Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

IVING ILL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P...

Author: ICON Health Publications

9 downloads 574 Views 604KB Size Report

This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!

Report copyright / DMCA form

DOWNLOAD PDF

IVING ILL A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Living Will: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84012-1 1. Living Will-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on living will. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LIVING WILL ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Living Will.................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LIVING WILL ............................................................. 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 39 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 42 General References ....................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON LIVING WILL ............................................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 Dissertations on Living Will........................................................................................................ 45 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LIVING WILL ............................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 47 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 51 Chapters on Living Will............................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON LIVING WILL................................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 55 Bibliography: Multimedia on Living Will ................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LIVING WILL................................................................ 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 61 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 63 Academic Periodicals covering Living Will ................................................................................. 64 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 67 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 69 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 75 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 LIVING WILL DICTIONARY....................................................................................................... 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 103

viii Contents

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with living will is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about living will, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to living will, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on living will. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to living will, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on living will. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LIVING WILL Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on living will.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and living will, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “living will” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Projecting Patients' Preferences From Living Wills: An Invalid Strategy Management of Dementia With Life-Threatening Illness Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 42(9): 997-1003. September 1994. Summary: This article examines variations in aged persons' choices of therapies in different clinical settings. It also assesses the validity of extending their preferences as expressed in the listed scenarios of "Usual Health," "Terminal Illness," and "Coma" to preferences in a scenario of "moderately advanced Alzheimer's disease" (AD). Two hundred eighteen Houston, Texas, area community-dwelling adults aged 60 and over completed mailed questionnaires that rated therapies the subjects would accept based on the four above-listed scenarios. Results indicate that in the Usual Health scenario, most people wanted intervention, but refused it in the Terminal Illness or Coma scenarios. In the AD scenario, most people preferred some intervention. This study

4

Living Will

indicates that the intent of directives in a living will may differ depending on the scenario faced. The authors state that use of a trial of therapy with clear-cut stopping rules may be useful in making decisions for patients unable to make decisions on theirs own and who have no directives specific to their current situations. 6 tables, 29 references. (AA-M). •

Advance Directives, Part 1: Living Wills Source: Diabetes Forecast. 54(5): 99-100. May 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article uses a question and answer format to review information on drawing up a living will. A living will is one kind of advance directive. This document lists the treatments a person does or does not want under various medical circumstances. A living will can make a person's wishes clear in case he or she is unable to express them at the time a decision must be made. The article outlines the advantages and disadvantages of a living will. In addition, the article explains how a living will is created. Steps involved include preparing the document with both a lawyer and a doctor; giving detailed and specific guidelines; abiding by state guidelines for living wills; and telling one's doctors, lawyer, and family members about it.

•

Making Living Wills and Health Care Proxies More Useful Source: Patient Care. 32(9): 181-192. May 15, 1998. Summary: This journal article is intended to guide physicians in helping their patients prepare advance directives. Advance directives may be used by people with a progressive dementing illness to express in advance their desires for medical care when they are no longer able to make such decisions. This article reviews the purpose of advance directives and the reasons why people may be reluctant to prepare them. It explains the functions of the two main types of advance directives (the living will and the durable power of attorney for health care), how a person can prepare one of these documents, and when the advance directive becomes effective. It also explores ways physicians can initiate discussions about advance directives, the issues to raise during such discussions, discussions with patients who have a serious illness, resolution of conflicts with family members over the patient's medical care, and ways of ensuring that information about advance directives is available to the hospital when needed. The article includes a values questionnaire that can help patients think about their wishes for medical care at the end of life, and a description of the Medical Directive as one type of advance directive. 7 references.

Federally Funded Research on Living Will The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to living will. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to living will. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore living will. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for living will: •

Project Title: ENHANCING DONOR REGISTRY TO INCREASE DONATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Frey, Daniel J.; Louisiana Organ Procurement Agency 3501 Causeway Blvd, Ste 940 Metairie, La 70002 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: To increase the level of participation of the public and health care professional in the donor process. Emphasis will be placed on increasing participation in minority populations to bring them to a level proportional to their distribution in the population of the overall study group. The long term goal of this research is to increase the number of cadaver organs available by improving understanding of the donation process. This proposal describes the maintenance and expansion of the Louisiana Donor Registry (LADR)/informational system, established in the previous study period. The LADR is a roster of living wills, which hold the actual records of each donor. This registry is unique as it includes into a single database all organ, blood, bone marrow, and tissue donation. Secondarily, the LADR is part of an outreach program to enlist community support to diminish the organ donor shortage. The LADR augments the donor process by providing the endorsement of the community which supports the clinical organ recovery program. This registry documents an individual's intention to donate organs/tissue, at the time of death. The registration of pre-enrolled donors is a mechanism used to increase donation, identify donors, ensure that all reasonable measures are taken to fulfill the intent of the donor, and to fully realize the support for donation. This proposal describes several new strategies and changes for the LADR program. These changes are: 1) the addition of a code system, 2) tracking the impact of educational and promotional programs; 3) coordinating the consolidation of the various state donor recruitment programs to enroll donors; 4) new promotional and educational programs about donation; 5) dedicated personnel to increase donation in minority populations; 6) early intervention in the care and management of potential donors; 7) the investigation of the motivations and understanding of those who choose to participate and those who choose not to participate in the donor process; 8) a strategy to "re-approach" those who initially deny consent; 9) integration of the LADR into all medical practice; and 10) evaluate a new preservation model to possibly salvage organs previously discarded. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

6

Living Will

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for living will in the PubMed Central database: •

Debate: What constitutes 'terminality' and how does it relate to a Living Will? by Crippen D, Levy M, Truog R, Whetstine L, Luce J.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137260

•

'Round-table' ethical debate: is a suicide note an authoritative 'living will'? by Chalfin DB, Crippen D, Franklin C, Kelly DF, Kilcullen JK, Streat S, Truog RD, Whetstine LM.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137271

•

Views of elderly people on living wills: interview study. by Schiff R, Rajkumar C, Bulpitt C.; 2000 Jun 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27409

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with living will, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for living will (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

Studies

7

•

“Living will” can relieve legal consequences of dying. Author(s): Wolf JL. Source: The Florida Nurse. 1985 September; 33(9): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3850050&dopt=Abstract

•

“Revolutionary” national living will unveiled; document is legally valid in 33 states. Author(s): Katz M. Source: Balance. 1999 September-October; 3(5): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10662382&dopt=Abstract

•

“The living will: a discussion with the lawmaker”. Author(s): Kohlmann MJ. Source: Communique. 1985 Spring; 4(1): 41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3845859&dopt=Abstract

•

“Voluntary euthanasia declaration” goes step beyond living will. Author(s): Goddard H. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1988 August 1; 139(3): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395944&dopt=Abstract

•

A doctor's unique living will. Author(s): Roberts A. Source: Med Econ. 2001 February 19; 78(4): 140-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252431&dopt=Abstract

•

A lesson in dying well. Aging: Nixon's living will becomes a model. Author(s): Beck M. Source: Newsweek. 1994 May 16; 123(20): 58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10134009&dopt=Abstract

•

A living will for a commitment hearing. Author(s): Reinert RE. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1980 December; 31(12): 857-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7203411&dopt=Abstract

•

A living will insure that your wishes will be followed. Author(s): Desmond L. Source: Pa Nurse. 1987 February; 42(2): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3643503&dopt=Abstract

8

Living Will

•

A living will is not euthanasia. Author(s): Luttrell S, Bielawska C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 December 16; 311(7020): 1644. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8555837&dopt=Abstract

•

A matter of life and death: pregnancy clauses in living will statutes. Author(s): Dyke MC. Source: Boston Univ Law Rev. 1990 November; 70(5): 867-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186075&dopt=Abstract

•

A new kind of living will. Author(s): Irwin M. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 August; 96(8): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893865&dopt=Abstract

•

A nurse's testimony for the living will. Author(s): Bowlds S. Source: Ky Nurse. 1988 May-June; 36(3): 1, 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3386283&dopt=Abstract

•

A piece of my mind. My living will. Author(s): Hensel WA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 February 28; 275(8): 588. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8594232&dopt=Abstract

•

Acting on a living will: a physician's dilemma. Author(s): Gordon M, Levitt D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1996 October 1; 155(7): 893-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8837536&dopt=Abstract

•

Addendum to living will. Author(s): Reynolds WA. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1987 April; 146(4): 486. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3577145&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance directives and living wills. Author(s): Stewart K, Bowker L. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1998 March; 74(869): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640440&dopt=Abstract

Studies

9

•

Advance directives and living wills. Author(s): Lush D. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1993 July; 27(3): 274-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8377162&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance directives. Educating employees about the living will and the durable power of attorney for health care. Author(s): Wold JL, Demi AS. Source: Aaohn Journal : Official Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses. 1991 August; 39(8): 399-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888395&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance directives: the durable power of attorney the living will (Rights of the Terminally Ill Act). Author(s): Nield B. Source: News Views. 1996 Summer; : 4-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8920258&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance health care directives: the living will and enduring power of attorney. Author(s): MacLennan SA. Source: Concern. 1992 June; 21(3): 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1633506&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance medical directives (living wills). Author(s): Garden D. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 April; 82(4): 414-23. English, Thai. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10410506&dopt=Abstract

•

Advance medical directives for college students: it's not your father's living will. Author(s): Kapp MB. Source: Journal of American College Health : J of Ach. 2000 July; 49(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10967884&dopt=Abstract

•

Are doctors ignoring living wills? Author(s): Deal SJ. Source: Pa Med. 1996 December; 99(12): 34-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8993074&dopt=Abstract

10

Living Will

•

Are doctors respecting living wills? Is the intent too poorly expressed? Author(s): Dabney WM. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1992 December; 33(12): 435. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1474573&dopt=Abstract

•

Are living wills useful? In search of a new paradigm. Author(s): Manthous CA. Source: Conn Med. 2003 May; 67(5): 283-90; Discussion 291-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802843&dopt=Abstract

•

Attitudes to some aspects of death and dying, living wills and substituted health care decision-making in South Australia: public opinion survey for a parliamentary select committee. Author(s): Ashby M, Wakefield M. Source: Palliative Medicine. 1993; 7(4): 273-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8261193&dopt=Abstract

•

Barriers that predict resistance to completing a living will. Author(s): Vandecreek L, Frankowski D. Source: Death Studies. 1996 January-February; 20(1): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10160533&dopt=Abstract

•

Beyond the living will. Author(s): Henderson M. Source: The Gerontologist. 1990 August; 30(4): 480-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2394382&dopt=Abstract

•

But they're not legal! or “The Living Will Song”. Author(s): Town J. Source: New Jersey Nurse. 1991 May-June; 21(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2047208&dopt=Abstract

•

Can secular patients survive Catholic hospitals?: merger trends threaten abortion, contraception, living wills. Author(s): Flynn T. Source: Free Inq. 2000 Winter; 21(1): 32-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528746&dopt=Abstract

•

Connecticut's living will statute. Author(s): Healey JM. Source: Conn Med. 1985 September; 49(9): 623. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4042658&dopt=Abstract

Studies

11

•

Creating a living will. Experience at a multilevel geriatric facility. Author(s): Levitt D, Gordon M. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1996 December; 42: 2413-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8969859&dopt=Abstract

•

Death with dignity: are living wills an answer? Author(s): Mancini M. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1978 December; 78(12): 2133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=251414&dopt=Abstract

•

Debate: what constitutes 'terminality' and how does it relate to a living will? Author(s): Crippen D, Levy M, Truog R, Whetstine L, Luce J. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2000; 4(6): 333-8. Epub 2000 November 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11123876&dopt=Abstract

•

DNR orders & living wills. Author(s): Byock I. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1989 August; 18(8): 911-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2757295&dopt=Abstract

•

Do general practitioners know when living wills are legal? Author(s): Bowker L, Stewart K, Hayes S, Gill M. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1998 July-August; 32(4): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9762630&dopt=Abstract

•

Doctors must honour living wills,. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 April 8; 310(6984): 895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7719177&dopt=Abstract

•

Doctors, 'living wills' and the law. Author(s): Korgaonkar G, Tribe D. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 April 21-May 4; 49(8): 576-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8508244&dopt=Abstract

•

Don't treat me; do treat me: against living wills. Author(s): Millard PH. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1996 May 15-June 4; 55(10): 605-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8762115&dopt=Abstract

12

Living Will

•

Dutch hospitals face up to living wills. Author(s): Shields T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 14; 310(6972): 82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7833729&dopt=Abstract

•

Educating patients about living wills. Author(s): Rock MJ. Source: Trustee : the Journal for Hospital Governing Boards. 1990 October; 43(10): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10107252&dopt=Abstract

•

Enforcement problems arising from conflicting views of living wills in the legal, medical and patient communities. Author(s): Webster P. Source: Univ Pittsbg Law Rev. 2001 Summer; 62(4): 793-813. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12774779&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethical and legal problems of living wills. Author(s): Raber PE. Source: Geriatrics. 1980 August; 35(8): 27-8, 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7409472&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethical dilemmas with advance directives: living wills and do not resuscitate orders (continuing education credit). Author(s): O'Mara RJ. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 1987 September; 10(2): 17-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3453248&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethical issues in the management of geriatric cardiac patients: a woman executed a living will with provisions that impeded its implementation. Author(s): Basta LL. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2002 May-June; 11(3): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986533&dopt=Abstract

•

Ethics in action. An elderly man with end-stage COPD has a living will. Author(s): Haddad A. Source: Rn. 1998 January; 61(1): 17-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9481368&dopt=Abstract

Studies

13

•

Euthanasia: living wills to end life. Author(s): Ellis P. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1991 March 20-26; 5(26): 18-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1822122&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors associated with veterans' decisions about living wills. Author(s): Sugarman J, Weinberger M, Samsa G. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 February; 152(2): 343-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1739364&dopt=Abstract

•

Final arrangements. What you should know about living wills. Author(s): Helm A. Source: Nursing. 1985 November; 15(11): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3851207&dopt=Abstract

•

Following the patient's wishes: living wills and powers of attorney. Author(s): Hacker C, Watson JR, Grimes RM. Source: Aids Patient Care. 1995 December; 9(6): 293-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361438&dopt=Abstract

•

Fulfilling a living will. Author(s): Crump A. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 1990 August 29-September 4; 4(49): 46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2119755&dopt=Abstract

•

General practitioners' knowledge and use of living wills. Author(s): Ashby M, Wakefield M, Beilby J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1995 January 28; 310(6974): 230. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7866128&dopt=Abstract

•

Giving life to a “Living Will”: what should it look like? What does it mean? What should be done with it? Author(s): Berg RN. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1984 May; 73(5): 311-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6736810&dopt=Abstract

•

Have nurses and physicians signed living wills? Author(s): Anderson GC, Mills CM, Pierce PM, Walker MA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 September 6; 311(10): 678. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6472355&dopt=Abstract

14

Living Will

•

Health care law update: legal protection for critical care physicians; state of the art in termination of life support and living will legislation. Author(s): Wallace-Barnhill GL, Roth MD, Armstrong CJ, Hixson SE. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1984 January; 12(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6690208&dopt=Abstract

•

Hospital policy on advance directives. Do institutions ask patients about living wills? Author(s): McCrary SV, Botkin JR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1989 November 3; 262(17): 2411-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2795826&dopt=Abstract

•

How living wills can help doctors and patients talk about dying. Author(s): Emanuel L. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 June 17; 320(7250): 1618-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856045&dopt=Abstract

•

How to draw up your living will. Author(s): Hubbard RD. Source: Colo Med. 1985 July 1; 82(11): 186-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4028635&dopt=Abstract

•

If your patient wants to draw up a living will. Author(s): Paulus SM. Source: Rn. 1987 September; 50(9): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3423648&dopt=Abstract

•

Implementing Connecticut's living will legislation: the promise and the problems. Author(s): Healey JM. Source: Conn Med. 1985 October; 49(10): 699. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4064663&dopt=Abstract

•

Indiana's living will after Cruzan. Author(s): Nocon JJ. Source: Indiana Med. 1990 November; 83(11): 832-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2262676&dopt=Abstract

•

Informed consent and living wills. Author(s): De Raeve L. Source: European Journal of Cancer Care. 1993 December; 2(4): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8313056&dopt=Abstract

Studies

15

•

Interpreting a living will after stroke. Author(s): Liao D, Spremulli M, Wagner C. Source: Asha. 1999 July-August; 41(4): 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10420659&dopt=Abstract

•

Iowa nurses' knowledge of living wills and perceptions of patient autonomy. Author(s): Weiler K, Eland J, Buckwalter KC. Source: Journal of Professional Nursing : Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 1996 July-August; 12(4): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8755140&dopt=Abstract

•

Knowledge of living will laws essential. Author(s): Killian WH. Source: The American Nurse. 1990 July-August; 22(7): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2382884&dopt=Abstract

•

Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of elderly persons regarding living wills. Author(s): Gamble ER, McDonald PJ, Lichstein PR. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 February; 151(2): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1992955&dopt=Abstract

•

Legal aspects of consent 15: living wills and the common law. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2001 October 25-November 7; 10(19): 1256-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832838&dopt=Abstract

•

Legal aspects of consent 16: statutory provisions and living wills. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2001 November 8-21; 10(20): 1327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873226&dopt=Abstract

•

Legal aspects of living wills. Author(s): Rosen LF. Source: Todays or Nurse. 1987 November; 9(11): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3424424&dopt=Abstract

•

Legal considerations of living wills. Author(s): Weber RD. Source: Mich Med. 1990 December; 89(12): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2266870&dopt=Abstract

16

Living Will

•

Life and death choices: living wills and powers of attorney. Author(s): Feltoon L. Source: Pa Nurse. 1992 August; 47(8): 5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1508555&dopt=Abstract

•

Life values, resuscitation preferences, and the applicability of living wills in an older population. Author(s): Schonwetter RS, Walker RM, Solomon M, Indurkhya A, Robinson BE. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1996 August; 44(8): 954-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8708307&dopt=Abstract

•

Life-sustaining procedures act gives Iowa the 'living will'. Author(s): Luchtel K. Source: Iowa Med. 1985 September; 75(9): 391-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4055305&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will allows choice of medical care. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 September 12; 305(6854): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1393070&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will amendment to protocol. Author(s): Deisher JD. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1991 February; 32(2): 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1990039&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will and durable power of attorney. Author(s): Van Tilburg E. Source: Chac Rev. 1991 Spring; 19(1): 4-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10115369&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will center, videotapes help hospitals meet regulation. Author(s): Teschke DA. Source: Healthcare Financial Management : Journal of the Healthcare Financial Management Association. 1991 November; 45(11): 103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10145521&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will completion in older adults. Author(s): Stelter KL, Elliott BA, Bruno CA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 May; 152(5): 954-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1580721&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

Living will does not resolve medical-ethical-legal dilemma. Author(s): Monagle JF. Source: Hosp Prog. 1976 May; 57(5): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1270060&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will in Wisconsin. Author(s): Shapiro RS, Tavill F, Rivkin G, Gruchow H. Source: Wis Med J. 1986 October; 85(10): 17-23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3798951&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will legislation for Arizona. Author(s): Douglas J. Source: Ariz Nurse. 1985 September-October; 38(5): 6, 21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3851660&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will legislation, nursing home care, and the rejection of artificial nutrition and hydration: an analysis of bedside decision-making in three states. Author(s): Almgren G. Source: Journal of Health & Social Policy. 1993; 4(3): 43-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10125465&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will legislation. Author(s): LaBar C. Source: Long Term Care Q. 1986 Winter; 1(4): 9-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3642146&dopt=Abstract

•

Living Will legislation. Author(s): Bareis RJ. Source: S D J Med. 1989 June; 42(6): 15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2749239&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will legislation--long overdue in Minnesota. Author(s): Poston LM. Source: Minn Med. 1988 December; 71(12): 776, 779. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3237182&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will update. Author(s): Greene R. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1986 August; 75(8): 510. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3760732&dopt=Abstract

18

Living Will

•

Living will: Louisiana's law and what it means to you. Author(s): Waguespack N. Source: Pelican News. 1985 Spring; 41(1): 1, 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3917159&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills “Death with Dignity”. Author(s): Carbary L. Source: J Pract Nurs. 1986 December; 36(5): 40-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3643276&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and Canadian law. Author(s): Rozovsky LE, Rozovsky FA. Source: Can Crit Care Nurs J. 1989 June-July; 6(2): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2752329&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and dying in Hawaii. Author(s): Heintz LL. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1985 January; 44(1): 20, 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3972563&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and health care proxies. Author(s): Grimm JS. Source: Ethics Medics. 2001 March; 26(3): 3-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542022&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and health care proxies. Nurse practice implications. Author(s): Schwarz JK. Source: Nurs Health Care. 1992 February; 13(2): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1545938&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and orders not to resuscitate: what is the difference? Author(s): Hargrove MD Jr. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1992 November; 144(11): 513-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1431483&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and other advance directives. Author(s): Lazaroff AE, Orr WF. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1986 August; 2(3): 521-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3742443&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

•

Living wills and resuscitation preferences in an elderly population. Author(s): Walker RM, Schonwetter RS, Kramer DR, Robinson BE. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995 January 23; 155(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7811126&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and substituted judgments: a critical analysis. Author(s): Welie JV. Source: Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy. 2001; 4(2): 169-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547503&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and the identification bracelet. Author(s): Lewelyn TS. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1990 October; 86(10): 558. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2232725&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and the law. Author(s): Lehman LB. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1991 January; 89(1): 40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1985318&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and the lessons of organ donation. Author(s): Caplan AL. Source: New Physician. 1985 September; 34(6): 7, 19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10273951&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and the right to die. Author(s): Wallach SJ, Crabtree JP. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1990 December; 49(12): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2286520&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and treatment refusal. Author(s): Baldwin B. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 January 16; 296(6616): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122996&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills and treatment refusal. Author(s): Higgs R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1987 November 14; 295(6608): 1221-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3120950&dopt=Abstract

20

Living Will

•

Living wills are overrated. Author(s): Block AJ. Source: Chest. 1993 December; 104(6): 1645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8252933&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills do have legal effect provided certain criteria are met. Author(s): Luttrell S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 2; 313(7065): 1148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8916724&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills help guide physicians. Author(s): Levine PA. Source: Mich Med. 1987 November; 86(11): 768-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3696001&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills improve patient-physician communication. Author(s): Allen TW. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1989 August; 89(8): 1013. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2768013&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills in English law. Author(s): Stern K. Source: Palliative Medicine. 1993; 7(4): 283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8261194&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills in HIV infection and AIDS. Author(s): Noble G. Source: Lancet. 1995 January 21; 345(8943): 195. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7823692&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills in Michigan. Why the time is right. Author(s): Brody H. Source: Mich Med. 1990 December; 89(12): 14-6, 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2266869&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills in the emergency department. Author(s): George JE, Quattrone MS. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1986 January-February; 12(1): 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3512889&dopt=Abstract

Studies

21

•

Living wills in the long-term care facility. Author(s): Rouse F. Source: J Long Term Care Adm. 1988 Summer; 16(2): 14-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10287936&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills made under the Colorado Medical Treatment Decision Act and do not resuscitate orders for hospital and nursing home patients: a comparison. Author(s): Haggerty DM, Abrams FR. Source: Colo Med. 1987 June 15; 84(10): 203-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3608382&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills might make patients at risk of death by starvation and dehydration. Author(s): Widdecombe A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 September 19; 317(7161): 819. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786687&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills present new challenges. Author(s): Greenwald J. Source: Modern Healthcare. 1996 June 17; 26(25): 60, 62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10158008&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills put on statutory footing. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 January 3; 316(7124): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9451257&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills, advance directives, and surrogate decision making. Author(s): Schulmeister L. Source: Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 1998 October; 2(4): 148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232162&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills, durable powers of attorney for health care, and HIV infection. The need for statutory reform. Author(s): Loue S. Source: The Journal of Legal Medicine. 1995 December; 16(4): 461-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8568415&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills, health-care proxies, and the physicians' code of ethics. Author(s): Lesse S. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1988 January; 42(1): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3354718&dopt=Abstract

22

Living Will

•

Living wills. Author(s): Astor R. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 October; 96(10): 519-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14519737&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Wilson MB. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2003 October; 96(10): 519. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14519736&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Jessiman I. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 September; 93(9): 499. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11228632&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Irwin M. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 July; 93(7): 395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10928038&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Wilks M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 October; 49(447): 838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885097&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Jessiman I. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1998 September-October; 32(5): 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819754&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Lancet. 1994 April 23; 343(8904): 1041. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909072&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Taranta A. Source: Lancet. 1994 March 5; 343(8897): 602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7906355&dopt=Abstract

Studies

23

•

Living wills. Author(s): Reppun JI. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1990 December; 49(12): 447. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2286517&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Halicks PA, Lillie K. Source: Plastic Surgical Nursing : Official Journal of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgical Nurses. 1990 Summer; 10(2): 88-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2381992&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Frelick RW. Source: Del Med J. 1989 November; 61(11): 621-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2625171&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Author(s): Dormaar NG. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1988 October 15; 139(8): 704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3167726&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills. Do nurses and physicians have them? Author(s): Anderson GC, Walker MH, Pierce PM, Mills CM. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1986 March; 86(3): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3633680&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: a choice for the elderly. Author(s): Galambos C. Source: Social Work. 1989 March; 34(2): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10294249&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: a role in health care today? Author(s): Butler TJ. Source: Concern. 1992 October; 21(5): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1422252&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: a solution to the prolonged act of dying? Author(s): Houston CS. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1988 August 1; 139(3): 241-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395942&dopt=Abstract

24

Living Will

•

Living wills: a view from the bedside. Author(s): Rasmussen R. Source: Mna Accent. 1989 March; 61(3): 70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2539549&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Author(s): Mahoney SS. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729484&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Help the dying to live. Author(s): Paige R. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729486&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? I had to quit to fight. Author(s): Mahoney SS. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729489&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Not all help is helpful. Author(s): Morgan S. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 7-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729487&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Understand your right to make choices. Author(s): Larson EJ. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729488&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: going gently into the dark night. Author(s): Woolley N. Source: Nurs Elder. 1990 September-October; 2(7): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222909&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: how do they inform care? Author(s): Watt P. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1995 October 26-November 8; 4(19): 1156-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8535128&dopt=Abstract

Studies

25

•

Living wills: making life and death decisions. Author(s): Riley JM. Source: Provider. 1991 February; 17(2): 14-8, 20, 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10109049&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: making patients' wishes known. Author(s): Cowe F. Source: Prof Nurse. 1996 March; 11(6): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8700916&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: not just for the elderly. Author(s): Germain H. Source: Rn. 1996 January; 59(1): 72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8552957&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: patient choice and the accident and emergency nurse. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 1994 April; 2(2): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7953833&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: the ethical dilemmas. Author(s): Ney CA. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1989 September; 9(8): 20-1, 24-5, 28-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2684546&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: the spectrum of new possibilities. Author(s): Tobin BK. Source: Nurs Life. 1986 September-October; 6(5): 44-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3638554&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: their interpretation depends on the situation. Author(s): Johnson D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1988 August 1; 139(3): 244-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3395943&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: tread carefully if confronted by one. Author(s): Brock BJ. Source: Can Doct. 1978 March; 44(3): 24-5, 28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10236702&dopt=Abstract

26

Living Will

•

Living wills: would sick people change their minds? Author(s): Potter JM, Stewart D, Duncan G. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1994 November; 70(829): 818-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7824416&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills--assuring patients' decision-making rights. Author(s): Abrams FR. Source: Aorn Journal. 1985 November; 42(5): 783-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3852665&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills--controversy and certainty. Author(s): Crisham P. Source: Journal of Professional Nursing : Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. 1990 November-December; 6(6): 321. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2254520&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills--your right to die. Author(s): Power JM. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1990 August-September; 56(7): 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216177&dopt=Abstract

•

Michigan's sensible “living will”. Author(s): Appelbaum PS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979 October 4; 301(14): 788. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=481496&dopt=Abstract

•

More on living wills, death, and dying. Author(s): Kuwahara RT. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 July; 175(1): 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431393&dopt=Abstract

•

My (Danish) living will. Author(s): Holm S. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 1994 January-February; 24(1): 2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8045762&dopt=Abstract

•

My annotated living will. Author(s): Cantor NL. Source: Law Med Health Care. 1990 Spring-Summer; 18(1-2): 114-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2374443&dopt=Abstract

Studies

27

•

New provider responsibilities under the Patient Self-Determination Act: living wills, durable powers of attorney, and the law. Author(s): Huntington SR. Source: Caring. 1991 September; 10(9): 20-2, 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10114396&dopt=Abstract

•

Nora's 'living will'. Author(s): Fox ER. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 1987 January; 146(1): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3825106&dopt=Abstract

•

Nurses are to discuss living wills with elderly patients. Author(s): Scott H. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 2003 March 13-26; 12(5): 268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682592&dopt=Abstract

•

Nurses' knowledge, experiences, and attitudes concerning living wills. Author(s): Downe-Wamboldt B, Butler L, Coughlan S. Source: The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research = Revue Canadienne De Recherche En Sciences Infirmieres. 1998 Summer; 30(2): 161-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807294&dopt=Abstract

•

Of dead brains, living wills, and autonomy. Author(s): Lehman LB. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1991 January 15; 26(1): 39-42, 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1898946&dopt=Abstract

•

Oncology patients and the living will. Author(s): Stephens RL. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 1992 May; 6(5): 77-84; Discussion 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1534678&dopt=Abstract

•

Options regarding a living will, advance directive, or durable power of attorney for healthcare. Author(s): Navarre D. Source: American Journal of Critical Care : an Official Publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 1995 January; 4(1): 88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7894564&dopt=Abstract

28

Living Will

•

Outcomes of written living wills in Japan--a survey of the deceased ones' families. Author(s): Masuda Y, Fetters M, Shimokata H, Muto E, Mogi N, Iguchi A, Uemura K. Source: Bioethics Forum. 2001 Spring; 17(1): 41-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12166427&dopt=Abstract

•

Outpatients' attitudes and understanding regarding living wills. Author(s): Joos SK, Reuler JB, Powell JL, Hickam DH. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1993 May; 8(5): 259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8505685&dopt=Abstract

•

Patient, physician, and family member understanding of living wills. Author(s): Upadya A, Muralidharan V, Thorevska N, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2002 December 1; 166(11): 1430-5. Epub 2002 September 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406822&dopt=Abstract

•

Perspectives. Living will concept boosted by Cruzan ruling. Author(s): Olson EG. Source: Faulkner Grays Med Health. 1990 July 16; 44(28): Suppl 4 P. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10105409&dopt=Abstract

•

Philosophical implications of the use of advance statements (living wills). Author(s): Rashid C. Source: Nursing Standard : Official Newspaper of the Royal College of Nursing. 2000 March 8-14; 14(25): 37-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11235354&dopt=Abstract

•

Physicians' attitudes towards living wills and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Author(s): Brunetti LL, Carperos SD, Westlund RE. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1991 July-August; 6(4): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1890503&dopt=Abstract

•

Planning for medical decision making: living wills and durable powers of attorney. Author(s): Hoffman DE. Source: Md Med J. 1989 February; 38(2): 154-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2915622&dopt=Abstract

Studies

29

•

Problems and prospects for the “living will” in North Carolina. Author(s): Moskop JC. Source: N C Med J. 1984 February; 45(2): 93-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6583528&dopt=Abstract

•

Professional acceptance of living wills to be encouraged. Author(s): Fox J. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1994 March 10-23; 3(5): 2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173262&dopt=Abstract

•

Projecting patients' preferences from living wills: an invalid strategy for management of dementia with life-threatening illness. Author(s): Reilly RB, Teasdale TA, McCullough LB. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1994 September; 42(9): 997-1003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503822&dopt=Abstract

•

Proper planning for end-of-life medical care; confronting the near irrelevance of currently used living wills. Author(s): Basta LL. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2003 March-April; 12(2): 110-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624581&dopt=Abstract

•

Pulling the plug on living wills. A critical analysis of advance directives. Author(s): Tonelli MR. Source: Chest. 1996 September; 110(3): 816-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8797430&dopt=Abstract

•

Relying on the “living will” in home health care. Author(s): Connaway NI. Source: Home Healthcare Nurse. 1985 March-April; 3(2): 42-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3848430&dopt=Abstract

•

Removal of a nutrient feeding tube and the need for a living will. Author(s): Squillace SE. Source: J Contemp Health Law Policy. 1987 Spring; 3: 253-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10312081&dopt=Abstract

•

Response to the living will furor: directives for maximum care. Author(s): Kapp MB. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1982 June; 72(6): 855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7091156&dopt=Abstract

30

Living Will

•

Right to die after Cruzan: Florida upholds living wills. Author(s): Margolis RE. Source: Healthspan. 1990 November; 7(10): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10107735&dopt=Abstract

•

'Round-table' ethical debate: is a suicide note an authoritative 'living will'? Author(s): Chalfin DB, Crippen D, Franklin C, Kelly DF, Kilcullen JK, Streat S, Truog RD, Whetstine LM. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2001; 5(3): 115-24. Epub 2001 May 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353927&dopt=Abstract

•

Second thoughts on living wills. Author(s): Robertson JA. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 1991 November-December; 21(6): 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1765469&dopt=Abstract

•

Should living wills be legalized? Author(s): Emson HE. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1990 April 15; 142(8): 796, 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2369442&dopt=Abstract

•

Should living wills be legalized? Author(s): Fisher RH, Meslin EM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1990 January 1; 142(1): 23-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1688397&dopt=Abstract

•

So much for the living will. Author(s): Sessions DG. Source: Mo Med. 1990 November; 87(11): 807-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2263230&dopt=Abstract

•

Some dilemmas of living wills. Author(s): Fullbrook S, Wilkinson MB. Source: Br J Theatre Nurs. 1996 April; 6(1): 13-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704336&dopt=Abstract

•

State code remains silent on living will law despite Cruzan case. Author(s): Jones KB. Source: Pa Med. 1991 January; 94(1): 30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1997951&dopt=Abstract

Studies

31

•

Tennessee right to natural death act “living will”. Author(s): Scruggs PC. Source: Bull Tenn Nurses Assoc. 1985 June; 48(3): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3848362&dopt=Abstract

•

The advance directive (or living will). Author(s): Samuels A. Source: Med Sci Law. 1996 January; 36(1): 2-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8907850&dopt=Abstract

•

The case for a living will. Patient's advocate. Author(s): Courtright G. Source: Rn. 1984 August; 47(8): 16-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6565349&dopt=Abstract

•

The case for living wills. Author(s): Vernon MJ. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1996 May 15-June 4; 55(10): 604-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8762114&dopt=Abstract

•

The desire to control terminal health care and attitudes toward living wills. Author(s): Rye PD, Wallston KA, Wallston BS, Smith RA. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1985 May-June; 1(3): 56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3870906&dopt=Abstract

•

The family's will or the living will: patient self-determination in doubt. Author(s): Watts DT. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1992 May; 40(5): 533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1634711&dopt=Abstract

•

The future prospects for living wills. Author(s): Greaves D. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 1989 December; 15(4): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2614786&dopt=Abstract

•

The Indiana Living Will Act. Author(s): Robinson RD Jr, Shortridge DR. Source: Indiana Med. 1986 August; 79(8): 694-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3745903&dopt=Abstract

32

Living Will

•

The issues behind “living will” legislation. Author(s): Eelkema R, Feinwachs D. Source: Minn Med. 1989 January; 72(1): 41-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2915629&dopt=Abstract

•

The legal aspect of living wills: a need for clarity. Author(s): Dimond B. Source: International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2000 June; 6(6): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249452&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will (Wasiyat Al-Hayy): a study of its legality in the light of Islamic jurisprudence. Author(s): Ebrahim AF. Source: Med Law. 2000; 19(1): 147-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10876311&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will and the directive to provide maximum care. The scope of autonomy. Author(s): Haber JG. Source: Chest. 1986 September; 90(3): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3743161&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will and the health care durable power: what's the difference and which is best? Author(s): Holm RP. Source: S D J Med. 1991 March; 44(3): 74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2024111&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will from the nurse's perspective. Author(s): Cohn SD. Source: Law Med Health Care. 1983 June; 11(3): 121-4, 136. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6560178&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will in action. Author(s): Hirsh HL. Source: Nurs Homes. 1986 May-June; 35(3): 31-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10284045&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will issue. Author(s): Anderson M, Gladue S, Laurie M, Skotniski E, Tramer D. Source: Can Nurse. 1991 November; 87(10): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1764665&dopt=Abstract

Studies

33

•

The living will. Author(s): Stumb PR. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1991 January; 84(1): 27. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1999927&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. Author(s): Rogers WF 3rd. Source: Conn Med. 1985 March; 49(3): 165-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3987267&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 November 25; 250(20): 2789. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6644950&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. Author(s): Rizzolo PJ. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1978 April; 6(4): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=641470&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. Author(s): Greaves D. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1988 August; 40(2): 93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3167313&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. Author(s): Bellocq JA. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 1988 May-June; 7(3): 168-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3371157&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Chest. 1986 September; 90(3): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3743160&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will. A matter of life and death. Author(s): Allen LE. Source: Indiana Med. 1986 January; 79(1): 40-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3950372&dopt=Abstract

34

Living Will

•

The living will. Help or hindrance? Author(s): Eisendrath SJ, Jonsen AR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 April 15; 249(15): 2054-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6834595&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will: a national survey. Author(s): Doukas DJ, Gorenflo DW, Coughlin SS. Source: Family Medicine. 1991 July; 23(5): 354-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1884929&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will: does it protect the rights of the terminally ill? Author(s): Rizzo RF. Source: N Y State J Med. 1989 February; 89(2): 72-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2710437&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will: implications for nurses. Author(s): Bassett CC. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1993 July 8-21; 2(13): 688-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8364306&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will: its execution and application. Author(s): Matthews K. Source: Todays or Nurse. 1986 May; 8(5): 26-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3636025&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will: legal and ethical perspectives. Author(s): Wold JL. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 1992 February; 24(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1532012&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will: the final expression. Author(s): Baker CH. Source: Leg Med Q. 1980 Spring; 4: 2-13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10251133&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will--are you for or against? Author(s): Bassett C. Source: J Fam Health Care. 2003; 13(1): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696299&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

The living will--to ensure a natural death. Author(s): Levitt MA. Source: Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 1996 Summer; 59(3): 49-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9074332&dopt=Abstract

•

The Natural Death Act (Living Will)--a poor solution to a problem that does not exist. Author(s): Stransky JJ. Source: S D J Med. 1989 January; 42(1): 13. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2916110&dopt=Abstract

•

The physician and the living will. Author(s): Saunders DE Jr. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1988 March; 84(3): 114-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3361849&dopt=Abstract

•

The physician's decision to use tube feedings: the role of the family, the living will, and the Cruzan decision. Author(s): Ely JW, Peters PG Jr, Zweig S, Elder N, Schneider FD. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1992 May; 40(5): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1634699&dopt=Abstract

•

The right to die and the living will: Missouri status. Author(s): Gloe DS. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1991 January; 11(1): 26-7, 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1988246&dopt=Abstract

•

The right to die. Are living wills adequate? Author(s): Collins CM. Source: J Fla Med Assoc. 1990 November; 77(11): 949-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2273367&dopt=Abstract

•

The Tennessee living will statute and its impact on the professional nurse. Author(s): McGee KG. Source: Bull Tenn Nurses Assoc. 1990 February; 53(1): 5-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2317882&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of living wills at the end of life. A national study. Author(s): Hanson LC, Rodgman E. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996 May 13; 156(9): 1018-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8624167&dopt=Abstract

36

Living Will

•

Thinking about the living will. Author(s): Burrows R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 June; 86(6): 704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764442&dopt=Abstract

•

Thinking about the living will. Author(s): Barker E. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1996 June; 86(6): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8764441&dopt=Abstract

•

Thinking about the living will. Author(s): McLean GR. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1995 November; 85(11): 1146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8597001&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of patients with living wills. Author(s): Arthur CL. Source: Nursing Administration Quarterly. 1988 Spring; 12(3): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3374863&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatments not specifically listed in the living will: the ethical dilemmas. Author(s): Catalano JT. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 1994 May-June; 13(3): 142-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7988326&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of living wills in HIV infection and AIDS. Author(s): Meadows P. Source: Lancet. 1994 November 26; 344(8935): 1509. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7968146&dopt=Abstract

•

Value of the living will. Author(s): Raffin TA. Source: Chest. 1986 September; 90(3): 444-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3743162&dopt=Abstract

•

Variables that predict interest in and the completion of living wills. Author(s): VandeCreek L, Frankowski D, Johnson M. Source: J Pastoral Care. 1995 Summer; 49(2): 212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10154665&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Views of elderly people on living wills: interview study. Author(s): Schiff R, Rajkumar C, Bulpitt C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 June 17; 320(7250): 1640-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856065&dopt=Abstract

•

When a living will is ignored. Author(s): Edwards BS. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1994 July; 94(7): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8017500&dopt=Abstract

•

Why have a living will? Author(s): Quigley FM. Source: Focus Crit Care. 1991 February; 18(1): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1995369&dopt=Abstract

•

Why I don't have a living will. Author(s): Lynn J. Source: Law Med Health Care. 1991 Spring-Summer; 19(1-2): 101-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1895759&dopt=Abstract

•

Why we all should have living wills. Author(s): Moorhead LC. Source: Med Econ. 1991 May 20; 68(10): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10110944&dopt=Abstract

•

Will outpatients complete living wills? A comparison of two interventions. Author(s): Hare J, Nelson C. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 1991 January-February; 6(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1999745&dopt=Abstract

•

Wills, living wills and enduring powers of attorney. Author(s): Laurence DR. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London. 1995 NovemberDecember; 29(6): 488-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8748105&dopt=Abstract

•

Withholding and withdrawing artificial feeding: the role of the living will. Author(s): Healey JM. Source: Conn Med. 1985 November; 49(11): 765. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3933905&dopt=Abstract

38

Living Will

•

You and the living will. Author(s): Graser E. Source: Ga Nurse. 1984 July-August; 44(4): 1, 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6565606&dopt=Abstract

39

CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LIVING WILL Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to living will. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to living will and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to living will: •

Alzheimer's disease's other victims. Author(s): Bruenderman ER. Source: Ky Hosp Mag. 1991 Summer; 8(3): 18-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10170788&dopt=Abstract

•

Considering what is at stake. Author(s): DeAugustine CJ. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1998 Fall; 15(4): 18-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904947&dopt=Abstract

•

Death, privacy, and the free exercise of religion. Author(s): Stacy T.

40

Living Will

Source: Cornell Law Rev. 1992 March; 77(3): 490-595. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10117969&dopt=Abstract •

End-of-life decisions in HIV-positive patients: the role of spiritual beliefs. Author(s): Kaldjian LC, Jekel JF, Friedland G. Source: Aids (London, England). 1998 January 1; 12(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9456260&dopt=Abstract

•

Health-related quality of life in patient decision making. Author(s): Kaplan RM. Source: J Soc Issues. 1991 Winter; 47(4): 69-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11659600&dopt=Abstract

•

Hospice, medical ethics and Jewish customs. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1993 July-August; 10(4): 6-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329248&dopt=Abstract

•

Living will does not resolve medical-ethical-legal dilemma. Author(s): Monagle JF. Source: Hosp Prog. 1976 May; 57(5): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1270060&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Author(s): Mahoney SS. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 4-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729484&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Help the dying to live. Author(s): Paige R. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 6-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729486&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? I had to quit to fight. Author(s): Mahoney SS. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729489&dopt=Abstract

•

Living wills: down the slippery slope? Not all help is helpful. Author(s): Morgan S.

Alternative Medicine 41

Source: J Christ Nurs. 1992 Winter; 9(1): 7-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1729487&dopt=Abstract •

Meanings and attitudes toward end-of-life preferences in Israel. Author(s): Leichtentritt RD, Rettig KD. Source: Death Studies. 1999 June; 23(4): 323-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10558429&dopt=Abstract

•

On euthanasia and assistance for a good death: plan for action. Author(s): Spanish Bishops' Conference. Source: Dolentium Hominum. 1990; 14(5Th Yr. No. 2): 58-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085875&dopt=Abstract

•

Restoring healing to health care. Author(s): Hamel R. Source: Second Opinion (Park Ridge, Ill.). 1994 July; 20(1): 74-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10136513&dopt=Abstract

•

Roles for the church in improving end-of-life care: perceptions of Christian clergy and laity. Author(s): Braun KL, Zir A. Source: Death Studies. 2001 December; 25(8): 685-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883451&dopt=Abstract

•

The decision to execute a durable power of attorney for health care and preferences regarding the utilization of life-sustaining treatments in nursing home residents. Author(s): Cohen-Mansfield J, Rabinovich BA, Lipson S, Fein A, Gerber B, Weisman S, Pawlson LG. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 February; 151(2): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1992956&dopt=Abstract

•

The ethical dilemma: to do or not to do. Author(s): Pellegrino ED, Zacks DM. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1990 November; 79(11): 823-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2269862&dopt=Abstract

•

The living will (Wasiyat Al-Hayy): a study of its legality in the light of Islamic jurisprudence. Author(s): Ebrahim AF. Source: Med Law. 2000; 19(1): 147-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10876311&dopt=Abstract

42

Living Will

•

The living will. Author(s): Oosterveen G. Source: Care Giver. 1985-87; 2-4: 284-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10286195&dopt=Abstract

•

The northeast Tennessee Spirituality and End of Life Issues Survey. Author(s): Ginn DR, Aliff L. Source: Tenn Med. 1998 November; 91(11): 425-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807941&dopt=Abstract

•

Variables that predict interest in and the completion of living wills. Author(s): VandeCreek L, Frankowski D, Johnson M. Source: J Pastoral Care. 1995 Summer; 49(2): 212-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10154665&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the

Alternative Medicine 43

MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

45

CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON LIVING WILL Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to living will. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “living will” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on living will, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Living Will ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to living will. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Cognition, Life Satisfaction, and Attitudes Regarding Life Support among the Elderly (living Will) by Greer, Marjorie Bedell, PhD from The University of Oklahoma, 1994, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9422551

•

Decisions Regarding Advance Directives for End-of-life Medical Treatment (medical Decision-making, Living Will) by Littrell, Sharon Smith, PhD from Kent State University, 1991, 206 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9214668

•

'If I Can Help Somebody, then My Living Will Not Be in Vain': Spirituality, Aid, and Action in the African American Breast Cancer Survivorship Experience by Williams, Elizabeth Ann; PhD from University of Kentucky, 2002, 426 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063249

•

'Then My Living Will Not Be in Vain': a Rhetorical Study of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in the Mobilization for

46

Living Will

Collective Action toward Nonviolent Means to Integration, 1954-1964. by Sloan, Rose Mary, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1977, 237 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7731982

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

47

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LIVING WILL Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to living will. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on living will include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “living will” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “living will” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “living will” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Advance Directives: Living Wills (1998); ISBN: 0854395393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854395393/icongroupinterna

•

Checklist Chart of Living Will Laws; ISBN: 9998931568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9998931568/icongroupinterna

•

Colorado Living Will Kit (Bradford Legal Series) by Karen Brady; ISBN: 1883726727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883726727/icongroupinterna

•

Consumers' guide for planning ahead : the health care power of attorney and the living will, an information paper (SuDoc Y 4.AG 4:S.PRT.102-106); ISBN: 0160392144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160392144/icongroupinterna

•

Decide for Yourself: Life Support, Living Will, Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care by Carolyn S. Brown, et al (1993); ISBN: 0939838346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939838346/icongroupinterna

48

Living Will

•

Do It Yourself Family Protection Kit: Last Will and Testament and Living Will by John F. Goodson, et al (1991); ISBN: 1879191024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879191024/icongroupinterna

•

Doctor, Please Close the Door!: A Book on Living Wills, Powers of Attorney, Terminal Care, and the Right to Die With Dignity by Kenneth A. Bartholomew; ISBN: 0942963458; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942963458/icongroupinterna

•

Easing the Passage: A Guide for Prearranging and Ensuring a Pain-Free and Tranquil Death Via a Living Will, Personal Medical Mandate, and Other Medi by David E. Outerbridge, Alan R. Hersh; ISBN: 0060921579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060921579/icongroupinterna

•

Ethics in the 90's: Living Wills by Haber (2002); ISBN: 0534542743; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0534542743/icongroupinterna

•

Handbook of 1985 Living Will Laws by Society for the Right to Die; ISBN: 096138252X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096138252X/icongroupinterna

•

Handbook of Living Will Laws/1987 Edition by Society for the Right to Die (1987); ISBN: 0961382546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961382546/icongroupinterna

•

Handbook of Living Will Laws: 1981-1984 (1984); ISBN: 0961382503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961382503/icongroupinterna

•

How to Plan Your "Total" Estate With a Will & Living Will, Without the Lawyer's Fees: The American Will Kit by Benji O. Anosike (1999); ISBN: 0932704492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932704492/icongroupinterna

•

How to Prepare Your Own Living Will by John F. Goodson; ISBN: 0934141118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0934141118/icongroupinterna

•

How to Write Your Own Living Will, 4e by Edward A. Haman (2004); ISBN: 1572483946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572483946/icongroupinterna

•

Last Rites or Last Rights: Living Wills, Euthanasia and the Right to Die (Public Administration Series, 1991) by Tim J. Watts; ISBN: 0890289719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890289719/icongroupinterna

•

Last Will and Testament and Living Will Forms by Self-Counsel Press (2003); ISBN: 1551803291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551803291/icongroupinterna

•

Last Wills: Includes Living Wills by C G T Canadian Legal Forms (2002); ISBN: 1563828553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563828553/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will and Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care by T. Swartz, Lawpak (Editor); ISBN: 1879421070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879421070/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will and the Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care Book: With Forms (Contemporary Public Health Issues, Vol 1) by Phillip G. Williams, Phil Living Will Source Book Williams (1991); ISBN: 0936284234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936284234/icongroupinterna

Books

49

•

Living Will Forms by Self-Counsel Press; ISBN: 1551803321; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551803321/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will Kit by Arnold Goldstein, Made E-Z Products; ISBN: 1563826550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563826550/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will Kit, Do It Yourself: Valid in Al 50 States by Timothy J. Smith (1991); ISBN: 1880398001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880398001/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will Simplified by Tracey Brown, Mimi Lowery; ISBN: 0938339001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0938339001/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will: A Study of Tennyson and 19th Century Subjectivism by William Brushear (1969); ISBN: 0686224450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0686224450/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills & Child's Medical Consent (LawPak Do-It-Yourself) by LawPak, D. C. Schultz (2000); ISBN: 1879421127; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879421127/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills & Power of Attorney Healthcare: Do It Yourself by Living Wills, et al; ISBN: 156382406X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156382406X/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills (NT Clinical Monographs) by Linda Wilson; ISBN: 1902499271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1902499271/icongroupinterna

•

Living wills : hearing before the Subcommittee on Medicare and Long-Term Care of the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 1766, July 20, 1990 (SuDoc Y 4.F 49:S.hrg.101-1168); ISBN: B000105KDQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000105KDQ/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills and Durable Power of Attorney (Scope-Notes No:2) by McCarrick (1991); ISBN: 9992905492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992905492/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills and Enduring Powers of Attorney (You Need This Book First); ISBN: 1859418201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859418201/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills and Enduring Powers of Attorney: Make Your Wishes Known (You Need This Book First) by Rosy Border; ISBN: 0117028193; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117028193/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills and More: Everything You Need to Ensure That All Your Medical Wishes Are Followed by Terry J. Barnett; ISBN: 0471573949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471573949/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills and Wills by Howard E. Goldfluss, Harold Goldfluss (1994); ISBN: 0517101459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517101459/icongroupinterna

•

Living wills made E-Z; ISBN: 1563820935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563820935/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills Made E-Z! (Made E-Z Guides) by Valerie H. Goldstein, E-Z Legal; ISBN: 1563824264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563824264/icongroupinterna

50

Living Will

•

Living Wills Made E-Z: Includes Power of Attorney for Healthcare by Made E-Z Products, Made E-Z; ISBN: 1563824728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1563824728/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills Simplified (Law Made Simple) by Dan Sitarz, Daniel Sitarz; ISBN: 0935755527; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935755527/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills, California Only (Consumer Legal Kit) by Jeffrey A. Isaac; ISBN: 0671557572; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671557572/icongroupinterna

•

Living Wills: New and Selected Poems by Cynthia MacDonald; ISBN: 0679742786; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679742786/icongroupinterna

•

Millions now living will never die: a study of Jehovah's Witnesses by Alan Rogerson; ISBN: 0094559406; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0094559406/icongroupinterna

•

Ohio Living Will Act by Wayne A. Jenkins (1991); ISBN: 0832203920; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0832203920/icongroupinterna

•

Planning for Uncertainty: A Guide to Living Wills and Other Advance Directives for Health Care by David John, M.D. Doukas, William M.D. Reichel (1993); ISBN: 0801846714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801846714/icongroupinterna

•

Powers of Attorney and Living Will Guide (Law Pack Guide); ISBN: 190264669X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/190264669X/icongroupinterna

•

Pregnancy Exclusions in State Living Will and Medical Proxy Statutes by Kathleen D. Stoll (1992); ISBN: 1877966142; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1877966142/icongroupinterna

•

Take Control of Your Health Care Decisions: A State-By-State Guide to Preparing Your Living Will and Appointing Your Health Care Agent, With Forms by Phillip Williams, Phil Williams (1995); ISBN: 0936284242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936284242/icongroupinterna

•

The Alpha Living Will Kit-National Edition: Special Book Edition With Removable Forms by Kermit Burton (1998); ISBN: 0937434345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937434345/icongroupinterna

•

The Complete Guide to Living Wills: How to Safeguard Your Treatment Choices by Evan R. Collins, et al; ISBN: 0553354353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553354353/icongroupinterna

•

The Do-It Yourself Living Will by Michael J. Logue; ISBN: 0967450209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967450209/icongroupinterna

•

The Essential Guide to a Living Will by B. D. Colen; ISBN: 0345348877; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345348877/icongroupinterna

•

The Essential Guide to a Living Will; ISBN: 0345349784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345349784/icongroupinterna

•

The Living Will by Madonna Muscarello, Judie Brown (1987); ISBN: 091363106X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091363106X/icongroupinterna

Books

51

•

The Living Will and Other Life-And-Death Medical Choices by Joseph E. Beltran; ISBN: 0840767463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0840767463/icongroupinterna

•

The Living Will Handbook: The Right to Decide Your Own Fate by Alan D. Lieberson (1991); ISBN: 0803893345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803893345/icongroupinterna

•

The Living Will Source Book, With Forms by Phil Williams; ISBN: 0936284226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0936284226/icongroupinterna

•

The Living Will: Consent to Treatment at the End of Life; ISBN: 0340491426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0340491426/icongroupinterna

•

The Right to Die With Dignity, Illinois Edition: The Living Will, the Power of Attorney for Healthcare, and the Healthcare Surrogate Act by Robert S. Hunter (1994); ISBN: 1884177050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884177050/icongroupinterna

•

Their Rights: Advanced Directives and Living Wills Explored by Kevin Kendrick, Simon Robinson; ISBN: 0862422442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0862422442/icongroupinterna

•

To Live And Die With Dignity: A Guide To Living Wills by Samuel L. Pelusa, et al; ISBN: 1880254018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880254018/icongroupinterna

•

Write Your Own Living Will by Bradley E. Smith, et al; ISBN: 0517584662; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517584662/icongroupinterna

•

Writing A Living Will : Using a Durable Power-Of-Attorney by George J. Alexander (Author) (1988); ISBN: 0275928012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275928012/icongroupinterna

•

You Decide: Using Living Wills and Other Advance Directives to Guide Your Treatment Choices by Evelyn J. Van Allen; ISBN: 155623936X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155623936X/icongroupinterna

•

Your Guide to Living Wills in Ohio and Durable Powers of Attorney for Health Care: Lawyers Edition by Gere B. Fulton (1991); ISBN: 9992998067; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992998067/icongroupinterna

•

Your Living Will: Why, When and How to Write One by Eileen P. Flynn; ISBN: 0806512946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806512946/icongroupinterna

•

Your right to decide : advance directives (living will, durable power of attorney for health care and treatment preference), organ and tissue donation (SuDoc VA 1.2:R 44) by U.S. Dept of Veterans Affairs; ISBN: B00010QCHO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010QCHO/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.”

52

Living Will

From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Checklist Chart of Living Will Laws, Living Will Declaration, [and Set of State Living Will Declarations]. Author: Society for the Right to Die.; Year: 1987

•

Easing the passage: a guide for prearranging and ensuring a pain-free and tranquil death via a living will, personal medical mandate, and other medical, legal, and ethical resources Author: Outerbridge, David.; Year: 1991; New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991; ISBN: 0060163232 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060163232/icongroupinterna

•

How to write your own living will Author: Haman, Edward A.; Year: 2002; Naperville, Ill.: Sphinx Pub., 2002; ISBN: 1572482338 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572482338/icongroupinterna

•

Living Will Author: Singer, Peter A.; Year: 1994; Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, 88 College St., Toronto, ON M5G 1L4, 1994; ISBN: 0920169538

•

Writing a Living Will: Using a Durable Power-of-Attorney Author: Alexander, George J.; Year: 1988; New York: Praeger, 1988; ISBN: 0275929396 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0275929396/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Living Will In order to find chapters that specifically relate to living will, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and living will using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on living will: •

End-of-Life Issues Source: in Lydiatt, W.M. and Johnson, P.J. Cancers of the Mouth and Throat: A Patient's Guide to Treatment. Omaha, NE: Addicus Books, Inc. 2001. p. 128-135. Contact: Available from Addicus Books, Inc. P.O. Box 45327, Omaha, NE 68145. (402) 330-7493. Fax (402) 330-1707. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.AddicusBooks.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1886039445. Summary: Death is an intensely personal and often a totally private matter. For patients who have been informed that cancer treatments can no longer help them, feelings of being overwhelmed can be completely disruptive. At the same time, they will be asked to make decisions about every aspect of their own death, from the most practical to the

7

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

53

most spiritual. This final chapter in a book designed to help patients and their families better understand cancers of the head and neck, including cancers of the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), sinuses, thyroid, and salivary glands, addresses end of life issues. This book supports the idea that the better informed the patient is, the better questions they can ask and the more they can be involved in their own treatment. The authors explain in nontechnical terms the stages of dying, making necessary arrangements, the role of advance directives (including living wills), memorial services, taking care of practical and financial details, hospice care, and dying with dignity. The authors note that every suggestion in the chapter is offered with one overriding goal in mind: to create an atmosphere in which the patient can accept the prospect of death and make peace both with dying and with the important people in their life. •

Ethical Dilemmas and Challenging Case Management Decisions Source: in Swigert, N.B. The Source of Dysphagia. East Moline, IL: LinguiSystems, Inc. 1996. p. 81-88. Contact: Available from LinguiSystems, Inc. 3100 4th Avenue, East Moline, IL 612449700. (800) 776-4332; (309) 755-2300; FAX (800) 577-4555. PRICE: $37.95 plus $5.00 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0760601410. Summary: This book chapter for speech language pathologists explores ethical dilemmas and challenging case management decisions in dysphagia care for older adults. It defines advance directives, living wills, healthcare surrogates, and the durable power of attorney. These legal mechanisms enable patients to specify their wishes about medical decisions and tube feeding. Eight case examples are presented to illustrate the types of ethical dilemmas and case management decisions which may arise. Three of these cases involve patients with advanced dementia. These cases are a question-andanswer format. They address problems related to inadequate nutrition with oral feeding, aspiration, and the need for restraints during tube feeding.

•

Legal Considerations Source: in Du Bois, D. Enteral Feeding in the Nursing Home. La Grange, TX: M and H Publishing Company, Inc. 1990. p. 5-11. Contact: Available from M and H Publishing Company, Inc. P.O. Box 268, La Grange, TX 78945-0268. (409) 968-9508. PRICE: $10.95 plus $2.50 shipping and handling. ISBN: 1877735205. Summary: This chapter, from a nursing guidebook about enteral feedings in the nursing home population, presents a discussion of the legal considerations involved. Topics include living wills, directives to physicians, procedures to follow in the absence of such directives, possible legal liability in this situation, and procedures to follow to avoid legal problems. The author stresses the importance of good communication between all involved parties and the need for nursing staff to be familiar with the applicable laws and regulations for the state in which they practice. 11 references.

•

Consent in Dementia: Is It Valid and Informed? Source: in Levy, R.; Howard, R.; Burns, A.; eds. Treatment and Care in Old Age Psychiatry. Petersfield, Hampshire, UK: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd. 1993. p. 203-214. Contact: Available from Taylor and Francis. 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007-1598. (800) 821-8312 or (215) 785-5515 (FAX). PRICE: $85.00.

54

Living Will

Summary: This chapter, in a text concerning recent advances in the psychiatry of the aged, deals with the ethical and legal issues of consent to treatment by people with dementia. The concept of consent under both American and English law is discussed, but the article focuses on its applications under English law, and particularly with regard to the Mental Health Act, which can justify compulsory procedures in the case of mental incapacity. The author argues that use of the Act is reasonable when a person with dementia is clearly making irrational judgments based on effects of dementia, such as delusions and hallucinations. He argues against any routine denial of the opportunity to provide consent, euthanasia, and assisted death for dementia patients. Basic ethical principles are articulated, including the need for patient autonomy, choosing ethically correct actions, avoiding harm, and ensuring equity and justice. Guidelines for assessing mental capacity are suggested. Methods of promoting patient autonomy are discussed, and the living will and power of attorney are explained. The author argues that doctors often have been given too much authority in cases of determining capacity for consent and deciding on treatment for the incapacitated, and suggests issues that should be explored in future debate. 29 references.

55

CHAPTER 5. MULTIMEDIA ON LIVING WILL Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on living will. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on living will is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “living will” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on living will: •

Pro Bono in the AIDS Epidemic Contact: American Bar Association, AIDS Coordination Project, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC, 20018, (202) 331-2248. Summary: Michael Moriarty, who plays attorney Ben Stone on the television series "Law and Order", narrates this videorecording about pro bono work for Persons with AIDS (PWA's). His narration frames a number of short interviews with attorneys who have gained a sense of accomplishment and contribution from donating their services. It discusses legal issues such as living wills, wills, power of attorney, and guardianship, and profiles pro bono activities in New York City; Houston, TX; and Macon, GA.

•

Coping With Alzheimer's: The Houston Connection Source: Houston, TX: Baylor College of Medicine. 1990. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Media Productions. Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room 336A, Houston, TX 77030. (713) 798-4939. PRICE: $17.50 for VHS, $33.50 for

56

Living Will

U-Matic. Also available from Baylor College of Medicine, Alzheimer's Disease Center. Department of Neurology, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801, Houston, TX 77030. (713) 789-6660. Avalaible for loan; contact by phone and send a self-addressed stamped envelope. Summary: The purpose of this video is to provide information about caring for individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Family caregivers and health professionals discuss problems and concerns associated with caring for loved ones with Alzheimer's disease and how the Greater Houston Chapter of the Alzheimer's Association addresses those concerns. The video program is divided into four sections: community resources, legal and financial planning, finacial aid, and research. Community resources include family support groups, respite care, day care, companions/sitters, home health aids, and nursing homes. Legal and financial planning is necessary as soon as possible after diagnosis to prevent additional burdens for family members later when the patient is unable to make his or her own decisions. Legal steps include having both a will and a living will, naming both a legal and health care power of attorney, and legal planning for the caregiver. Types of financial aid for Alzheimer's care include disability insurance, social security, supplemental security income, private health insurance, medicare and medicaid, social services, and Veterans Administration benefits. Clinical research consists of testing experimental treatments on persons who meet study criteria. Basic science research indicates that abnormalities in certain neurons in the brain, particularly an accumulation of amyloid proteins, occurs in the majority of patients with Alzheimer's disease, suggesting possible avenues for further research and treatment. •

In Your Hands: The Tools for Preserving Personal Autonomy Source: Washington, DC: Commission on Legal Problems of the Elderly, American Bar Association. 1994. 12 p. (booklet); 29 p. (program guide); 19 min (videocassette). Contact: Available from Terra Nova Films, Inc. 9848 S. Winchester Avenue, Chicago, IL 60643. (800) 779-8491; (773) 881-3368; FAX (773) 881- 3368. Internet: http://www.terranova.org. PRICE: $119.00 (purchase); $35.00 (rental); plus $9.00 for shipping and handling. Summary: This kit (a booklet, program guide, and videocassette) is part of an educational program about the legal tools older people can use to preserve their personal autonomy in the event of an incapacitating illness or disability such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The intended audiences include older people who wish to preserve their personal decision-making rights, middle-aged adults who may be faced with caring for their parents, and providers of care to older and disabled patients. The videocassette presents three older people and family members who are concerned about advance legal planning. One is a woman with AD who used a power of attorney to plan with her daughter for her future care. Another is a woman with diabetes-related vision loss who used a living will to take control of her future. The third person is a healthy older women who expresses some fears and anxiety about aging. She talks with a lawyer about ways to maintain control over her life and make it easier for others when they have to take responsibility for her care. The lawyer describes two sets of simple tools that can help: financial management documents and personal choice decisionmaking documents. The financial management tools are the durable power of attorney and a more formal contract, the trust. The personal choice decision-making tools are the living will, which enables people to specify the types of care they desire in the case of long-term illness or disability; and the medical power of attorney, which delegates the right to someone else to make health care decisions when the patient is no longer able to make those decisions himself.

Multimedia 57

•

Aging Parents: The Family Survival Guide Source: Carlsbad, CA: Lifetapes Communication, Inc. 1997. Contact: Available from Lifetapes Communications, Inc. 6930 Wildrose Terrace, Carlsbad, CA 92009. (888) 777-5585; FAX: (760) 431-1145. Internet: http://www.agingparents.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus $10.00 shipping and handling. Summary: This package of 2 videotapes and a manual is intended to help adult children care for their aging parents with Alzheimer's disease or other mental and physical illnesses. The first section explains how to prepare for caregiving, knowing when it is time to act, assessing the parent's situation, developing and monitoring a care plan, and surviving the stress of parent care. Section two addresses issues involved with longdistance caregiving, including relocation, travel, and coordinating care. Section three discusses family dynamics, focusing on role reversal and communicating with parents and siblings. Section four explains the housing options and support services available to elders. Section five outlines medical and health issues. Sections six and seven focus on legal and financial issues, including insurance, power of attorney, living wills, and trusts. Section eight lists government programs such as Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and the Older Americans Act. The video concludes with a section on death and dying, funeral arrangements, hospice care, and dealing with grief.

•

The Right To Die Contact: Leo Media Incorporated, 110 W Main St, Urbana, IL, 61801-2715, (217) 384-4838, http://www.leomed.com. Summary: This video examines the legal, moral, and ethical issues concerning the rights of a terminally ill patient to end dependence on life-support technology and to be allowed to die. It addresses a patient's ability to make rational decisions when suffering from depression, the use of living wills, and the consequences of long-term hospital treatment (i.e., how it effects a family's finances, etc.).

•

A Time to Choose Contact: Partnership for Caring Incorporated, Americas Voices for the Dying, 1620 Eye St NW, Washington, DC, 20006, (202) 296-8071, http://www.partnershipforcaring.org. Summary: This video focuses on the importance of communication between physicians and patients on the subject of a living will. It is important to discuss and document the patient's wishes concerning life support. When a patient is too ill to speak and communicate, having the printed document allows the family and medical personnel to carry out the patient's wishes. The video stresses the fact that health care must be a partnership between patient and physician; a physician can give information and make recommendations, but ultimately the final decision rests with the patient. Few people discuss the subject of a living will and their feelings about life support, and doctors seem reluctant to bring it up. Some reasons doctors give for avoiding the issue are the time factor, a fear of influencing the patient's decision and opinion, the emotional turmoil it may initiate, and their concern about the patient's reaction to this line of conversation. Yet the more up-front communication that takes place between physician and patient when all is well, the more likely it is that the physician can carry out the patient's wishes when the patient becomes gravely ill. Physicians are often surprised at their patients' willingness and eagerness to discuss this topic, and make their feeling known both verbally and in writing. The video recommends that each person select a

58

Living Will

family member or friend to serve as their healthy advocate, or proxy, in the event that the patient can no long speak for him/herself. •

Discussing Advanced Directives: A Practical Guide Source: Sherborn, MA: Aquarius Productions, Inc. 1994. Videocassette. Contact: Available from Aquarius Productions, Inc. 5 Powderhouse Lane, PO Box 1159, Sherborn, MA 01770. (508) 651-2963; FAX (508) 650-4216. PRICE: $195.00 plus $9.00 for shipping and handling; $50.00 for preview. Summary: This videocassette is targeted toward health care professionals to facilitate patient discussions concerning advance directives, including health care proxies and living wills. It is designed to help train hospital staff and other health care professionals, may be useful in nursing homes and medical schools. Importance is given to enabling patients to choose the type of treatment they desire in the event that they are unable to decide for themselves, and making the dying process as comfortable as possible. Suggestions are offered on ways to help patients plan for the future such as first establishing a rapport with them and dispelling any fears they may have. Physicians are interviewed about when to approach a patient to begin preparing advance directives. Each patient differs on his/her opinions. Two case examples are provided, a woman whose mother had passed away with Alzheimer's disease and another woman whose mother passed away when the woman was a teenager. Both women express their concerns about advance directives based on their past experiences. This videocassette is ideal for training hospital staff, health care professionals, and useful in nursing homes and medical schools.

•

What About My Kids? Contact: Gay Mens Health Crisis, 119 W 24th St Tisch Bldg, New York, NY, 10011-1995, (212) 367-1205, http://www.gmhc.org. Summary: This videocassette presents information about how mothers with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can plan for the care of their children while they are ill and after they have died. The mothers in the video discuss the emotions they experienced upon learning of their seropositive status and having to plan for the care of their children after they have died. The video explains how to choose a guardian if necessary and how to make a will expressing these wishes. It includes information about other options that women must consider when deciding for the care of their children such as a petition of guardianship, standby guardianship, and early permanency planning. A petition of guardianship is a document that decrees that parents turn over their children to their selected guardians immediately, while standby guardianship means parents hand over guardianship upon death or at a pre-designated point in the late stages of illness. In early permanency planning, parents designate guardians as foster parents; however, the disadvantage to this plan is that the state becomes the custodian of the children. The video examines the necessity for planning for the care of children during the mother's late illness as well as for her own medical care through legal documentation such as living wills and health care proxies. Living wills state medical treatments that would be refused in the late stages of illness while health care proxies name a trusted person or persons to make medical decisions should the mother with HIV/AIDS become incapacitated.

Multimedia 59

•

Perspectives on Physician Aid - in - Dying Contact: Americans for Death with Dignity, PO Box 11001, Glendale, CA, 91226, (415) 594-9119. Summary: This videorecording contains viewpoints of an oncologist, an AIDS patient and his caregiver, and two officers from Americans for Death with Dignity (ADD), who all support the concept of physician-assisted aid-in-dying. From the physician's perspective, the Hippocratic Oath supports relieving suffering and an extension of the healing role to include compassion and a patient's right to quality of life. The dying AIDS patient believes it is his choice and stresses his fear of a long dying process, not death itself. The ADD contends that physician-assisted death is the next step after living wills and the right to refuse treatment, which are legal. Physician aid-in-dying is seen as an empowerment of the patient and as a women's issue, since women live longer than men. Coupled with safeguards such as physician expertise, informed consent, and a waiting period, the small population of mentally- competent, terminal patients in the dying process should be able to exercise this human right to die with dignity.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Living Will The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in living will (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on living will: •

Advance directives [videorecording]: living will, durable power of attorney Source: Sisters of Mercy Health Corporation; produced by Jack Glaser; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; [Kansas City, Mo.]: Sheed & Ward, c1986

•

The Living will [videorecording] Source: produced by the Public Health Network, D.H.E.C. and the Health Communications Network, M.U.S.C; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, S.C.: The Network, 1986

61

CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LIVING WILL Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover living will.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on living will is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to living will. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “living will” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for living will: •

Living will may not guarantee wishes are followed Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 14, 2001

•

Living wills in UK subject to variable acceptance by care providers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 26, 2000

62

Living Will

•

Many elderly UK patients would write living wills Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 21, 2000

•

Congress urged to extend 'living will' law to pain relief Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 14, 1999

•

Living wills do not affect hospital care Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 14, 1998

•

Living Will For Cancer Patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 16, 1998

•

Cancer-Specific Living Will Available To Clinicians, Patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 16, 1998

•

Living Wills More Popular In U.S. Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 26, 1996

•

Living Wills Don't Affect Treatment Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 23, 1996

•

Providers Sued Over Living Wills Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 04, 1996

•

HIV Infection, Living Wills And Durable Powers Of Attorney: A Call For Reform Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 02, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Periodicals and News

63

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “living will” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to living will, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “living will” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on living will: •

Planning for Alzheimer's Source: Mid-Atlantic Health Law Topics. [Newsletter] 5(2): 1-2. Summer 1990. Contact: Available from Gordon, Feinblatt, Rothman, Hoffberger and Hollander. 233 E. Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21202. (410) 576-4000; or 1800 K Street, N.W., Suite 600, Washington, DC 20006. (202) 659-0555. PRICE: Call for information. Summary: This article examines the legal steps that must be taken either before the onset of Alzheimer's disease or before the patient becomes incompetent. Financial planning is important protection for both the patient and family. Suggestions for financial planning include direct deposit for all types of income, periodically transferring excess funds into

64

Living Will

a money market account or investment account, and having someone other than the patient authorized to withdraw money from the account. Planning for medical decisions is another important legal step. The execution of a living will is suggested in order to state a person's desire to have life support measures withheld or withdrawn at a point in the illness after incompetency/unconsciousness occurs. Failing to execute living wills can result in medical choices being made without clear direction. By preparing for legal/medical choices, key decisions affecting an Alzheimer's patient will not be controlled by the disease itself.

Academic Periodicals covering Living Will Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to living will. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering living will that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

65

APPENDICES

67

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

68

Living Will

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

69

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

70

Living Will

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “living will” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

AIDS and Legal Issues in Iowa: A Handbook for Persons Living With AIDS Summary: This book addresses the legal rights of persons with HIV/AIDS living in the state of Iowa. The first section discusses employment issues, outlining how HIV-positive persons are considered disabled under the The Iowa Civil Rights Act. The next section covers individual rights and protection from hate crimes and violence. Testing and confidentiality, including a discussion of informed consent, are addressed in the third section. While the fourth section covers the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), legal documents, such as living wills, guardianships, and Powers of Attorney, are explained in the fifth section. Insurance issues, including health, disability, and life coverage, comprise the sixth section. The seventh section contains health care issues, such as Medicaid, Medicare, and public health financial assistance, which is supplemented by a discussion of public benefits for persons with HIV/AIDS, such as food stamps, emergency assistance, and Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Transportation, housing, mental health, domestic relations, and Iowa resources for persons with HIV/AIDS are addressed as well. The appendices contain a Living Will form, and a Durable Power of Attorney for Health-Care Decisions form.

•

Legal Techniques for Financial, Medical, and Personal Planning for Alzheimer's Families in New Hampshire Source: Concord, NH: New Hampshire Division of Elderly and Adult Services. January 1993. 13 p. Contact: Available from New Hampshire Division of Elderly and Adult Services. State Office Park South, 115 Pleasant Street, Annex I Building, Concord, NH 03301. (603) 2714687. PRICE: Free. Summary: This guide explores the legal techniques available in New Hampshire for financial and medical planning. In these areas, information is included on: financial decision-making devices (durable power of attorney; joint ownership; representative payee; conservatorship; trusts; gifts); and on health care planning (health care power of attorney; terminal care documents ('living will'); organ donation). The last section of the guide briefly describes some of the Medicaid program's financial eligibility rules in New

Physician Resources

71

Hampshire (spousal income allowance; spousal resource allowance; the home; transfer of property). •

Living With HIV and AIDS: A Legal Guide for Tennesseans Contact: Nashville Bar Association, Young Lawyers Division AIDS Committee, 221 4th Ave North Ste 400, Nashville, TN, 37219. Summary: This manual provides legal guidelines for persons living in Tennessee with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It looks at confidentiality and medical records; health care, including emergency care, ambulance services, and physicians; insurance issues; financial issues; housing; employment-related problems; personal affairs, including aspects of estate planning, making a will, power of attorney, living wills, and funeral arrangements; and the needs of special groups, such as aliens, school children, and military personnel.

•

Legacy of Love: How to Make Life Easier for the Ones You Leave Behind. A Practical Workbook and Planning Tool Contact: Shelter Publications, Incorporated, PO Box 279, Bolinas, CA, 94924, (415) 8680280. Summary: This workbook and planning guide is designed to ease the burden placed on survivors by the death of a loved one by examining over 60 responsibilities facing survivors and delineating those that can be prepared for in advance. Instructions for the benefactor cover will preparation, selection of the cemetery or other resting place, mortuary and funeral arrangements, memorial or other services, obituaries, benefits and investments, insurance, property inventories, medical and family histories, and personal letters to survivors. Survivor instructions provide step-by-step instructions for carrying out newly inherited responsibilities in the areas of funeral arrangements, benefits (e.g., life insurance, pension, social security, workers' compensation), present and future financial planning, and investments (e.g., stocks, bonds, real estate. General information is provided on will preparation, including living wills, benefits, and investment possibilities. Addresses are included for bar associations, donor programs, memorial societies, hospices, grief support organizations, Medicare claims, and Veterans Administration centers. A glossary also is included. Forms for planning and inventories are provided. Also included are a variety of other useful forms such as loss and insurance claims and information requests.

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

11 12

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

72

Living Will

Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1390 450 421 16 5 2282

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “living will” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

13

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

15

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 16 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 17

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

Physician Resources

73

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

75

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on living will can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to living will. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to living will. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “living will”:

76

Living Will

•

Other guides Adoption http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adoption.html Bereavement http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bereavement.html Death and Dying http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/deathanddying.html Family Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/familyissues.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Kidney Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneytransplantation.html Liver Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livertransplantation.html Sudden Infant Death Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/suddeninfantdeathsyndrome.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to living will, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Death and Dying Source: Merck & Co., Inc. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual_home/sec1/4.jsp Dying Person's Guide to Dying Source: American College of Physicians http://www.acponline.org/public/h_care/dying-gd.htm Facts about End-of-Life Care http://www.partnershipforcaring.org/Resources/eolcare02.html What to Do Before and After the Moment of Death Source: American College of Physicians http://www.acponline.org/public/h_care/8-moment.htm

•

Coping Completing a Life Source: Michigan State University http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/completingalife/index.html End-of-Life Care Discussions Should Be Initiated Earlier Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZKDWENEF C&sub_cat=613

Patient Resources

•

77

Specific Conditions/Aspects Advanced Cancer: Living Each Day Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/advancedcancer Artificial Hydration and Nutrition Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/629.html Autopsy: Life's Final Chapter Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZPIEJD81D& sub_cat=385 Body Donation Source: Living Bank http://www.livingbank.org/bodydonation.html Care for the Spirit: The Role of Spirituality in End-of-Life Care http://www.lastacts.org/files/misc/careforspirit.pdf End of Life Choices - Feeding Tubes and Ventilators Source: Family Caregiver Alliance http://www.caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/content_node.jsp?nodeid=399 End-of-Life Care: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/handouts/630.html Facing Serious Illness: Questions to Ask Your Doctor http://www.lastacts.org/files/misc/Questionsforyourdoctor.pdf Final Details Source: AARP http://www.aarp.org/griefandloss/articles/70_a.html Finances Source: AARP http://www.aarp.org/griefandloss/articles/75_a.html Funeral Arrangements and Memorial Services Source: AARP http://www.aarp.org/griefandloss/articles/73_a.html How to Help during the Final Weeks of Life Source: American College of Physicians http://www.acponline.org/public/h_care/7-final.htm Talking about Your Choices Source: Partnership for Caring http://www.partnershipforcaring.org/Advance/talking_choices_content.html

•

Children Children Also Die: Pain and Death in Children http://www.lastacts.org/files/misc/childrendie.pdf

78

Living Will

Death and Dying Source: Ambulatory Pediatric Association http://www.ambpeds.org/deathanddying.cfm Helping Younger People Cope with Death and Funerals Source: American College of Physicians http://www.acponline.org/public/h_care/9-young.htm Talking to Children about Death Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/pepubs/childeath.pdf When Somebody Dies Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/emotion/somedie.html •

From the National Institutes of Health End-of-Life Care: Questions and Answers Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/8_15.htm

•

Law and Policy Advance Care Planning: Guidance for Proxies Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ97SFDZLC &sub_cat=386 Advance Directives Source: National Cancer Institute http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/8_12.htm Advance Directives: Living Wills and Health Care Powers of Attorney Source: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZXZ0F587C& sub_cat=386 End of Life Choices - CPR and DNR Source: Family Caregiver Alliance http://www.caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/content_node.jsp?nodeid=397 End-of-Life Decision-Making Source: Family Caregiver Alliance http://www.caregiver.org/caregiver/jsp/content_node.jsp?nodeid=401 Ethics and Legal Issues in Palliative Care Source: Beth Israel Medical Center, Dept. of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care http://www.stoppain.org/palliative_care/ethics.html Getting Legal Help Source: AARP http://www.aarp.org/griefandloss/articles/72_a.html Women and End-of-Life Decisions Source: Partnership for Caring http://www.partnershipforcaring.org/Resources/women&eol02.html

Patient Resources

•

79

Men Leading Causes of Death, Females United States, 2000 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Women's Health http://www.cdc.gov/od/spotlight/nwhw/lcod.htm

•

Organizations Americans for Better Care of the Dying http://www.abcd-caring.org/ Last Acts Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation http://www.lastacts.org National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ Partnership for Caring http://www.partnershipforcaring.org/HomePage/

•

Research Advance Care Planning: Preferences for Care at the End of Life Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/research/endliferia/endria.htm Advance Directives Found Key to Reducing Stress for Families of Hospitalized Patients at the End of Life Source: National Institute of Nursing Research http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/mar2001/ninr-15.htm New AHRQ Evidence Report Finds Autopsies Help to Uncover Medical Diagnostic Discrepancies Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2003/autoppr.htm

•

Statistics HHS Study Finds Life Expectancy in the U.S. Rose to 77.2 Years in 2001 Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2003pres/20030314a.html Leading Causes of Death Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm Youth Risk Behaviors Surveillance Survey: 2001 Information and Results Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/yrbs/2001/summary_results/

•

Women Leading Causes of Death, Females United States, 2000 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Women's Health http://www.cdc.gov/od/spotlight/nwhw/lcod.htm

80

Living Will

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on living will. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

The Living Will and the Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care Contact: MedChi Committee on Professional Ethics, 1211 Cathedral St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, (410) 539-0872, http://www.medchi.org. Summary: This brochure defines a living will and the durable power of attorney for health care. It describes the necessary steps to take to implement a living will and how to execute the durable power of attorney for health care. A sample of each document is included.

•

What's a Living Will? How to State Your Wishes About Medical Care Contact: Terrence Higgins Trust London, 52-54 Grays Inn Rd, London, http://www.tht.org.uk/. Summary: This brochure explains what living wills are, discusses why Persons with AIDS (PWA's) might consider making one, and tells where to obtain a copy of the forms for living wills that comply with the laws of the United Kingdom. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to living will. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

Patient Resources

81

Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to living will. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with living will. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about living will. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “living will” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

82

Living Will

your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “living will”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “living will” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “living will” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

83

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

84

Living Will

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

85

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

86

Living Will

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

87

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

88

Living Will

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

89

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

91

LIVING WILL DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]

Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

92

Living Will

Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for heart arrest resulting from electric shock, drowning, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation and closed-chest cardiac massage. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]

Dictionary 93

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH]

94

Living Will

Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH]

Dictionary 95

Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Euthanasia: The act or practice of putting to death people or animals suffering from incurable conditions or diseases. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Financial Management: The obtaining and management of funds for institutional needs and responsibility for fiscal affairs. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Programs: Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Hate: An enduring attitude or sentiment toward persons or objects manifested by anger, aversion and desire for the misfortune of others. [NIH] Heart Arrest: Sudden and usually momentary cessation of the heart beat. This sudden cessation may, but not usually, lead to death, sudden, cardiac. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH]

96

Living Will

Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Jurisprudence: The application of the principles of law and justice to health and medicine. [NIH]

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Legislation, Nursing: Laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of nursing, proposed for enactment by a legislative body. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Living will: A health care directive that tells others how a person would like to be treated if they lose their capacity to make decisions about health care; it contains instructions about the person's choices of medical treatment and it is prepared in advance. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]

Dictionary 97

Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Motivations: The most compelling inner determinants of human behavior; also called drives, urges, impulses, needs, wants, tensions, and willful cravings. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH]

98

Living Will

Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Opinion: The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH]

Dictionary 99

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respite Care: Patient care provided in the home or institution intermittently in order to provide temporary relief to the family home care giver. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Right to Die: The right of the patient or the patient's representative to make decisions with regard to the patient's dying. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may

100 Living Will

be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Terminal Care: Medical and nursing care of patients in the terminal stage of an illness. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]

Dictionary 101

Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]

103

INDEX A Algorithms, 91, 92 Alternative medicine, 63, 91 Ambulatory Care, 91 Amino Acids, 91, 98 Amyloid, 56, 91 Antibacterial, 91, 99 Antibiotic, 91, 99 Antibody, 91, 93, 96 Antigen, 91, 93, 96 Anxiety, 56, 91 Applicability, 16, 91 Arterial, 91, 98 Arteries, 91, 92, 94, 97 Aspiration, 53, 92 B Bacteria, 91, 92, 99, 100 Base, 92, 96 Bereavement, 76, 92 Beta-pleated, 91, 92 Biotechnology, 6, 52, 63, 69, 92 Blood vessel, 92, 99, 100 Bone Marrow, 5, 92, 96 Branch, 87, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100 C Cadaver, 5, 92 Cardiac, 12, 92, 95, 97, 99 Cardiopulmonary, 28, 77, 92 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, 28, 77, 92 Cell, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99 Chronic, 79, 92, 96, 100 CIS, 78, 92 Clinical trial, 5, 69, 93, 98 Cloning, 92, 93 Cofactor, 93, 98 Complement, 93 Complementary and alternative medicine, 39, 42, 93 Complementary medicine, 39, 93 Computational Biology, 69, 93 Conception, 93, 94 Connective Tissue, 92, 93, 94 Consciousness, 94, 99 Consolidation, 5, 94 Contraception, 10, 94 Contraindications, ii, 94 Coronary, 94, 97 Coronary Thrombosis, 94, 97

Critical Care, 11, 12, 14, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 94 Curative, 94, 100 D Databases, Bibliographic, 69, 94 Day Care, 56, 94 Decision Making, 21, 28, 40, 94 Dehydration, 21, 94 Delusions, 54, 94 Dementia, 3, 29, 53, 54, 94 Dendrites, 94, 97 Diagnostic procedure, 63, 94 Direct, iii, 63, 94, 99 Drug Interactions, 94 Duct, 94, 99 Dyes, 91, 94 Dysphagia, 53, 95 E Electric shock, 92, 95 Environmental Health, 68, 70, 95 Erythrocytes, 92, 95 Euthanasia, 7, 8, 13, 41, 48, 54, 95 Extracellular, 91, 93, 94, 95 F Family Planning, 69, 95 Fat, 92, 95, 99 Financial Management, 16, 56, 95 G Gas, 95, 100 Gene, 52, 92, 95 General practitioner, 11, 13, 95 Geriatric, 11, 12, 18, 29, 95 Gland, 95, 100 Governing Board, 12, 95, 98 Government Programs, 57, 95 Growth, 91, 95, 100 H Hate, 70, 95 Heart Arrest, 92, 95 Hemorrhage, 95, 100 Heredity, 95 Hormone, 95, 100 Hospice, 40, 53, 57, 95 Hydration, 17, 77, 95 I Id, 42, 81, 86, 88, 96 Immune response, 91, 96, 101 Immunodeficiency, 58, 71, 96

104 Living Will

Indicative, 47, 96, 100 Infarction, 94, 96, 97 Infection, 20, 21, 36, 62, 71, 96, 100 Informed Consent, 59, 70, 96 Intermittent, 96 Intracellular, 96 J Joint, 70, 96 Jurisprudence, 32, 41, 96 K Kb, 68, 96 L Larynx, 53, 96, 100 Legislation, Nursing, 17, 96 Leukocytes, 92, 96 Library Services, 86, 96 Localized, 96 Long-Term Care, 21, 49, 96 Lymphatic, 96 M Medical Records, 71, 97 MEDLINE, 69, 97 Membrane, 93, 96, 97 Memory, 94, 97 Mental Disorders, 97, 98 Mental Health, iv, 4, 54, 68, 70, 72, 79, 97, 98 MI, 89, 97 Modification, 97, 98 Molecular, 69, 72, 92, 93, 97 Motivations, 5, 97 Myocardium, 97 N NCI, 1, 67, 78, 92, 97 Necrosis, 96, 97 Need, 3, 21, 29, 32, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 70, 82, 97 Nervous System, 97 Neurons, 56, 94, 97 Nursing Care, 97, 100 Nursing Staff, 53, 97 O Oncologist, 59, 97 Outpatient, 97 Ownership, 70, 98 P Palliative, 10, 20, 32, 78, 98, 100 Patient Education, 80, 84, 86, 89, 98 Peptide, 98 Pharmacologic, 98, 100 Practice Guidelines, 72, 98 Progressive, 4, 94, 95, 97, 98

Proportional, 5, 98 Protein S, 52, 92, 98 Proteins, 56, 91, 93, 98, 100 Protocol, 16, 98 Proxy, 50, 58, 98 Psychiatry, 7, 53, 54, 98, 100 Public Health, 48, 59, 70, 72, 98 Public Opinion, 10, 98 Public Policy, 69, 98 Publishing, 6, 15, 24, 27, 29, 34, 53, 98 Q Quality of Life, 40, 59, 98 R Radiation, 97, 99 Radiation oncologist, 97, 99 Refer, 1, 93, 99 Refraction, 99 Respiration, 99 Respite Care, 56, 99 Restoration, 99 Resuscitation, 16, 19, 92, 99 Right to Die, 19, 26, 35, 48, 51, 52, 59, 99 S Saliva, 99 Salivary, 53, 99 Salivary glands, 53, 99 Screening, 93, 99 Side effect, 99, 100 Skeleton, 96, 99 Social Environment, 98, 99 Soft tissue, 92, 99 Specialist, 81, 99 Spectrum, 25, 99 Sphincter, 96, 99 Stress, 57, 79, 99 Stroke, 15, 68, 99 Subacute, 96, 100 Subclinical, 96, 100 Support group, 56, 100 Systemic, 96, 100 T Terminal Care, 48, 70, 100 Therapeutics, 100 Thrombosis, 98, 100 Thyroid, 53, 100 Tissue, 5, 51, 91, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 100 Toxic, iv, 100 Toxicity, 94, 100 Toxicology, 70, 100 Toxins, 91, 96, 100 Trachea, 96, 100 Transfection, 92, 100

Index 105

U Unconscious, 96, 100 V Vaccine, 98, 100 Vascular, 96, 100 VE, 13, 100 Venous, 98, 100

Ventilation, 92, 100 Veterinary Medicine, 69, 100 Virus, 58, 71, 101 W Windpipe, 100, 101

106 Living Will

Index 107

108 Living Will

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Living Will - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Glioblastoma Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Female Infertility - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Benzene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Marburg Virus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Erythema Multiforme - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Alopecia Areata - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Endometritis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Vioxx - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Recommend Documents