ENDOMETRITIS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Endometritis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83702-3 1. Endometritis-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on endometritis. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENDOMETRITIS .......................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Endometritis.................................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENDOMETRITIS ................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Finding Nutrition Studies on Endometritis ................................................................................ 47 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENDOMETRITIS .......................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 56 General References ....................................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ENDOMETRITIS............................................................................ 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Dissertations on Endometritis ..................................................................................................... 59 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ENDOMETRITIS ...................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Patents on Endometritis .............................................................................................................. 61 Patent Applications on Endometritis........................................................................................... 64 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ENDOMETRITIS .......................................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 69 Chapters on Endometritis ............................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ENDOMETRITIS ............................................................................... 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Bibliography: Multimedia on Endometritis ................................................................................. 71 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENDOMETRITIS ............................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 73 Academic Periodicals covering Endometritis............................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 77 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 78 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 83 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 85 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93
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Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 101 ENDOMETRITIS DICTIONARY............................................................................................... 103 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with endometritis is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about endometritis, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to endometritis, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on endometritis. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to endometritis, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on endometritis. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ENDOMETRITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on endometritis.
Federally Funded Research on Endometritis The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to endometritis. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to endometritis. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore endometritis. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for endometritis: •
Project Title: BACTERIAL VAGINITIS AS A COFACTOR FOR HIV1 SHEDDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Hitti, Jane E.; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: We propose a 5 year study of the interactions between reproductive tract infection, inflammation and genital HIV shedding in women. We plan to examine the
2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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hypothesis that increased genital tract HIV-1 shedding occurs in association with altered vaginal flora, cervicitis, and endometricitis, all of which are usually sub-clinical conditions that describes a continuum of ascending genital tract infection. An increase in vaginal and cervical proteolytic enzymes may promote the traffic microbes through the cervix to the endometrium to produce cervicitis and endometritis. The mechanisms by which abnormal vaginal flora, cervicitis increase genital HIV shedding include depletion of protective H2O2 lactobacilli, increased vaginal pH, decreased reduction-oxidation potential and altered vaginal and cervical inflammatory cytokines, which together selectively up-regulate LTR transcription through NF-kappaB. As such, oral antibiotic treatment of BV and cervicitis should decrease HIV shedding. We will examine the following specific aims: 1. To examine the associations between vaginal flora and HIV RNA concentrations in endocervical and vaginal fluid. We hypothesize that increased anaerobes, G. vaginalis and M. hominis in vaginal flora caused increased cervical and vaginal HIV RNA replication and that H2O2- producing Lactobacillus are productive. 2. To study the relationship between reproductive tract inflammation and genital HIV shedding. We hypothesize that an inflammatory response in the vagina, cervix and uterus results in increased genital HIV shedding. 3. To determine whether antibiotic treatment for bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis decreased genital HIV shedding. We hypothesize that oral antibiotic treatment will re-establish normal vaginal flora and decrease local inflammation, resulting in decreased endocervical HIV shedding. Women will be enrolled from 2 sites in the United States. In addition, a BV treatment study will be carried our in parallel in a cohort of HIV- infected Kenyan women not on antiretroviral therapy. These studies should help to define the inter-relationships between altered vaginal flora, upper genital tract inflammation, the host inflammatory response and genital HIV shedding. By including an African cohort, we will learn about the relative contributions of genital tract infection and inflammation and anti-retroviral therapy to genital HIV load. Finally, we will learn whether antibiotic therapy with the goal to establish normal vaginal flora and decreases cervicitis and endometritis has the potential to decrease HIV shedding in the female genital tract in both anti-retroviralexperienced women and women without access to HIV treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS ENVELOPE COMPONENTS AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Raulston, Jane E.; Pathology; East Tennessee State University Box 70565 Johnson City, Tn 37601 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading bacterial agent of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and a major culprit in urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy. The highest chlamydial infection rates are observed in young people between 15 and 34 years of age. Throughout these peak reproductive years, the endometrial epithelial cell layer lining the uterine cavity is subject to constant changes in levels of micronutrients such as iron, due to hormonal cycling during menstruation. Endometrial epithelial cells are natural target host cells for infection by chlamydiae. The availability of iron is well-known to have a tremendous influence on the production of bacterial antigens, envelope components and virulence factors; these effects are particularly prominent for obligate intracellular pathogens such as chlamydiae. In other pathogens, virulence factors produced in response to low concentrations of iron elicit tissue damage in the host. Certain bacterial iron-regulated proteins are also
Studies
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immunotherapeutic targets for vaccine design. In these studies, the mechanism for regulation of chlamydial iron-responsive proteins and antigens will be examined in Specific Aim 1. Specific Aims 2 and 3 will (i) determine the identities of chlamydial ironregulated proteins, and (ii) quantitatively assess transcription of the genes encoding these components under iron-deficient growth conditions, respectively. In Specific Aim 4, an envelope transport system will be examined to determine whether or not it functions as a major iron-uptake pathway for the chlamydiae. The long-term objectives for these studies are to develop a better understanding of mechanisms for the destructive tissue pathology observed in chlamydial infections and to provide new insights on specific chlamydial proteins and antigens that could be tested for their immunotherapeutic potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHLORHEXIDINE IRRIGATION TO PREVENT INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rouse, Dwight J.; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: Clinically overt infection of the placenta, fetal membranes, or uterus during labor (chorioamnionitis) complicates from 1% to 11% of pregnancies. The incidence of uterine infection after delivery (endometritis) varies from 1%-3% after vaginal delivery to 15-20% after cesarean delivery. Chorioamnionitis is a recognized risk factor for bacteremia and septic shock and is associated with a several-fold increase in the risk for cesarean delivery. Women who undergo cesarean delivery in the setting of chorioamnionitis are at increased risk of serious pelvic and wound infection. The most severe complications of endometritis (including, rarely, death from whelming sepsis) usually occur after cesarean delivery. The economic costs of chorioamnionitis and endometritis (collectively referred to as peripartal infection) are substantial and can be conservatively estimated at $120,000,000 a year in the U.S. for post- cesarean infections alone. The offspring of women with chorioamnionitis are exposed to invasive diagnostic testing (e.g. lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid assessment), intravenous antibiotic therapy, prolonged hospitalization, sepsis, and death, Survivors face an increased risk of cerebral palsy. Furthermore, the costs of caring for infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis may easily exceed the maternal costs of peripartal infection. Because the etiology of chorioaminonitis and endometritis is ascending infection of endogenous cervico-vaginal bacteria, intrapartum irrigation of the vagina and cervix with an antibacterial as a logical approach to prevention of peripartal infection. To be clinically useful, such an agent would need to possess broad antimicrobial activity, and be nontoxic and non-irritating for mother and fetus. Ideally the agent would be commercially available and inexpensive. The widely used medical disinfectant chlorhexidine satisfies these requirements. There we aim: 1) To conduct a placebo-controlled, double- masked, randomized clinical trial to determine whether intrapartum vaginal irrigation with a dilute chlorhexidine solution will prevent or lessen the trial to determine whether intrapartum vaginal irrigation with a dilute chlorhexidine solution will prevent or lessen the severity of the maternal peripartal infections--chorioamnionitis and endometritis; 2) To determine whether intrapartum vaginal irrigation with a dilute chlorhexidine solution will reduce the rate of microbial invasion of the chorioamnion; 3) To determine whether intrapartum vaginal irrigation with a dilute chlorhexidine solution will reduce the rate of acute histologic chorioamnionitis; 4) To determine whether the presence of bacterial vaginosis is associated with a differential effect of chlorhexidine vaginal irrigation on the maternal peripartal infection rate; and 5) To determine whether
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intrapartum vaginal irrigation with a dilute chlorhexidine solution reduces the rates of neonatal sepsis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Totten, Patricia A.; Professor; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: Large proportions of the major reproductive tract inflammatory syndromes remain idiopathic, not attributable to the major sexually transmitted pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Where effective STD control programs exist, most urethritis in men and endocervicitis or mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC) in women is no longer attributable to gonococcal or chlamydial infection. This is equally true for most upper genital tract complications of urethritis (epididymitis) or endocervicitis (endometritis, salpingitis and perinatal and puerperal morbidity). Mycoplasma genitalium, a fastidious bacterium discovered in 1981, now detectable by PCR, has been significantly associated with nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men in 11 of 11 studies over the past decade using PCR, including our own recent study which demonstrated M. genitalium in 27 (22%) of 211 men with and 5 (4%) of 117 without NGU (OR 6.5; 95% CI 2.1- 19.9). Recognition of M. genitalium as a pathogen in the male raises the important question of its role as a pathogen in the female, both in nonpregnant and in pregnant women. Since initial submission of this proposal in February 2000, we have completed two retrospective cross- sectional studies involving women. In a random sample of female STD clinic patients, we demonstrated endocervical M. genitalium infection in 24 (13%) of 191 with MPC vs. 27 (6%) of 453 without MPC (OR adjusted for cervical pathogens 3.0; 95% CI 1.6-5.8). This study also detected M. genitalium in 10 (14.3%) of 70 women with history of spontaneous miscarriage at < 20 weeks gestation vs. 41 (7.2%) of 570 without this history (adj OR=2.5; 95% CI 1.1-5.6). A cross-sectional study of 115 Kenyan women with suspected PID demonstrated M. genitalium in endometrial biopsies from 7 (12%) of 58 women with endometritis vs. 0 of 57 without endometritis (p=0.01). In our studies of male urethritis, MPC, and endometritis, associations of M. genitalium with disease were similar to, or stronger than, the associations with chlamydial infection. These data support our proposed studies as the next logical step in clinical epidemiologic studies of this pathogen. Our three specific aims are to (1) define the role of M. genitalium in acute salpingitis in women undergoing laparoscopy in Nairobi Kenya; (2) define the association of M. genitalium with abnormal pregnancy outcomes including preterm delivery of a low birthweight infant, using data and clinical specimens already available from 2500 women prospectively followed to term at University of Washington hospitals (including 625 with gestation <37 weeks); and (3) determine (a) risk factors for M. genitalium infection in a population-based sample of young women participating in Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, and in a sample of higher risk women attending the Seattle STD clinic, and (b) concordance of M. genitalium infection in these women and their sex partners. M genitalium may represent an important new pathogen in the female reproductive tract. Studies of its association with salpingitis and pregnancy morbidity are essential. Future studies should also address whether, similar to gonorrhea and chlamydial infection, it facilitates transmission of HIV infection. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DOUCHING, VAGINAL MICROBIOLOGY, AND PID Principal Investigator & Institution: Ness, Roberta B.; Professor and Chair; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Pelvic inflammatory disease is a major or cause of reproductive morbidity worldwide. Its sequelae include tubal infertility, chronic pelvic pain, recurrent PID and ectopic pregnancy. Douching is a common and possibly modifiable potential risk factor for PID, but a handful of previous studies examining this association are retrospective and conflicting. At the same time, compelling data suggest that douching may alter the vaginal microenvironment, thereby predisposing to bacterial vaginosis and perhaps, resultant PID, but this has not been fully tested. We propose to conduct a large, multicenter, prospective cohort study to examine the independent association between douching and PID and to study the effect of douching on vaginal microbiology. We will enroll 1800 women at high risk for acquiring sexually transmitted infections. Half will be women who report douching consistently at least once per month over the past six months; half will be women who report never douching in the past six months. Enrolled women will be evaluated at baseline by interview for behavioral characteristics related to douching and STD risk and by lower genital tract microbiology for N. gonorrhoea, C. trachomatis, bacterial vaginosis, and concentrations of lactobacillus, anaerobes and facultative bacteria. During 3-4.5 years of follow-up, serial interviews will be completed and self-obtained vaginal swabs assessed for lactobacilli and other vaginal bacteria. The primary outcome of PID (symptomatic endometritis), will be compared between the douching and non-douching groups. We will also compare the following: 1) gonococcal or chlamydial cervicitis at baseline, 2) bacterial vaginosis and semi-quantitative lactobacilli concentration at baseline, 3) change during follow-up in the concentration of lactobacilli (hydrogen-peroxide producing and non-producing), as well as anaerobic and facultative bacteria. Given the paucity of information regarding the relationship between douching and reproductive outcomes, the proposed study is imperative in order to direct future public health recommendations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: HIV-1 SHEDDING FROM FEMALE GENITAL TRACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Coombs, Robert W.; Associate Professor; Laboratory Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: This is a new Program Project application in response to RFA-HD-00- 006 to establish a Women's HIV Pathogenesis program at the University of Washington in collaboration the University of Rochester and the University of Nairobi, Kenya. The central Program these is to explore the hypothesis that the female genital tract is a separate virological compartment from blood. As such, viral application in the genital compartment may be influenced by several factors including the host's hormonal status (i.e., menses), and both viral and microbiological cofactors that could have an important influence on the evolution of HIV- 1 (i.e., generation of viral diversity), re-seeding of the blood compartment with potentially drug-resistant, and disease pathogenesis both within the genital tract (changes from favorable to unfavorable microbiological flora) and systemically (HIV-1 disease progression). Understanding these gender-specific HIV-1 factors may provide additional insight into the control of both vertical and horizontal transmission of HIV-1. To accomplish the central Program theme, we will use
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three different cohorts of HIV-1-infected women recruited at the three collaborating institutions. The research activities of the Program Project will be accomplished through three Cores and three Research Projects. The infrastructure will reside within an Administrative Core (Core A) located at the University of Washington, a Clinical Core (Core B) and a Laboratory Core (Core C). Both internal and external advisory committees will review the Program's research progress and report to the Principal Investigator, Dr. Coombs. Since our hypothesis is that genital tract inflammation represents a continuum as defined by local vaginitis (bacterial vaginosis), to cervicitis (cytomegalovirus), to endometritis (microbial) and ultimately to pelvic inflammatory disease, each of the three research Projects are designed to capture this continuum. In Project I (HIV-1 shedding and evolution), we will characterize subjects for shedding of HIV-1, CMV and HSV-2, and definitively establish, through viral phylogenetic typing that HIV-1- re-emerges from the genital tract to re-infect the blood compartment in subjects that receive stable anti- retroviral therapy. In Project II (CMV co-shedding) we will show that CMV is an independent viral co-factor for HIV-1 shedding, whether CMV shedding from the cervix represents reactivation or re-infection, and that the suppression of CMV using valganciclovir can decrease HIV- 1 genital shedding. In Project III( Bacterial Vaginosis), we will show the effect of bacterial vaginosis as a local co-factor for HIV-1 shedding, how this local abnormal microbiological flora contributes to HIV-1 shedding through local cytokine-mediated mechanisms, and that antimicrobial treatment of bacterial vaginosis in both anti-retroviral treated and untreated women results in decreased HIV-1 genital shedding. Taken together, these studies will provide important comparative data to the male genital tract shedding of HIV-1 and may have implications for both the vertical and horizontal transmission of HIV-1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METRONIDAZOLE PRETERM BIRTH IN WOMEN
PLUS
ERYTHROMYCIN
TO
PREVENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Caritis, Steve N.; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Aims of the study are to 1)determine whether or not the administration of antimicrobial therapy in women with elevated cervical oncofetal fibronectin will reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, reduce the risk of early neonatal sepsis, clinical chorioamnionitis, and early postpartum endometritis, and 2)determine the effect of antimicrobial therapy on fetal fibronectin positivity and its ability to prevent preterm delivery. Patients are screened at the time of a vaginal exam for the presence of cervical oncofetal fibronectin by obtaining two swabs. If the dipstick test for these swabs is positive, the specimen is sent to a central lab for an ELISA assay for the presence of fetal fibronectin. If the assay is positive, the patient is randomized into the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of metronidazole 250mg vs. placebo/placebo. Patients take the study drug for 10 days and return for an exam similar to the screening exam. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PREVENTION OF INFERTILITY IN WOMEN WITH SUBCLINICAL PID Principal Investigator & Institution: Wiesenfeld, Harold C.; Magee-Women's Health Corporation 204 Craft Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 31-JAN-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The broad, long-term goals of this study are to evaluate whether longer course antibiotic therapy for women at-risk for subclinical PID prevents subsequent infertility better than currently used short course antibiotic regimens for lower genital tract infections. Subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an important yet overlooked cause of infertility, responsible for more cases of postinfectious tubal infertility than acute PID. Subclinical PID is present in 25% of women with gonorrhea or chlamydia, and one in seven women with bacterial vaginosis, despite the absence of symptoms of acute PID. Most importantly, there is a doubling in infertility among women with subclinical PID compared to women without PID. Current treatment strategies for cervicitis and vaginitis do not address ongoing upper genital tract inflammation. Our hypothesis is that the preservation of fertility is greater among women with subclinical PID treated with a long-course antibiotic regimen compared to women receiving standard single-dose regimens for uncomplicated lower genital tract infections. The proposed application describes a randomized, double-blind, comparative phase III clinical trial studying a novel treatment regimen that incorporates azithromycin, an antimicrobial with potent immunomodulatory properties, on fertility outcomes in women at-risk for post-infectious fallopian tube damage. The specific aims are to 1) compare fertility rate of women with subclinical PID receiving two weeks of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy with the fertility rate of women with subclinical PID receiving single-dose antibiotic regimen, 2) determine whether the resolution of endometritis is more common in women treated with the enhanced antimicrobial regimens utilized for acute PID compared to currently recommended single-dose regimens for lower genital tract infections, 3) characterize the inflammatory response in the lower genital tract in women with and without subclinical PID, and 4) evaluate whether women with subclinical PID have evidence of fallopian tube inflammation. During this study, very real public health questions will be asked and answered which will affect the way that lower genital tract infections are routinely managed, potentially enhancing fertility among American women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROLE OF CYTOKINES AND PROMOTER GENOTYPE IN PREMATURITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Krohn, Marijane A.; Associate Professor; MageeWomen's Health Corporation 204 Craft Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 14-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hypotheses: Decreased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in the lower genital tract early in pregnancy indicate a greater susceptibility to ascending microbial invasion. Increased cytokines in the cervix early in pregnancy indicate pre-existing ascending microbial invasion. African-American women are more likely to have extreme concentrations (lower or higher) of cytokines in the lower genital tract early in pregnancy compared with white women resulting in their increased rate of preterm delivery. These racial differences are explained by the effect of both environmental factors and cytokine promoter genetic polymorphisms. Evaluating the pre-pregnant cytokines, endometrial histology, and cytokine promoter phenotype will help us determine whether pre-pregnant upper genital tract infection raises lower genital tract cytokines and increases the risk of preterm delivery. Specific Aims: To assess the relationship of concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1Beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha) and anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines (IL-4, IL10, IL-1 receptor antagonist, TNF-alpha soluble receptor, and TGFBeta1) in the lower genital tract early in pregnancy with subsequent preterm birth; To evaluate the effect of
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race on concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory products in the lower genital tract early in pregnancy; To assess, by race, the impact of environmental factors and cytokine promoter genetic polymorphisms on the concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory products in the lower genital tract; To evaluate the relationship of pre-pregnancy histologic endometritis with proinflammatory cytokine promoter phenotype, genital cytokine levels before and during pregnancy, and preterm delivery. Methods: To fully investigate the intricate relationship between cytokine concentrations and adverse pregnancy outcome we will perform an observational, prospective, longitudinal study of 400 white and 400 African-American women seeking prenatal care from MageeWomen's Hospital antepartum clinics. Blood and cervical specimens will be obtained for the measurement of cytokine promoter gene polymorphisms, genital cytokine production, and genital bacteria at 16 and 26 weeks gestational age. Interview and biologic measures will be used to assess epidemiologic risk factors for preterm birth. An additional small cohort (n=200) of women will be enrolled to show the relationship between pre-pregnant upper genital tract endometritis, bacterial infection, genital cytokines measured early in pregnancy, proinflammatory cytokine promoter phentoype, and the risk of preterm birth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STDS AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF SUBCLINICAL PID Principal Investigator & Institution: Sweet, Richard L.; Professor and Chair; MageeWomen's Hospital of Upmc 300 Halket St Pittsburgh, Pa 15213 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: Unrecognized pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) may be a major factor in the pathogenesis of tubal factor infertility. This is supported by the presence of serologic evidence of prior sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) in a large proportion of women with tubal factor infertility, yet most of these women do not recall a history of STD's or PID. In addition, many women with lower genital tract infection associated with STD's (gonorrhea, chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis) have histologic evidence of endometritis even though they do not have symptoms of PID. Our hypothesis is that unrecognized PID due to STD's is associated with tubal obstruction. We propose to test this hypothesis in a cohort of 1500 women aged 15-30 with lower genital tract STD associated infection. A group of 200 women with acute symptomatic PID will be evaluated for comparison. Specimens will be obtained from the vagina and cervix for microbiologic analysis and measurement of defensins (neutrophil granule products). An endometrial biopsy will be obtained for histologic and microbiologic analysis. The primary outcome of this study is tubal impatency, therefore all women will undergo a hysterosalpingogram 12 weeks from enrollment. Other outcomes include infertility and ectopic pregnancy formation, which will be determined using regular telephone contact for at least one year to determine the rate of adverse reproductive sequelae. The frequency of tubal impatency will be compared between women with acute symptomatic PID, women with unrecognized PID, and uninfected women. The risk of unrecognized PID will be compared between women testing positive for an STD and uninfected women. As the diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of PID is currently suboptimal, risk factors for unrecognized PID will be established, a clinical prediction model will be devised, and defensins from the lower genital tract will be evaluated as less-invasive markers of PID. The microbiology and histology of unrecognized PID will be compared to these findings in acute PID, in an effort to understand the pathogenesis of PID. Information obtained from this study will: i) determine the role of unrecognized PID in subsequent tubal damage ii) establish risk factors and predictors of PID iii)improve the understanding of
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the pathogenesis of PID. Earlier detection of unrecognized PID will enable more timely treatment, with the intent on reducing the rate of tubal impatency and resultant adverse reproductive sequelae. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE ACQUISITION OF BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS IN LESBIANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Marrazzo, Jeanne M.; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bacterial vaginosis (BV) results from a shift in the microbial ecosystem of the vagina from Lactobacillus predominance to overgrowth by anaerobic and facultative species, and has been associated with postpartum/postabortal endometritis, preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease, and human immunodeficiency virus acquisition. The etiology of BV is unclear, as is the role of sexual transmission of an undefined precipitant. BV frequently recurs in women who initially respond to standard antibiotic therapy. More effective interventions to prevent and treat BV require an understanding of the role of sexual transmission. Relative to most heterosexual women, lesbians have a two to three-fold higher BV prevalence (25 percent-52 percent). Preliminary evidence strongly implicates sexual transmission of vaginal secretions between women as a risk for BV. The proposed work will define the temporal association between sexual practices that transfer vaginal secretions and BV acquisition, and design an intervention to prevent this transfer and test its efficacy in reducing BV recurrence. Specific aims are: (1) prospectively define risk factors associated with acquisition of BV in a cohort of lesbians, including sexual practices that transfer vaginal secretions, sex with men, lubricant use, douching, menses, and changes in vaginal lactobacilli. The hypothesis is that BV in lesbians occurs after sexual transmission of vaginal fluid from a woman with BV to a woman without BV; that women not colonized with vaginal hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli will be at highest risk for BV acquisition by this mechanism; and that comparative analyses of vaginal flora in sex partners will show similar microbial profiles. (2) Test the efficacy of an intervention to reduce transfer of vaginal fluid between female sex partners in reducing recurrence of BV following treatment with metronidazole in a prospective, randomized trial. The hypothesis is that the intervention will improve knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intention about BV prevention, reduce sexual exposures that increase risk of transfer of vaginal fluid, and reduce rates of BV recurrence. Lesbian couples provide a unique opportunity to conduct comparative studies of vaginal microbial ecology in sex partners, and to directly analyze determinants of transmission. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater 3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with endometritis, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for endometritis (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of primary amenorrhea caused by tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Anuman-rajadhon Y. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1970 February; 53(2): 142-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5476908&dopt=Abstract
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A case-control study on post-caesarean endometritis-myometritis in Mozambique. Author(s): Libombo A, Folgosa E, Bergstrom S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1995; 39(3): 180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7789913&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical and microbiologic analysis of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. Author(s): Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 March; 75(3 Pt 1): 402-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2406660&dopt=Abstract
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A clinical double-blind study on the effect of prophylactically administered single dose tinidazole on the occurrence of endometritis after first trimester legal abortion. Author(s): Westrom L, Svensson L, Wolner-Hanssen P, Mardh PA. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1981; 26: 104-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6941445&dopt=Abstract
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A clinicopathological study of IUD users with special reference to endometrial patterns and endometritis. Author(s): van Bogaert LJ. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1983; 16(3): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6618283&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of once-daily and 8-hour gentamicin dosing in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Del Priore G, Jackson-Stone M, Shim EK, Garfinkel J, Eichmann MA, Frederiksen MC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 June; 87(6): 994-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8649712&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective culturing technique for diagnosing endometritis at cesarean section. Author(s): Apuzzio J, Middleton J, Gowda V, Louria D. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 August 1; 131(7): 817. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=686074&dopt=Abstract
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral antibiotic therapy following intravenous antibiotic therapy for postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Dinsmoor MJ, Newton ER, Gibbs RS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 January; 77(1): 60-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1984229&dopt=Abstract
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A re-evaluation of trophoblastic diseases: syncytial endometritis, hydatidiform mole (benign and malignant) and choriocarcinoma. Author(s): Villasanta U. Source: Indian Pract. 1966 May; 19(5): 329-34. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5938362&dopt=Abstract
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Abbreviated antibiotic therapy for the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Soper DE, Kemmer CT, Conover WB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 January; 69(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3796913&dopt=Abstract
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Acquired cytomegalovirus infection presenting as viral endometritis. Author(s): McCracken AW, D'Agostino AN, Brucks AB, Kingsley WB. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1974 April; 61(4): 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4361382&dopt=Abstract
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Acute onset of hematometra associated with endometritis and cervical stenosis. A case report. Author(s): Ohara N. Source: Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 29(1): 23-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013085&dopt=Abstract
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Adjunctive intravaginal metronidazole for the prevention of postcesarean endometritis: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Pitt C, Sanchez-Ramos L, Kaunitz AM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 November; 98(5 Pt 1): 745-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11704163&dopt=Abstract
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Ampicillin/sulbactam vs. clindamycin/gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Gall S, Koukol DH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 August; 41(8): 575-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8866384&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of endometritis in a maternity unit caused by spread of group A streptococci from a showerhead. Author(s): Claesson BE, Claesson UL. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 1985 September; 6(3): 304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2865297&dopt=Abstract
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An unusual case of tuberculous endometritis associated with hyponatraemia in an adult Nigerian. Author(s): Abioye AA. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1976 June; 25(2): 67-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=960691&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of chronic endometritis for Chlamydia trachomatis by polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Stern RA, Svoboda-Newman SM, Frank TS. Source: Human Pathology. 1996 October; 27(10): 1085-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892595&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotic prophylaxis against postpartum endometritis after vaginal delivery: a prospective randomized comparison between Amox-CA (Augmentin) and abstention. Author(s): Fernandez H, Gagnepain A, Bourget P, Peray P, Frydman R, Papiernik E, Daures JP. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1993 August; 50(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8262292&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotic prophylaxis for puerperal endometritis following premature rupture of the membranes. Author(s): Huff RW. Source: J Reprod Med. 1977 August; 19(2): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=894649&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery. Author(s): French LM, Smaill FM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (1): Cd001067. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869589&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotic regimens for endometritis after delivery. Author(s): French LM, Smaill FM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd001067. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796238&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotic therapy of endometritis following cesarean section. Treatment successes and failures. Author(s): Gibbs RS, Jones PM, Wilder CJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 July; 52(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=683627&dopt=Abstract
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Antibiotics for postcesarean endometritis. Author(s): Duff P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 October; 161(4): 1087. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2801823&dopt=Abstract
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Arias-Stella reaction with prominent nuclear pseudoinclusions simulating herpetic endometritis. Author(s): Dardi LE, Ariano L, Ariano MC, Gould VE. Source: Diagn Gynecol Obstet. 1982 Summer; 4(2): 127-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6284466&dopt=Abstract
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Ascending herpetic endometritis. Author(s): Schneider V, Behm FG, Mumaw VR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 February; 59(2): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7200590&dopt=Abstract
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Association between elevated neutrophil defensin levels and endometritis. Author(s): Wiesenfeld HC, Heine RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Amortegui AA, Nicolazzo M, Sweet RL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 September 15; 186(6): 792-7. Epub 2002 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198613&dopt=Abstract
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Association between Mycoplasma genitalium and acute endometritis. Author(s): Cohen CR, Manhart LE, Bukusi EA, Astete S, Brunham RC, Holmes KK, Sinei SK, Bwayo JJ, Totten PA. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 2; 359(9308): 765-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11888591&dopt=Abstract
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Association of lower genital tract inflammation with objective evidence of endometritis. Author(s): Peipert JF, Ness RB, Soper DE, Bass D. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(2): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805362&dopt=Abstract
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Association of post-cesarean delivery endometritis with colonization of the chorioamnion by Ureaplasma urealyticum. Author(s): Andrews WW, Shah SR, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Hauth JC, Cassell GH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 April; 85(4): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7898825&dopt=Abstract
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Aztreonam versus gentamicin, each with clindamycin, in the treatment of endometritis. Author(s): Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, Lipscomb KA, St Clair PJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 June; 65(6): 825-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3889748&dopt=Abstract
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B cell response in Chlamydia trachomatis endometritis. Author(s): Lehtinen M, Rantala I, Aine R, Miettinen A, Laine S, Heinonen P, Teisala K, Punnonen R, Paavonen J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1986 October; 5(5): 596-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3490976&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Author(s): Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 January; 75(1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2296423&dopt=Abstract
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Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy may predispose for preterm birth and postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Jacobsson B, Pernevi P, Chidekel L, Jorgen Platz-Christensen J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 November; 81(11): 1006-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421167&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteriologic findings of post-cesarean endometritis in adolescents. Author(s): Berenson AB, Hammill HA, Martens MG, Faro S. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 April; 75(4): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2314783&dopt=Abstract
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Calcific endometritis. Author(s): Untawale VG, Gabriel JB Jr, Chauhan PM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 October 15; 144(4): 482-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7124872&dopt=Abstract
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Cervical smears in tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Highman WJ. Source: Acta Cytol. 1972 January-February; 16(1): 16-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4501869&dopt=Abstract
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Cesarean prophylaxis: a comparison of cefamandole and cefazolin by both intravenous and lavage routes, and risk factors associated with endometritis. Author(s): Peterson CM, Medchill M, Gordon DS, Chard HL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 February; 75(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405316&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis in acute and chronic endometritis. Author(s): Ingerslev HJ, Moller BR, Mardh PA. Source: Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1982; 32: 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6958022&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydia trachomatis isolation in patients with endometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Blanco JD, Diaz KC, Lipscomb KA, Bruun D, Gibbs RS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 June 1; 152(3): 278-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4003472&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydial endometritis. Author(s): Paavonen J, Aine R, Teisala K, Heinonen PK, Punnonen R, Lehtinen M, Miettinen A, Gronroos P. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1985 July; 38(7): 726-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4019796&dopt=Abstract
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Chlamydial endometritis. A histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Author(s): Winkler B, Reumann W, Mitao M, Gallo L, Richart RM, Crum CP. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1984 October; 8(10): 771-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6388366&dopt=Abstract
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Chorioamnionitis and endometritis. Author(s): Casey BM, Cox SM. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1997 March; 11(1): 203-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067792&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis. Author(s): Michels TC. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 July; 52(1): 217-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604765&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis. A clinical and histopathological study. Author(s): Bhagwandeen SB. Source: Med J Zambia. 1976 August-September; 10(4): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1023700&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis. A clinicopathologic study. Author(s): Rotterdam H. Source: Pathol Annu. 1978; 13 Pt 2: 209-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=748840&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis. A comparative clinicopathologic study. Author(s): Cadena D, Cavanzo FJ, Leone CL, Taylor HB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 May; 41(5): 733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4696987&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis: a clinical and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Vasudeva K, Thrasher TV, Richart RM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 March 15; 112(6): 749-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5019409&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis: morphologic and clinical observations. Author(s): Greenwood SM, Moran JJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 August; 58(2): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7254729&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic endometritis: the role of immunohistochemistry in the detection of plasma cells. Author(s): Crum CP, Egawa K, Fenoglio CM, Richart RM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 December 1; 147(7): 812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6359886&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic nonspecific endometritis. Author(s): Yorukoglu K, Kuyucouglu F. Source: Gen Diagn Pathol. 1998 April; 143(5-6): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9653909&dopt=Abstract
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Chronic plasma cell endometritis in hysterectomy specimens of HIV-infected women: a retrospective analysis. Author(s): Kerr-Layton JA, Stamm CA, Peterson LS, McGregor JA. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998; 6(4): 186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812252&dopt=Abstract
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Ciprofloxacin versus gentamicin/clindamycin for postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Maccato ML, Faro S, Martens MG, Hammill HA. Source: J Reprod Med. 1991 December; 36(12): 857-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1816396&dopt=Abstract
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Clindamycin phosphate in the treatment of endometritis due to anaerobic bacteria. Author(s): Creatsas G, Pavlatos M, Aravantinos D, Milingos S, Kaskarelis D. Source: Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1981 May; 19(5): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7251234&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical amnionitis and endometritis in patients with premature rupture of membranes: endocervical prostaglandin E2 gel versus oxytocin for induction of labor. Author(s): Malik N, Gittens L, Gonzalez D, Bardeguez A, Ganesh V, Apuzzio J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 October; 88(4 Pt 1): 540-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841214&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical and microbiologic risk evaluation for post-cesarean section endometritis by multivariate discriminant analysis: role of intraoperative mycoplasma, aerobes, and anaerobes. Author(s): Williams CM, Okada DM, Marshall JR, Chow AW. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 April; 156(4): 967-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3555082&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical predictors of endometritis in women with symptoms and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Peipert JF, Ness RB, Blume J, Soper DE, Holley R, Randall H, Sweet RL, Sondheimer SJ, Hendrix SL, Amortegui A, Trucco G, Bass DC; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical Health Study Investigators. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 April; 184(5): 856-63; Discussion 863-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303192&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical response of patients with gonococcal endocervicitis and endometritissalpingitis-peritonitis to doxycycline. Author(s): Monif GR, Welkos SL, Baer H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 November 15; 129(6): 61422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=411373&dopt=Abstract
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Clinicopathologic diagnosis of mycoplasma endometritis. Author(s): Khatamee MA, Sommers SC. Source: Int J Fertil. 1989 January-February; 34(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2565306&dopt=Abstract
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Clinicopathologic implications and diagnosis of nongranulomatous nonspecific endometritis. Author(s): Van Bogaert LJ, Maldague P, Staquet JP. Source: Int J Fertil. 1978; 23(4): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=33927&dopt=Abstract
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Clostridial endometritis. Author(s): Jewett JF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 February 3; 286(5): 264-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4332073&dopt=Abstract
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Commonly used diagnostic criteria for pelvic inflammatory disease have poor sensitivity for plasma cell endometritis. Author(s): Korn AP, Hessol N, Padian N, Bolan G, Muzsnai D, Donegan E, Jonte J, Schachter J, Landers DV. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1995 November-December; 22(6): 335-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8578403&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative efficacy and safety of mezlocillin, cefoxitin, and clindamycin plus gentamicin in postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Faro S, Phillips LE, Baker JL, Goodrich KH, Turner RM, Riddle GD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 May; 69(5): 760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3574803&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative pharmacokinetics of once daily intravenous and intramuscular gentamicin in patients with post partum endometritis. Author(s): Gemer O, Harari D, Mishal J, Segal S. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2001 March; 265(1): 34-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11327091&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of case-finding methodologies for endometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Baker C, Luce J, Chenoweth C, Friedman C. Source: American Journal of Infection Control. 1995 February; 23(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7762871&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of intravenous cefoxitin prophylaxis with intraoperative cefoxitin irrigation for the prevention of post-cesarean-section endometritis. Author(s): Boothby R, Benrubi G, Ferrell E. Source: J Reprod Med. 1984 November; 29(11): 830-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6520821&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison trial of clindamycin with aztreonam or gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Greenberg RN, Reilly PM, Weinandt WJ, Wilson KM, Bollinger M, Ojile JM. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1987; 10(1): 36-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3329963&dopt=Abstract
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Copper accumulation in actinomyces druses during endometritis after long-term use of an intrauterine contraceptive device. Author(s): Jonas L, Baguhl F, Wilken HP, Haas HJ, Nizze H. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 323-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396243&dopt=Abstract
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Correlation of quantitative amniotic fluid cultures with endometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Blanco JD, Gibbs RS, Castaneda YS, St Clair PJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 August 15; 143(8): 897901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7048935&dopt=Abstract
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Cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis and gonococcal endocervicitis. Author(s): Monif GR, Welkos SL, Baer H, Thompson RJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 September 15; 126(2): 15861. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=822716&dopt=Abstract
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Culture and treatment results in endometritis following elective abortion. Author(s): Burkman RT, Atienza MF, King TM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 July 1; 128(5): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=406787&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus endometritis after liver transplantation. Author(s): Sayage L, Gunby R, Gonwa T, Husberg B, Goldstein R, Klintmalm G. Source: Transplantation. 1990 April; 49(4): 815-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2158160&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus endometritis in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Brodman M, Deligdisch L. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1986 December; 53(8): 673-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3027547&dopt=Abstract
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Cytomegalovirus endometritis: report of a case associated with spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Dehner LP, Askin FB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 February; 45(2): 211-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=163996&dopt=Abstract
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Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares. Author(s): Zerbe H, Schuberth HJ, Engelke F, Frank J, Klug E, Leibold W. Source: Theriogenology. 2003 July; 60(2): 209-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749935&dopt=Abstract
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Does uterine wiping influence the rate of post-Cesarean endometritis? Author(s): Magann EF, Chauhan SP, Martin JN Jr, Bryant KS, Bufkin L, Morrison JC. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2001 October; 10(5): 318-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730494&dopt=Abstract
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Douching and endometritis: results from the PID evaluation and clinical health (PEACH) study. Author(s): Ness RB, Soper DE, Holley RL, Peipert J, Randall H, Sweet RL, Sondheimer SJ, Hendrix SL, Hillier SL, Amortegui A, Trucco G, Bass DC; PID Evaluation and Clinical Health (PEACH) Study Investigators. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2001 April; 28(4): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11318257&dopt=Abstract
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Early postpartum endometritis. Randomized comparison of ampicillin/sulbactam vs. ampicillin, gentamicin and clindamycin. Author(s): Resnik E, Harger JH, Kuller JA. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 June; 39(6): 467-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7932402&dopt=Abstract
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Early postpartum endometritis: the role of bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Watts DH, Eschenbach DA, Kenny GE. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 January; 73(1): 52-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2783262&dopt=Abstract
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Early successful pregnancy following tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): O'Herlihy C. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1979; 58(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=419958&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of amnioinfusion on the incidence of postpartum endometritis in patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Author(s): Moen MD, Besinger RE, Tomich PG, Fisher SG. Source: J Reprod Med. 1995 May; 40(5): 383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7608881&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of prophylactic administration of sulbactam/ampicillin on the rate of postoperative endometritis after first-trimester abortion. Author(s): Krohn KT. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1986 November-December; 8 Suppl 5: S576-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3026006&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of prophylactic antibiotics on endometrial flora in women with postcesarean endometritis. Author(s): Newton ER, Wallace PA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 August; 92(2): 262-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9699764&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis after cesarean: the effect of age. Author(s): Magee KP, Blanco JD, Graham JM, Rayburn C, Prien S. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 1994 January; 11(1): 24-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8155204&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis and acute salpingitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type two. Author(s): Paavonen J, Teisala K, Heinonen PK, Aine R, Miettinen A, Lehtinen M, Gronroos P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 February; 65(2): 288-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2982116&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis and infertility. Author(s): Czernobilsky B. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 August; 30(2): 119-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=354978&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis and neonatal sepsis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Author(s): McCarthy VP, Cho CT. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 March; 53(3 Suppl): 47S-49S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=424127&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis and salpingitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Sellors JW. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 June; 156(6): 1553-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2954466&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Mardh PA, Moller BR, Ingerselv HJ, Nussler E, Westrom L, Wolner-Hanssen P. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1981 June; 57(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7237083&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis does not predict reproductive morbidity after pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Amortegui A, Hendrix SL, Hillier SL, Holley RL, Peipert J, Randall H, Sondheimer SJ, Soper DE, Sweet RL, Trucco G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548208&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Author(s): MacIntosh OC, Saxon RD. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1985 October 1; 133(7): 667-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4042038&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis following cesarean section. A controlled study of the increased duration of hospital stay and direct cost of hospitalization. Author(s): Donowitz LG, Wenzel RP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 June 15; 137(4): 467-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6992580&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis following vaginal delivery. Author(s): Gibbs RS, Rodgers PJ, Castaneda YS, Ramzy I. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 November; 56(5): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7432724&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis related to Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Gump DW, Dickstein S, Gibson M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1981 July; 95(1): 61-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7247129&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis: the clinical-pathologic syndrome. Author(s): Eckert LO, Hawes SE, Wolner-Hanssen PK, Kiviat NB, Wasserheit JN, Paavonen JA, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 April; 186(4): 690-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967492&dopt=Abstract
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Endometritis-parametritis simulating sigmoid carcinoma. Author(s): Hershey DW, Protas JM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 September 1; 135(1): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=474646&dopt=Abstract
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Enterobius vermicularis infection causing endometritis and persistent vaginal discharge in three siblings. Author(s): McKay T. Source: N Z Med J. 1989 February 8; 102(861): 56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2739981&dopt=Abstract
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Enterococci in post-cesarean endometritis. Author(s): Walmer D, Walmer KR, Gibbs RS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1988 February; 71(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3336549&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology and pathology of chronic endometritis. Author(s): Farooki MA. Source: Int Surg. 1967 December; 48(6): 566-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6064728&dopt=Abstract
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Etiology and treatment of post-cesarean-section endometritis after cephalosporin prophylaxis. Author(s): Hillier S, Watts DH, Lee MF, Eschenbach DA. Source: J Reprod Med. 1990 March; 35(3 Suppl): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2181119&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal acute spontaneous endometritis resulting from Clostridium sordelli. Author(s): Hogan SF, Ireland K. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1989 January; 91(1): 104-6. Erratum In: Am J Clin Pathol 1989 July; 92(1): 128. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2910010&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal post-cesarean endometritis: report of two Alabama cases. Author(s): Parker KM, Embry JH. Source: Ala Med. 1995 April; 64(10): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7785644&dopt=Abstract
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Focal necrotizing endometritis: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Author(s): Bennett AE, Rathore S, Rhatigan RM. Source: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology : Official Journal of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists. 1999 July; 18(3): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090590&dopt=Abstract
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Gentamicin and clindamycin therapy in postpartum endometritis: the efficacy of daily dosing versus dosing every 8 hours. Author(s): Livingston JC, Llata E, Rinehart E, Leidwanger C, Mabie B, Haddad B, Sibai B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 149-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548209&dopt=Abstract
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Gentamicin dosing in postpartum women with endometritis. Author(s): Briggs GG, Ambrose P, Nageotte MP. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 February; 160(2): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2486180&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous endometritis associated with histologically occult cytomegalovirus in a healthy patient. Author(s): Frank TS, Himebaugh KS, Wilson MD. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1992 July; 16(7): 716-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1326899&dopt=Abstract
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Granulomatous endometritis following hysteroscopic resection of the endometrium. Author(s): Ashworth MT, Moss CI, Kenyon WE. Source: Histopathology. 1991 February; 18(2): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2010187&dopt=Abstract
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Group A streptococcus as a cause of endometritis/salpingitis/peritonitis in a nongravid female. Author(s): Monif GR, Williams BT, Dase DF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1977 October; 50(4): 509-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=333326&dopt=Abstract
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Haemophilus endometritis in woman fitted with Lippes loop. Author(s): Hurley R. Source: British Medical Journal. 1970 February 28; 1(695): 566. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5309322&dopt=Abstract
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Herpesvirus hominis endometritis in a young woman wearing an intrauterine contraceptive device. Author(s): Abraham AA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 June 1; 131(3): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=665740&dopt=Abstract
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Herpetic endometritis after pregnancy. Author(s): Remadi S, Finci V, Ismail A, Zacharie S, Vassilakos P. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1995 February; 191(1): 31-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7651930&dopt=Abstract
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Histiocytic endometritis. Author(s): Buckley CH, Fox H. Source: Histopathology. 1980 January; 4(1): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7353813&dopt=Abstract
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HIV-associated endometritis. Author(s): Peuchmaur M, Emilie D, Vazeux R, Pons JC, Delfraissy JF, Lemaigre G, Galanaud P. Source: Aids (London, England). 1989 April; 3(4): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2500958&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital readmission for postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Atterbury JL, Groome LJ, Baker SL, Ross EL, Hoff C. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 1998 September-October; 7(5): 250-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9775996&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoglobulin deficiency and recurrent postmenopausal endometritis. Author(s): Barrington JW, Papagiannis A, Roberts A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 November; 171(5): 138990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7977556&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoperoxidase localisation of human placental lactogen: a marker for the placental origin of the giant cells in 'syncytial endometritis' of pregnancy. Author(s): Heyderman E, Gibbons AR, Rosen SW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1981 March; 34(3): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7014653&dopt=Abstract
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Immunoreactive endometritis. Author(s): Skensved H, Hansen A, Vetner M. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1991 June; 98(6): 578-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1873249&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of diverging anaerobic technology on cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis. Author(s): Monif GR, Baer H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 April 1; 142(7): 896-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7039323&dopt=Abstract
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Incidental tuberculous endometritis in premenstrual curettings from infertile women in eastern Nigeria. Author(s): Gini PC, Ikerionwu SE. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1990 February; 31(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1968860&dopt=Abstract
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Increased risk of endometritis and wound infection after cesarean section in insulindependent diabetic women. Author(s): Diamond MP, Entman SS, Salyer SL, Vaughn WK, Boehm FH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 August; 155(2): 297-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3740145&dopt=Abstract
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Intrapartum bacteriuria and postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Monif GR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 August; 78(2): 245-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2067770&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Chronic non-specific endometritis. Author(s): Horton L, Wilkes J. Source: Lancet. 1976 August 14; 2(7981): 366. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60595&dopt=Abstract
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Low birth weight, prematurity, and postpartum endometritis. Association with prenatal cervical Mycoplasma hominis and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Author(s): Berman SM, Harrison HR, Boyce WT, Haffner WJ, Lewis M, Arthur JB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 March 6; 257(9): 1189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3806917&dopt=Abstract
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Low birthweight and post partum endometritis-myometritis. Author(s): Bergstrom S, Libombo A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1995 September; 74(8): 611-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7660766&dopt=Abstract
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Lower genital tract infection and endometritis: insight into subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Wiesenfeld HC, Hillier SL, Krohn MA, Amortegui AJ, Heine RP, Landers DV, Sweet RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 September; 100(3): 456-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12220764&dopt=Abstract
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Lymphoid reaction in chlamydial endometritis. Author(s): Thomas GD. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 April; 39(4): 464. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3700678&dopt=Abstract
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Manual removal of the placenta and postcesarean endometritis. Author(s): Chandra P, Schiavello HJ, Kluge JE, Holloway SL. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 February; 47(2): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883347&dopt=Abstract
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Microbial aetiology and diagnostic criteria of postpartum endometritis in Nairobi, Kenya. Author(s): Temmerman M, Laga M, Ndinya-Achola JO, Paraskevas M, Brunham RC, Plummer FA, Piot P. Source: Genitourinary Medicine. 1988 June; 64(3): 172-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3137152&dopt=Abstract
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Microbiology and treatment of late postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Hoyme UB, Kiviat N, Eschenbach DA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 August; 68(2): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3737039&dopt=Abstract
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Microinvasion of the amniotic cavity increases the risk of post-cesarean section endometritis. Author(s): Poka R, Lampe L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 January; 168(1 Pt 1): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8420339&dopt=Abstract
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Mycoplasma hominis in cervicitis and endometritis. Author(s): Paavonen J, Miettinen A, Stevens CE, Kiviat N, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Holmes KK. Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1983 October-December; 10(4 Suppl): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6689380&dopt=Abstract
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Mycotic endometritis due to Candida. A case report. Author(s): Rodriguez M, Okagaki T, Richart RM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 February; 39(2): 292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5057798&dopt=Abstract
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Necrotising granulomatous endometritis following endometrial ablation therapy. Author(s): Ferryman SR, Stephens M, Gough D. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1992 November; 99(11): 928-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1450148&dopt=Abstract
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Non-surgical management of post-cesarean endomyometritis associated with myometrial gas formation. Author(s): Ebright JR, Moldenhauer J, Gonik B. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(3-4): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968603&dopt=Abstract
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Oral contraception and the recognition of endometritis. Author(s): Ness RB, Keder LM, Soper DE, Amortegui AJ, Gluck J, Wiesenfeld H, Sweet RL, Rice PA, Peipert JF, Donegan SP, Kanbour-Shakir A. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 March; 176(3): 580-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9077610&dopt=Abstract
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Perioperative cephalosporin prophylaxis in cesarean section: effect on endometritis in the high-risk patient. Author(s): Kreutner AK, Del Bene VE, Delamar D, Bodden JL, Loadholt CB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 August 15; 134(8): 925-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=380347&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma cell endometritis in women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Korn AP, Bolan G, Padian N, Ohm-Smith M, Schachter J, Landers DV. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 March; 85(3): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7862377&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma cell endometritis is associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Author(s): Paukku M, Puolakkainen M, Paavonen T, Paavonen J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1999 August; 112(2): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10439801&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma cells in chronic endometritis are easily identified when stained with syndecan-1. Author(s): Bayer-Garner IB, Korourian S. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2001 September; 14(9): 877-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557783&dopt=Abstract
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Pneumococcal endometritis and neonatal sepsis. Author(s): Robinson EN Jr. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1990 September-October; 12(5): 799-801. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2237119&dopt=Abstract
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Polymicrobial early postpartum endometritis with facultative and anaerobic bacteria, genital mycoplasmas, and Chlamydia trachomatis: treatment with piperacillin or cefoxitin. Author(s): Rosene K, Eschenbach DA, Tompkins LS, Kenny GE, Watkins H. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1986 June; 153(6): 1028-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3701114&dopt=Abstract
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Postabortal endometritis and isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Barbacci MB, Spence MR, Kappus EW, Burkman RC, Rao L, Quinn TC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 November; 68(5): 686-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3763086&dopt=Abstract
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Postabortal endometritis in chlamydia-negative women--association with preoperative clinical signs of infection. Author(s): Hamark B, Forssman L. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1991; 31(2): 102-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2037257&dopt=Abstract
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Post-abortion endometritis-myometritis and HIV infection. Author(s): Okong P, Biryahwaho B, Bergstrom S. Source: International Journal of Std & Aids. 2002 November; 13(11): 729-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437891&dopt=Abstract
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Postcesarean endometritis. Author(s): Pastorek JG 2nd. Source: Compr Ther. 1995 May; 21(5): 249-53. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7621656&dopt=Abstract
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Postcesarean endometritis. Clinical risk factors predictive of positive blood cultures. Author(s): Spandorfer SD, Graham E, Forouzan I. Source: J Reprod Med. 1996 November; 41(11): 797-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8951127&dopt=Abstract
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Postcesarean endometritis: a brief review and comparison of three antibiotic regimens. Author(s): Filler L, Shipley CF 3rd, Dennis EJ 3rd, Nelson GH. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 1992 June; 88(6): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1385635&dopt=Abstract
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Post-cesarean section endometritis: causative organisms and risk factors. Author(s): Middleton JR, Apuzzio J, Lange M, Sen P, Bonamo J, Louria DB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 May 1; 137(1): 144-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6989246&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum endometritis caused by herpes simplex virus. Author(s): Hollier LM, Scott LL, Murphree SS, Wendel GD Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 May; 89(5 Pt 2): 836-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166341&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Cox SM, Gilstrap LC 3rd. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1989 June; 16(2): 363-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2674803&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum endometritis. Pathophysiology and prevention. Author(s): Soper DE. Source: J Reprod Med. 1988 January; 33(1 Suppl): 97-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3278114&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum endometritis: efficacy and tolerability of two antibiotic regimens. Author(s): Gonik B. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1992 January-February; 14(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1576630&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum gentamicin dosing and endometritis. Author(s): Stoukides CA, Souney PF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 April; 162(4): 1132-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2327459&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum herpes simplex endometritis. A case report. Author(s): Hixson MJ, Collins JH. Source: J Reprod Med. 2001 September; 46(9): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11584490&dopt=Abstract
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Predictive value of amniotic-membrane cultures for the development of postcesarean endometritis. Author(s): Yonekura ML, Appleman M, Wallace R, Boucher M, Nakamura R. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1984 March-April; 6 Suppl 1: S157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6372024&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of antibiotic prophylactic failure in post-cesarean endometritis. Author(s): Chang PL, Newton ER. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 July; 80(1): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1603480&dopt=Abstract
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Premature rupture of membranes and spontaneous preterm labor: maternal endometritis risks. Author(s): Daikoku NH, Kaltreider DF, Khouzami VA, Spence M, Johnson JW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 January; 59(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7078844&dopt=Abstract
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Preoperative skin preparation and intraoperative pelvic irrigation: impact on postcesarean endometritis and wound infection. Author(s): Magann EF, Dodson MK, Ray MA, Harris RL, Martin JN Jr, Morrison JC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1993 June; 81(6): 922-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8497357&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Author(s): Paavonen J, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, Stevens CE, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Miettinen A, Soules M, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 June 1; 152(3): 280-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3923837&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of beta-lactamase enzyme production in bacteria isolated from women with postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Martens MG, Faro S, Maccato M, Hammill HA, Riddle G. Source: J Reprod Med. 1993 October; 38(10): 795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8263869&dopt=Abstract
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Prevention and treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): French L. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003 August; 3(4): 274-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844449&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective evaluation of combinations of antimicrobial agents for endometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Sen P, Apuzzio J, Reyelt C, Kaminski T, Levy F, Kapila R, Middleton J, Louria D. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1980 July; 151(1): 89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7384990&dopt=Abstract
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Puerperal endometritis after abdominal twin delivery. Author(s): Suonio S, Huttunen M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1994 April; 73(4): 313-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8160537&dopt=Abstract
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Puerperal endometritis and intrauterine adhesions. Author(s): Polishuk WZ, Anteby SO, Weinstein D. Source: Int Surg. 1975 August; 60(8): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1158622&dopt=Abstract
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Puerperal endometritis and intrauterine fetal heart rate monitoring. Author(s): Rehu M, Haukkamaa M. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1980 August; 12(4): 133-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7259077&dopt=Abstract
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Puerperal endometritis: a prospective microbiologic study. Author(s): Gibbs RS, O'DELL TN, MacGregor RR, Schwarz RH, Morton H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 April 1; 121(7): 919-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1090177&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized clinical trial of extended spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis with coverage for Ureaplasma urealyticum to reduce post-cesarean delivery endometritis. Author(s): Andrews WW, Hauth JC, Cliver SP, Savage K, Goldenberg RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 June; 101(6): 1183-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798523&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized comparison of ampicillin-sulbactam to cefoxitin and doxycycline or clindamycin and gentamicin in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease or endometritis. Author(s): McGregor JA, Crombleholme WR, Newton E, Sweet RL, Tuomala R, Gibbs RS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994 June; 83(6): 998-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8190448&dopt=Abstract
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Randomized, double-blind study of cefotetan and cefoxitin in post-cesarean section endometritis. Author(s): MacGregor RR, Graziani AL, Samuels P. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 July; 167(1): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442917&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery of Neisseria meningitidis from the cul-de-sac of a woman with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis. Author(s): Monif GR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 January; 139(1): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6779633&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced incidence of postoperative endometritis by the use of Laminaria tents in connection with first trimester abortion. Author(s): Bryman I, Granberg S, Norstrom A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1988; 67(4): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3176954&dopt=Abstract
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Reducing postpartum endometritis by intraoperative cervical dilatation. Author(s): Malkamy H, Ardekany MS. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1995 March; 48(3): 325-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7781880&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for fever, endometritis and wound infection after abdominal delivery. Author(s): Suonio S, Saarikoski S, Vohlonen I, Kauhanen O. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1989 June; 29(2): 135-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2568288&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors for plasma cell endometritis among women with cervical Neisseria gonorrhoeae, cervical Chlamydia trachomatis, or bacterial vaginosis. Author(s): Korn AP, Hessol NA, Padian NS, Bolan GA, Donegan E, Landers DV, Schachter J. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 May; 178(5): 987-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609572&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors in puerperal endometritis-myometritis. An incident case-referent study. Author(s): Libombo A, Folgosa E, Bergstrom S. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 1994; 38(3): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8001876&dopt=Abstract
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Role of aerobic gram-negative bacilli in endometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, Bernstein S. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1985 November-December; 7 Suppl 4: S690-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3909325&dopt=Abstract
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Role of bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms in endometritis. Author(s): Hillier SL, Kiviat NB, Hawes SE, Hasselquist MB, Hanssen PW, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 August; 175(2): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8765265&dopt=Abstract
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Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Ismail MA, Moawad AH, Poon E, Henderson C. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 April; 32(4): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3585872&dopt=Abstract
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Short course of antibiotics for post-cesarean section endometritis. Author(s): Cabbad M, Sijin O, Minkoff H. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 October; 157(4 Pt 1): 908-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3479024&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term failure of IUD removal to alter bacterial flora in a patient with chronic anaerobic endometritis. Author(s): Monif GR. Source: Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol. 1986 October; 12(2): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3789249&dopt=Abstract
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Significance of polymicrobial bacterial superinfection in the therapy of gonococcal endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis. Author(s): Monif GR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 May; 55(5 Suppl): 154S-161S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6990330&dopt=Abstract
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Single daily dosing of gentamicin: pharmacokinetic comparison of two dosing methodologies for postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Liu C, Abate B, Reyes M, Gonik B. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999; 7(3): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371471&dopt=Abstract
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Sonographic features of tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Lee J, Warner L, Khaleghian R. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 1983 August; 11(6): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6413544&dopt=Abstract
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Subacute focal endometritis. Association with cervical colonization with ureaplasma urealyticum, pelvic pathology and endometrial maturation. Author(s): Fahmy NW, Honore LH, Cumming DC. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 September; 32(9): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3668966&dopt=Abstract
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Subacute staphylococcal meningitis secondary to postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Ali MA, Kabins SA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 March; 70(3): 368-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=847493&dopt=Abstract
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Sulbactam/ampicillin versus metronidazole/gentamicin in the treatment of postcesarean section endometritis. Author(s): Martens MG, Faro S, Hammill HA, Smith D, Riddle G, Maccato M. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 1989 July-August; 12(4 Suppl): 189S-194S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2686919&dopt=Abstract
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Susceptibility of female pelvic pathogens to oral antibiotic agents in patients who develop postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Martens MG, Faro S, Maccato M, Riddle G, Hammill HA. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1991 May; 164(5 Pt 2): 1383-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2031518&dopt=Abstract
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Suspected postpartum endometritis: a controlled clinical trial of single-agent antibiotic therapy with Amox-CA (Augmentin) vs. ampicillin-metronidazole +/aminoglycoside. Author(s): Fernandez H, Claquin C, Guibert M, Papiernik E. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1990 July-August; 36(1-2): 69-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2194867&dopt=Abstract
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Syncytial endometritis: real-time two-dimensional Doppler sonographic and pelvic angiographic features. Author(s): Takashima S, Ikezoe J, Morimoto S, Kozuka T, Fujitani Y. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1988 October; 151(4): 831. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2844073&dopt=Abstract
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Syphilitic endometritis causing first trimester abortion: a potential infectious cause of fetal morbidity in early gestation. Author(s): Lee WK, Schwartz DA, Rice RJ, Larsen SA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1994 December; 87(12): 1259-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7973925&dopt=Abstract
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The association between manual removal of the placenta and postpartum endometritis following vaginal delivery. Author(s): Ely JW, Rijhsinghani A, Bowdler NC, Dawson JD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 December; 86(6): 1002-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7501321&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of ampicillin and colistin on post-Caesarean section endometritis with identification of possible risk factors. Author(s): Birkenfeld A, Anteby SO. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 1983 November; 23(4): 204-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6585194&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of education, marital status and sexual behaviour on the incidence of puerperal endometritis and bacteriuria. Author(s): Rehu M. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1980 December; 12(6): 315-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7235607&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of manual removal of the placenta on post-cesarean endometritis. Author(s): Baxi LV. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 May; 87(5 Pt 1): 799-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8677092&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in the prevention of post-cesarean section endometritis. Author(s): Donowitz LG, Norris SM. Source: Infect Control. 1985 May; 6(5): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3846585&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of wound infection in antibiotic failures in the therapy of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Soper DE, Brockwell NJ, Dalton HP. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992 April; 174(4): 265-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1553603&dopt=Abstract
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The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing with gentamicin in women with postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Sunyecz JA, Wiesenfeld HC, Heine RP. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998; 6(4): 160-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812247&dopt=Abstract
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The relation between serum sex steroid levels and plasma cell infiltrates in endometritis. Author(s): Punnonen R, Lehtinen M, Teisala K, Aine R, Rantala I, Heinonen PK, Miettinen A, Laine S, Paavonen J. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1989; 244(4): 185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2675776&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between surgeon experience and endometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Miller PJ, Searcy MA, Kaiser DL, Wenzel RP. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1987 December; 165(6): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3686318&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship of maternal antibody levels to post-cesarean section endometritis. Author(s): Grunebaum AN, Minkoff H, Schwarz RH, Schiffman G. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 December 15; 147(8): 91922. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6650628&dopt=Abstract
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The role of ultrasonography in the management of endometritis/salpingitis/peritonitis. Author(s): Spaulding LB, Gelman SR, Wood SD, Monif GR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 April; 53(4): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=440645&dopt=Abstract
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The similarities and differences of endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Scott LD, Hasik KJ. Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing : Jognn / Naacog. 2001 May-June; 30(3): 332-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383957&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic considerations in postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Fortunato SJ, Dodson MG. Source: J Reprod Med. 1988 January; 33(1 Suppl): 101-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3278105&dopt=Abstract
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Three novel manifestations of chlamydia trachomatis infection- endometritis, perihepatitis and meningoencephalitis. Author(s): Mardh PA, Wolner-Hanssen P. Source: Infection. 1982; 10 Suppl 1: S57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7085081&dopt=Abstract
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Ticarcillin disodium/clavulanate potassium versus clindamycin/gentamicin in the treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Faro S, Martens M, Phillips LE, Hamill H, Smith D, Riddle G. Source: J Reprod Med. 1988 June; 33(6 Suppl): 603-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3294407&dopt=Abstract
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Ticarcillin/clavulanate for treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Faro S, Hammill HA, Maccato M, Martens M. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1991 July-August; 13 Suppl 9: S758-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1925321&dopt=Abstract
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Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid versus clindamycin and gentamicin in the treatment of post-cesarean endometritis following antibiotic prophylaxis. Author(s): Faro S, Martens M, Hammill H, Phillips LE, Smith D, Riddle G. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 May; 73(5 Pt 1): 808-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2704510&dopt=Abstract
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Toxic-shock syndrome associated with post-partum staphylococcal endometritis. Author(s): Gibney RT, Moore A, Muldowney FP. Source: Ir Med J. 1983 February; 76(2): 90-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6841027&dopt=Abstract
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Transcervical uterine cultures with a new endometrial suction curette: a comparison of three sampling methods in postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Martens MG, Faro S, Hammill HA, Riddle GD, Smith D. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1989 August; 74(2): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2748066&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of post-cesarean section endometritis with ampicillin and sulbactam or clindamycin and gentamicin. Author(s): Stovall TG, Thorpe EM Jr, Ling FW. Source: J Reprod Med. 1993 November; 38(11): 843-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8277478&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of post-partum endometritis with cefoxitin sodium. Author(s): Gonzalez-Enders R, Yi A, Calderon J, Trelles J. Source: The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 1978 July; 4(B): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=357396&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Martens M, Faro S, Hammill H, Maccato M. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1990 October; 25 Suppl 4: 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2120267&dopt=Abstract
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Trophoblastic pseudotumor of the uterus: an exaggerated form of “syncytial endometritis” simulating a malignant tumor. Author(s): Kurman RJ, Scully RE, Norris HJ. Source: Cancer. 1976 September; 38(3): 1214-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=182351&dopt=Abstract
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Tubercular endometritis (a clinicopathological study). Author(s): Malik GB, Lal N. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1981 January; 24(1): 23-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7251084&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis in hills of Darjeeling: a clinicopathological and bacteriological study. Author(s): Roy A, Mukherjee S, Bhattacharya S, Adhya S, Chakraborty P. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1993 October; 36(4): 361-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8157302&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis presenting as postmenopausal bleeding. A case report. Author(s): Toub DB, Goff BA, Muntz HG. Source: J Reprod Med. 1991 August; 36(8): 616-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1941805&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Bhola V, Hafeez MA, Shukla CB. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1984 May; 82(5): 149-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6481170&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Rajan NR, Parekh PR, Shah IV. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1974 January; 20(1): 10-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4840375&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Edwards TK, McCauley EW, Bell DF Jr. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1973 August; 66(8): 964-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4578611&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Bruemmer NC, Ruffolo EH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1969 April; 62(4): 386-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5777521&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis. A clinico pathological study of 403 cases. Author(s): Hafeez MA, Tandon PL, Munjal S. Source: Indian J Pathol Bacteriol. 1973 October; 16(4): 54-63. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4791523&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis. A clinicopathological study of 120 cases. Author(s): Hafeez MA, Tandon PL. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1966 June 1; 46(11): 610-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5943620&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis: a clinicopathological study of 1000 cases. Author(s): Bazaz-Malik G, Maheshwari B, Lal N. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1983 January; 90(1): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6821674&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous endometritis--a histopathological study. Author(s): D'Costa GF, Nagle SB. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1988 January; 34(1): 7-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3385663&dopt=Abstract
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Tuberculous peritonitis and endometritis mimicking a “frozen pelvis”. Author(s): Freedman LJ, Coleman B, Blasco L. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 July 15; 134(6): 719-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=463966&dopt=Abstract
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Untreated endocervical gonorrhea and endometritis following elective abortion. Author(s): Burkman RT, Tonascia JA, Atienza MF, King TM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 November 15; 126(6): 64851. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=984137&dopt=Abstract
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Use of methergine for the prevention of postoperative endometritis in non-elective cesarean section patients. Author(s): Dweck MF, Lynch CM, Spellacy WN. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(3-4): 151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10968597&dopt=Abstract
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Uterine flora at cesarean and its relationship to postpartum endometritis. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(1):CD001067 Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1999 November; 94(5 Pt 1): 787-91. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11869589
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Uterine herpes virus infection with multifocal necrotizing endometritis. Author(s): Duncan DA, Varner RE, Mazur MT. Source: Human Pathology. 1989 October; 20(10): 1021-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2551813&dopt=Abstract
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Utility of intraoperative bacterial cultures in the prediction of endometritis following cesarean birth. Author(s): O'Brien WF, Abbasi IA, Coddington CC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1984 May 15; 149(2): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6720807&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal colonization with resistant aerobic bacteria after antibiotic therapy for endometritis. Author(s): Gibbs RS, Blanco JD, St Clair PJ, Castaneda YS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1982 January 15; 142(2): 130-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7055177&dopt=Abstract
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Vaginal polymorphonuclear leukocytes and bacterial vaginosis as markers for histologic endometritis among women without symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease. Author(s): Yudin MH, Hillier SL, Wiesenfeld HC, Krohn MA, Amortegui AA, Sweet RL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 188(2): 318-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592233&dopt=Abstract
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Variable expression of Ia antigens in human endometrium and in chronic endometritis. Author(s): Tabibzadeh SS, Bettica A, Gerber MA. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 August; 86(2): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461701&dopt=Abstract
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Venous intravasation in a patient with tuberculous endometritis. Author(s): Sirikci A, Bayram M. Source: European Radiology. 2000; 10(11): 1838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097419&dopt=Abstract
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Vibrio vulnificus endometritis. Author(s): Tison DL, Kelly MT. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1984 August; 20(2): 185-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6490813&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthogranulomatous endometritis associated with endometrial carcinoma. Author(s): Pounder DJ, Iyer PV. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1985 January; 109(1): 73-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3838238&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthogranulomatous endometritis. Author(s): Badhe PB, Mittal BV, Desai AP. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1996 October; 39(4): 321-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009490&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthogranulomatous endometritis. Report of six cases and a proposed mechanism of development. Author(s): Russack V, Lammers RJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1990 September; 114(9): 929-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2390008&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthogranulomatous endometritis: case report. Author(s): Barua R, Kirkland JA, Petrucco OM. Source: Pathology. 1978 April; 10(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=683700&dopt=Abstract
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Xanthomatous endometritis. Author(s): Blanco C, Fernandez F, Buelta L, Garijo F, Val-Bernal JF, Sanchez S. Source: Appl Pathol. 1989; 7(4): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2803790&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ENDOMETRITIS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and endometritis.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Endometritis The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
48 Endometritis
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “endometritis” (or a synonym): •
A comparison of three treatments for endometritis. Author(s): Ark Veterinary Group, 5 Mansel Street, Carmarthen, SA31 1QX (United Kingdom) Source: Sheldon, I.M. Cattle-Practice (United Kingdom). (1997). volume 5(4) page 339343. endometritis oxytetracycline synthetic hormones oestrogens prostaglandins cattle cows female genital diseases Summary: endometrite oxytetracycline hormone synthetique oestrogene prostaglandine bovin vache maladie de l' appareil genital fem
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Inhibition of bacterial endometritis with mannose. Author(s): Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL. Source: King, S.S. Carnevale, E.M. Nequin, L.G. Crawford, J.J. Journal-of-equineveterinary-science (USA). (May 1998). volume 18(5) page 332-334. mares endometritis mannose inhibition disease control uterus escherichia coli experimental infection in vivo experimentation tissue culture biopsy drug therapy 0737-0806 Summary: jument endometrite mannose inhibition controle de maladies uterus escherichia coli infection experimentale experimentation in vivo culture de tissu biopsie therapeutique medicamenteuse
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Use of plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) in the diagnosis of sub-clinical endometritis and its relationship to fertility in the postpartum dairy cow. Author(s): University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Source: Archbald, L.F. Tsai, I.F. Thatcher, W.W. Tran, T. Wolfsdorf, K. Risco, C. Theriogenology (USA). (June 1998). volume 49(8) page 1425-1436. dairy cows endometritis latent infections blood plasma prostaglandins corpus luteum uterus progesterone reproductive performance fertility females diagnosis perinatal period placental retention breeding methods body fluids 0093-691X Summary: vache laitiere endometrite infection latente plasma sanguin prostaglandine corps jaune uterus progesterone performance de reproduction fertilite femelle diagnostic periode perinatale retention placentaire methode d' amelioration genetique liquide biologique
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
15-Ketodihydro-PGF(2 alpha), progesterone and uterine involution in primiparous cows with induced retained placenta and post-partal endometritis treated with oxytetracycline and flunixin. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
[email protected] Source: Konigsson, K Gustafsson, H Kindahl, H Reprod-Domest-Anim. 2002 February; 37(1): 43-51 0936-6768
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A retrospective study of 40 cases of canine pyometra-metritis treated with prostaglandin F-2 alpha and broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. Author(s): Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa. Source: Gilbert, R O Nothling, J O Oettle, E E J-Reprod-Fertil-Suppl. 1989; 39225-9 04493087
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Absorption of neomycin from the equine uterus: effect of bacterial and chemical endometritis. Author(s): Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire. Source: Boyd, E H Allen, W E Vet-Rec. 1988 January 9; 122(2): 37-9 0042-4900
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Bovine endometritis: current and future alternative therapy. Author(s): Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Production, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia. Source: Hussain, A M Daniel, R C Zentralbl-Veterinarmed-A. 1991 November; 38(9): 641-51 0514-7158
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Clinical amnionitis and endometritis in patients with premature rupture of membranes: endocervical prostaglandin E2 gel versus oxytocin for induction of labor. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA. Source: Malik, N Gittens, L Gonzalez, D Bardeguez, A Ganesh, V Apuzzio, J ObstetGynecol. 1996 October; 88(4 Pt 1): 540-3 0029-7844
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Combined gnRH and PGF2alpha application in cows with endometritis puerperalis treated with antibiotics. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warmia and Masuria University in Olsztyn, Poland. Source: Janowski, T Zdunczyk, S Mwaanga, E S Reprod-Domest-Anim. 2001 October; 36(5): 244-6 0936-6768
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Comparison of a conventional reproductive management programme based on rectal palpation and uterine treatment of endometritis with a strategic prostaglandin F2 alpha programme. Author(s): Tierklinik fhr Fortpflanzung, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. Source: Tenhagen, B A Heuwieser, W Zentralbl-Veterinarmed-A. 1999 April; 46(3): 16776 0514-7158
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Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis. Author(s): Ark Veterinary Group, Carmarthen. Source: Sheldon, I M Noakes, D E Vet-Rec. 1998 May 23; 142(21): 575-9 0042-4900
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Effect of exogenous ovarian steroids on the uterine luminal prostaglandins in ovariectomised mares with experimental endometritis. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, Langford. Source: Watson, E D Stokes, C R Bourne, F J Res-Vet-Sci. 1988 May; 44(3): 361-5 00345288
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Effect of experimentally induced metritis on uterine involution, acute phase protein response and PGFM secretion in the postpartum ewe. Author(s): Department of Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Source: Regassa, F Sheldon, M Noakes, D E Vet-Rec. 2002 May 11; 150(19): 605-7 00424900
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Effect of intrauterine bacterial infusions and subsequent endometritis on prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite concentrations in postpartum beef cows. Author(s): Department of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
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Source: Del Vecchio, R P Matsas, D J Inzana, T J Sponenberg, D P Lewis, G S J-Anim-Sci. 1992 October; 70(10): 3158-62 0021-8812 •
Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. Author(s): Section of Production Medicine, Clinic of Reproduction, Free University of Berlin, Germany. Source: Heuwieser, W Tenhagen, B A Tischer, M Luhr, J Blum, H Vet-Rec. 2000 March 18; 146(12): 338-41 0042-4900
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Effects of intrauterine dilute iodine solution infusion on the incidence of retained placenta and endometritis in dairy cows. Source: Putro, P P Acta-Vet-Scand-Suppl. 1988; 8358-65 0065-1699
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Effects of NSAIDs (nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs) in the treatment of postpartum endometritis in the cow. Source: K_nigsson, K. Gustafsson, H. Gunnarsson, A. Kindahl, H. Reproduction-inDomestic-Animals (Germany). (2000). volume 35(3-4) page 186-187. cattle cows endometritis drug therapy antibiotics prostaglandins 0936-6768
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Endometritis, salpingitis and fertilisation rates after mating mares with a history of intrauterine lumenal fluid accumulation. Author(s): Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Miragaya, M H Woods, G L Losinno, L Equine-Vet-J-Suppl. 1997 December; (25): 109-12
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Intravaginal prostaglandin F2 alpha for the treatment of metritis and pyometra in the bitch. Author(s): Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Gesztenyes u., Hungary. Source: Gabor, G Siver, L Szenci, O Acta-Vet-Hung. 1999; 47(1): 103-8 0236-6290
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Investigations into the use of exogenous oxytocin for promoting uterine drainage in mares susceptible to endometritis. Author(s): Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Source: Allen, W E Vet-Rec. 1991 June 22; 128(25): 593-4 0042-4900
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Plasma cell numbers in uteri of mares with persistent endometritis and in ovariectomised mares treated with ovarian steroids. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bristol, School of Veterinary Science, Langford. Source: Watson, E D Stokes, C R Equine-Vet-J. 1988 November; 20(6): 424-5 0425-1644
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Possible association of metritis with periparturient subcutaneous oedema in dairy cows. Source: Markusfeld, O Lewison, M Vet-Rec. 1993 January 30; 132(5): 115-6 0042-4900
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Postpartum endometritis: efficacy and tolerability of two antibiotic regimens. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston. Source: Gonik, B Clin-Ther. 1992 Jan-February; 14(1): 83-9 0149-2918
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Preliminary results of treatment and endocrinology of chronic endometritis in the dairy cow. Source: Pepper, R T Dobson, H Vet-Rec. 1987 January 17; 120(3): 53-6 0042-4900
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Prevention of metritis-mastitis-agalaxia syndrome in sows. Author(s): Instituto de Proteccao a Producao Agro-Alimentar, Largo da Academia Nacional das Belas Artes, Lisbon, Portugal. Source: Perestrelo, R Perestrelo, H MaDecember, F Tillon, J P Vet-Res. 1994; 25(2-3): 2626 0928-4249
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Prospective cost analysis of moxalactam versus clindamycin plus gentamicin for endomyometritis after cesarean section. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284. Source: Knodel, L C Goldspiel, B R Gibbs, R S Antimicrob-Agents-Chemother. 1988 June; 32(6): 853-7 0066-4804
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Rationale for treatment of endometritis in the dairy cow. Author(s): Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station. Source: Bretzlaff, K Vet-Clin-North-Am-Food-Anim-Pract. 1987 November; 3(3): 593-607 0749-0720
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Reduced incidence of postoperative endometritis by the use of Laminaria tents in connection with first trimester abortion. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Source: Bryman, I Granberg, S Norstrom, A Acta-Obstet-Gynecol-Scand. 1988; 67(4): 323-5 0001-6349
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Relationship between postpartum changes in 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha concentrations in Holstein cows and their susceptibility to endometritis. Author(s): Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA. Source: Seals, R C Matamoros, I Lewis, G S J-Anim-Sci. 2002 April; 80(4): 1068-73 00218812
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Reproductive efficiency of cows with endometritis after treatment with intrauterine infusions or prostaglandin injections, or no treatment. Author(s): Large Animal Clinic, Department of Reproduction, University of Berne, Switzerland.
[email protected] Source: Knutti, B Kupfer, U Busato, A J-Vet-Med-A-Physiol-Pathol-Clin-Med. 2000 December; 47(10): 609-15 0931-184X
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The use of oxytocin for the reduction of cow placental retention, and subsequent endometritis. Author(s): Istituto di Clinica Ostetrica e Ginecologica Veterinaria, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Milan, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Mollo, A Veronesi, M C Cairoli, F Soldano, F Anim-Reprod-Sci. 1997 July; 48(1): 47-51 0378-4320
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Therapeutic efficacy of plant extracts in the treatment of bovine endometritis. Source: Esparza Borges, H. Ortiz Marquez, A. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. August 1996. (426) page 39-46. 0567-7572
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Use of methergine for the prevention of postoperative endometritis in non-elective cesarean section patients. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33606, USA.
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Source: Dweck, M F Lynch, C M Spellacy, W N Infect-Dis-Obstet-Gynecol. 2000; 8(3-4): 151-4 1064-7449
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ENDOMETRITIS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to endometritis. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to endometritis and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to endometritis: •
Bovine endometritis: current and future alternative therapy. Author(s): Hussain AM, Daniel RC. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1991 November; 38(9): 641-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1771986&dopt=Abstract
•
Early or late bath during the first stage of labour: a randomised study of 200 women. Author(s): Eriksson M, Mattsson LA, Ladfors L. Source: Midwifery. 1997 September; 13(3): 146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9362855&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. Author(s): Heuwieser W, Tenhagen BA, Tischer M, Luhr J, Blum H.
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Source: The Veterinary Record. 2000 March 18; 146(12): 338-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10777040&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of the combination antibiotic--EDTA-Tris in the treatment of chronic bovine endometritis caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Author(s): Farca AM, Nebbia P, Robino P, Re G. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1997 July; 36(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9368912&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment in dairy cows at risk for low fertility after parturition. Author(s): Kristula MA, Bartholomew R. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998 March 1; 212(5): 702-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9524644&dopt=Abstract
•
Female fertility following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of distal ureteral calculi. Author(s): Vieweg J, Weber HM, Miller K, Hautmann R. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1992 September; 148(3 Pt 2): 1007-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1507317&dopt=Abstract
•
Is there an association between water baths during labor and the development of chorioamnionitis or endometritis? Author(s): Robertson PA, Huang LJ, Croughan-Minihane MS, Kilpatrick SJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 June; 178(6): 1215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9662304&dopt=Abstract
•
Morphological changes in the organs of ewes grazing oestrogenic subterranean clover. Author(s): Adams NR. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1977 March; 22(2): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=558645&dopt=Abstract
•
On the therapeutic efficacy of electric acupuncture with moxibustion in 95 cases of chronic pelvic infectious disease (PID). Author(s): Wang XM. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 March; 9(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2788236&dopt=Abstract
•
Preliminary report on maternal deaths in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania in 1983. Author(s): Price TG.
Alternative Medicine 55
Source: J Obstet Gynaecol East Cent Africa. 1984 September; 3(3): 103-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12283147&dopt=Abstract •
Prevalence and clinical significance of postpartum endometritis and wound infection. Author(s): Chaim W, Bashiri A, Bar-David J, Shoham-Vardi I, Mazor M. Source: Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000; 8(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10805361&dopt=Abstract
•
Reproductive performance after the repair of obstetric vesico-vaginal fistulae. Author(s): Evoh NJ, Akinla O. Source: Ann Clin Res. 1978 December; 10(6): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=742828&dopt=Abstract
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Safety of intrauterine administration of purified neem seed oil (Praneem Vilci) in women & effect of its co-administration with the heterospecies dimer birth control vaccine on antibody response to human chorionic gonadotropin. Author(s): Talwar GP, Pal R, Singh O, Garg S, Taluja V, Upadhyay SN, Gopalan S, Jain V, Kaur J, Sehgal S. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1995 August; 102: 66-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834816&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of manual removal of the placenta on post-cesarean endometritis. Author(s): Atkinson MW, Owen J, Wren A, Hauth JC. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 January; 87(1): 99-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8532276&dopt=Abstract
•
The influences of dietary intakes and supplementation with selenium and vitamin E on reproduction diseases and reproductive efficiency in cattle and sheep. Author(s): Hemingway RG. Source: Veterinary Research Communications. 2003 February; 27(2): 159-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12718509&dopt=Abstract
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The pet rabbit--veterinary problems. Author(s): Wood C. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1978 April 8; 102(14): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=349849&dopt=Abstract
•
Uterine health and disorders. Author(s): Lewis GS. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 1997 May; 80(5): 984-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9178140&dopt=Abstract
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•
Uterine secretion from mares with post-breeding endometritis alters sperm motion characteristics in vitro. Author(s): Alghamdi A, Troedsson MH, Laschkewitsch T, Xue JL. Source: Theriogenology. 2001 March 1; 55(4): 1019-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11291908&dopt=Abstract
•
Warm tub bath during labor. A study of 1385 women with prelabor rupture of the membranes after 34 weeks of gestation. Author(s): Eriksson M, Ladfors L, Mattsson LA, Fall O. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1996 August; 75(7): 642-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8822657&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to endometritis; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 57
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ENDOMETRITIS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to endometritis. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “endometritis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on endometritis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Endometritis ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to endometritis. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Diagnosis and Treatment of Subclinical Endometritis in Postpartum Dairy Cows by Kasimanickam, Ramanathan; Dvsc from University of Guelph (canada), 2003, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75985
•
The Use of Ultrasonography in the Detection of Subclinical Endometritis in Early Lactational Dairy Cows by Knight-sherod, Jocelyn Ann; Ms from Utah State University, 2002, 50 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408269
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ENDOMETRITIS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “endometritis” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on endometritis, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Endometritis By performing a patent search focusing on endometritis, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
62 Endometritis
example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on endometritis: •
16-Amino-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin derivatives, and acid addition salts Inventor(s): Borvendeg; Janos (Budapest, HU), Moravcsik; Imre (Budapest, HU), Cseh; Gyorgy (Budapest, HU), Toth-Sarudy; Eva (Budapest, HU), Ambrus; Gabor (Budapest, HU), Mezei; Gabriella (Budapest, HU) Assignee(s): Patentbureau Danubia (Budapest, HU) Patent Number: 4,418,205 Date filed: December 9, 1981 Abstract: The invention relates to new 16-amino-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin derivatives of general formula I, having at C-17 a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, wherein C-15 and C-16 may have either S or R configuration, Y stands for a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group, W stands for a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, hydroxy group, lower alkyl or alkoxy group, and their acid addition salts. These compounds can be prepared by removing the ester group and the pnitrobenzyloxycarbonyl protective group of a 9.alpha.,11.alpha.,15-trihydroxy-16-pnitrobenzyloxycarbonylamido-17-pheny l-5-cis,13-trans-18,19,20-trinor-prostadienoic acid derivative of general formula XII--wherein C-15 and C-16 may have either S or R configuration, W is as defined above, and Y stands for a lower alkyl group--in an optional sequence with the limitation that in those compounds of general formula I where W is as defined above and Y stands for a lower alkyl group, solely the pnitrobenzyloxycarbonyl group is removed, and the resulting product of general formula I is optionally converted with an organic or inorganic acid into a salt. The new prostaglandin derivatives of the invention have valuable therapeutical properties, and can be applied in cattle raising for estrus and birth synchronization, furthermore in the veterinary praxis for the treatment of sterility, chronic endometritis and pyometry. Excerpt(s): Drug research aims to utilize the physiological activity of prostaglandins in diverse fields of therapy. Natural prostaglandins possess the unfavourable property of exhibiting simultaneously a wide range of activity, furthermore they are rapidly decomposed by the organisms. These disadvantages may be eliminated by preparing prostaglandin analogues which are metabolized at a lower rate, and which possess a more selective activity /P. Ramwell and I. Saw: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 180, 10 /1971//. The invention relates to novel prostaglandin derivatives which have a 1-amino-2phenyl-ethyl group optionally substituted by a halogen, hydroxy, alkyl or alkoxy group, instead of the n-amyl group forming the C-16 to C-20 fragment of natural prostaglandins, and a process for the preparation thereof. Within the organism there are several phenyl-ethyl derivatives of physiological importance /for instance phenylalanine, tyrosine, L-dopa/, furthermore several drugs /for instance various sympathomimetic agents/ belong to this family of compounds. Consequently, it was assumed that the physiological properties of natural prostaglandins might be modified by introducing a phenyl-ethylamine group in the side chain of prostaglandins. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04418205__
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•
Cervical barrier shield for female vaginal douche Inventor(s): Dolisi; Frank (Old Brookville, NY) Assignee(s): American Maternity Products, Inc. (Old Brookville, NY) Patent Number: 6,113,580 Date filed: August 27, 1998 Abstract: The female vaginal douche with cervical shield is a unique device with a wide range of health implications. The device is unique because there is no existing device available that offers the ability to cleanse the vaginal mucosa without allowing a forceful flow of fluid, debris, and bacteria (both commensal and pathogenic), into the uterine cervix. At present, when vaginal douching takes place, there is no barrier in place to protect or shield the cervix from this potentially harmful practice. By combining the vaginal douche applicator with an attached cervical shield, access to the uterine cervix will be limited. The limitation theoretically prevents microorganisms from entering the upper female genital tract. Shielding the cervix during vaginal douching has the potential to prevent serious pelvic infections including pelvic inflammatory disease, tuboovarian abscess, endometritis, as well as female factor infertility and potentially life threatening ectopic pregnancy. It is also possible that other unwanted effects such as uncomfortable uterine cramps may be prevented as well. The female vaginal douche with a cervical barrier shield is applied as one unit, and can be either disposable or nondisposable. Once applied, the douche may be utilized in the typical fashion, but with possibly less complicated and unwanted side effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to protective barriers for internal hygiene. Existing vaginal douches include hollow fluid flow applicators for dispensing fluid into a vagina. However, because of the proximity of the vagina to the cervix, leading to the uterus, there is the risk of trans-cervical contamination of the uterus with bacteria, contaminated fluid and/or debris. Serious health risks include infection, sterility, ectopic pregnancies and/or pelvic inflammatory disease. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a uterine cervical shield to a vaginal douche applicator. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06113580__
•
Method and composition for prevention and treatment of female lower genital tract microbial infections Inventor(s): Kross; Robert D. (Bellmore, NY) Assignee(s): Alcide Corporation (Redmond, WA) Patent Number: 5,667,817 Date filed: August 28, 1996 Abstract: Methods for preventing and treating microbial infections in the mammalian female lower genital tract such as vulvitis, vaginitis, cervicitis, and endometritis involve the intra-vaginal and/or intra-uterine infusion of a solution containing a pharmacologically acceptable carrier and chlorine dioxide in an amount ranging from about 5 ppm to 1000 ppm, and having a chlorine dioxide to chlorite ratio of at least 5:1. Typical solutions exhibit a pH compatible with the lower genital tract, e.g., a pH from about 5 to about 7.5. In many embodiments, chlorine dioxide in the solution is produced by reacting a chlorite with a mineral acid and adjusting the pH, by reacting a chlorite with an organic acid having a pK of about 2.8 to 4.2, or by reacting a chlorite at a pH
64 Endometritis
below about 5.5 with a heat-activated saccharide in the presence of an organic acid having a pK of about 2.8 to about 4.2. Sodium chlorite is employed in preferred embodiments. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the prevention or treatment of endometritis, vaginitis and related microbial infections of the lower genital tract in female mammals, particularly to postpartum infections. Uterine infections and infections of the cervix, vagina and vulva commonly occur in human beings and domestic animals, especially following birth. Typical infecting organisms of the endometrium (uterine mucosa) and contiguous mucosal surfaces in the lower genital tract include, for example,.beta.-hemolytic streptococci, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, coliform bacteria including Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium pyogenes and C. vaginale, various Campylobacter or Trichomonas species such as T. vaginalis, and the like. Even mild vaginitis is uncomfortable, and even where endometritis is mild, the impact on fertility can be substantial. Fertility depression and aberrations of the estrous cycle are typical symptoms. Acute infections can lead to complications; acute endometritis and metritis, for example, can eventually involve all organ layers and cause abortion, extensive hemorrhage, necrosis, abscesses, peritonitis, toxemia or septicemia, and death. The normal nonpregnant uterus is endowed with a high degree of resistance to infection, and even in the case of specific genital diseases such as brucellosis, trichomoniasis, and Campylobacter infection, is ordinarily incapable of supporting bacterial growth or the persistence of bacteria for any extended period. Normal antibody production plays a role in this resistance, but, more importantly, bacterial clearance from the endometrium and phagocytic response to bacteria are enhanced by estrogen and suppressed by progesterone (Jubb, K. V. F., et al., Pathology of Domestic Animals, 3rd ed., vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1985, pages 330-332). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05667817__
Patent Applications on Endometritis As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to endometritis: •
Novel cyclohexenyl phenyl diazepines vasopressin and oxytocin receptor modulators Inventor(s): Failli, Amedeo Arturo; (Princeton Junction, NJ), Sanders, William Jennings; (Fox Lake, IL), Trybulski, Eugene John; (Princeton Junction, NJ) Correspondence: Arnold S. Milowsky; 5 Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020198196 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides novel tricyclic diazepine compounds and methods and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing them for the treating or preventing disorders including diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, urinary incontinence, bleeding and coagulation disorders, congestive heart failure or for inducing temporary delay of urination, and in conditions with increased vascular
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
Patents 65
resistance and coronary vasoconstriction; and for the treating or preventing disorders remedied or alleviated by oxytocin antagonist activity, including suppression of preterm labor, dysmenorrhea, endometritis, and for suppressing labor at term prior to caesarean delivery. These compounds are also useful in enhancing fertility rates, enhancing survival rates and synchronizing estrus in farm animals; and treatment of disfunctions of the oxytocin system in the central nervous system including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from copending provisional application Serial No. 60/283,265, filed Apr. 12, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention concerns novel tricyclic diazepines with affinity for the vasopressin and/or oxytocin receptors which can act as modulators of vasopressin and/or oxytocin effects in vivo, as well as methods of their manufacture, methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing these compounds. The compounds of the present invention are useful therapeutic agents for treating conditions in mammals, particularly in humans where decreased levels of vasopressin are desired, such as in congestive heart failure, in disease conditions with excessive renal water reabsorption and in conditions with increased vascular resistance and coronary vasoconstriction. They are also useful therapeutic agents for treating diseases in mammals, particularly humans, affecting the vasopressin system which are characterized by excretion of excessive volumes of diluted urine, including central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, for treating nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, urinary incontinence, bleeding and coagulation disorders, or temporary delay of urination. By preventing oxytocin from binding to its receptors they are useful in the prevention and/or suppression of preterm labor, for the suppression of labor at term prior to caesarean delivery, to facilitate transport to a medical facility, and for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. They are also useful in enhancing fertility rates, enhancing survival rates and synchronizing estrus in farm animals; and they may be useful in the prevention and treatment of disfunctions of the oxytocin system in the central nervous system, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Vasopressin is involved in some cases of congestive heart failure where peripheral resistance is increased. The hormone exerts its action through two well defined receptor subtypes: vascular V.sub.1a and renal epithelial V.sub.2 receptors. V.sub.1a receptor antagonists may decrease systemic vascular resistance, increase cardiac output and prevent vasopressin induced coronary vasoconstriction. Thus, in conditions with vasopressin induced increases in total peripheral resistance and altered local blood flow, V.sub.1a receptor antagonists may be therapeutically useful agents. V.sub.1a receptor antagonists may decrease blood pressure, induce hypotensive effects and thus be therapeutically useful in treatment of some types of hypertension. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Novel tricyclic diazepines tocolytic oxytocin receptor antagonists Inventor(s): Caggiano, Thomas Joseph; (Morrisville, PA), Trybulski, Eugene John; (Princeton Junction, NJ), Memoli, Kevin Anthony; (Cranbury, NJ), Sabatucci, Joseph Peter; (Collegeville, PA), Shumsky, Jay Scott; (Hightstown, NJ), Failli, Amedeo Arturo; (Princeton Junction, NJ) Correspondence: Arnold S. Milowsky; 5 Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030008863 Date filed: April 10, 2002
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Abstract: This invention provides novel tricyclic diazepine compounds as well as methods and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing these compounds for the treatment and/or prevention and/or suppression of disorders which may be remedied or alleviated by oxytocin antagonist activity, including treatment of preterm labor, dysmenorrhea, endometritis, and for suppressing labor prior to caesarean delivery. These compounds are also useful in enhancing fertility rates, enhancing survival rates and synchronizing estrus in farm animals; and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of disfunctions of the oxytocin system in the central nervous system including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns novel tricyclic diazepines which act as competitive oxytocin receptor antagonists, as well as methods of their manufacture, methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing these compounds. The compounds of the present invention are useful therapeutic agents in mammals, particularly in humans. More specifically, they can be used in the prevention and/or suppression of preterm labor, for the suppression of labor at term prior to caesarean delivery, to facilitate antinatal transport to a medical facility, and for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. These compounds also useful in enhancing fertility rates, enhancing survival rates and synchronizing estrus in farm animals; and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of disfunctions of the oxytocin system in the central nervous system including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Premature labor remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Infant mortality dramatically decreases with increased gestational age. The survival rate of prematurely born infants increases from 20% at 24 weeks to 94% at 30 weeks. Moreover the cost associated with the care of an infant born prematurely is extremely high. While many agents have been developed for the treatment of premature labor in the last 40 years, the incidence of pre-term births and low birth weight infants has remained relatively unchanged. Therefore there remains an unmet need for the development of a safe and effective treatment of preterm labor. Tocolytic (uterine relaxing) agents currently in use include.beta.sub.2 adrenergic receptor agonists such as Ritodrine which is moderately effective in suppressing preterm labor, but it is associated with maternal hypotension, tachycardia, and metabolic side effects. Several other agents have been used to suppress premature labor, including other.beta.sub.2 adrenergic agonists (terbutaline, albuterol), magnesium sulfate, NSAIDs (indomethacin), and calcium channel blockers. The consensus is that none of these agents are very effective; there is no clinical evidence showing that these compounds can prolong gestation for more than 7 days (Johnson, Drugs, 45, 684-692 (1993)). Furthermore, their safety profile is not ideal. Adverse effects include respiratory depression and cardiac arrest (magnesium sulfate), hemodynamic effects (calcium channel blockers), premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and oligohydramnios (NSAIDs; prostaglandin synthase inhibitors). Therefore, there is an unmet need for safer and more efficacious agents for the treatment of preterm labor with better patient tolerability. Specific requirements with regard to safety include a product with no or low rates of tachycardia, limited anxiety, improved fetal safety, and few, if any, adverse cardiovascular effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 67
•
Novel tricyclic hydroxy carboxamides and derivatives thereof tocolytic oxytocin receptor antagonists Inventor(s): Shumsky, Jay Scott; (Hightstown, NJ), Trybulski, Eugene John; (Princeton Junction, NJ), Sanders, William Jennings; (Fox Lake, IL), Memoli, Kevin Anthony; (Cranbury, NJ), Caggiano, Thomas Joseph; (Morrisville, PA), Arturo Failli, Amedeo; (Princeton Junction, NJ), Sabatucci, Joseph Peter; (Collegeville, PA) Correspondence: Arnold S. Milowsky; 5 Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20030018026 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: This invention provides novel substituted tricyclic carboxamides which act as oxytocin receptor competitive antagonists, as well as methods of their manufacture, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of their use in treatment, inhibition, suppression or prevention of preterm labor, dysmenorrhea and endometritis, suppression of labor at term prior to caesarean delivery, and to facilitate antinatal transport to a medical facility. These compounds are also useful in enhancing fertility rates, enhancing survival rates and synchronizing estrus in farm animals; and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of disfunctions of the oxytocin system in the central nervous system including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from copending provisional application Serial No. 60/283,261, filed Apr. 12, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention concerns novel substituted tricyclic carboxamides which act as oxytocin receptor competitive antagonists, as well as methods of their manufacture, methods of treatment and pharmaceutical compositions utilizing these compounds. The compounds of the present invention are useful therapeutic agents in mammals, particularly in humans. More specifically, they can be used in the treatment and/or prevention and/or suppression of preterm labor and dysmenorrhea, for the suppression of labor at term prior to caesarean delivery, and to facilitate antinatal transport to a medical facility. These compounds are also useful in enhancing fertility rates, enhancing survival rates and synchronizing estrus in farm animals; and may be useful in the prevention and treatment of disfunctions of the oxytocin system in the central nervous system including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Premature labor remains the leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Infant mortality dramatically decreases with increased gestational age. The survival rate of prematurely born infants increases from 20% at 24 weeks to 94% at 30 weeks. Moreover the cost associated with the care of an infant born prematurely is extremely high. While many agents have been developed for the treatment of premature labor in the last 40 years, the incidence of pre-term births and low birth weight infants has remained relatively unchanged. Therefore there remains an unmet need for the development of a safe and effective treatment of preterm labor. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with endometritis, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on endometritis. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning endometritis. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ENDOMETRITIS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to endometritis. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on endometritis include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 •
On a new treatment of chronic metritis and expecially of endometritis, with intrauterine chemical galvano-cauterizations. Tr. by A. Lapthorn Smith. Author: Apostoli, Georges,; Year: 1979; Detroit, Davis, 1888
•
Prophylactic effect of tinidazole on the postoperative endometritis rate after first trimester abortion Author: Krohn, K.; Year: 1995; [1982]
•
Relationship of tuberculosis salpingitis to tuberculous endometritis; a pathological study of 214 cases. Author: MacPherson, Malcolm Morrison,; Year: 1978; [Minneapolis] 1939
7
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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•
Syphilis fetuum; a critical study of the syphilitic endometritis of the secundines, and of the presence, nature, functions, and development of the antibody-producing tissues of the fetal organism, by Gösta Ekehorn. Author: Ekehorn, Gösta,; Year: 1976; Stockholm, P. A. Norstedt; söner, 1925
Chapters on Endometritis In order to find chapters that specifically relate to endometritis, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and endometritis using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ENDOMETRITIS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on endometritis. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Endometritis The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in endometritis (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on endometritis: •
OB infections [videorecording]: endometritis Source: presented by the Department of Gynecology/Obstetrics, Emory University, School of Medicine [and] the Emory Medical Television Network; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: The University, c1989
•
Obstetric infections, amnionitis and endometritis [electronic resource] Source: [Val Catanzarite and W. Patrick Duff]; Year: 1989; Format: Electronic resource; Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, c1989
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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ENDOMETRITIS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover endometritis.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on endometritis is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to endometritis. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “endometritis” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for endometritis: •
New Quinolone Effective In Rat Model Of Uterine Endometritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 25, 1998
•
Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Microorganisms Increase Risk Of Endometritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 18, 1996
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Manual Extraction Of The Placenta At C. Section Increases Endometritis Risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 10, 1996
•
Manual Removal Of Placenta A Risk Factor For Postpartum Endometritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 06, 1995
•
Manual Removal Of The Placenta Increases Risk For Endometritis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 1995 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “endometritis” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to endometritis, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.
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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “endometritis” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Endometritis Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to endometritis. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering endometritis that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 9. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for endometritis. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with endometritis. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to endometritis: Doxycycline •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Atridox http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203716.html
Gentamicin •
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
•
Ophthalmic - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentacidin; Gentafair; Gentak; OcuMycin; Spectro-Genta http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202604.html
•
Topical - U.S. Brands: Garamycin; Gentamar; G-Myticin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202258.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA
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through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 3517 148 6 19 1 3691
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “endometritis” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on endometritis can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to endometritis. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to endometritis. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “endometritis”:
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•
Other guides Gonorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gonorrhea.html Infections and Pregnancy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectionsandpregnancy.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to endometritis. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Patient Resources
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to endometritis. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with endometritis. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about endometritis. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “endometritis” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “endometritis”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “endometritis” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “endometritis” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
93
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
95
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
98 Endometritis
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
99
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on endometritis: •
Basic Guidelines for Endometritis Chlamydia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001345.htm Endometritis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001484.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Endometritis Abdominal distention Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003122.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Abdominal tenderness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm
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Abnormal vaginal bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003156.htm Abnormal vaginal discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003158.htm Bowel sounds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003137.htm Chills Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003091.htm Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Malaise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003089.htm Tachycardia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003077.htm Vaginal discharge Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003158.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Endometritis Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm Blood culture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003744.htm Endometrial biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003917.htm ESR Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm Laparoscopy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003918.htm Sed rate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003638.htm WBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm White blood count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm
Online Glossaries 101
•
Surgery and Procedures for Endometritis Abortion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002912.htm C-section Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002911.htm
•
Background Topics for Endometritis Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Cervix Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002317.htm Condoms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004001.htm Intrauterine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002389.htm Intravenous Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002383.htm Palpation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002284.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
103
ENDOMETRITIS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abortion: 1. The premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. Premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetoin: A product of fermentation. It is a component of the butanediol cycle in microorganisms. In mammals it is oxidized to carbon dioxide. [NIH] Actinomyces: A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent
104 Endometritis
chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Allantois: An embryonic diverticulum of the hindgut of reptiles, birds, and mammals; in man its blood vessels give rise to those of the umbilical cord. [NIH] Alpha-Defensins: Defensins found in azurophilic granules of neutrophils and in the secretory granules of intestinal paneth cells. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of
Dictionary 105
pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Archaea: One of the three domains of life (the others being bacteria and Eucarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: 1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; 2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; 3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from
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branched-chain subunits; and 4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least three kingdoms: crenarchaeota, euryarchaeota, and korarchaeota. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with grampositive organisms. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for
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medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Beta-Defensins: Defensins found mainly in epithelial cells. [NIH] Beta-Lactamases: Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins. EC 3.5.2.6. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blennorrhoea: A general term including any inflammatory process of the external eye which gives a mucoid discharge, more exactly, a discharge of mucus. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH]
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Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Brucellosis: Infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella mainly involving the reticuloendothelial system. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate. [NIH] Cefazolin: Semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [NIH] Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or
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intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infections and to date no severe side effects have been noted. [NIH] Cefoxitin: Semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cephalosporins: A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus Acremonium (Cephalosporium acremonium). They contain the betalactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Chlamydia trachomatis: Type species of Chlamydia causing a variety of ocular and urogenital diseases. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially
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the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorioamnionitis: An inflammatory process involving the chorion, its fetal blood vessels, the umbilical cord, and the amnion by extension of the inflammation, as the amnion itself has no blood supply. This inflammatory process is potentially fatal to mother and fetus. [NIH]
Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [NIH]
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Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Commensal: 1. Living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. An organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in
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body tissues. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]
Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum
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reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Defensins: Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. Based on the disulfide pairing of their characteristic six cysteine residues, they are divided into alpha-defensins and beta-defensins. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Insipidus: A metabolic disorder due to disorders in the production or release of vasopressin. It is characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of low specific gravity urine and great thirst. [NIH] Diacetyl: Carrier of aroma of butter, vinegar, coffee, and other foods. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discriminant Analysis: A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU]
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Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Douching: A jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. [EU] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Ductus Arteriosus: A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Ecosystem: A dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]
Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]
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Embryo Transfer: Removal of a mammalian embryo from one environment and replacement in the same or a new environment. The embryo is usually in the pre-nidation phase, i.e., a blastocyst. The process includes embryo or blastocyst transplantation or transfer after in vitro fertilization and transfer of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. It is not used for transfer of differentiated embryonic tissue, e.g., germ layer cells. [NIH] Embryology: The study of the development of an organism during the embryonic and fetal stages of life. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]
Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi
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and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilization in Vitro: Fertilization of an egg outside the body when the egg is normally fertilized in the body. [NIH] Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. [NIH] Fetal Heart: The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the
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postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. [NIH] Fetal Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which surround the embryo or fetus and provide for its nutrition, respiration, excretion and protection; they are the yolk sac, allantois, amnion, and chorion. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH]
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Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Gonorrhoea: Infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-Negative Bacteria: Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH]
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Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemin: Chloro(7,12-diethenyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18dipropanoato(4-)-N(21),N(22),N(23),N(24)) ferrate(2-) dihydrogen. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hygienic: Pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]
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Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential
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element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Karyotype: The characteristic chromosome complement of an individual, race, or species as defined by their number, size, shape, etc. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactobacillus: A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or
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cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Marital Status: A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metritis: Generalized inflammation of the uterus. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections. [NIH]
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MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Miscarriage: Spontaneous expulsion of the products of pregnancy before the middle of the second trimester. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the cephalosporins except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain cephalosporins. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections. [NIH] Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mycoplasma: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria bounded by a plasma membrane only. Its organisms are parasites and pathogens, found on the mucous membranes of humans, animals, and birds. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training,
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health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Nephrogenic: Constant thirst and frequent urination because the kidney tubules cannot respond to antidiuretic hormone. The result is an increase in urine formation and excessive urine flow. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and grampositive bacteria. It is used for superficial wounds, burns, ulcers, and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. [NIH] Nocturia: Excessive urination at night. [EU] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Occult: Obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. [EU] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligohydramnios: Presence of less than 300 ml of amniotic fluid at term. Principal causes include malformations of fetal urinary tracts, intra-uterine growth retardation, high maternal blood pressure, nicotine poisoning, and prolonged pregnancy. [NIH]
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Oophoritis: Inflammation of an ovary. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Ovarian Follicle: Spheroidal cell aggregation in the ovary containing an ovum. It consists of an external fibro-vascular coat, an internal coat of nucleated cells, and a transparent, albuminous fluid in which the ovum is suspended. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH]
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Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH] Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic
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proposed for pseudomonas infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics. [NIH]
Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant Oils: Oils derived from plants or plant products. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Post partum: After childbirth, or after delivery. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH]
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Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Pregnancy Outcome: Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer or fertilization in vitro. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Prenatal Care: Care provided the pregnant woman in order to prevent complications, and decrease the incidence of maternal and prenatal mortality. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids
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having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Pseudomonas Infections: Infections with bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs,
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may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the
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dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Reproduction Techniques: Methods pertaining to the generation of new individuals. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU]
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Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sigmoid: 1. Shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. The sigmoid colon. [EU] Sigmoid Colon: The lower part of the colon that empties into the rectum. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH]
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Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Streptomycin: O-2-Deoxy-2-(methylamino)-alpha-L-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-5- deoxy-3-Cformyl-alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl-(1-4)-N,N'-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-D-streptamine. Antibiotic substance produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by
136 Endometritis
clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulbactam: A beta-lactamase inhibitor with very weak antibacterial action. The compound prevents antibiotic destruction of beta-lactam antibiotics by inhibiting beta-lactamases, thus extending their spectrum activity. Combinations of sulbactam with beta-lactam antibiotics have been used successfully for the therapy of infections caused by organisms resistant to the antibiotic alone. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of
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the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]
Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxemia: A generalized intoxication produced by toxins and other substances elaborated by an infectious agent. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH]
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Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureaplasma: A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria which are common parasitic inhabitants of the urogenital tracts of man, cattle, dogs, and monkeys. [NIH] Ureaplasma urealyticum: A species of gram-negative bacteria found in the human genitourinary tract, oropharynx, and anal canal. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU]
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Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal Discharge: A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract. [NIH] Vaginal Fistula: An abnormal passage communicating with the vagina. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Valganciclovir: An antiviral agent that is being studied as a treatment for AIDS-related cytomegalovirus. It is converted in the body to ganciclovir. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venereal: Pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulva: The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection
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and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH]
141
INDEX A Abdomen, 103, 120, 121, 122, 123, 127, 128, 135, 137 Abdominal, 34, 36, 99, 103, 109, 127, 128 Abdominal Pain, 103, 128 Ablation, 30, 103 Abortion, 12, 21, 23, 32, 35, 38, 43, 51, 64, 69, 101, 103, 110, 130 Abscess, 63, 103, 118 Acceptor, 103, 127 Acetoin, 103 Actinomyces, 21, 103 Acute renal, 103, 119 Adenine, 103 Adhesions, 34, 103 Adrenal Cortex, 103, 130 Adrenergic, 66, 103, 104, 114, 115, 136, 137 Adrenergic Agonists, 66, 103 Adverse Effect, 103, 134 Aerobic, 36, 44, 103, 109, 131 Aetiology, 29, 103 Affinity, 65, 103, 104, 134 Agonist, 104, 114, 126, 137 Albuterol, 66, 104 Algorithms, 104, 107 Alkaline, 104, 108 Allantois, 104, 117 Alpha-Defensins, 104, 113 Alternative medicine, 74, 104 Amebiasis, 104, 124 Amenorrhea, 12, 56, 104 Amino acid, 104, 105, 114, 116, 128, 131, 136, 137, 138 Amnion, 104, 110, 117 Amniotic Fluid, 21, 104, 117, 126 Ampicillin, 14, 22, 23, 35, 37, 38, 41, 104, 124, 128 Anaerobic, 7, 11, 19, 28, 31, 37, 104, 109, 116, 125 Anaesthesia, 104, 120 Anal, 105, 113, 115, 123, 138 Analog, 105, 108, 110, 117 Annealing, 105, 129 Antibacterial, 48, 105, 110, 135, 136 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 35, 39, 41, 105 Antibodies, 105, 118, 120, 129 Antibody, 40, 55, 64, 70, 104, 105, 111, 118, 120, 124, 134
Antidiuretic, 105, 126 Antigen, 104, 105, 111, 117, 120, 124 Anti-infective, 105, 109, 119, 122, 126 Anti-inflammatory, 9, 50, 105, 120 Antimicrobial, 5, 8, 9, 34, 41, 54, 105, 113, 114 Antiseptic, 105 Antiviral, 105, 139 Anus, 105, 111, 132 Anxiety, 66, 105 Aorta, 105, 114 Aqueous, 105, 106, 119 Arachidonic Acid, 105, 130 Archaea, 105, 125 Aromatic, 106, 128 Arterial, 106, 119, 131, 136 Arteries, 105, 106, 107, 112, 125, 138 Arterioles, 106, 107, 139 Aseptic, 106, 127, 135 Assay, 8, 106 Asymptomatic, 104, 106, 118 Auditory, 106, 133 Autacoids, 106, 120 Azithromycin, 9, 106 Aztreonam, 16, 21, 106 B Bacteremia, 5, 106 Bacterium, 6, 106, 119 Bacteriuria, 28, 39, 106 Base, 103, 106, 122, 137 Basophils, 106, 122 Baths, 54, 106 Benign, 13, 107 Beta-Defensins, 107, 113 Beta-Lactamases, 106, 107, 109, 136 Bile, 107, 116, 117, 123, 124, 135 Biliary, 107, 108 Biliary Tract, 107, 108 Biopsy, 10, 48, 100, 107, 128 Biotechnology, 11, 69, 74, 85, 107 Bladder, 106, 107, 120, 123, 138 Blastocyst, 107, 111, 115, 129 Blennorrhoea, 107, 118 Blood Coagulation, 107, 108 Blood pressure, 65, 107, 119, 120, 125, 126, 134 Blood vessel, 104, 107, 108, 109, 119, 124, 128, 134, 135, 137, 139
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Blood-Brain Barrier, 107, 122, 125 Body Fluids, 48, 107, 114, 134 Branch, 97, 107, 127, 131, 134, 137 Breakdown, 107, 113, 117 Breeding, 48, 50, 56, 107 Broad Ligament, 107, 116 Broad-spectrum, 9, 48, 104, 108, 109, 128 Bronchodilator, 108, 137 Brucellosis, 64, 108 Burns, 108, 126 C Calcium, 66, 108, 111 Calcium channel blocker, 66, 108 Calcium Channel Blockers, 66, 108 Calculi, 54, 108 Carbon Dioxide, 103, 108, 129, 133 Carcinogen, 108, 124 Carcinogenic, 108, 121, 130, 135 Carcinoma, 25, 44, 108 Cardiac, 65, 66, 108, 115, 116, 125, 135 Cardiac arrest, 66, 108 Cardiac Output, 65, 108 Cardiovascular, 66, 108 Case report, 13, 30, 33, 42, 45, 108, 110 Catheter, 108, 123 Causal, 108, 115 Cefamandole, 17, 108 Cefazolin, 17, 108 Cefotetan, 35, 108 Cefoxitin, 20, 21, 31, 35, 41, 109 Cell Death, 109, 117 Cell Division, 106, 109, 129, 133 Cell membrane, 108, 109, 110 Central Nervous System, 65, 66, 67, 109, 122, 124 Cephalosporins, 107, 109, 125 Cerebral, 5, 107, 109, 116 Cerebral Palsy, 5, 109 Cerebrospinal, 5, 109, 123, 135 Cerebrospinal fluid, 5, 109, 123, 135 Cerebrovascular, 108, 109 Cerebrum, 109, 128 Cervical, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 17, 29, 35, 36, 37, 63, 109 Cervix, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 63, 64, 101, 103, 109, 114 Cesarean Section, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 51, 109 Chlamydia trachomatis, 4, 6, 14, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31, 36, 40, 109 Chlorhexidine, 5, 109
Chlorine, 63, 109 Cholesterol, 107, 109, 123, 135 Chorioamnionitis, 5, 8, 17, 54, 110 Choriocarcinoma, 13, 110, 119 Chorion, 110, 117 Chronic, 7, 14, 17, 18, 19, 25, 29, 31, 37, 44, 50, 54, 62, 69, 104, 110, 111, 113, 121, 135 CIS, 62, 110 Clavulanic Acid, 41, 110 Clindamycin, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 35, 40, 41, 51, 110 Clinical study, 110, 112 Clinical trial, 3, 9, 85, 110, 112, 114, 132 Cloning, 107, 110 Coagulation, 64, 65, 107, 110 Cofactor, 110, 131 Cohort Studies, 110, 115 Colistin, 38, 110 Colon, 111, 122, 134 Commensal, 63, 111 Complement, 111, 122 Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 57, 111 Complementary medicine, 53, 111 Computational Biology, 85, 111 Conception, 103, 110, 111, 112, 117, 130, 135 Concretion, 108, 111 Congestive heart failure, 64, 65, 111 Constipation, 100, 112, 128 Constriction, 112, 139 Constriction, Pathologic, 112, 139 Consumption, 112, 133 Contamination, 63, 112 Continuum, 4, 8, 112 Contraception, 30, 112 Contraindications, ii, 112 Controlled clinical trial, 38, 112 Controlled study, 24, 112 Coronary, 65, 112, 125 Coronary Thrombosis, 112, 125 Corpus, 48, 112, 130 Corpus Luteum, 48, 112, 130 Cross-Sectional Studies, 112, 115 Cryptosporidiosis, 106, 112 Curative, 112, 137 Curette, 41, 112 Cutaneous, 112, 118 Cyclic, 110, 112, 131 Cytokine, 8, 9, 112 Cytomegalovirus, 8, 13, 22, 26, 112, 117, 139
Index 143
D Decidua, 112, 129 Defensins, 10, 104, 107, 113 Denaturation, 113, 129 Detergents, 110, 113 Deuterium, 113, 119 Diabetes Insipidus, 64, 65, 113 Diacetyl, 113 Diagnostic procedure, 61, 74, 113 Diarrhea, 104, 112, 113, 116 Diastolic, 113, 119 Digestion, 107, 113, 121, 123, 135 Dilatation, 35, 103, 113 Direct, iii, 7, 24, 77, 113, 114, 117, 132, 136 Discrete, 113 Discriminant Analysis, 19, 113 Disease Progression, 7, 113 Disinfectant, 5, 109, 113, 116 Dissociation, 104, 113 Distal, 54, 113, 131 Distention, 99, 113 Dopa, 62, 114, 122 Dopamine, 114, 122, 128 Double-blind, 8, 9, 12, 13, 35, 114 Douche, 63, 114 Douching, 7, 11, 22, 63, 114 Doxycycline, 20, 35, 78, 114 Drug Interactions, 78, 114 Duct, 114, 133, 135 Ductus Arteriosus, 66, 114 Dura mater, 114, 124, 127 Dysmenorrhea, 65, 66, 67, 114 E Ecosystem, 11, 114 Ectopic, 4, 7, 10, 63, 114 Ectopic Pregnancy, 4, 7, 10, 63, 114 Edema, 114, 126 Efficacy, 11, 20, 26, 33, 39, 50, 51, 54, 109, 114 Elective, 21, 43, 51, 114 Electrocoagulation, 110, 114 Electrolyte, 114, 130, 134 Embryo, 103, 104, 107, 114, 115, 117, 120, 130, 135, 138, 140 Embryo Transfer, 115, 130 Embryology, 115, 117 Emollient, 115, 126 Encephalitis, 115, 124 Endocarditis, 115, 118 Endocrine System, 115 Endocrinology, 50, 115 Endogenous, 5, 114, 115
Endometrial, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 23, 30, 37, 41, 44, 100, 115 Endometrium, 4, 26, 44, 64, 112, 115, 124 Endotoxins, 111, 115, 122 Enuresis, 64, 65, 115 Environmental Health, 84, 86, 115 Enzymatic, 104, 108, 111, 115, 129 Enzyme, 34, 115, 116, 118, 120, 124, 129, 131, 139 Eosinophils, 115, 122 Epidemiologic Studies, 6, 115 Epinephrine, 103, 114, 115, 126, 138 Epithelial, 4, 65, 107, 112, 116 Epithelial Cells, 4, 107, 116 Epithelium, 110, 116 Erythromycin, 106, 116 Escherichia, 48, 64, 116, 119 Escherichia coli, 48, 64, 116, 119 Estrogen, 64, 116 Ethanol, 116 Exogenous, 49, 50, 115, 116 Extracellular, 116, 134 Extracorporeal, 54, 116 F Fallopian tube, 9, 116 Family Planning, 85, 116 Fatigue, 116, 119 Fats, 107, 110, 116, 126 Fatty acids, 116, 130 Fermentation, 103, 116 Fertilization in Vitro, 116, 130 Fetal Blood, 110, 114, 116 Fetal Heart, 34, 116 Fetal Membranes, 5, 117 Fetus, 5, 103, 109, 110, 116, 117, 129, 130, 135, 138, 139 Fibrin, 107, 117, 128 Flatus, 117 Fold, 5, 11, 107, 117 Forearm, 107, 117 Fungi, 117, 125, 140 G Gallbladder, 103, 107, 117, 123 Ganciclovir, 117, 139 Gas, 30, 108, 109, 117, 119, 136 Gastrin, 117, 119 Gene, 10, 69, 107, 117, 133 Genetic testing, 117, 129 Genital, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 23, 29, 31, 48, 63, 64, 117, 121, 138, 139 Genitourinary, 29, 117, 138 Genotype, 117, 128
144 Endometritis
Gestation, 6, 38, 56, 66, 117, 128, 129, 135 Gestational, 10, 66, 67, 117 Gestational Age, 10, 66, 67, 117 Giant Cells, 28, 117 Giardiasis, 117, 124 Gland, 103, 118, 123, 124, 127, 133, 137 Glucose, 118, 121, 133 Glutathione Peroxidase, 118, 133 Glycoprotein, 117, 118 Gonadal, 118, 135 Gonadotropin, 55, 110, 118 Gonorrhea, 6, 9, 10, 43, 90, 118 Gonorrhoea, 7, 118 Governing Board, 118, 130 Graft, 118, 119 Gram-negative, 36, 106, 109, 116, 118, 125, 126, 131, 138 Gram-Negative Bacteria, 118, 138 Gram-positive, 103, 106, 109, 118, 122, 126, 135 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 118, 126 Granule, 10, 118 Growth, 5, 64, 105, 109, 118, 123, 126, 127, 129, 137 H Haemorrhage, 103, 118 Haptens, 104, 118 Heart failure, 65, 119, 126 Hemin, 119 Hemolytic, 64, 119 Hemorrhage, 64, 114, 119, 135 Heredity, 117, 119 Herpes, 23, 32, 33, 43, 119 Herpes virus, 43, 119 Herpes Zoster, 119 Heterogeneity, 104, 119 Histology, 9, 10, 119 Homogeneous, 112, 119 Hormonal, 4, 7, 119 Hormone, 48, 65, 115, 117, 119, 121, 122, 126, 127, 130, 137 Host, 4, 7, 111, 113, 119, 136, 139 Hydatidiform Mole, 13, 110, 119 Hydrogen, 7, 11, 62, 103, 106, 113, 118, 119, 125, 127, 131 Hydrogen Peroxide, 11, 118, 119 Hydrolysis, 107, 119, 131 Hygienic, 114, 119 Hypertension, 65, 108, 119 Hypotension, 66, 120 Hypotensive, 65, 120 Hypoxic, 120, 124
Hysterectomy, 19, 120 Hysterotomy, 109, 120 I Id, 52, 56, 90, 96, 98, 120 Idiopathic, 6, 120 Immersion, 106, 120 Immune response, 105, 118, 120, 136, 139 Immune system, 120, 139 Immunity, 113, 120 Immunodeficiency, 11, 120 Immunohistochemistry, 18, 120 Immunologic, 117, 120 Immunology, 104, 120 In vitro, 22, 56, 115, 120, 129, 136, 137 In vivo, 22, 48, 65, 120 Incision, 120, 121 Incontinence, 64, 65, 120 Indicative, 120, 127, 139 Indomethacin, 66, 120 Induction, 19, 49, 120 Infarction, 112, 120, 125 Infertility, 4, 7, 9, 10, 24, 63, 121 Inflammation, 3, 8, 9, 16, 105, 110, 113, 115, 119, 121, 124, 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 138, 139 Infusion, 50, 63, 121 Initiation, 121, 135 Inner ear, 121, 124 Inorganic, 62, 121, 125 Insight, 7, 29, 121 Insulin, 28, 121 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 121 Internal Medicine, 25, 115, 121 Intestinal, 104, 112, 121, 122, 140 Intestine, 116, 121, 122, 135 Intoxication, 121, 137 Intracellular, 4, 108, 120, 121, 130, 131, 133 Intramuscular, 20, 121 Intravenous, 5, 13, 17, 20, 21, 101, 121 Intrinsic, 104, 121 Invasive, 5, 10, 119, 120, 121 Involuntary, 115, 121, 125, 134 Involution, 48, 49, 121 Iodine, 50, 121 Ions, 106, 113, 114, 119, 122, 125 Irrigation, 5, 21, 33, 122 K Karyotype, 119, 122 Kb, 84, 122 Keto, 48, 51, 122 L Lactation, 122, 127
Index 145
Lactobacillus, 4, 7, 11, 122 Laparoscopy, 6, 100, 122 Large Intestine, 121, 122, 132, 134 Latent, 48, 122 Lavage, 17, 122 Leukocytes, 44, 106, 115, 120, 122, 125 Levodopa, 114, 122 Library Services, 96, 122 Ligaments, 112, 122 Lincomycin, 110, 122 Lipid, 121, 122 Lipopolysaccharide, 118, 122 Lipoprotein, 118, 122 Lithotripsy, 54, 123 Liver, 22, 103, 105, 107, 112, 117, 123 Liver Transplantation, 22, 123 Localization, 120, 123 Localized, 120, 123, 126, 129 Longitudinal study, 10, 123 Loop, 27, 123 Lumbar, 5, 123, 135 Lumbar puncture, 5, 123, 135 Lymph, 109, 123 Lymph node, 109, 123 Lymphatic, 121, 123, 124, 126, 135 Lymphocytes, 105, 122, 123, 135, 140 Lytic, 123, 134 M Malaise, 100, 108, 123 Malignant, 13, 41, 110, 123, 124, 137 Malignant tumor, 41, 110, 124 Mammary, 124 Marital Status, 39, 124 Mastitis, 51, 124 Mediator, 114, 124 Medical Records, 124, 133 MEDLINE, 85, 124 Melanin, 124, 128, 138 Membrane, 33, 104, 109, 110, 111, 118, 124, 125, 140 Meninges, 106, 109, 114, 124 Meningitis, 37, 118, 124 Meningoencephalitis, 40, 124 Menopause, 124, 129 Menstrual Cycle, 124, 130 Menstruation, 4, 104, 113, 114, 124, 130 Mental, iv, 3, 84, 86, 113, 116, 124, 131 Mental Health, iv, 3, 84, 86, 124, 131 Mesenchymal, 119, 124 Metabolic disorder, 113, 124 Metabolite, 49, 124 Metritis, 48, 49, 50, 51, 64, 69, 124
Metronidazole, 8, 11, 13, 37, 38, 124 Mezlocillin, 20, 124 MI, 101, 125 Microbiological, 7, 125 Microbiology, 7, 10, 16, 30, 37, 44, 106, 125 Micronutrients, 4, 125 Microorganism, 110, 125, 127, 139 Micro-organism, 114, 125 Miscarriage, 6, 125 Molecular, 85, 87, 104, 107, 111, 125, 138 Molecular Structure, 125, 138 Molecule, 105, 106, 111, 113, 119, 125, 127, 132 Monitor, 125, 126 Monocytes, 122, 125 Motility, 120, 125 Moxalactam, 51, 125 Mucopurulent, 6, 125 Mucosa, 63, 64, 125, 140 Mucus, 107, 125 Mycoplasma, 6, 15, 19, 20, 23, 29, 30, 31, 125 Myocardium, 125 N NCI, 1, 83, 110, 125 Need, 5, 66, 67, 70, 91, 103, 126 Neomycin, 49, 126 Neonatal, 6, 8, 24, 31, 40, 118, 126 Nephrogenic, 65, 126 Nerve, 103, 124, 126, 127 Nervous System, 109, 124, 126, 136 Neutrophil, 10, 15, 126 Nicotine, 126 Nitrofurazone, 126 Nocturia, 64, 65, 126 Norepinephrine, 103, 114, 126 Nuclear, 15, 126 O Occult, 26, 126 Ocular, 109, 126 Oedema, 50, 126 Ointments, 126 Oligohydramnios, 66, 126 Oophoritis, 118, 127 Organ Culture, 127, 137 Oropharynx, 127, 138 Ovarian Follicle, 112, 127 Ovary, 112, 127 Ovum, 112, 117, 127, 130, 140 Oxidation, 4, 103, 118, 127 Oxytocin, 19, 49, 50, 51, 64, 65, 66, 67, 127
146 Endometritis
P Pachymeningitis, 124, 127 Palliative, 127, 137 Palpation, 49, 101, 127 Pancreas, 103, 121, 127 Parasite, 127, 138 Parasitic, 112, 127, 138 Parturition, 54, 127 Pathogen, 6, 127, 136 Pathogenesis, 7, 10, 127 Pathologic, 25, 107, 112, 127 Pelvic, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 24, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 44, 54, 63, 127 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 24, 29, 35, 40, 44, 63, 127 Pelvis, 43, 103, 107, 123, 127, 138, 139 Penicillin, 104, 124, 127 Peptide, 104, 128, 131 Percutaneous, 123, 128 Perinatal, 6, 48, 66, 67, 128 Peritoneal, 126, 128 Peritoneal Cavity, 126, 128 Peritoneum, 107, 128 Peritonitis, 20, 21, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 43, 64, 118, 128 Peroxide, 7, 128 Pharmacokinetic, 37, 128 Pharmacologic, 106, 128, 137 Phenotype, 9, 128 Phenyl, 62, 64, 128 Phenylalanine, 62, 128, 138 Phosphorus, 108, 128 Photocoagulation, 110, 128 Physical Examination, 117, 128 Physiologic, 104, 114, 124, 125, 128, 130, 132 Physiology, 115, 128, 136 Pineal gland, 110, 128 Piperacillin, 31, 128 Placenta, 5, 29, 38, 39, 48, 50, 55, 74, 116, 129, 130, 138 Plant Oils, 126, 129 Plants, 107, 108, 113, 118, 126, 129, 131, 133, 138 Plaque, 109, 129 Plasma, 18, 19, 20, 31, 36, 39, 48, 50, 105, 109, 125, 129 Plasma cells, 18, 31, 105, 129 Platinum, 123, 129 Pleural, 126, 129 Pleural cavity, 126, 129 Pneumonia, 112, 129
Poisoning, 121, 126, 129, 134 Polymerase, 14, 129 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 14, 129 Post partum, 20, 29, 129 Posterior, 105, 127, 129 Postmenopausal, 28, 42, 129 Postoperative, 23, 35, 43, 51, 69, 129 Potassium, 40, 130 Practice Guidelines, 86, 130 Precursor, 105, 114, 115, 122, 126, 128, 130, 138 Pregnancy Outcome, 6, 10, 130 Pregnancy Tests, 117, 130 Premenstrual, 28, 130 Prenatal, 10, 29, 114, 130 Prenatal Care, 10, 130 Preoperative, 32, 33, 130 Prevalence, 11, 34, 55, 130 Progesterone, 48, 64, 130, 135 Progressive, 118, 121, 130 Promoter, 9, 130 Prophylaxis, 14, 17, 21, 25, 31, 130 Prospective study, 123, 130 Prostaglandin, 19, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 62, 66, 130 Prostaglandins A, 120, 130, 131 Protective Agents, 108, 131 Protein S, 69, 107, 116, 126, 131, 135, 137 Proteins, 4, 104, 105, 109, 111, 116, 125, 128, 129, 131, 134, 138 Proteolytic, 4, 111, 131 Protons, 119, 131, 132 Protozoa, 125, 131, 138 Protozoan, 112, 117, 131, 138 Proximal, 113, 131 Pseudomonas, 129, 131 Pseudomonas Infections, 129, 131 Public Health, 7, 9, 86, 131 Public Policy, 85, 131 Pulmonary, 107, 109, 112, 114, 131 Pulmonary Artery, 107, 114, 131 Pulmonary Edema, 109, 131 Purulent, 103, 118, 132, 139 Pyogenic, 116, 132 R Race, 10, 104, 114, 122, 132 Racemic, 104, 114, 132 Radiation, 124, 132, 140 Radioactive, 119, 126, 132 Radiography, 117, 132 Randomized, 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 22, 35, 114, 132
Index 147
Randomized clinical trial, 5, 35, 132 Reactivation, 8, 132 Reagent, 109, 132 Receptor, 9, 64, 65, 66, 67, 105, 114, 132 Rectal, 49, 132 Rectum, 105, 111, 117, 120, 122, 132, 134 Recurrence, 11, 132 Red blood cells, 119, 132, 133 Refer, 1, 111, 117, 119, 123, 132 Refraction, 132, 135 Regimen, 9, 114, 132 Regression Analysis, 113, 132 Remission, 132, 133 Reproduction Techniques, 130, 133 Resection, 26, 133 Respiration, 108, 117, 125, 133 Restoration, 132, 133 Retrograde, 121, 133 Retrospective, 6, 7, 19, 48, 133 Retrospective study, 48, 133 Risk factor, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 32, 36, 38, 115, 130, 133 Risk patient, 31, 133 Rod, 103, 106, 116, 122, 131, 133 S Salivary, 112, 133 Salivary glands, 112, 133 Salpingitis, 4, 6, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 50, 69, 118, 133 Saponins, 133, 135 Screening, 8, 110, 133 Secretion, 49, 56, 110, 121, 122, 125, 133 Segregation, 106, 133 Selenium, 55, 133 Semisynthetic, 108, 109, 110, 124, 128, 133 Sepsis, 5, 8, 24, 31, 134 Septic, 5, 106, 134 Septicemia, 64, 134 Sequencing, 129, 134 Serologic, 10, 134 Serum, 39, 108, 111, 118, 128, 134 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 10, 20, 22, 30, 134 Shedding, 3, 8, 134 Shock, 5, 41, 54, 123, 134, 138 Side effect, 63, 66, 77, 103, 109, 134, 137 Sigmoid, 25, 134 Sigmoid Colon, 134 Skeleton, 130, 134 Skull, 134, 137 Small intestine, 117, 119, 121, 134, 139 Smooth muscle, 106, 108, 134, 136
Sneezing, 134 Sodium, 41, 64, 134 Specialist, 91, 134 Species, 11, 64, 103, 109, 114, 115, 116, 122, 127, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139 Specificity, 104, 134 Spectrum, 35, 108, 109, 125, 135, 136 Sperm, 56, 135 Spinal cord, 109, 110, 114, 124, 126, 127, 135, 136 Spinal tap, 123, 135 Spleen, 112, 123, 135 Spontaneous Abortion, 22, 130, 135 Stenosis, 13, 135 Sterility, 24, 62, 63, 121, 135 Steroid, 39, 133, 135 Stillbirth, 130, 135 Stomach, 103, 117, 119, 122, 128, 134, 135 Stool, 111, 120, 122, 135 Strand, 129, 135 Streptococci, 14, 64, 135 Streptococcus, 24, 27, 135 Streptomycin, 135 Stricture, 135 Stroke, 84, 108, 135 Subacute, 37, 121, 135 Subclinical, 9, 29, 59, 120, 135 Subcutaneous, 50, 114, 126, 136 Subspecies, 134, 136 Substance P, 116, 124, 133, 135, 136 Suction, 41, 136 Sulbactam, 14, 22, 23, 35, 37, 41, 136 Superinfection, 37, 106, 136 Supplementation, 55, 136 Suppression, 8, 65, 66, 67, 136 Survival Rate, 65, 66, 67, 136 Sympathetic Nervous System, 136 Sympathomimetic, 62, 114, 115, 126, 136 Symptomatic, 7, 10, 31, 136 Synapse, 103, 136 Syncytium, 117, 136 Systemic, 65, 105, 107, 115, 121, 126, 134, 136, 139 Systolic, 119, 136 T Tachycardia, 66, 100, 106, 137 Tachypnea, 106, 137 Temporal, 11, 137 Teratoma, 110, 137 Terbutaline, 66, 137 Testis, 110, 137 Tetracycline, 114, 137
148 Endometritis
Therapeutics, 21, 33, 78, 137 Thermal, 113, 129, 137 Thorax, 103, 123, 137 Threshold, 119, 137 Thrombosis, 131, 135, 137 Thyroid, 122, 137, 138 Thyroxine, 128, 137 Tinidazole, 12, 69, 137 Tissue Culture, 48, 137 Topical, 78, 109, 116, 119, 126, 137 Toxemia, 64, 137 Toxic, iv, 5, 41, 110, 120, 126, 133, 137 Toxicity, 114, 137 Toxicology, 86, 137 Toxins, 105, 115, 120, 124, 134, 137, 138 Toxoplasmosis, 106, 138 Transfection, 107, 138 Translation, 104, 116, 126, 138 Trauma, 138, 140 Trichomoniasis, 64, 124, 138 Tricyclic, 64, 65, 66, 67, 138 Trypanosomiasis, 126, 138 Tunica, 125, 138 Tyrosine, 62, 114, 138 U Ultrasonography, 40, 59, 117, 138 Umbilical Cord, 104, 110, 138 Unconscious, 120, 138 Ureaplasma, 16, 35, 37, 138 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 16, 35, 37, 138 Ureter, 123, 138 Urethra, 138 Urethritis, 4, 6, 118, 138 Urinary, 64, 65, 106, 108, 115, 117, 120, 126, 138 Urinary tract, 106, 126, 138 Urinary tract infection, 106, 138 Urine, 65, 105, 106, 107, 108, 113, 115, 120, 126, 138 Urogenital, 109, 117, 118, 138, 139 Urogenital Diseases, 109, 139
Uterine Contraction, 103, 127, 139 Uterus, 4, 5, 41, 48, 49, 63, 64, 103, 107, 109, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 124, 130, 139 V Vaccine, 5, 55, 139 Vagina, 4, 5, 10, 11, 63, 64, 109, 114, 120, 122, 124, 139 Vaginal, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 25, 38, 44, 55, 63, 100, 139 Vaginal Discharge, 25, 100, 139 Vaginal Fistula, 55, 139 Vaginitis, 8, 9, 63, 64, 139 Valganciclovir, 8, 139 Vascular, 64, 65, 108, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 139 Vascular Resistance, 65, 139 Vasoconstriction, 65, 115, 139 Vein, 121, 126, 138, 139 Venereal, 139 Venous, 44, 126, 131, 139 Ventricles, 109, 139 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 50, 51, 85, 139 Villi, 119, 139 Villus, 119, 139 Viral, 7, 13, 115, 117, 139 Virulence, 4, 136, 137, 139 Virus, 11, 23, 32, 117, 129, 139 Vitro, 139 Vivo, 139 Vulva, 64, 139 W White blood cell, 105, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 139 Womb, 139, 140 Wound Infection, 5, 28, 33, 36, 39, 55, 140 X X-ray, 126, 140 Y Yeasts, 117, 128, 140 Yolk Sac, 117, 140
Index 149
150 Endometritis
Index 151
152 Endometritis