GULF WAR SYNDROME A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gulf War Syndrome: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83966-2 1. Gulf War Syndrome-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Gulf War syndrome. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GULF WAR SYNDROME ............................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Gulf War Syndrome...................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GULF WAR SYNDROME ............................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 General References ....................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GULF WAR SYNDROME ......................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Recent Trials on Gulf War Syndrome.......................................................................................... 25 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GULF WAR SYNDROME ......................................................................... 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patent Applications on Gulf War Syndrome ............................................................................... 27 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GULF WAR SYNDROME............................................................................. 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON GULF WAR SYNDROME .................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Bibliography: Multimedia on Gulf War Syndrome ..................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GULF WAR SYNDROME ............................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Academic Periodicals covering Gulf War Syndrome ................................................................... 40 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 43 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 45 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 49 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 55 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 55 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 61 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 61 GULF WAR SYNDROME DICTIONARY .................................................................................. 63 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 81
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Gulf War syndrome is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Gulf War syndrome, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Gulf War syndrome, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Gulf War syndrome. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Gulf War syndrome, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Gulf War syndrome. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on Gulf War syndrome.
Federally Funded Research on Gulf War Syndrome The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to Gulf War syndrome. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to Gulf War syndrome. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore Gulf War syndrome. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for Gulf War syndrome: •
Project Title: ABSORPTION, SECRETION, MALABSORPTION AND DIARRHEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Fordtran, John S.; Baylor Research Institute 3434 Live Oak St, Ste 125 Dallas, Tx 75204 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The major subject of our research is chronic diarrhea, which is important for several reasons. First, the symptom is highly disabling. Second, its etiology may be hard
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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to determine. And third, current therapies often do not bring relief. To help remedy these problems, we have established a center for the study of diarrhea and/or malabsorption syndrome. We study the physiology of absorption/secretion, the pathophysiology of diarrhea and malabsorption, and we study patients with intractable diarrhea/malabsorption. During the last 11 years we have lyophilized stool from each patient, specimens weighing kilograms are reduced to solids that can be stored in small plastic vials. When new ideas arise we can go to our stool bank and examine specimens from 100 or more patients, to test a hypothesis or to answer a question. Our research techniques includes metabolic balance methods to measure net gastrointestinal absorption or secretin of nutrients, minerals and electrolytes; or steady state intestinal perfusion which allows detailed examination of mucosal absorption or secretion rate in the jejunum, ileum and colon. Observations in patients often lead to research ideas in volunteers and vice versa. Some of our specific goals for the next five years are as follows: 1) to develop the hypothesis that inhibition of normal gastrointestinal secretions can be beneficial in the therapy of diarrhea; 2) to search for drug that inhibit active intestinal secretion of chloride, as a method for treatment of secretory diarrhea; 3) to explore the pathogenesis of idiopathic chronic diarrhea, especially in regard to ileal malabsorption of sodium chloride and bile acids; 4) to study the pathogenesis of diarrhea when it occurs as part of "Gulf War Syndrome"; 5) to evaluate the hypothesis that conjugated bile acid replacement therapy is beneficial to patients with Short Bowel Syndrome; 6) to develop more accurate methods for the measurement of caloric losses due to carbohydrate, fat and protein malabsorption; 7) to determine the physical factors which control fecal consistency; and 8) to determine the mechanisms by which gastrointestinal diseases result in disorders of acid-base balance and potassium depletion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENERAL CLINICAL RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Dretchen, Kenneth L.; Associate Dean; None; Georgetown University Washington, Dc 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Georgetown University Medical Center has been a locus of substantial translational and patient-oriented research for many years. In the past notable faculty such as Professor Proctor Harvey (cardiology) and Professor George Schreiner (nephrology) were international leaders in their respective areas. Over the past decade Georgetown has made a major institutional commitment to development of both laboratory-based and patient-oriented research manifested by a quadrupling of laboratory space during that time, development of a number of research programs reflected in this application, and dedication of one floor of the Main Hospital to clinical research. His has been paralleled by a three-fold increase in extramural research funding, with extramural support in fiscal year 1998 reaching 100 million dollars. Extramural support has risen steadily, with funding balanced evenly between laboratory based and patient-oriented research. In 1989 the Clinical Research Center in its present incarnation was opened. Since that time, the level of activity, peer-reviewed support for patient-oriented research, and publication of findings have also been on a steady increase, and this has been particularly evident in the past four years. Novel aspects of CRC research are the excellent programs in cancer therapy, hypertension, aging, Gulf War Syndrome, AIDS and drug safety. Each of these programs is influenced by Georgetown's internationally recognized institutional programs in bioethics. This critical mass of patient-oriented research centered in a Clinical Research Center setting
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has allowed development of a number of research training and education activities which include efforts at the student, resident, clinical research fellow, and junior faculty levels. This has developed in synergy with funded research training programs in clinical pharmacology and tumor biology, and other training programs that are becoming competitive for funding. With this level of high quality peer-reviewed research, the strong institutional commitment, and the desire to continue our growth in patientoriented research, we believe the next logical step is a recognized and funded General Clinical Research Center. During the review of this application we look forward to the opportunity to demonstrate our capability in conducting outstanding patient-oriented research at Georgetown University Medical Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMICALS
NASAL
RESPONSES
TO
AIRBORNE
ENVIRONMENTAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Greene, Glenn J.; Environmental & Community Med; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-R W Johnson Med Sch Robert Wood Johnson Medical Sch Piscataway, Nj 08854 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 09-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (Taken from the Investigator's Abstract) Now a licensed physician, the candidate is also a Ph.D. physicist with eight years of prior experience in nuclear fusion research at the Plasma Physics Laboratory of Princeton University. There, the candidate developed expertise in the design, implementation, and use of novel diagnostic probe systems for tokamak reactors. Deciding to pursue a career in academic health research, the candidate attended medical school, graduating in 1996. He completed a residency in occupational and environmental medicine and is now a Clinical Assistant Professor at UMDNJ-RW Johnson Medical School, based within the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute. The candidate's immediate career goal is to establish a research program in the pathogenesis of health effects of low-level exposures to environmental chemicals, an area that builds upon existing expertise, clinical resources, and funded research within his department. Over the longer term, the candidate plans to study a variety of environmental effects on health, focusing on areas where he can draw upon his background in physics. The candidate's career development plan includes: mentoring in the design and management of clinical studies; coursework and mentoring in design of experiments and analysis of clinical trial data; specialized clinical training in otolaryngology; experience with a controlled exposure facility; organization of a nasal sensory interest group; and, presentations and publications. The research plan focuses on adverse symptomatic responses associated with low-level exposures to environmental chemicals, a phenomenon which recent epidemiological evidence suggests may affect 6 to 16% of the United States population. These responses have been associated with conditions ranging from chemical sensitivity (CS) to Persian Gulf War syndrome and have been reported in communities near sources of pollution or following chemical releases. Involvement of the olfactory system has often been assumed but has not been demonstrated experimentally. The ultimate objective of this research is to localize the site of interaction between airborne environmental chemicals and subjects responding with adverse symptoms. The results will contribute to identifying mechanism of action and may lead to new therapeutic modalities. Two parallel paths will be explored: 1) development and validation of a method for isolating the nasal respiratory system and subsequent use of that method in blinded, controlled exposure experiments that will address whether the nasal sensory
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organs are involved in the mechanism of action in CS, and 2) specific investigations of the potential role of the vomeronasal organ in CS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PERSIAN GULF WAR SYNDROME--STUDY OF NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bennett, Robert M.; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, or 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The purpose of this research study is to determine the role of abnormal "stress hormones" in producing the commonly reported complaints in gulf-war veterans. Examples of "stress hormones" include cortisol produced by the adrenal gland, or growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for Gulf War syndrome in the PubMed Central database: •
Gulf War syndrome ruling upheld in UK. by Kerr C.; 2003 Sep 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=202302
•
Prevalence of Gulf war veterans who believe they have Gulf war syndrome: questionnaire study. by Chalder T, Hotopf M, Unwin C, Hull L, Ismail K, David A, Wessely S.; 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=48129
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with Gulf War syndrome, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for Gulf War syndrome (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A normative construction of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Mahoney DB. Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 2001 Fall; 44(4): 575-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600803&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the evidence for a “Gulf War syndrome”. Author(s): Ismail K. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 November; 58(11): 754-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11600733&dopt=Abstract
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Antibodies to squalene in Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Asa PB, Cao Y, Garry RF. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2000 February; 68(1): 55-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640454&dopt=Abstract
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Botulism and Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Critchley EM. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 1; 347(9014): 1561. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684138&dopt=Abstract
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Brain abnormalities in Gulf War syndrome: evaluation with 1H MR spectroscopy. Author(s): Haley RW, Marshall WW, McDonald GG, Daugherty MA, Petty F, Fleckenstein JL. Source: Radiology. 2000 June; 215(3): 807-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831703&dopt=Abstract
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Britain investigates Gulf war syndrome. Author(s): Carnall D. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 February 10; 312(7027): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8611827&dopt=Abstract
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Britain launches two studies of 'Gulf War syndrome'.as minister apologizes for 'misleading'. Author(s): O'Brien C. Source: Nature. 1996 December 19-26; 384(6610): 604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8967942&dopt=Abstract
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Call for more coordination of Gulf War syndrome research. Author(s): Macilwain C. Source: Nature. 1995 January 12; 373(6510): 92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7816105&dopt=Abstract
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Causes of the Gulf War syndrome: testing hypotheses. Author(s): Lotti M. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1999 June; 22(6): 663-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10366219&dopt=Abstract
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Chemical weapons did not cause the Gulf war syndrome. Author(s): Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 March 18; 310(6981): 692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711534&dopt=Abstract
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Chemicals behind Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Pennisi E. Source: Science. 1996 April 26; 272(5261): 479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8614791&dopt=Abstract
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Cholinergic symptoms and Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Lotti M, Moretto A. Source: Nature Medicine. 1995 December; 1(12): 1225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7489390&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic perineal pain and lower urinary tract dysfunction--a clinical feature of the “Gulf War syndrome”? Author(s): Zermann DH, Ishigooka M, Doggweiler-Wiygul R, Schmidt RA. Source: World Journal of Urology. 2001 June; 19(3): 213-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469610&dopt=Abstract
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Court stands by decision on Gulf war syndrome. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 June 21; 326(7403): 1350. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816811&dopt=Abstract
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Debate over US Gulf war syndrome continues. Author(s): Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 November 26; 309(6966): 1392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7819842&dopt=Abstract
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Defining the neurological basis of the Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Rosenberg RN, Paty DW. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 September; 57(9): 1263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987891&dopt=Abstract
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Does examination of urinary sediment identify individuals with Gulf War syndrome? A pilot study. Author(s): Southern PM Jr, Patel S, Gander RM. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 April; 315(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9537634&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of basal ganglia injury on central dopamine activity in Gulf War syndrome: correlation of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and plasma homovanillic acid levels. Author(s): Haley RW, Fleckenstein JL, Marshall WW, McDonald GG, Kramer GL, Petty F. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2000 September; 57(9): 1280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987894&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for a deployment-related Gulf War syndrome by factor analysis. Author(s): Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM, Simmens SJ, Young HA, Levine PH. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 2002 January-February; 57(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071362&dopt=Abstract
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Factor analysis of self-reported symptoms: does it identify a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Knoke JD, Smith TC, Gray GC, Kaiser KS, Hawksworth AW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 August 15; 152(4): 379-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968383&dopt=Abstract
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From Gulf War Syndrome to Balkan War Syndrome. Author(s): Lang S. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2001 April; 42(2): 205-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259748&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf war syndrome and vasodilation. Author(s): Cannon T, Neumann JK, Walsh GA. Source: Military Medicine. 1996 February; 161(2): A3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857212&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf war syndrome may be post-conflict dysfunction. Author(s): Gabriel R, Bolton JP, Bale AJ, Lee HA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 13; 324(7342): 914. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950749&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf war syndrome needs coordinated study. Author(s): Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 14; 310(6972): 77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833725&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War Syndrome, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and the Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome: stirring the cauldron of confusion. Author(s): Meggs WJ. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 September-October; 54(5): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501144&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Oumeish OY, Oumeish I, Parish JL. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2002 July-August; 20(4): 401-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208628&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Siddiqui MZ. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 July; 67(7): 510. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902241&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf war syndrome. Author(s): Murphy FM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 January 30; 318(7179): 274-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924035&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War syndrome: another side of the debate. Author(s): Haley RW. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 November; 75(11): 1221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11075756&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf war syndrome: could it be triggered by biological warfare-vaccines using pertussis as an adjuvant? Author(s): Tournier JN, Jouan A, Mathieu J, Drouet E. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 April; 58(4): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027522&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War syndrome: is it due to a systemic shift in cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile? Author(s): Rook GA, Zumla A. Source: Lancet. 1997 June 21; 349(9068): 1831-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269228&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf war syndrome: narrowing the possibilities. Author(s): Haley RW. Source: Lancet. Neurology. 2003 May; 2(5): 272-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12849177&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War syndrome: proposed causes. Author(s): Frost SD. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2000 January; 67(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645673&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War syndrome--a model for the complexity of biological and environmental interaction with human health. Author(s): Jamal GA. Source: Adverse Drug Reactions and Toxicological Reviews. 1998 March; 17(1): 1-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9638279&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Kaires P. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244327&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Gots RE, Schwartz SL, Hershkowitz N, Chaudhry V, Vogel RL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 385; Author Reply 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244326&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Amato AA, Jackson C, McVey A. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 384-5; Author Reply 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244325&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Hyams KC, Wignall FS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 384; Author Reply 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244324&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Engel CC Jr, Jing Z. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 383-4; Author Reply 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244323&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Schlesinger N. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 383; Author Reply 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244322&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses. Author(s): Gordon V. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 August 6; 278(5): 383; Author Reply 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9244321&dopt=Abstract
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Invited commentary: how would we know a Gulf War syndrome if we saw one? Author(s): Wegman DH, Woods NF, Bailar JC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 November 1; 146(9): 704-11; Discussion 712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366617&dopt=Abstract
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Is Gulf War syndrome due to stress? The evidence reexamined. Author(s): Haley RW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 November 1; 146(9): 695-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9366616&dopt=Abstract
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Is the Gulf War syndrome an immunologically mediated phenomenon? Author(s): Rook GA, Zumla A. Source: Hosp Med. 1998 January; 59(1): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9798557&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Podell RN. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 December 15; 109(9): 744. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11188785&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Haley RW. Source: Lancet. 1999 November 6; 354(9190): 1645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560700&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Holdstock D, Stott R. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 3; 353(9159): 1183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210001&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Hunt SC, Richardson RD, McFall M. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 3; 353(9159): 1183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10210000&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Roff SR. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 3; 353(9159): 1182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209999&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Ferguson E. Source: Lancet. 1999 April 3; 353(9159): 1182; Author Reply 1182-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10209998&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Ismail K, Everitt B, Blatchley N, Hull L, Unwin C, David A, Wessely S. Source: Lancet. 1999 January 16; 353(9148): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9923872&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Milner IB, Axelrod BN, Pasquantonio J, Sillanpaa M. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 March 2; 271(9): 661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309024&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Gulf War Syndrome? Searching for syndromes by factor analysis of symptoms. Author(s): Haley RW, Kurt TL, Hom J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 January 15; 277(3): 215-22. Erratum In: Jama 1997 August 6; 278(5): 388. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9005271&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a Persian Gulf War syndrome? Evidence from a large population-based survey of veterans and nondeployed controls. Author(s): Doebbeling BN, Clarke WR, Watson D, Torner JC, Woolson RF, Voelker MD, Barrett DH, Schwartz DA. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 June 15; 108(9): 695-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924645&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons derived from evaluating Gulf War syndrome: suggested guidelines for investigating possible outbreaks of new diseases. Author(s): Hyams KC. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998 March-April; 60(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560859&dopt=Abstract
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Locked and loaded. Roger Castle's Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Greene DA. Source: N C Med J. 1997 January-February; 58(1): 48-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9019114&dopt=Abstract
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Low paraoxonase in Persian Gulf War Veterans self-reporting Gulf War Syndrome. Author(s): Mackness B, Durrington PN, Mackness MI. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 September 24; 276(2): 729-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11027539&dopt=Abstract
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Medical mystery: Gulf war syndrome. Author(s): Ficarra BJ. Source: J Med. 1995; 26(1-2): 87-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7561534&dopt=Abstract
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 validity patterns: an elucidation of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Sillanpaa MC, Agar LM, Axelrod BN. Source: Military Medicine. 1999 April; 164(4): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10226451&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple giant cell tumors in a patient with Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Cannova JV. Source: Military Medicine. 1998 March; 163(3): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542862&dopt=Abstract
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New investigations into Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Hitt E. Source: Nature Medicine. 2002 March; 8(3): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875470&dopt=Abstract
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New US theory on Gulf war syndrome. Author(s): Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 April 27; 312(7038): 1058. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8616407&dopt=Abstract
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Patients with “Gulf War syndrome.” Even without etiologic answers treatment studies are needed. Author(s): Schumacher HR Jr. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 November; 25(11): 2059-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9818644&dopt=Abstract
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Permethrin and the Gulf War Syndrome. Author(s): Plapp FW Jr. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 September-October; 54(5): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501145&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of Gulf war veterans who believe they have Gulf war syndrome: questionnaire study. Author(s): Chalder T, Hotopf M, Unwin C, Hull L, Ismail K, David A, Wessely S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 September 1; 323(7311): 473-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532836&dopt=Abstract
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Pyridostigmine bromide and Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Shen ZX. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1998 September; 51(3): 235-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9792201&dopt=Abstract
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Questions use of “Gulf War syndrome” terminology. Author(s): Davis JW. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996 September 1; 209(5): 893. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8790531&dopt=Abstract
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Rat model for Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Wickelgren I. Source: Science. 1997 November 21; 278(5342): 1404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9411763&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Factor analysis of self-reported symptoms: does it identify a Gulf War syndrome?”. Author(s): Haley RW. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 December 15; 152(12): 1204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130628&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Is Gulf War syndrome due to stress? The evidence reexamined”. Author(s): Landrigan PJ, Lashof JC, Hamburg DA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 August 15; 148(4): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717886&dopt=Abstract
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Re: “Is Gulf War syndrome due to stress? The evidence reexamined”. Author(s): Wolfe J, Proctor SP, White RF, Friedman MJ. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 August 15; 148(4): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717885&dopt=Abstract
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Re: Antibodies to squalene in Gulf War Syndrome. Author(s): Alving CR, Grabenstein JD. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2000 June; 68(3): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10816387&dopt=Abstract
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Re: The Gulf War syndrome controversy. Author(s): Hunt SC, Richardson RD, McFall M. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 July 15; 150(2): 216-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412967&dopt=Abstract
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Resolving the Gulf War syndrome question. Author(s): Hyams KC, Roswell RH. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 August 15; 148(4): 339-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9717876&dopt=Abstract
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Searching for a Gulf War syndrome using cluster analysis. Author(s): Everitt B, Ismail K, David AS, Wessely S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 November; 32(8): 1371-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455935&dopt=Abstract
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Severely reduced functional status in veterans fitting a case definition of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Haley RW, Maddrey AM, Gershenfeld HK. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 January; 92(1): 46-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772758&dopt=Abstract
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Shots in the desert and Gulf war syndrome. Evidence that multiple vaccinations during deployment are to blame is inconclusive. Author(s): Shaheen S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 May 20; 320(7246): 1351-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10818005&dopt=Abstract
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Ten years on: what do we know about the Gulf War syndrome? King's College Gulf War Research Unit. Author(s): Wessely S. Source: Clinical Medicine (London, England). 2001 January-February; 1(1): 28-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358073&dopt=Abstract
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The “Gulf War syndrome”. Is there evidence of dysfunction in the nervous system? Author(s): Jamal GA, Hansen S, Apartopoulos F, Peden A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 April; 60(4): 449-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8774417&dopt=Abstract
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The eight myths of Operation 'Desert Storm' and Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL. Source: Medicine, Conflict, and Survival. 1997 April-June; 13(2): 140-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178600&dopt=Abstract
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The Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Berry C. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 May; 50(5): 360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9215114&dopt=Abstract
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The Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Currie E. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 May 20; 310(6990): 1334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7773075&dopt=Abstract
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The Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Revell T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 22; 310(6986): 1073. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7728091&dopt=Abstract
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The problem of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Ferrari R, Russell AS. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 June; 56(6): 697-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11399121&dopt=Abstract
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The search for solutions: veterinarians explore causes of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Meehan SK. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996 June 15; 208(12): 1945-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707654&dopt=Abstract
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The stress of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Sapolsky RM. Source: Nature. 1998 May 28; 393(6683): 308-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9620793&dopt=Abstract
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Theoretical accounts of Gulf War Syndrome: from environmental toxins to psychoneuroimmunology and neurodegeneration. Author(s): Ferguson E, Cassaday HJ. Source: Behavioural Neurology. 2001-2002; 13(3-4): 133-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446953&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary sediment examination and Gulf War Syndrome. Author(s): Hyman ES. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 December; 316(6): 411-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856700&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary sediment examination and Gulf War Syndrome. Author(s): Deming QB. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 December; 316(6): 411; Author Reply 412-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9856699&dopt=Abstract
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US army survey targets Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Knight J. Source: Nature. 2003 January 30; 421(6922): 463. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556853&dopt=Abstract
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US report denies that gulf war syndrome is disease. Author(s): Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 August 12; 311(7002): 406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640579&dopt=Abstract
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US responds to new suggestion of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Roberts J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 June 29; 312(7047): 1629. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8664708&dopt=Abstract
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Use of structural equation modeling to test the construct validity of a case definition of Gulf War syndrome: invariance over developmental and validation samples, service branches and publicity. Author(s): Haley RW, Luk GD, Petty F. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 June 1; 102(2): 175-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408056&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular dysfunction in Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Roland PS, Haley RW, Yellin W, Owens K, Shoup AG. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2000 March; 122(3): 319-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10699803&dopt=Abstract
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Vestibular toxicity is unproven as the cause of Gulf War syndrome. Author(s): Sartin JS. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2001 February; 124(2): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226967&dopt=Abstract
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War in Iraq. Bracing for Gulf War syndrome II. Author(s): Enserink M. Source: Science. 2003 March 28; 299(5615): 1966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663891&dopt=Abstract
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What is Gulf War Syndrome? (Part I). Author(s): Prophet S. Source: J Ahima. 1998 July-August; 69(7): 70-6; Quiz 77. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10180614&dopt=Abstract
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What Persian Gulf War syndrome? Author(s): Bieliauskas LA, Turner RS. Source: Clin Neuropsychol. 2000 August; 14(3): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11262709&dopt=Abstract
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Will we solve the Gulf War syndrome puzzle by population surveys or clinical research. Author(s): Haley RW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2000 December 15; 109(9): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11188786&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to Gulf War syndrome. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to Gulf War syndrome and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to Gulf War syndrome: •
Beef allergy and the Persian Gulf syndrome. Author(s): Hollander DH. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1995 September; 45(3): 221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8569540&dopt=Abstract
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British Society for Allergy and Environmental Medicine: the Gulf-War or human laboratory? Author(s): Nichols J. Source: Medicine, Conflict, and Survival. 1996 July-September; 12(3): 257-9; Discussion 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8816373&dopt=Abstract
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Cytokines and chronic fatigue syndrome. Author(s): Patarca R. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 March; 933: 185-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000020&dopt=Abstract
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Does examination of urinary sediment identify individuals with Gulf War syndrome? A pilot study. Author(s): Southern PM Jr, Patel S, Gander RM. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1998 April; 315(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9537634&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of the effect of stress on the blood--brain barrier: critical role of the brain perfusion time. Author(s): Ovadia H, Abramsky O, Feldman S, Weidenfeld J. Source: Brain Research. 2001 June 29; 905(1-2): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11423075&dopt=Abstract
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Gulf War related exposure factors influencing topical absorption of 14C-permethrin. Author(s): Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Baynes RE. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2002 September 5; 135(1-2): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12243864&dopt=Abstract
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Interactions of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET and permethrin alter locomotor behavior of rats. Author(s): Hoy JB, Cornell JA, Karlix JL, Schmidt CJ, Tebbett IR, van Haaren F. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 2000 April; 42(2): 65-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750168&dopt=Abstract
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Lessons derived from evaluating Gulf War syndrome: suggested guidelines for investigating possible outbreaks of new diseases. Author(s): Hyams KC. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998 March-April; 60(2): 137-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560859&dopt=Abstract
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Permethrin and the Gulf War Syndrome. Author(s): Plapp FW Jr. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1999 September-October; 54(5): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501145&dopt=Abstract
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Pyridostigmine bromide modulates the dermal disposition of [14C]permethrin. Author(s): Baynes RE, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE.
Alternative Medicine 23
Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 June 15; 181(3): 164-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079425&dopt=Abstract •
Pyridostigmine bromide modulates topical irritant-induced cytokine release from human epidermal keratinocytes and isolated perfused porcine skin. Author(s): Monteiro-Riviere NA, Baynes RE, Riviere JE. Source: Toxicology. 2003 February 1; 183(1-3): 15-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504339&dopt=Abstract
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Theoretical accounts of Gulf War Syndrome: from environmental toxins to psychoneuroimmunology and neurodegeneration. Author(s): Ferguson E, Cassaday HJ. Source: Behavioural Neurology. 2001-2002; 13(3-4): 133-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446953&dopt=Abstract
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Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance. Author(s): Miller CS. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2001 January; 96(1): 115-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177524&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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Gulf War Syndrome
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. CLINICAL TRIALS AND GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning Gulf War syndrome.
Recent Trials on Gulf War Syndrome The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to Gulf War syndrome.7 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Follow-up of Psychological and Neurocognitive Gulf War Outcome: Relation to Stress Condition(s): Gulf War Syndrome Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service Purpose - Excerpt: This is the follow-up to an observational epidemiological study of psychological and neuropsychological outcomes of deployed and non-deployed Gulf War-era veterans. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018707
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions.
7
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Gulf War Syndrome
The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “Gulf War syndrome” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on Gulf War syndrome, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patent Applications on Gulf War Syndrome As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to Gulf War syndrome:
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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•
Compositions and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of organophosphate toxicity Inventor(s): Haley, Robert; (Dallas, TX), Munford, Robert; (Dallas, TX), Varley, Alan; (Plano, TX) Correspondence: Steven L. Highlander; Fulbright & Jaworski L.L.P.; Suite 2400; 600 Congress Avenue; Austin; TX; 78701; US Patent Application Number: 20020151068 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides methods of gene therapy to prevent or treat exposure to organophosphate (OP) toxins, such as that observed in Gulf War Syndrome patients. In particular, vectors comprising the PON1 gene, which express the enzyme paraoxonase, can be used to prevent damage from OP toxins when given prior to exposure, or to reduce the toxic effects after exposure. Depending on the PON1 isotype (R or Q), protection against particular toxins may be achieved. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/259,628, filed Jan. 3, 2001, the disclosure of which is specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to fields of toxicology, pathology and cell biology generally, and more specifically, to the use of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genes to protect cells from toxins. Paraoxonase is a serum enzyme that hydrolyzes organophosphate compounds, aromatic carboxylic acid esters and carbamates. Esterases, such as paraoxonase, can be classified as "A" esterases or "B" esterases depending on how they interact with organophosphates (OPs). "A" esterases such as paraoxonase, other aryldialkylphophatases, and diisopropylfluorophosphatases hydrolyze OPs. "B" esterases, which are inhibited by OPs, include carboxylesterases and cholinesterases (Aldrige, 1953). OPs, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase, are very toxic. Paraoxonases can hydrolyze OPs and protect against such toxicity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Mycobacterium vaccae for down-regulation of the Th2 activity of the immune system Inventor(s): Rook, Graham A.; (London, GB), Stanford, John L.; (London, GB), Zumla, Alimuddin L.; (London, GB) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye P.C.; 8th Floor; 1100 N. Glebe RD.; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20010018057 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: Antigenic and/or immunogenic material derived from Mycobacterium vaccae is used to down-regulate Th2 activity of the immune system without up-regulation of Th1 activity. Disorders such as Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Gulf War Syndrome and Total Allergy Syndrome are treated. The material preferably comprises dead M. vaccae cells in a composition which does not include a non-M. vaccae antigen, immunogen or allergen. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treatment of disorders which are characterised by a shift in activity of the immune system from Th1 activity to Th2 activity. It is founded on the surprising discovery that preparations of Mycobacterium vaccae are able to effect a non-specific systemic Th1 bias, in particular by down-
Patents 29
regulation of Th2 activity without concomitant up-regulation of Th1 activity. Disorders to which the present invention may be applied include Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Gulf War Syndrome and Total Allergy Syndrome. Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) (Turnberg et al.) may have a higher incidence of allergic phenomena, twice the number of allergic skin reactions, and low activity of NK cell activity and low production IFN.gamma. and IL-2 (Straus, 1996) Some have high levels of antibody to EB virus, which is also a feature of individuals with a decreased Th1 activity. They also have mood changes and depression. These features are all compatible with a Th1 to Th2 switch in cytokine profile. This bias may be a consequence of the modern life-style, which fails to expose the population to sufficient Th1-inducing stimuli, and rather tends to expose it to Th2-inducing immunisations and allergens. (i) Pertussis was used as an adjuvant in British troops in the Gulf and its adjuvanticity is potently Th2 (Mu & Sewell, 1993, Ramiya et al., 1996, Smit et al., 1996). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with Gulf War syndrome, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on Gulf War syndrome. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning Gulf War syndrome. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to Gulf War syndrome. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on Gulf War syndrome include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “Gulf War syndrome” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “Gulf War syndrome” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “Gulf War syndrome” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
11th Report, Session 1994-95: Gulf War Syndrome: [HC]: [1994-95]: House of Commons Papers: [1994-95] by Nicholas Bonsor (1995); ISBN: 0102197954; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102197954/icongroupinterna
•
1st Special Report [session 1995-96]: Government Reply to the 11th Report from the Defence Committee Session 1994-95 on Gulf War Syndrome: [HC]: [1995-96]: House of Commons Papers: [1995-96] by Nicholas Bonsor (1996); ISBN: 0102117969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0102117969/icongroupinterna
•
21st Century History of the First Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm 1990-91 from the Invasion by Iraq and Saddam Hussein to the Liberation of Kuwait, Comprehensive Coverage of Chemical Weapons, Gulf War Syndrome, with Declassified Military and CIA Files (Core Federal Information Series CD-ROM) by
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Gulf War Syndrome
Department of Defense; ISBN: 1592482147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592482147/icongroupinterna •
3rd Special Report [session 1994-95]: Progress of the Committee's Inquiry into the Gulf War Syndrome: [HC]: [1994-95]: House of Commons Papers: [1994-95] by Nicholas Bonsor; ISBN: 010231795X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/010231795X/icongroupinterna
•
Against All Enemies: Gulf War Syndrome: The War Between America's Ailing Veterans and Their Government (Library of Contemporary Thought) by Seymour M. Hersh; ISBN: 0345427483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345427483/icongroupinterna
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Gassed in the Gulf: The Inside Story of the Pentagon-CIA Cover-Up of Gulf War Syndrome by Patrick G. Eddington; ISBN: 0965240037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965240037/icongroupinterna
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Gulf War Syndrome : Legacy of a Perfect War by Alison Johnson; ISBN: 0967561973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967561973/icongroupinterna
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Gulf War Syndrome: To Examine New Studies Suggesting Links Between Gulf Service and Higher Rates of Illnesses: Hearing Before the Committ by United States (1997); ISBN: 0160543053; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160543053/icongroupinterna
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Status of efforts to identify Gulf War syndrome : multiple toxic exposures : hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, June 26, 1997 (SuDoc Y 4.G 74/7:G 95/2); ISBN: 0160559979; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160559979/icongroupinterna
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Status of the Department of Veterans Affairs to identify Gulf War Syndrome : hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, April 24, 1997 (SuDoc Y 4.G 74/7:V 64/12); ISBN: 016055604X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/016055604X/icongroupinterna
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The status of efforts to identify Persian Gulf War syndrome : recent GAO findings : hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, first session, June 24, 1997 (SuDoc Y 4.G 74/7:P 43/8); ISBN: 016055506X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/016055506X/icongroupinterna
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The Status of Efforts to Identify Persian Gulf War Syndrome: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations of th by United States (1997); ISBN: 0160540410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160540410/icongroupinterna
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on Gulf War syndrome. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Gulf War Syndrome The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in Gulf War syndrome (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on Gulf War syndrome: •
Experimental models of Gulf War Syndrome [electronic resource]: Source: Hugh L. Evans; Format: Electronic resource;: ,
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GULF WAR SYNDROME Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover Gulf War syndrome.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on Gulf War syndrome is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to Gulf War syndrome. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for Gulf War syndrome: •
Pentagon has not ruled out link between "some pesticides," Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 16, 2001
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Gulf War Syndrome
•
Presidential panel affirms Pentagon's investigation of Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 21, 2000
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Panel finds stress a main cause of Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 21, 2000
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Symptoms in Gulf War Syndrome correlate with MR spectroscopy findings Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 28, 2000
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Gulf War syndrome linked to types of wartime duty, perhaps vaccine exposure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 2000
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Senate may not recommend more funding for research into Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 12, 2000
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Perot says Gulf War syndrome needs study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 12, 2000
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Gulf War syndrome related to injury to dopaminergic neurons in basal ganglia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 22, 2000
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Gulf War syndrome may lead to Parkinson's Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 20, 2000
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IOM committee finds no link between Gulf War syndrome and sarin, vaccines Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 08, 2000
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No evidence to link Gulf War syndrome to chemicals, vaccines Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 07, 2000
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Sand may have contributed to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 01, 2000
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Al Eskan disease may have contributed to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 2000
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MR spectroscopy reveals brain damage as possible cause of Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 25, 2000
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Vaccines during deployment linked to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 19, 2000
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Vaccines linked to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 18, 2000
Periodicals and News
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Antibodies may hold key to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 03, 2000
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Veterans with Gulf War syndrome show evidence of loss of brain neurons Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 01, 1999
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Immune response triggers may reactivate Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 17, 1999
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Reminders might reactivate Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 16, 1999
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"Protective" drug may be linked to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 20, 1999
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy appropriate for Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 14, 1999
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Behavioral therapy may help Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 14, 1999
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Genetic changes linked to Gulf War Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 07, 1999
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No link found between Gulf War syndrome, uranium exposure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 19, 1999
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No single cause for Gulf War syndrome identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 29, 1999
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Senate report finds no single Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 01, 1998
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Gulf War syndrome studies questioned Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 13, 1998
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Toxins not linked to Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 10, 1998
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Possible Gulf War syndrome mechanism Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 27, 1998
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Clinton Promises More Research On Gulf War Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 1996
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Gulf War Syndrome
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Gulf War Syndrome Gene Research Underway Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 14, 1996
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Chemical Link To Gulf War Syndrome Judged Dubious Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 10, 1996
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Pentagon Finds No Evidence Of "Gulf War Syndrome" Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 05, 1996
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British Study Supports Existence Of A Gulf War Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 01, 1996
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Third Major U.S. Study Finds No Evidence Of Gulf War Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 08, 1996
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Doxycycline Effective In Veterans With Gulf War Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 04, 1996
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Gulf War Syndrome Still Unidentified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 02, 1995
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British Physicians See No Sign Of Gulf War Syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 08, 1995
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Doctor opposes Gulf War syndrome 'mythology' Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 07, 2002
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Gulf War syndrome not linked with psychiatric disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 2002
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Gulf War syndrome not due to a mental disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 13, 2002
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UK veterans call for action on Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 07, 2002
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Gulf War syndrome can cause severe chronic impairment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 04, 2002
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Many UK vets believe they have Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 31, 2001
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Gulf war syndrome not documented in British veterans Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 02, 2001
Periodicals and News
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No Gulf war syndrome found in British veterans Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 29, 2001
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No consensus reached on best treatment for Gulf War syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 2001
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Gulf War syndrome diagnosis depends on doctor Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 30, 2001
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Gulf War syndrome distinct from chronic fatigue syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 30, 2001
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to Gulf War syndrome, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as
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Gulf War Syndrome
http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Gulf War Syndrome Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to Gulf War syndrome. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering Gulf War syndrome that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
43
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
10
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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Gulf War Syndrome
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
45
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
11
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 430 62 417 0 3 912
HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
14
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
Physician Resources
47
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
18 Adapted 19
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
49
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on Gulf War syndrome can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to Gulf War syndrome. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to Gulf War syndrome. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “Gulf War syndrome”:
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Gulf War Syndrome
•
Other guides Financial Assistance http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/financialassistance.html Health Insurance http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthinsurance.html Medicare http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicare.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Veteran's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/veteranshealth.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to Gulf War syndrome, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Frequently Asked Questions Regarding VA Health Care Services Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/customer/eligibility.htm VA Health Care and the Medical Benefits Package Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/pressrel/enrollben.htm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Agent Orange: Information for Veterans Who Served in Vietnam http://www.appc1.va.gov/agentorange/docs/IDAO_Brochure.PDF Depleted Uranium (DU) http://www-nehc.med.navy.mil/downloads/ep/Posters/DU.pdf Enrollment in VA's Health Care System: Financial Information Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.appc1.va.gov/Elig/page.cfm?pg=4 Enrollment in VA's Health Care System: Benefits Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.appc1.va.gov/Elig/page.cfm?pg=3 Enrollment in VA's Health Care System: Frequently Asked Questions Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.appc1.va.gov/Elig/page.cfm?pg=5 Federal Benefits for Veterans and Dependents: 2002 Edition http://www.va.gov/pubaff/fedben/Fedben.pdf How TRICARE Changes When a Military Sponsor Retires or Dies Source: TRICARE Management Activity http://www.tricare.osd.mil/factsheets/index.cfm?fx=showfs&file_name=How%25 20TRICARE%2520Changes%252Ehtm
Patient Resources
51
Project 112 Source: Dept. of Defense, Deployment Health Support Directorate http://deploymentlink.osd.mil/current_issues/shad/shad_intro.shtml Redeployment Medical Guide for Missions in Support of Operation Iraqi Freedom http://www.pdhealth.mil/library/downloads/RedeploymentMedicalTrifold.pdf Soldier and Family Guide to Redeploying http://www.pdhealth.mil/library/downloads/RedeploymentFamilyTrifold.pdf Specialized Care Program (SCP) Source: Dept. of Defense, Deployment Health Clinical Center http://www.pdhealth.mil/veterans/scp_program.asp VA Homeless Programs and Initiatives Source: Veterans Health Administration http://www.appc1.va.gov/homeless/page.cfm?pg=2 VA Program for Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/pressrel/ptsdfs.htm Veterans: The War Against Hepatitis C Source: American Liver Foundation http://www.liverfoundation.org/cgibin/dbs/articles.cgi?db=articles&uid=default&ID=1025&view_records=1 Vietnam Veterans Benefit From Agent Orange Rules Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.vba.va.gov/bln/21/benefits/herbicide/AOno1.htm •
Law and Policy Enrollment in VA's Health Care System: Eligibility Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.appc1.va.gov/Elig/page.cfm?pg=1 Readjustment Counseling Service - Vet Center Eligibility Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/rcs/Eligibility.htm Rules Published for VA's Diabetes-Agent Orange Benefits Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/pressrel/aodiab01.htm VA Medical Care Source: Veterans Health Administration http://www.va.gov/customer/MEDCARFS.asp
•
Men Center for Women Veterans Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.appc1.va.gov/womenvet/page.cfm?pg=14
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Counseling & Medical Treatment for the Aftereffects of Sexual Trauma Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/WOMENVET/page.cfm?pg=23 •
Organizations Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/ House Committee on Veterans' Affairs http://veterans.house.gov/
•
Research New Report Supports Association Between Agent Orange and One Form of Chronic Leukemia Source: National Academy of Sciences http://www4.nationalacademies.org/news.nsf/isbn/0309086167?OpenDocument
•
Statistics Changing Veteran Population: 1990-2020 http://www.va.gov/opa/vetpopbook3-17-00pon.pdf
•
Women Center for Women Veterans Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.appc1.va.gov/womenvet/page.cfm?pg=14 Counseling & Medical Treatment for the Aftereffects of Sexual Trauma Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.va.gov/WOMENVET/page.cfm?pg=23
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:
Patient Resources
•
53
GulfLINK Summary: This online database is maintained by the Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses and links to Gulf War syndrome investigation team reports, related journal articles, clinical studies Source: Department of Defense (DefenseLINK) http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1117 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to Gulf War syndrome. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to Gulf War syndrome. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with Gulf War syndrome. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about Gulf War syndrome. For more
54
Gulf War Syndrome
information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “Gulf War syndrome” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “Gulf War syndrome”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “Gulf War syndrome” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “Gulf War syndrome” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
55
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
21
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Gulf War Syndrome
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
22
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
57
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
59
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
61
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
63
GULF WAR SYNDROME DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]
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Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biological Warfare: Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and
Dictionary 65
protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH]
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Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with welldefined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH]
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Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU]
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Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Environmental Medicine: Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU]
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Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Giant Cell Tumors: Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and giant cell tumor of bone. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring.
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2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized,
Dictionary 71
subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH]
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,
Dictionary 73
prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike physostigmine, does not cross the blood-brain barrier. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Fusion: Thermonuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an element of low atomic weight unite under extremely high temperature and pressure to form a nucleus of a heavier atom. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Otolaryngology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is
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comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perineal: Pertaining to the perineum. [EU] Perineum: The area between the anus and the sex organs. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pheromones: Chemical substances which, when secreted by an individual into the environment, cause specific reactions in other individuals, usually of the same species. The substances relate only to multicellular organisms. This includes kairomones. Allomones are repellent pheromones. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins
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that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychoneuroimmunology: The field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. Neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured
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in liters per minute. [NIH] Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than neostigmine. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]
Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarin: An organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. [NIH]
Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation,
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maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a
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specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH]
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Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vomeronasal Organ: A specialized part of the olfactory system located anteriorly in the nasal cavity within the nasal septum. Chemosensitive cells of the vomeronasal organ project via the vomeronasal nerve to the accessory olfactory bulb. The primary function of this organ appears to be in sensing pheromones which regulate reproductive and other social behaviors. While the structure has been thought absent in higher primate adults, data now suggests it may be present in adult humans. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal Pain, 63, 72 Acetylcholine, 63, 65 Acetylcholinesterase, 28, 63 Adjuvant, 11, 29, 63 Adrenal Cortex, 63, 67 Adrenergic, 63, 68, 77 Adverse Effect, 63, 76 Affinity, 63, 76 Agonist, 63, 68 Algorithms, 63, 64 Allergen, 28, 63 Alternative medicine, 39, 63 Anatomical, 63, 67, 70 Aneurysm, 64, 78 Antibodies, 7, 16, 37, 64, 71 Antibody, 29, 63, 64, 66, 70 Antigen, 28, 63, 64, 66, 69, 70 Aqueous, 64 Aromatic, 28, 64 Arterial, 64, 70, 75, 77 Arteries, 64, 65, 67, 72 B Bacteria, 64, 69, 72, 78 Basal Ganglia, 9, 36, 64 Base, 4, 64, 71 Bewilderment, 64, 67 Bile, 4, 64, 69, 71, 76, 77 Bile Acids, 4, 64, 77 Bile Acids and Salts, 64 Biological Warfare, 11, 64 Biotechnology, 6, 39, 45, 64 Bladder, 65, 78 Bloating, 65, 72 Blood pressure, 65, 70, 72, 76 Blood vessel, 65, 74, 77, 78 Body Fluids, 65, 76 Bowel, 4, 65, 67, 77 Bowel Movement, 65, 67, 77 Branch, 59, 65, 77 Bronchiseptica, 65, 74 C Calcium, 65, 66 Carbohydrate, 4, 65, 75 Cardiology, 4, 65 Catecholamine, 65, 68 Cell, 28, 29, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79
Cerebral, 64, 65, 68, 77 Chemical Warfare, 65, 76 Cholesterol, 64, 65, 77 Choline, 63, 65 Chronic, 3, 8, 10, 22, 28, 29, 38, 39, 52, 65, 71 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 10, 22, 28, 29, 39, 65 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 25, 26, 45, 66 Cloning, 64, 66 Cluster Analysis, 17, 66 Cofactor, 66, 75 Complement, 66 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 24, 66 Complementary medicine, 21, 66 Computational Biology, 45, 66 Concomitant, 29, 67 Confusion, 10, 67 Conjugated, 4, 64, 67 Contraindications, ii, 67 Coordination, 8, 67 Coronary, 67, 72 Coronary Thrombosis, 67, 72 Cortisol, 6, 67 Curative, 67, 77 Cytokine, 11, 23, 29, 67 D Databases, Bibliographic, 45, 67 Dendrites, 67, 73 Dermal, 22, 67 Diagnostic procedure, 27, 39, 67 Diarrhea, 3, 67, 72 Diastolic, 67, 70 Digestion, 64, 65, 67, 71, 77 Digestive system, 26, 67 Dilatation, 64, 67, 75, 78 Dilatation, Pathologic, 67, 78 Dilation, 67, 78 Direct, iii, 67, 68, 76 Disorientation, 67 Disposition, 22, 67 Dopamine, 9, 68 Drug Interactions, 68 Drug Tolerance, 68, 78 Duodenum, 64, 68, 71, 76, 77 E Electrolyte, 68, 75, 77
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Electrons, 64, 68, 71, 72 Elementary Particles, 68, 72, 75 Environmental Health, 9, 10, 15, 22, 44, 46, 68 Environmental Medicine, 5, 7, 21, 68 Enzyme, 28, 63, 68, 74 Epidemiological, 5, 25, 68 Epidermal, 23, 68, 71 Epidermis, 68, 71, 75 Epinephrine, 63, 68, 73, 78 Esophagus, 67, 68, 77 Extracellular, 68, 76 Extrapyramidal, 68, 69 F Family Planning, 45, 69 Fat, 4, 64, 69, 77 Fatigue, 29, 65, 69 Feces, 69, 77 Fold, 4, 69 G Gallbladder, 67, 69 Ganglia, 63, 69, 73 Gas, 69, 70, 72, 75, 76, 78 Gas exchange, 69, 76 Gastrin, 69, 70 Gastrointestinal, 4, 68, 69, 77 Gene, 28, 38, 64, 69 Giant Cell Tumors, 15, 69 Giant Cells, 69 Gland, 6, 63, 69, 73, 74, 76 Glottis, 69, 74 Governing Board, 69, 75 Gravis, 69, 73, 76 Growth, 5, 6, 69, 74 H Hemorrhage, 69, 77 Herbicide, 51, 69 Heredity, 69 Hormone, 6, 67, 68, 69, 70, 76 Hydrogen, 64, 65, 70, 72, 75 Hydrolysis, 63, 70 Hypersensitivity, 63, 70 Hypertension, 4, 70 Hypothalamus, 70, 74 I Id, 23, 53, 58, 60, 70 Idiopathic, 4, 70 Ileal, 4, 70 Ileum, 4, 70, 71 Immune response, 37, 63, 64, 70, 77, 79 Immune system, 28, 70, 71, 75, 78, 79 Immunity, 70
Immunogen, 28, 70 Immunogenic, 28, 70 Immunology, 63, 70 Impairment, 38, 64, 70, 72 Incubation, 70, 74 Incubation period, 70, 74 Indicative, 31, 70 Infarction, 67, 70, 72 Infection, 70, 71, 74, 79 Inotropic, 68, 71 Insecticides, 71, 74 Internal Medicine, 71, 73 Intestinal, 4, 71, 72 Intestines, 69, 71 Intracellular, 70, 71, 75 Ions, 64, 68, 70, 71 J Jejunum, 4, 71 K Kb, 44, 71 Keratin, 71 Keratinocytes, 23, 71 L Large Intestine, 67, 71, 76 Library Services, 58, 71 Liver, 51, 64, 67, 69, 71, 76 Locomotion, 71, 74 Locomotor, 22, 71 Lymphocyte, 64, 71 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 72 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 9, 72 Malabsorption, 4, 72 Malabsorption syndrome, 4, 72 Mediate, 68, 72 MEDLINE, 45, 72 Membrane, 66, 72, 74, 78 Mental Disorders, 26, 72, 75 MI, 14, 61, 72 Microbe, 72, 78 Modeling, 19, 72 Molecular, 7, 16, 45, 47, 64, 66, 72 Molecule, 64, 66, 70, 72, 76 Monitor, 72, 73 Muscle relaxant, 72, 73, 76 Myasthenia, 72, 73, 76 Myocardium, 72 N Nasal Cavity, 72, 79 Nasal Septum, 72, 79 NCI, 1, 26, 43, 72 Necrosis, 70, 72, 73
Index 83
Need, 54, 73, 78 Neostigmine, 73, 76 Nephrology, 4, 73 Nerve, 8, 63, 67, 73, 78, 79 Nervous System, 17, 63, 69, 73, 76, 77 Neuromuscular, 63, 73 Neuromuscular Junction, 63, 73 Neurons, 36, 37, 67, 69, 72, 73 Norepinephrine, 63, 68, 73 Nuclear, 5, 64, 68, 73, 78 Nuclear Fusion, 5, 73 Nuclei, 68, 72, 73, 75 Nucleus, 68, 73, 75 O Odour, 64, 73 Olfactory Bulb, 73, 79 Otolaryngology, 5, 19, 73 P Palliative, 73, 77 Pancreas, 67, 73, 76 Paroxysmal, 74, 79 Pathogenesis, 4, 5, 74 Pathophysiology, 4, 74 Pepsin, 74, 76 Perfusion, 4, 22, 74 Perineal, 8, 74 Perineum, 74 Pertussis, 11, 29, 74, 79 Pesticides, 35, 71, 74 Pharmacologic, 74, 78 Pheromones, 74, 79 Phospholipids, 69, 74 Physiology, 4, 65, 73, 74 Pilot study, 9, 22, 74 Pituitary Gland, 6, 74 Plants, 64, 65, 69, 73, 74, 78 Plasma, 5, 9, 64, 74 Polysaccharide, 64, 75 Potassium, 4, 75 Practice Guidelines, 46, 75 Precursor, 65, 68, 73, 75, 78 Prickle, 71, 75 Probe, 5, 75 Progressive, 68, 69, 73, 75 Protein S, 65, 75 Proteins, 64, 66, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78 Protons, 70, 72, 75 Psychiatric, 38, 72, 75 Psychiatry, 17, 19, 75 Psychoneuroimmunology, 18, 23, 75 Public Policy, 45, 75 Publishing, 6, 75
Pulmonary, 65, 75, 76 Pulmonary Ventilation, 75, 76 Pyridostigmine Bromide, 22, 76 R Radioactive, 70, 73, 76, 78 Receptor, 64, 68, 76 Rectum, 65, 67, 69, 71, 76 Refer, 1, 66, 71, 76 Respiratory System, 5, 76 Rodenticides, 74, 76 S Salivary, 67, 76 Salivary glands, 67, 76 Sarin, 36, 76 Screening, 66, 76 Secretin, 4, 76 Secretion, 4, 76 Secretory, 4, 76 Sediment, 9, 18, 22, 76 Sella, 74, 76 Serum, 28, 66, 76 Side effect, 63, 76, 78 Small intestine, 68, 70, 71, 76 Sneezing, 74, 76 Social Behavior, 76, 79 Sodium, 4, 76 Soft tissue, 69, 77 Spasmodic, 74, 77 Specialist, 54, 67, 77 Spinal cord, 65, 73, 77 Spinous, 68, 71, 77 Steady state, 4, 77 Steroid, 64, 67, 77 Stomach, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76, 77 Stool, 4, 71, 77 Stress, 6, 12, 16, 18, 22, 25, 36, 51, 65, 67, 77 Stroke, 26, 44, 77 Substance P, 76, 77 Sympathomimetic, 68, 73, 77 Symptomatic, 5, 77 Synovial, 69, 77 Systemic, 11, 28, 65, 68, 71, 77 Systolic, 70, 77 T Telencephalon, 64, 77 Therapeutics, 77 Threshold, 70, 77 Thrombosis, 75, 77 Tissue, 64, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77 Tolerance, 23, 78 Topical, 22, 23, 78 Toxic, iv, 28, 32, 70, 76, 78
84
Gulf War Syndrome
Toxicity, 19, 28, 68, 78 Toxicology, 22, 23, 28, 46, 78 Toxins, 18, 23, 28, 37, 64, 70, 78 Transfection, 64, 78 Translational, 4, 78 Transmitter, 63, 68, 73, 78 Tyrosine, 68, 78 U Unconscious, 70, 78 Uranium, 37, 50, 78 Ureters, 78 Urethra, 78 Urinary, 8, 9, 18, 22, 78 Urinary tract, 8, 78 Urine, 65, 78
V Vaccine, 36, 63, 78 Vasodilation, 10, 78 Vasodilator, 68, 78 VE, 6, 14, 15, 17, 25, 38, 39, 51, 52, 78 Vein, 64, 73, 78 Venous, 75, 79 Veterinarians, 18, 79 Veterinary Medicine, 45, 79 Virulence, 78, 79 Virus, 29, 69, 79 Vomeronasal Organ, 6, 73, 79 W White blood cell, 64, 71, 79 Whooping Cough, 74, 79 X X-ray, 73, 79
Index 85
86
Gulf War Syndrome
Index 87
88
Gulf War Syndrome
