscle Fibers, 143 Muscular Atrophy, 92, 143 Muscular Diseases, 132, 143, 145, 152 Muscular Dystrophies, 75, 129, 143 Myalgia, 137, 143 Myasthenia, 4, 29, 48, 74, 75, 143 Myelin, 32, 49, 67, 68, 128, 143, 146, 149, 155 Myelin Sheath, 68, 143, 146 Myelitis, 13, 41, 143 Myocardial infarction, 23, 127, 142, 144 Myocarditis, 32, 144 Myocardium, 38, 142, 144 Myotonic Dystrophy, 92, 144 N Narcotic, 143, 144 Nasal Mucosa, 137, 144 Natural killer cells, 70, 144 Nausea, 133, 144, 151 NCI, 1, 62, 87, 144 Necrosis, 44, 124, 137, 142, 144 Need, 3, 9, 55, 68, 74, 106, 125, 144 Neoplasia, 92, 144 Neoplasm, 144, 160 Neoplastic, 132, 141, 144 Nephropathy, 139, 144 Nerve Fibers, 68, 124, 144, 148, 157

Nervous System, 58, 68, 74, 92, 117, 121, 124, 144, 145, 146, 148, 152, 158 Neural, 74, 117, 118, 130, 144 Neural tube defects, 74, 144 Neuritis, 36, 145 Neurogenic, 38, 68, 145 Neurologic, 46, 58, 74, 96, 100, 119, 130, 135, 145 Neuromuscular, 16, 33, 38, 61, 75, 117, 132, 145, 152, 153 Neuromuscular Diseases, 145, 152 Neuromuscular Junction, 117, 145, 153 Neuromuscular Junction Diseases, 145, 153 Neuronal, 145, 148, 155 Neurons, 68, 128, 133, 143, 144, 145, 157, 158 Neuropathy, 7, 16, 46, 48, 53, 58, 60, 67, 68, 71, 74, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 145, 148 Neurosyphilis, 145, 147 Neurotoxicity, 60, 145 Neutropenia, 70, 145 Neutrophils, 134, 140, 145 Nicotine, 71, 145 Nonverbal Communication, 145, 151 Nuclear, 59, 121, 144, 145, 154 Nuclei, 132, 133, 141, 145, 154 Nucleus, 121, 122, 128, 131, 136, 142, 143, 145, 146, 154, 158 O Oligodendroglia, 143, 146 Oncogene, 92, 146 Oncogenic, 138, 146 Opium, 143, 146 Opportunistic Infections, 98, 146 Optic Disk, 146, 147 Oral Health, 74, 75, 146 Organ Culture, 70, 146 Organelles, 124, 128, 142, 143, 146 Orofacial, 132, 146 Ossification, 146, 154 Osteogenesis, 75, 146 Osteogenesis Imperfecta, 75, 146 Osteomalacia, 75, 146 Osteoporosis, 75, 146 P Pacemaker, 11, 47, 146 Palate, 75, 133, 147 Palliative, 147, 159 Palsies, 48, 74, 147 Palsy, 10, 74, 75, 147

Index 169

Pancreas, 117, 129, 137, 147 Pancreatic, 92, 147 Pancreatic cancer, 92, 147 Panic, 16, 56, 147 Papilledema, 49, 147, 151 Paralysis, 29, 61, 102, 105, 123, 132, 147, 152 Paranasal Sinuses, 147, 156 Parathyroid, 147, 154 Parathyroid Glands, 147, 154 Paresis, 23, 132, 145, 147 Paresthesias, 145, 147 Paroxysmal, 92, 147 Patch, 38, 147 Pathogenesis, 21, 31, 42, 147 Pathologic, 117, 122, 127, 135, 147, 153, 157 Pelvic, 147, 151 Peptide, 147, 149, 151 Perception, 56, 134, 148, 154 Pericardium, 148, 158 Peripheral blood, 70, 138, 148 Peripheral Nerves, 23, 148, 149, 157 Peripheral Nervous System, 41, 43, 45, 61, 67, 68, 105, 128, 143, 145, 147, 148, 152, 158 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 41, 145, 148, 152 Peripheral Neuropathy, 52, 56, 148 Peritoneal, 70, 138, 148 Peritoneal Cavity, 70, 138, 148 Peritoneum, 148 Petrolatum, 130, 148 Pharmacologic, 119, 148, 159 Pharynx, 137, 148, 161 Phenolphthalein, 130, 148 Phenotype, 47, 148 Phospholipids, 132, 140, 148 Phrenic Nerve, 46, 148, 153 Physiologic, 117, 122, 132, 139, 149, 152, 153, 160 Pigment, 142, 149 Pilot study, 42, 149 Plants, 118, 123, 133, 149, 159 Plasma, 3, 13, 18, 19, 31, 40, 68, 118, 119, 124, 125, 133, 134, 139, 149, 153, 155 Plasma cells, 119, 149 Plasma Exchange, 3, 13, 18, 19, 31, 149 Plasma protein, 118, 149 Plasmapheresis, 3, 20, 32, 35, 40, 62, 78, 97, 120, 149 Plateletpheresis, 120, 149 Podophyllotoxin, 131, 149

Poisoning, 9, 97, 132, 133, 138, 142, 144, 149 Polycystic, 93, 149 Polypeptide, 66, 68, 118, 126, 149 Polyradiculoneuropathy, 43, 53, 59, 68, 69, 149 Polyradiculopathy, 52, 149, 150 Polysaccharide, 120, 150 Polyvalent, 8, 150 Pons, 123, 132, 150 Porphyria, 69, 150 Porphyrins, 150 Posterior, 119, 121, 129, 133, 147, 150 Postmenopausal, 146, 150 Postoperative, 100, 150 Potassium, 61, 117, 150 Practice Guidelines, 90, 98, 101, 103, 150 Precursor, 130, 131, 150, 160 Prevalence, 15, 69, 75, 150 Prognostic factor, 25, 150 Progression, 66, 150 Progressive, 42, 105, 123, 125, 134, 143, 144, 150, 160 Promoter, 30, 150 Prophylaxis, 151, 161 Prospective study, 13, 41, 140, 151 Prostate, 92, 151 Protein C, 118, 120, 140, 151, 154 Protein S, 93, 122, 151 Proteins, 66, 118, 120, 124, 126, 135, 142, 147, 149, 151, 154, 155, 159, 160 Proteolytic, 126, 151 Protozoa, 139, 142, 151, 160 Pruritus, 57, 151 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 138, 151 Psychiatry, 8, 16, 17, 21, 26, 27, 29, 31, 43, 44, 47, 56, 151, 161 Psychosis, 71, 151 Psychotherapy, 11, 151 Psychotropic, 71, 151, 152 Psychotropic Drugs, 71, 152 Public Health, 47, 90, 102, 152 Public Policy, 89, 152 Publishing, 4, 152 Pulmonary, 69, 122, 127, 152, 161 Pulmonary Artery, 122, 152 Purpura, 4, 152 Q Quadriplegia, 23, 152 Quality of Life, 152, 158 R Rabies, 46, 152

170

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Radioactive, 135, 136, 145, 146, 152 Randomized, 7, 14, 42, 62, 130, 152 Randomized clinical trial, 14, 152 Reality Testing, 151, 152 Receptor, 28, 29, 36, 47, 66, 70, 71, 120, 131, 145, 152 Recombinant, 7, 152 Reconstitution, 4, 24, 42, 152 Rectum, 122, 129, 133, 137, 139, 151, 153 Recurrence, 69, 141, 153 Red Nucleus, 121, 153 Refer, 1, 123, 126, 135, 151, 153 Refraction, 153, 156 Refractory, 45, 58, 153 Regeneration, 10, 152, 153 Regimen, 130, 153 Rehabilitation Centers, 105, 153 Relapse, 16, 30, 43, 56, 153 Remission, 141, 153 Resorption, 135, 153 Respiration, 123, 142, 153 Respirator, 141, 153, 161 Respiratory failure, 19, 48, 53, 153, 161 Respiratory Paralysis, 74, 153 Respiratory Physiology, 153, 161 Restoration, 152, 153, 162 Retinoblastoma, 92, 153 Retrospective, 26, 153 Rheumatism, 48, 153 Rheumatoid, 4, 66, 69, 100, 153, 154 Rheumatoid arthritis, 66, 69, 100, 154 Rhinitis, 154, 155 Ribonucleoproteins, 126, 154 Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear, 126, 154 Rickets, 75, 154 Rigidity, 138, 149, 154 Risk factor, 43, 151, 154 Rod, 125, 154 Rotavirus, 22, 154 Rubella, 43, 154 S Saline, 149, 154 Salivary, 128, 129, 147, 154 Salivary glands, 128, 129, 154 Schizoid, 154, 162 Schizophrenia, 71, 154, 162 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 154, 162 Sclerae, 146, 154 Sclerosis, 67, 73, 92, 96, 143, 154 Screening, 67, 126, 154 Secondary tumor, 142, 154

Secretion, 138, 155, 160 Segmental, 23, 155, 157 Segmentation, 155 Seizures, 147, 155 Self Care, 117, 155 Semen, 151, 155 Semisynthetic, 131, 155 Senile, 118, 146, 155 Senile Plaques, 118, 155 Sensory loss, 74, 143, 155, 159 Sepsis, 4, 155 Septic, 70, 120, 155 Septicaemia, 155 Serology, 5, 15, 155 Serotypes, 42, 155 Serum, 10, 15, 21, 33, 44, 67, 77, 118, 119, 126, 136, 139, 140, 153, 155, 160 Sex Determination, 93, 155 Shock, 70, 155, 160 Side effect, 61, 62, 81, 117, 155, 158, 159 Signs and Symptoms, 153, 156 Sinusitis, 99, 156 Skeletal, 125, 143, 156 Skeleton, 139, 156 Skull, 128, 130, 138, 144, 156 Small intestine, 125, 131, 135, 138, 156, 162 Smooth muscle, 68, 119, 143, 156, 158 Soft tissue, 122, 156 Solvent, 24, 117, 156 Soma, 156 Somatic, 68, 128, 133, 148, 156, 161 Sound wave, 127, 156 Spasticity, 68, 156 Specialist, 106, 129, 156 Species, 5, 133, 139, 141, 152, 156, 160 Specificity, 15, 156 Spectrum, 15, 156 Spina bifida, 74, 75, 144, 156 Spinal cord, 30, 58, 105, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158 Spinal Cord Diseases, 96, 152, 153, 157 Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases, 143, 157 Spinal Injuries, 75, 157 Spinal Nerve Roots, 43, 149, 150, 157 Spinal Nerves, 148, 157 Spirochete, 157, 158 Spleen, 70, 128, 140, 157 Sporadic, 153, 157 Stavudine, 27, 36, 157 Steel, 125, 157 Steroids, 58, 127, 157

Index 171

Stimulant, 70, 157 Stimulus, 59, 129, 130, 131, 137, 147, 157, 159 Stomach, 117, 129, 131, 133, 135, 144, 148, 156, 157 Stress, 71, 121, 133, 144, 154, 157 Stroke, 63, 74, 75, 88, 97, 98, 104, 157 Subacute, 137, 156, 157 Subclinical, 137, 155, 157 Substance P, 153, 155, 157 Suction, 132, 158 Support group, 57, 158 Supportive care, 39, 158 Suppression, 70, 71, 158 Suramin, 23, 158 Symphysis, 151, 158 Synaptic, 145, 158 Synaptic Transmission, 145, 158 Syncope, 74, 158 Syphilis, 74, 145, 158 Syringomyelia, 74, 158 Systemic, 4, 10, 61, 66, 69, 82, 103, 122, 136, 137, 138, 158, 160 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 4, 10, 66, 69, 103, 136, 158 Systolic, 135, 158 T Tachycardia, 121, 158 Tachypnea, 121, 158 Telangiectasia, 93, 158 Thalamic, 121, 158, 159 Thalamic Diseases, 121, 159 Therapeutics, 83, 100, 159 Thoracic, 121, 129, 159 Threshold, 135, 159 Thromboembolism, 102, 159 Thrombosis, 138, 151, 157, 159 Thymus, 136, 140, 159 Thyroid, 147, 159 Thyroid Gland, 147, 159 Thyroiditis, 69, 159 Tin, 105, 148, 159 Tonicity, 139, 159 Toxic, iv, 130, 131, 136, 145, 149, 159 Toxicity, 129, 142, 159 Toxicology, 90, 159 Toxins, 4, 120, 130, 137, 159 Trace element, 159 Traction, 125, 159 Tranquilizing Agents, 152, 159 Transcriptase, 157, 160 Transfection, 122, 160

Transfer Factor, 136, 160 Transforming Growth Factor beta, 19, 160 Transmitter, 117, 160 Transplantation, 125, 136, 160 Trauma, 68, 71, 75, 102, 144, 160 Tremor, 96, 160 Trigeminal, 74, 132, 160 Trypanosomiasis, 158, 160 Tuberculosis, 127, 140, 160 Tuberous Sclerosis, 93, 160 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 69, 160 Tumour, 44, 160 Type 2 diabetes, 102, 160 Typhoid fever, 46, 160, 161 U Ulcer, 139, 161 Unconscious, 128, 136, 161 Urethra, 151, 161 Urinary, 135, 137, 161 Urine, 122, 134, 137, 139, 161 Uterus, 124, 161 V Vaccination, 17, 43, 161 Vaccine, 30, 46, 82, 97, 117, 161 Vagal, 74, 161 Vagina, 124, 128, 161 Vagus Nerve, 161 Varicella, 13, 161 Varicose, 139, 161 Vascular, 71, 137, 157, 159, 161 Vasculitis, 4, 5, 161 Vein, 138, 145, 161 Venereal, 158, 161 Venous, 102, 124, 139, 151, 161 Ventilation, 38, 161 Ventilator, 48, 141, 153, 161 Ventral, 150, 157, 161 Ventricles, 124, 135, 161 Ventricular, 135, 161 Venules, 122, 161 Vertebrae, 156, 162 Vertebral, 122, 156, 157, 162 Veterinary Medicine, 89, 162 Villi, 135, 162 Vinca Alkaloids, 162 Vincristine, 48, 53, 56, 60, 162 Viral, 66, 68, 71, 130, 137, 146, 152, 162 Virus, 6, 18, 21, 40, 98, 103, 124, 133, 138, 154, 162 Viscera, 156, 162 Visceral, 121, 127, 133, 139, 148, 161, 162 Vitro, 70, 162

172

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Vivo, 13, 52, 70, 162 W White blood cell, 117, 119, 122, 125, 140, 141, 144, 145, 149, 162 Withdrawal, 31, 162 Wound Healing, 138, 162

X X-ray, 145, 162 Y Yeasts, 148, 162 Z Zoonoses, 152, 162

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