Whiplash - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

WHIPLASH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P...

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WHIPLASH A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Whiplash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84685-5 1. Whiplash-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on whiplash. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WHIPLASH ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Whiplash ....................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WHIPLASH ...................................................................................... 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Whiplash ...................................................................................... 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 53 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WHIPLASH ................................................................ 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 60 General References ....................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON WHIPLASH ............................................................................................. 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 Patents on Whiplash .................................................................................................................... 63 Patent Applications on Whiplash ................................................................................................ 82 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON WHIPLASH ................................................................................................ 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 89 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 90 Chapters on Whiplash .................................................................................................................. 91 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WHIPLASH ................................................................... 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 93 Newsletters on Whiplash ............................................................................................................. 95 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 96 Academic Periodicals covering Whiplash..................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 112 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 121

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WHIPLASH DICTIONARY......................................................................................................... 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with whiplash is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about whiplash, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to whiplash, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on whiplash. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to whiplash, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on whiplash. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON WHIPLASH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on whiplash.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and whiplash, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Understanding Whiplash Injury and Maximizing Recovery Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 14(1):71-77; January 1997. Summary: This journal article for health professionals examines the pathophysiology of whiplash and how it relates to clinical symptoms, offers guidelines for clinical evaluation and management, and comments on prognosis. Whiplash is a hyperextension-hyperflexion injury of the cervical spine. Few objective findings correlate with the extent of the injury, but postmortem analysis has shown rim lesions, traumatic disc rupture, and soft-tissue damage. Low back pain and cognitive impairment are other potential consequences. At initial evaluation, the physician should determine the nature and time of pain onset and check for evidence of herniated discs or ligamentous tears. Roentgenograms help rule out fracture, malalignment, and hemorrhage, and they provide baseline documentation of cervical status. Management

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aimed at restoring early mobility and increasing strength appears to provide the best outcome. 23 references and 4 figures. (AA-M). •

Enigma of Whiplash Injury: Current Management Strategies and Controversies Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 109(3): 179-180,183-186. March 2001. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the current management strategies of and controversies over whiplash injuries. Whiplash is defined as trauma resulting in cervical musculoligamentous sprain or strain. Whiplash injuries are most commonly caused by low velocity rear end collisions. The extensor recoil after a rear end collision is thought to result in a hyperextension cervical injury. However, the pathophysiologic mechanism resulting in pain associated with whiplash is poorly understood. Neck pain is the hallmark symptom of whiplash. The pain can radiate into the occiput, shoulder, or midscapular area. Other common symptoms include headaches, thoracolumbar back pain, and paresthesias of the upper extremities. Plain radiographs should be obtained to exclude fractures or subluxations. Although various abnormalities have been observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with whiplash injuries, a consistent correlation between MRI changes and symptoms of whiplash has never been well defined. Traditional treatment of whiplash injury involves conservative therapy consisting of rest, analgesic medications, and muscle relaxants for 2 to 4 weeks. In cases of severe pain, oral narcotics may be used for 7 to 10 days. Various factors may be associated with a poor prognosis, including a previous history of neck pain, neck stiffness, presence of thoracolumbar pain, muscle spasms, paresthesias, presence of objective neurologic signs, and an abnormal cervical spine curvature on x ray. Persistent symptoms lead to chronic whiplash syndrome. Most of the controversy surrounding whiplash injury has related to arguments about the validity of chronic cases. Some investigators have concluded that many people who experience chronic syndromes are malingering to obtain the monetary benefits of litigation. However, studies demonstrate that symptom persistence occurs even when litigation issues have been resolved. Thus, it may be more useful to include chronic whiplash with a group of disorders referred to as the functional somatic syndromes. Research suggests that some patients with chronic symptoms may be better served by trying cognitive behavioral therapy as opposed to continuing ineffective traditional medical treatments. 2 figures and 19 references.

Federally Funded Research on Whiplash The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to whiplash. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to whiplash. 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore whiplash. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for whiplash: •

Project Title: PREVENTING CHRONIC WHIPLASH PAIN: BIOBEHAVIORAL APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Turk, Dennis C.; John & Emman Bomica Professor Of; Anesthesiology; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Applicant's Over 1.8 million people in the US suffer from chronic pain and disability following motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) each year. The majority of these cases start with a relatively minor neck injury. Although little is known about what predicts chronicity of whiplash-associated disorders (WADs), research on chronic musculoskeletal pain following injury suggests that initial emotional reactivity, particularly fears of reinjury and avoidance of activity, contributes significantly to chronicity of pain and disability. Based on this model, early interventions to reduce avoidance and inactivity have been shown to prevent chronic pain following back injury. This is the first study to evaluate interventions with WAD sufferers within 3 months of an MVA. The interventions are integrated biobehavioral approaches based on an anxiety-reduction model consisting of information, relaxation training, and imaginable and actual exposure to feared physical activities. The primary purpose of this application is to conduct a clinical trial testing interventions to prevent chronic WAD pain and disability. The study will also delineate factors associated with the development of chronic symptoms and disability following initial WADs within a diathesis-stress model. Three hundred (225 symptomatic, 75 asymptomatic) post MVA, whiplash victims will be included. Symptomatic subjects will receive one of 3 treatment conditions: (1) standard care + an information booklet; (2) 3 didactic sessions with a physician, psychologist and physical therapist (PT) providing information regarding WAD and exercise, or (3) 3 treatment sessions with a physician, psychologist and PT that includes physical exercise, relaxation training, and exposure-based strategies to reduce anxiety associated with physical activity. We will evaluate the efficacy of these treatments using pain, physical, behavioral, cognitive, and affective outcomes at the post-treatment and 6-month follow-up. Additionally, we will examine the presence and degree of known risk factors, both accident-related and prepositional variable (e.g., negative affectivity) for the persistence of the WAD symptoms following MVAs. The data from this trial will provide important information about the potential of early interventions to prevent chronic problems that afflict millions of MVA victims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SAFETY OF LUMBAR FUSION SURGERY FOR CHRONIC BACK PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mirza, Sohail K.; Associate Professor; Orthopaedics/Sports Medicine; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Although I have been successful as a spine surgeon in an academic environment, building a respected clinical practice and completing spine

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biomechanics research for competitively funded projects, I realize that clinical research most directly addresses my motivation for choosing an academic career, and that highquality clinical research is complex, requiring a long-term commitment and specialized skills. I am in an excellent environment to develop these skills, with supportive colleagues and a supportive chairman. I have developed a five-year training schedule, with the first three years devoted to obtaining an MPH degree. A team of three outstanding individuals has committed to working with me for the next five years and guiding my career development. My immediate goal is to gain practical clinical research experience by conducting a five-year prospective study with this team of experienced and highly respected researchers. My long-term career goals are to help identify spine patient populations more concretely, measure end-results of spinal disorders in general, and define outcomes for treated and untreated back pain and whiplash injuries in particular. Research Project: The use of surgery for back pain is rapidly growing; data on its safety and outcomes are sorely needed. We propose a prospective cohort study to measure the frequency of complications in lumbar fusion surgery, variation in rates of specific serious complications with different types of lumbar fusion, clinical and functional consequences for specific types of complications, and patient or treatment characteristics that predict particularly severe complications. Over a two-year interval, we propose to enroll 1000 patients choosing fusion surgery for treatment of disc degeneration, spondylolisthesis, spinal stenosis, and adult degenerative scoliosis. We will follow these patients for two years, measure predictor patient and treatment characteristics, and measure consequences with clinical and functional outcomes. Accumulating data will be stored in an existing central database. The analysis will use appropriate univariate and multivariate techniques to address the study questions. This study will provide data on the relative benefits and risks of lumbar fusion surgery in treating back pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for whiplash in the PubMed Central database: •

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Advice or exercise for chronic whiplash disorders? Design of a randomized controlled trial. by Stewart MJ, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, Herbert RD, Bogduk N, Nicholas M.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194710

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The whiplash debate. by Merskey H.; 2003 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=203271

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The whiplash debate. by Malleson A.; 2003 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=203272

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The whiplash debate. by Schrader H, Bovim G, Sand T.; 2003 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=203273

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Use of botulinum toxin-A for musculoskeletal pain in patients with whiplash associated disorders [ISRCTN68653575]. by Juan FJ.; 2004; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=356919

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Whiplash rates turning heads in BC. by [No authors listed]; 2002 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117111

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with whiplash, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for whiplash (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A biomechanical evaluation of whiplash using a multi-body dynamic model. Author(s): Garcia T, Ravani B. Source: Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2003 April; 125(2): 254-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12751288

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A brief and unobtrusive instrument to detect simulation and exaggeration in patients with whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Sartori G, Forti S, Birbaumer N, Flor H. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 May 15; 342(1-2): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12727316

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A case of aneurysmal rupture at the vertebral artery 14 days after whiplash injury: was it traumatic or non-traumatic? Author(s): Nishitani Y, Hayase T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto K, Tamaki K. Source: Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2003 March; 5(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12935654

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A comparison of biomechanical mechanisms of whiplash injury from rear impacts. Author(s): Tencer AF, Huber P, Mirza SK. Source: Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2003; 47: 383-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12941237

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A critical appraisal of the chronic whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Pearce JM. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 March; 66(3): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084521

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A new strategy to support the “chronic injury” model of whiplash: ignore Lithuania. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 February; 8(2): Le3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11913356

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A population study of anxiety and depression among persons who report whiplash traumas. Author(s): Wenzel HG, Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002 September; 53(3): 831-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217459

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A prospective cohort study of the outcome of acute whiplash injury in Greece. Author(s): Partheni M, Constantoyannis C, Ferrari R, Nikiforidis G, Voulgaris S, Papadakis N. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000 January-February; 18(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10728446

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A review and methodologic critique of the literature refuting whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Freeman MD, Croft AC, Rossignol AM, Weaver DS, Reiser M. Source: Spine. 1999 January 1; 24(1): 86-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9921598

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A review and methodologic critique of the literature supporting 'chronic whiplash injury'. Part II. Reviews, editorials, and letters. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 September; 9(9): Ra230-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12960938

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A review and methodologic critique of the literature supporting 'chronic whiplash injury': part I - research articles. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 August; 9(8): Ra203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942047

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A systematic review of the prognosis of acute whiplash and a new conceptual framework to synthesize the literature. Author(s): Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L, Frank JW, Bombardier C. Source: Spine. 2001 October 1; 26(19): E445-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698904

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Acute neck sprain: “whiplash' reappraised. Author(s): Hammacher ER, van der Werken C. Source: Injury. 1996 September; 27(7): 463-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977829

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Acute peripheral vestibular deficits after whiplash injuries. Author(s): Vibert D, Hausler R. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 2003 March; 112(3): 246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12656417

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Acute whiplash injury: is there a role for MR imaging?--a prospective study of 100 patients. Author(s): Ronnen HR, de Korte PJ, Brink PR, van der Bijl HJ, Tonino AJ, Franke CL. Source: Radiology. 1996 October; 201(1): 93-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8816527

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Acute whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): the effects of early mobilization and prognostic factors in long-term symptomatology. Author(s): Soderlund A, Olerud C, Lindberg P. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2000 October; 14(5): 457-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11043871

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An evidence-based approach to the treatment of acute whiplash injury. Author(s): Barnsley L. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 33-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717476

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An overview of the International Congress on Whiplash Associated Disorders. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Summer; 8(2): 103-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879141

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Auditory function in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Tjell C, Tenenbaum A, Rosenhall U. Source: Scandinavian Audiology. 1999; 28(4): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10572965

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Awareness affects the response of human subjects exposed to a single whiplash-like perturbation. Author(s): Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Source: Spine. 2003 April 1; 28(7): 671-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12671354

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BAEP and E.M.G. changes from whiplash injuries. Author(s): Serra LL, Gallicchio B, Serra FP, Grillo G, Ferrari M. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1994 December; 16(5-6): 262-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7709797

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Basic treatment precepts ensuant to a whiplash episode. Author(s): O'Shaughnessy T, Levenson R. Source: Funct Orthod. 1994 September-October; 11(5): 16-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8613104

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Basilar artery migraine after uncomplicated whiplash injuries. Author(s): Jacome DE. Source: Headache. 1986 November; 26(10): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3818267

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BC whiplash initiative. Author(s): Ketchum P. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1998 June; 44: 1329-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9640527

Studies

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Bilateral vocal cord paralysis after anterior cervical discoidectomy and fusion in a case of whiplash cervical spine injury: a case report. Author(s): Muzumdar DP, Deopujari CE, Bhojraj SY. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2000 June; 53(6): 586-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10940428

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Bilateral vocal cord paralysis due to whiplash injury. Author(s): Helliwell M, Robertson JC, Todd GB, Lobb M. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1984 June 23; 288(6434): 1876-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6428586

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Biomechanical analyses of whiplash injuries using an experimental model. Author(s): Yoganandan N, Pintar FA, Cusick JF. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2002 September; 34(5): 663-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12214961

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Brain SPECT findings in late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Otte A, Mueller-Brand J, Fierz L. Source: Lancet. 1995 June 10; 345(8963): 1513. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7769927

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Cervical extension-flexion injury (whiplash) and internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Author(s): Weinberg S, Lapointe H. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1987 August; 45(8): 653-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3475435

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Cervical muscle dysfunction in chronic whiplash-associated disorder grade 2: the relevance of the trauma. Author(s): Nederhand MJ, Hermens HJ, IJzerman MJ, Turk DC, Zilvold G. Source: Spine. 2002 May 15; 27(10): 1056-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12004172

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Cervical spine curvature during simulated whiplash. Author(s): Panjabi MM, Pearson AM, Ito S, Ivancic PC, Wang JL. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2004 January; 19(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659923

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Cervical whiplash and TMJ. Author(s): Moses AJ, Skoog GS. Source: Basal Facts. 1986; 8(2): 61-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2944504

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Cervicogenic headache (CEH) after whiplash injury. Author(s): Drottning M, Staff PH, Sjaastad O. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 April; 22(3): 165-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12047452

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Cervicogenic headache after whiplash injury. Author(s): Drottning M. Source: Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2003 October; 7(5): 384-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946292

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Characterization of acute whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Source: Spine. 2004 January 15; 29(2): 182-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14722412

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Chronic neck pain disability due to an acute whiplash injury. Author(s): Nederhand MJ, Hermens HJ, IJzerman MJ, Turk DC, Zilvold G. Source: Pain. 2003 March; 102(1-2): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12620597

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Chronic pain and whiplash associated disorders: rehabilitation and secondary prevention. Author(s): Turk DC. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 40-3. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717478

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Chronic pain/dysfunction in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 February; 25(2): 135; Author Reply 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11896383

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Clinical practice guideline for the physiotherapy of patients with whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: Spine. 2002 September 15; 27(18): 2082-3; Author Reply 2082-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12634575

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Clinical practice guideline for the physiotherapy of patients with whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Scholten-Peeters GG, Bekkering GE, Verhagen AP, van Der Windt DA, Lanser K, Hendriks EJ, Oostendorp RA. Source: Spine. 2002 February 15; 27(4): 412-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11840109

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Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorder--a matched control study. Author(s): Antepohl W, Kiviloog L, Andersson J, Gerdle B. Source: Neurorehabilitation. 2003; 18(4): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14757927

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Cognitive impairments, psychological dysfunction, and coping styles in patients with chronic whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Bosma FK, Kessels RP. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 2002 March; 15(1): 56-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11877552

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Comment on Sterling, M., et al., Motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury, Pain 103 (2003) 65-73. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: Pain. 2003 October; 105(3): 507; Author Reply 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527711

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Compensation claims after whiplash neck injury. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 September; 181: 254; Author Reply 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204935

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Compensation claims after whiplash neck injury. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 September; 181: 253-4; Author Reply 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12204932

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Control subjects in whiplash studies. Author(s): Kwan O. Source: Manual Therapy. 2003 February; 8(1): 52-3; Author Reply 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12635638

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Correlation between exposure to biomechanical stress and Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). Author(s): Castro WH. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Summer; 8(2): 76-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879137

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Critical appraisal of facet joints injections for chronic whiplash. Author(s): Kwan O, Fiel J. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 August; 8(8): Ra191-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12165757

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Daily hassles and stress vulnerability in patients with a whiplash-associated disorder. Author(s): Blokhorst MG, Lousberg R, Vingerhoets AJ, Winter FA, Zilvold G. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2002 September; 25(3): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352170

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Delayed onset of fatal basilar thrombotic embolus after whiplash injury. Author(s): Viktrup L, Knudsen GM, Hansen SH. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1995 November; 26(11): 2194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7482673

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Deranged jaw-neck motor control in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Eriksson PO, Zafar H, Haggman-Henrikson B. Source: European Journal of Oral Sciences. 2004 February; 112(1): 25-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14871190

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Derivation of a clinical decision rule for whiplash associated disorders among individuals involved in rear-end collisions. Author(s): Hartling L, Pickett W, Brison RJ. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2002 July; 34(4): 531-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12067116

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Detection of wire EMG activity in whiplash injuries using wavelets. Author(s): Panagiotacopulos ND, Lee JS, Pope MH, Magnusson ML, Wilder DG, Friesen K, Stielau W. Source: Iowa Orthop J. 1997; 17: 134-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9234986

Studies

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Development in pain and neurologic complaints after whiplash: a 1-year prospective study. Author(s): Kasch H, Bach FW, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Jensen TS. Source: Neurology. 2003 March 11; 60(5): 743-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12629227

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Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Author(s): Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J, Darnell R. Source: Pain. 2003 May; 103(1-2): 65-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12749960

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Did Maurice Ravel have a whiplash syndrome? Author(s): Otte A, Audenaert K, Otte K. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 May; 9(5): Le9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12852392

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Differential predictors of pain and disability in patients with whiplash injuries. Author(s): Sullivan MJ, Stanish W, Sullivan ME, Tripp D. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2002 Summer; 7(2): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12185370

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Disc pathology after whiplash injury. A prospective magnetic resonance imaging and clinical investigation. Author(s): Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G, Fagerlund M, Bjornebrink J. Source: Spine. 1997 February 1; 22(3): 283-7; Discussion 288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9051890

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Disturbed eye movements after whiplash due to injuries to the posture control system. Author(s): Gimse R, Tjell C, Bjorgen IA, Saunte C. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1996 April; 18(2): 178-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8780953

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Disturbed jaw behavior in whiplash-associated disorders during rhythmic jaw movements. Author(s): Haggman-Henrikson B, Zafar H, Eriksson PO. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2002 November; 81(11): 747-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12407088

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Dizziness and unsteadiness following whiplash injury: characteristic features and relationship with cervical joint position error. Author(s): Treleaven J, Jull G, Sterling M. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2003 January; 35(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12610847

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Dizziness from whiplash and head injury: differences between whiplash and head injury. Author(s): Mallinson AI, Longridge NS. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1998 November; 19(6): 814-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831160

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Do “whiplash injuries” occur in low-speed rear impacts? Author(s): Castro WH, Schilgen M, Meyer S, Weber M, Peuker C, Wortler K. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1997; 6(6): 366-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9455663

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Do “whiplash” victims with neck pain differ from those with neck pain and other symptoms? Author(s): Tencer AF, Mirza S, Cummings P. Source: Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2001; 45: 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12214350

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Don't dismiss whiplash. Author(s): Barker E. Source: Rn. 1995 November; 58(11): 26-30; Quiz 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7501977

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Driving skills after whiplash. Author(s): Gimse R, Bjorgen IA, Straume A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 1997 September; 38(3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9309948

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Dynamic elongation of the vertebral artery during an in vitro whiplash simulation. Author(s): Nibu K, Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM, Babat LB, Grauer JN, Kothe R, Dvorak J. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 1997; 6(4): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9294757

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Dynamics modeling of human temporomandibular joint during whiplash. Author(s): Huang SC. Source: Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering. 1999; 9(4): 233-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10674177

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Early interdisciplinary rehabilitation programme for whiplash associated disorders. Author(s): Sterner Y, Lofgren M, Nyberg V, Karlsson AK, Bergstrom M, Gerdle B. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 July 10; 23(10): 422-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11400904

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Early intervention in whiplash-associated disorders: a comparison of two treatment protocols. Author(s): Rosenfeld M, Gunnarsson R, Borenstein P. Source: Spine. 2000 July 15; 25(14): 1782-7. Erratum In: Spine. 2003 June 1; 28(11): 1212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10888946

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Early mobilization of acute whiplash injuries. Author(s): Mealy K, Brennan H, Fenelon GC. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 March 8; 292(6521): 656-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3081211

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Education concerning Whiplash Shaken Infant Syndrome: an unmet need. Author(s): Kandall CL. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 November; 144(11): 1180-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2239852

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Education concerning whiplash shaken infant syndrome: an unmet need. Author(s): Kandall CL. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1990 November; 144(11): 1180. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2239849

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EEG in whiplash: a reappraisal. Author(s): Jacome DE. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 1987 January; 18(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3103956

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Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury. Author(s): Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Cote P, Lemstra M, Berglund A, Nygren A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 April 20; 342(16): 1179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10770984

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Effect of monetary gain on the treatment of zygapophysial joint pain in cervical whiplash. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Spine. 2002 February 1; 27(3): 327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11805701

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Effect of whiplash injury on accommodation. Author(s): Brown S. Source: Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2003 October; 31(5): 424-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516431

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Electronystagmographic findings following cervical whiplash injuries. Author(s): Oosterveld WJ, Kortschot HW, Kingma GG, de Jong HA, Saatci MR. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1991; 111(2): 201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2068902

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Emergency! Whiplash injury. Author(s): Gouzd BA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2000 March; 100(3): 41-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10738400

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Epidemiology of whiplash. Author(s): Radanov BP. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 May; 59(5): 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836956

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Epidemiology of whiplash. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 May; 59(5): 394-5; Author Reply 395-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836955

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Epidemiology of whiplash. Author(s): Barnsley L. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2000 May; 59(5): 394; Author Reply 395-6. Erratum In: Ann Rheum Dis 2000 August; 59(8): 656. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10836954

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Epidemiology of whiplash: an international dilemma. Author(s): Ferrari R, Russell AS. Source: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 1999 January; 58(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10343532

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Evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the treatment of pain in patients with lumbar radiculopathy or the whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Thuile Ch, Walzl M. Source: Neurorehabilitation. 2002; 17(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12016348

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Evaluation of whiplash injuries by technetium 99m isotope scanning. Author(s): Barton D, Allen M, Finlay D, Belton I. Source: Arch Emerg Med. 1993 September; 10(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8216594

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Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Author(s): Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK, Radanov BP, Villiger PM, ArendtNielsen L, Curatolo M. Source: Pain. 2004 January; 107(1-2): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715383

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Extracervical symptoms after whiplash trauma. Author(s): Magnusson T. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1994 June; 14(3): 223-7; Discussion 181-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7954744

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Eye motility and auditory brainstem response dysfunction after whiplash injury. Author(s): Wenngren BI, Pettersson K, Lowenhielm G, Hildingsson C. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2002 April; 122(3): 276-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12030574

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Factors affecting employment after whiplash injury. Author(s): Gozzard C, Bannister G, Langkamer G, Khan S, Gargan M, Foy C. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 May; 83(4): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11380119

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Factors influencing recovery from headache after common whiplash. Author(s): Radanov BP, Sturzenegger M, Di Stefano G, Schnidrig A, Aljinovic M. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 September 11; 307(6905): 652-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8401050

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Faking a profile: can naive subjects simulate whiplash responses? Author(s): Wallis BJ, Bogduk N. Source: Pain. 1996 August; 66(2-3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8880844

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Few whiplash patients are malingerers. Author(s): Zabrodski R. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1995 January; 41: 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7894276

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Findings and outcome in whiplash-type neck distortions. Author(s): Jonsson H Jr, Cesarini K, Sahlstedt B, Rauschning W. Source: Spine. 1994 December 15; 19(24): 2733-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7899972

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fMRI response during visual motion stimulation in patients with late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Freitag P, Greenlee MW, Wachter K, Ettlin TM, Radue EW. Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 2001; 15(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11527277

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From railway spine to whiplash--the recycling of nervous irritation. Author(s): Ferrari R, Shorter E. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 November; 9(11): Hy27-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14586283

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Functional brain imaging in 200 patients after whiplash injury. Author(s): Otte A, Mueller-Brand J, Nitzsche EU, Wachter K, Ettlin TM. Source: Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 1997 June; 38(6): 1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9189162

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Gender dependent cervical spine segmental kinematics during whiplash. Author(s): Stemper BD, Yoganandan N, Pintar FA. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 2003 September; 36(9): 1281-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12893036

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Generalised muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Koelbaek Johansen M, Graven-Nielsen T, Schou Olesen A, Arendt-Nielsen L. Source: Pain. 1999 November; 83(2): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10534594

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Grand-rounds whiplash. Author(s): Pauker SG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 September 10; 283(11): 600-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5450623

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Grand-rounds whiplash: predisposing cause. Author(s): Gilman HC. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 November 26; 283(22): 1235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5472954

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Haemodynamic changes in patients with whiplash injury measured by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Author(s): Seric V, Blazic-Cop N, Demarin V. Source: Coll Antropol. 2000 June; 24(1): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10895546

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Handicap after acute whiplash injury. Author(s): Mandel S, Esposito J, Gordon JE, Maitz EA, Massari DJ, Mandel H. Source: Neurology. 2002 January 8; 58(1): 158; Author Reply 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781438

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Handicap after acute whiplash injury. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: Neurology. 2002 January 8; 58(1): 157-8; Author Reply 158-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11781432

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Handicap after acute whiplash injury: a 1-year prospective study of risk factors. Author(s): Kasch H, Bach FW, Jensen TS. Source: Neurology. 2001 June 26; 56(12): 1637-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11425927

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Head banger's whiplash. Author(s): Kassirer MR, Manon N. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1993 June; 9(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8358138

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Head kinematics during in vitro whiplash simulation. Author(s): Cholewicki J, Panjabi MM, Nibu K, Babat LB, Grauer JN, Dvorak J. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1998 July; 30(4): 469-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9666243

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Head, neck, and mandible dynamics generated by 'whiplash'. Author(s): Howard RP, Bowles AP, Guzman HM, Krenrich SW. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 1998 July; 30(4): 525-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9666248

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Headache after whiplash: a historical cohort study outside the medico-legal context. Author(s): Obelieniene D, Bovim G, Schrader H, Surkiene D, Mickeviaiene D, Miseviaiene I, Sand T. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1998 October; 18(8): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9827248

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Headache, neck pain, and neck mobility after acute whiplash injury: a prospective study. Author(s): Kasch H, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Staehelin Jensen T. Source: Spine. 2001 June 1; 26(11): 1246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11389391

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Headaches in the whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Pearce JM. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 April; 39(4): 228-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11420739

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High-dose methylprednisolone prevents extensive sick leave after whiplash injury. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Pettersson K, Toolanen G. Source: Spine. 1998 May 1; 23(9): 984-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9589535

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Hyperactive VOR and hyperventilation after whiplash injury. Author(s): Fischer AJ, Huygen PL, Folgering HT, Verhagen WI, Theunissen EJ. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1995; 520 Pt 1: 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8749078

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Hyperextension strain or “whiplash” injuries to the cervical spine. Author(s): Griffiths HJ, Olson PN, Everson LI, Winemiller M. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1995 May; 24(4): 263-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7644938

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Illness behaviour after common whiplash. Author(s): Radanov BP, Schnidrig A, Di Stefano G, Sturzenegger M. Source: Lancet. 1992 March 21; 339(8795): 749-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1347622

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Impairment and work disability due to whiplash injury following traffic collisions. An analysis of insurance material from the Swedish Road Traffic Injury Commission. Author(s): Holm L, Cassidy JD, Sjogren Y, Nygren A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 1999 June; 27(2): 116-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10421720

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Impingement syndrome associated with whiplash injury. Author(s): Kim WY, Zenios M, Muddu BN. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 November; 85(8): 1208-9; Author Reply 1209. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14653612

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Impingement syndrome associated with whiplash injury. Author(s): Chauhan SK, Peckham T, Turner R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 April; 85(3): 408-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12729119

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In the pursuit of proof of brain damage after whiplash injury. Author(s): Alexander MP. Source: Neurology. 1998 August; 51(2): 336-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9709998

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Incidence of temporomandibular joint changes after whiplash trauma: a prospective study using MR imaging. Author(s): Bergman H, Andersson F, Isberg A. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 November; 171(5): 1237-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9798853

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Incidence of temporomandibular joint symptoms following whiplash injury. Author(s): Heise AP, Laskin DM, Gervin AS. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1992 August; 50(8): 825-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1634974

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Infant whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Funk K. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1987; 11(1): 155. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3828871

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Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. Author(s): Guthkelch AN. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 May 22; 2(759): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5576003

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Initial assessment of whiplash patients. Author(s): Gunzburg R, Szpalski M, Van Goethem J. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 24-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717474

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Injury threshold: whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Davis CG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 July-August; 23(6): 420-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951313

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Instantaneous helical axis estimation from 3-D video data in neck kinematics for whiplash diagnostics. Author(s): Woltring HJ, Long K, Osterbauer PJ, Fuhr AW. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 1994 December; 27(12): 1415-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7806550

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International congress on whiplash associated disorders - the Bern symposium. Author(s): Merskey H. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717470

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Is the sagittal configuration of the cervical spine changed in women with chronic whiplash syndrome? A comparative computer-assisted radiographic assessment. Author(s): Kristjansson E, Jonsson H Jr. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 NovemberDecember; 25(9): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466772

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Isolated amnesia following a bilateral paramedian thalamic infarct. Possible etiologic role of a whiplash injury. Author(s): Barontini F, Maurri S. Source: Acta Neurol (Napoli). 1992 April; 14(2): 90-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414561

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Isolated bilateral first rib fractures--an unusual sequel of whiplash injury. Author(s): Qureshi T, Mander BJ, Wishart GC. Source: Injury. 1998 June; 29(5): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9813690

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Jogger's whiplash. Author(s): Rosier RP, Lefer LG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 May 19; 239(20): 2114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=642146

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Kinaesthetic exercise does not improve outcome (or kinaesthesia) in patients with acute whiplash. Author(s): Sterling M. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2001; 47(1): 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11573503

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Landmarks in child abuse and neglect: three flowers in the desert. The whiplash shaken infant syndrome, by J. Caffey, Pediatrics, 1974;54:396-403; Covert video recordings of life-threatening child abuse: lessons for child protection, by David P. Southall et al, Pediatrics, 1997;100:735-760; Preventing child abuse and neglect: a randomized trial of nurse home visitation, by David L. Olds et al, Pediatrics, 1986;78:65-78. Author(s): Krugman RD. Source: Pediatrics. 1998 July; 102(1 Pt 2): 254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9729162

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Late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Freeman MD, Croft AC. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 13; 348(9020): 125; Author Reply 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8676687

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Late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): de Mol BA, Heijer T. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 13; 348(9020): 124-5; Author Reply 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8676686

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Late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Bjorgen IA. Source: Lancet. 1996 July 13; 348(9020): 124; Author Reply 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8676685

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Late whiplash syndrome: a clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Bonuccelli U, Pavese N, Lucetti C, Renna MR, Gambaccini G, Bernardini S, Canapicchi R, Carrozzi L, Murri L. Source: Funct Neurol. 1999 October-December; 14(4): 219-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10713895

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Late whiplash syndrome: correlation of brain SPECT with neuropsychological tests and P300 event-related potential. Author(s): Lorberboym M, Gilad R, Gorin V, Sadeh M, Lampl Y. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 March; 52(3): 521-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11901329

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Lateral whiplash. Author(s): Rudy DR. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1968 August 26; 205(9): 649. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5695109

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Laypersons' expectation of the sequelae of whiplash injury. A cross-cultural comparative study between Canada and Lithuania. Author(s): Ferrari R, Obelieniene D, Russell A, Darlington P, Gervais R, Green P. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 November; 8(11): Cr728-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444375

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Laypersons' expectation of the sequelae of whiplash injury: a cross-cultural comparative study between Canada and Greece. Author(s): Ferrari R, Constantoyannis C, Papadakis N. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 March; 9(3): Cr120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12640340

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Laypersons' knowledge about the sequelae of minor head injury and whiplash. Author(s): Aubrey JB, Dobbs AR, Rule BG. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1989 July; 52(7): 842-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2769277

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Legal perspectives on TMJ/whiplash. Author(s): Moses AJ. Source: Cranio. 1993 July; 11(3): 237-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8242789

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Letter: Whiplash injury or homage to Minerva. Author(s): Marshall LL. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 March 1; 1(9): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1128425

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Letter: Whiplash injury, or homage to Minerva. Author(s): Money RA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1974 February 2; 1(5): 152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4818001

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Long PR interval after whiplash injury. Author(s): Hancock EW. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 April 15; 30(4): 19-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7714017

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Long-term functional and psychological problems in whiplash associated disorders. Author(s): Soderlund A, Lindberg P. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 1999 June; 22(2): 77-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448618

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Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychosocial findings. Author(s): Radanov BP, Sturzenegger M, Di Stefano G. Source: Medicine; Analytical Reviews of General Medicine, Neurology, Psychiatry, Dermatology, and Pediatrics. 1995 September; 74(5): 281-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7565068

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Low energy high frequency pulsed electromagnetic therapy for acute whiplash injuries. A double blind randomized controlled study. Author(s): Foley-Nolan D, Moore K, Codd M, Barry C, O'Connor P, Coughlan RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1992; 24(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1604262

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Lumbar spinal strains associated with whiplash injury: a cadaveric study. Author(s): Fast A, Sosner J, Begeman P, Thomas MA, Chiu T. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 September; 81(9): 645-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12172515

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Magnetic resonance imaging for cervical whiplash injuries. Author(s): Fierz L. Source: Lancet. 1986 September 27; 2(8509): 747. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2876210

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Management of chronic pain in whiplash injury. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 August; 85(6): 931; Author Reply 931-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12931821

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Management of chronic pain in whiplash injury. Author(s): Alpar EK, Onuoha G, Killampalli VV, Waters R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2002 August; 84(6): 80711. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12211669

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Mandibular whiplash. Part I: An extension flexion injury of the temporomandibular joints. Author(s): Levandoski RR. Source: Funct Orthod. 1993 January-February; 10(1): 26-9, 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8508966

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Mandibular whiplash. Part II. An extension flexion injury of the temporomandibular joints. Author(s): Levandoski RR. Source: Funct Orthod. 1993 March-April; 10(2): 45-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8359749

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Mass in the neck after whiplash injury. Author(s): Mosahebi A, Gleeson M, Owen WJ. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1998 September; 91(9): 493-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9849525

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Mechanical evidence of cervical facet capsule injury during whiplash: a cadaveric study using combined shear, compression, and extension loading. Author(s): Siegmund GP, Myers BS, Davis MB, Bohnet HF, Winkelstein BA. Source: Spine. 2001 October 1; 26(19): 2095-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11698885

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Mediastinitis after whiplash injury. Author(s): Rotstein OD, Rhame FS, Molina E, Simmons RL. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 January; 29(1): 54-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3940588

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Mild whiplash lasting more than a month. Author(s): Skolar PJ, Everington S, Jenner JR. Source: The Practitioner. 2000 September; 244(1614): 719, 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11048368

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Moog M, Quinter J, Hall T, Zusman M. The late whiplash syndrome: a psychophysical study. Euro J Pain 2002;6:283-294. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2003; 7(6): 561-2; Author Reply 563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14575669

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Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading. Author(s): Kaneoka K, Ono K, Inami S, Hayashi K. Source: Spine. 1999 April 15; 24(8): 763-9; Discussion 770. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10222526

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MR analysis of the transverse ligament in the late stage of whiplash injury. Author(s): Krakenes J, Kaale BR, Nordli H, Moen G, Rorvik J, Gilhus NE. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 November; 44(6): 637-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14616208

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MR imaging of alar ligament in whiplash-associated disorders: an observer study. Author(s): Wilmink JT, Patijn J. Source: Neuroradiology. 2001 October; 43(10): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11688704

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MRI and neurology in acute whiplash trauma. No correlation in prospective examination of 39 cases. Author(s): Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G, Fagerlund M, Bjornebrink J. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1994 October; 65(5): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7801755

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MRI assessment of the alar ligaments in the late stage of whiplash injury. Author(s): Kwan O. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 March; 45(3): 195-6; Author Reply 197-8. Epub 2003 February 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12684725

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MRI assessment of the alar ligaments in the late stage of whiplash injury--a study of structural abnormalities and observer agreement. Author(s): Krakenes J, Kaale BR, Moen G, Nordli H, Gilhus NE, Rorvik J. Source: Neuroradiology. 2002 July; 44(7): 617-24. Epub 2002 June 08. Erratum In: Neuroradiology. 2002 October; 44(10): 874-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136365

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MRI of car occupants with whiplash injury. Author(s): Voyvodic F, Dolinis J, Moore VM, Ryan GA, Slavotinek JP, Whyte AM, Hoile RD, Taylor GW. Source: Neuroradiology. 1997 January; 39(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9121646

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MRI of cerebrum and cervical columna within two days after whiplash neck sprain injury. Author(s): Borchgrevink G, Smevik O, Haave I, Haraldseth O, Nordby A, Lereim I. Source: Injury. 1997 June-July; 28(5-6): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9764227

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MRI of the tectorial and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes in the late stage of whiplash injury. Author(s): Krakenes J, Kaale BR, Moen G, Nordli H, Gilhus NE, Rorvik J. Source: Neuroradiology. 2003 September; 45(9): 585-91. Epub 2003 August 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12904927

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Multimodal treatment to prevent the late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Provinciali L, Baroni M, Illuminati L, Ceravolo MG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1996 May; 28(2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8815995

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Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context. Author(s): Schrader H, Obelieniene D, Bovim G, Surkiene D, Mickeviciene D, Miseviciene I, Sand T. Source: Lancet. 1996 May 4; 347(9010): 1207-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8622449

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Neck motion evaluation after whiplash: a radiographic and kinematic protocol. Author(s): Bonelli A, Donati P, Maltoni G, Puglisi F, Norelli GA. Source: Ital J Anat Embryol. 2000 January-March; 105(1): 51-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10829569

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Nervous tissue damage markers in cerebrospinal fluid after cervical spine injuries and whiplash trauma. Author(s): Guez M, Hildingsson C, Rosengren L, Karlsson K, Toolanen G. Source: Journal of Neurotrauma. 2003 September; 20(9): 853-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14577863

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Neurobehavioral findings in whiplash patients with long-lasting symptoms. Author(s): Olsnes BT. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1989 December; 80(6): 584-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2618586

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Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome in whiplash injury. Author(s): Kai Y, Oyama M, Kurose S, Inadome T, Oketani Y, Masuda Y. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2001 December; 14(6): 487-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11723397

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Neurootological aspects of medical expertise in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Boniver R. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2000; 6(2): 182-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14689640

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Neurootological contributions to the diagnostic follow-up after whiplash injuries. Author(s): Claussen CF, Claussen E. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1995; 520 Pt 1: 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8749079

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Neuropsychological deficits after whiplash. Author(s): Rothbart P, Gale GD. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1998 April; 79(4): 469. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9552118

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Neuropsychological testing for proper evaluation of the cognitive symptoms of whiplash patients. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2002 October; 53(4): 807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12394890

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Neurotransmitters dysregulation related to the orthostatic postural activity disorders in case of post-concussional syndrome after head or whiplash injuries. Author(s): Baron JB, Tangapregassom MJ, Ushio N, Debay A, Bonet J. Source: Int J Neurol. 1979; 13(1-4): 237-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=45448

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No stress--no whiplash? Prevalence of “whiplash” symptoms following exposure to a placebo rear-end collision. Author(s): Castro WH, Meyer SJ, Becke ME, Nentwig CG, Hein MF, Ercan BI, Thomann S, Wessels U, Du Chesne AE. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2001; 114(6): 316-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11508796

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Non-accidental head injury, with particular reference to whiplash shaking injury and medico-legal aspects. Author(s): Brown JK, Minns RA. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1993 October; 35(10): 849-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8405715

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Occipital nerve release in patients with whiplash trauma and occipital neuralgia. Author(s): Magnusson T, Ragnarsson T, Bjornsson A. Source: Headache. 1996 January; 36(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8666535

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Occupant- and crash-related factors associated with the risk of whiplash injury. Author(s): Berglund A, Alfredsson L, Jensen I, Bodin L, Nygren A. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2003 January; 13(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12547487

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Ocular and associated neuropathologic observations in suspected whiplash shaken infant syndrome. A retrospective study of 12 cases. Author(s): Munger CE, Peiffer RL, Bouldin TW, Kylstra JA, Thompson RL. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1993 September; 14(3): 193-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8311049

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Ocular manifestations of whiplash injuries. Author(s): Roca PD. Source: Ann Ophthalmol. 1972 January; 4(1): 63-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5009994

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Oral disease and psychosocial risk determinants in relation to self-assessments of general health in persons with chronic whiplash-related disorders. Author(s): Axtelius BL, Soderfeldt BR. Source: Swed Dent J. 2003; 27(4): 185-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753105

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Outcome and prognosis of whiplash shaken infant syndrome; late consequences after a symptom-free interval. Author(s): Bonnier C, Nassogne MC, Evrard P. Source: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 1995 November; 37(11): 943-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8566455

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Outcome of 'whiplash' neck injury. Author(s): Mayou R, Bryant B. Source: Injury. 1996 November; 27(9): 617-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039357

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Pain after whiplash. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 August; 67(2): 258-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10475768

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Pain after whiplash: a prospective controlled inception cohort study. Author(s): Obelieniene D, Schrader H, Bovim G, Miseviciene I, Sand T. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 March; 66(3): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10084524

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Pain and psychological symptoms of Australian patients with whiplash. Author(s): Wallis BJ, Lord SM, Bogduk N. Source: Spine. 1997 January 1; 22(1): 114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9122776

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Pain thresholds and tenderness in neck and head following acute whiplash injury: a prospective study. Author(s): Kasch H, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Staehelin Jensen T. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 April; 21(3): 189-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11442553

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Perceived cognitive deficits, emotional distress and disability following whiplash injury. Author(s): Sullivan MJ, Hall E, Bartolacci R, Sullivan ME, Adams H. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2002 Fall; 7(3): 120-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420020

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PET with 18fluorodeoxyglucose and hexamethylpropylene amine oxime SPECT in late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Otte A. Source: Neurology. 1999 March 23; 52(5): 1107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10102450

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PET with 18fluorodeoxyglucose and hexamethylpropylene amine oxime SPECT in late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Bicik I, Radanov BP, Schafer N, Dvorak J, Blum B, Weber B, Burger C, von Schulthess GK, Buck A. Source: Neurology. 1998 August; 51(2): 345-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9710001

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Physical and psychiatric predictors of late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Turner MA, Taylor PJ, Neal LA. Source: Injury. 2003 June; 34(6): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12767789

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Physician resistance to the late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Virani SN, Ferrari R, Russell AS. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2001 September; 28(9): 2096-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11550980

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Placebo whiplash data need cautious interpretation. Author(s): Siegmund GP, Brault JR, Wheeler JB. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2002 August; 116(4): 251; Author Reply 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420707

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Prediction of outcome in whiplash-associated disorders using West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory. Author(s): Olsson I, Bunketorp O, Carlsson SG, Styf J. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 July-August; 18(4): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12131065

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Predictive factors for the outcome of a multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme on sick-leave and life satisfaction in patients with whiplash trauma and other myofascial pain: a follow-up study. Author(s): Heikkila H, Heikkila E, Eisemann M. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 1998 December; 12(6): 487-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9869252

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Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders associated with whiplash injury in Lithuania. Author(s): Ferrari R, Schrader H, Obelieniene D. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1999 June; 87(6): 653-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10397652

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Prevention of chronic pain after whiplash. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 November; 19(6): 526-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12421777

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Prognosis following a second whiplash injury. Author(s): Khan S, Bannister G, Gargan M, Asopa V, Edwards A. Source: Injury. 2000 May; 31(4): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10719104

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Prognostic factors in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Kyhlback M, Thierfelder T, Soderlund A. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 2002 September; 25(3): 181-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12352171

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Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Author(s): Scholten-Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, Bekkering GE, van der Windt DA, Barnsley L, Oostendorp RA, Hendriks EJ. Source: Pain. 2003 July; 104(1-2): 303-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12855341

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Prognostic value of the Quebec Classification of Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Author(s): Hartling L, Brison RJ, Ardern C, Pickett W. Source: Spine. 2001 January 1; 26(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11148643

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Prospective study of trigeminal sensibility after whiplash trauma. Author(s): Sterner Y, Toolanen G, Knibestol M, Gerdle B, Hildingsson C. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2001 December; 14(6): 479-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11723396

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Psychiatry of whiplash neck injury. Author(s): Mayou R, Bryant B. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 May; 180: 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11983642

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Quantitative posturography in altered sensory conditions: a way to assess balance instability in patients with chronic whiplash injury. Author(s): Madeleine P, Prietzel H, Svarrer H, Arendt-Nielsen L. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 March; 85(3): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031829

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Quebec Task Force's scientific monograph on Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) Author(s): Sommer HM. Source: Spine. 1997 April 15; 22(8): 928. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9127933

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Quebec Task Force's whiplash study. Author(s): Livingston M. Source: Spine. 1999 January 1; 24(1): 99-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9921601

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Radiofrequency medial branch neurotomy in litigant and nonlitigant patients with cervical whiplash: a prospective study. Author(s): Sapir DA, Gorup JM. Source: Spine. 2001 June 15; 26(12): E268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11426167

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Randomized clinical trial of conservative treatment for patients with whiplashassociated disorders: considerations for the design and dynamic treatment protocol. Author(s): Scholten-Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, Hurkmans JC, Wams RW, Oostendorp RA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 September; 26(7): 412-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975627

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Rapid neck muscle adaptation alters the head kinematics of aware and unaware subjects undergoing multiple whiplash-like perturbations. Author(s): Siegmund GP, Sanderson DJ, Myers BS, Inglis JT. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 2003 April; 36(4): 473-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12600337

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Re: Kasch et al. Temporomandibular disorders after whiplash injury: a controlled prospective study 2002;16:118-128. Author(s): Brooke RI, Merskey H. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2002 Fall; 16(4): 255; Author Reply 255. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12455426

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Re: Results of a multimodal program for patients with chronic symptoms after a whiplash injury of the neck. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Spine. 2000 August 15; 25(16): 2148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10954650

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Re: Whiplash disorders--a review. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Injury. 2003 October; 34(10): 803-5; Author Reply 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519370

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Recovery from acute whiplash: the role of coping styles. Author(s): Buitenhuis J, Spanjer J, Fidler V. Source: Spine. 2003 May 1; 28(9): 896-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12942005

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Reflex jaw motions and jaw stiffness pertaining to whiplash injury of the neck. Author(s): Christensen LV, McKay DC. Source: Cranio. 1997 July; 15(3): 242-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9586504

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Relation between neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in patients with late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 December; 67(6): 8312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10617387

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Relation between neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in patients with late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Radanov BP, Bicik I, Dvorak J, Antinnes J, von Schulthess GK, Buck A. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1999 April; 66(4): 485-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10201421

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Relationship between early somatic, radiological, cognitive and psychosocial findings and outcome during a one-year follow-up in 117 patients suffering from common whiplash. Author(s): Radanov BP, Sturzenegger M, De Stefano G, Schnidrig A. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 May; 33(5): 442-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8173848

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Reply to Kendall et al., Pain, 73 (1997) 15-22. Resolution of psychological distress of whiplash patients following treatment by radiofrequency neurotomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Wallis BJ, Lord SM, Bogduk N. Source: Pain. 1999 June; 81(3): 323-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10431720

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Research paradigms in psychosomatic medicine with special emphasis on whiplash cervical hyperextension flexion injury (CHFI). Author(s): Merskey H. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 13-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717472

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Resolution of psychological distress of whiplash patients following treatment by radiofrequency neurotomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Fishbain DA. Source: Pain. 2000 January; 84(1): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10681243

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Responses to a clinical test of mechanical provocation of nerve tissue in whiplash associated disorder. Author(s): Sterling M, Treleaven J, Jull G. Source: Manual Therapy. 2002 May; 7(2): 89-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12151245

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Results of a multimodal treatment program for patients with chronic symptoms after a whiplash injury of the neck. Author(s): Vendrig AA, van Akkerveeken PF, McWhorter KR. Source: Spine. 2000 January 15; 25(2): 238-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10685489

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Risk factors for long-term treatment of whiplash injury in Japan: analysis of 400 cases. Author(s): Hijioka A, Narusawa K, Nakamura T. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001 October; 121(9): 490-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599748

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Risk factors for 'whiplash' in drivers: a cohort study of rear-end traffic crashes. Author(s): Caddy J. Source: Injury. 1998 March; 29(2): 147. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10721412

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Risk factors of poor prognosis after whiplash injury. Author(s): Suissa S. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Summer; 8(2): 69-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12879136

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Road safety engineering: an effective tool in the fight against whiplash injuries. Author(s): Navin F, Zein S, Felipe E. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2000 March; 32(2): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10688483

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Saccadic eye movement disturbances in whiplash patients with persistent complaints. Author(s): Mosimann UP, Muri RM, Felblinger J, Radanov BP. Source: Brain; a Journal of Neurology. 2000 April; 123 ( Pt 4): 828-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10734013

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Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management. Author(s): Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Source: Spine. 1995 April 15; 20(8 Suppl): 1S-73S. Review. Erratum In: Spine 1995 November 1; 20(21): 2372. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7604354

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Seat influences on female neck responses in rear crashes: a reason why women have higher whiplash rates. Author(s): Viano DC. Source: Traffic Injury Prevention. 2003 September; 4(3): 228-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522647

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Seat properties affecting neck responses in rear crashes: a reason why whiplash has increased. Author(s): Viano DC. Source: Traffic Injury Prevention. 2003 September; 4(3): 214-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14522646

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Self-assessments of general and oral health in persons with chronic whiplash-related disorders. Author(s): Axtelius B, Soderfeldt B, Bring G. Source: Community Dent Health. 2002 March; 19(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922410

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Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Author(s): Sterling M, Jull G, Vicenzino B, Kenardy J. Source: Pain. 2003 August; 104(3): 509-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12927623

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Simulation of whiplash trauma using whole cervical spine specimens. Author(s): Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Source: Spine. 1998 January 1; 23(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460147

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Sleep disturbances after whiplash injury: objective and subjective findings. Author(s): Schlesinger I, Hering-Hanit R, Dagan Y. Source: Headache. 2001 June; 41(6): 586-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11437895

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Somatic complaints, psychologic distress, and treatment outcome in two groups of TMD patients, one previously subjected to whiplash injury. Author(s): Krogstad BS, Jokstad A, Dahl BL, Soboleva U. Source: J Orofac Pain. 1998 Spring; 12(2): 136-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9656891

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Specific vocalized complaints in whiplash and minor head injury patients. Author(s): Mallinson AI, Longridge NS. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1998 November; 19(6): 809-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9831159

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Spinal accessory nerve palsy as a cause of pain after whiplash injury: case report. Author(s): Bodack MP, Tunkel RS, Marini SG, Nagler W. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1998 May; 15(5): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9654838

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Spine update. Impaired cognitive functioning after whiplash injury of the cervical spine. Author(s): Radanov BP, Dvorak J. Source: Spine. 1996 February 1; 21(3): 392-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8742220

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Statistical parametric mapping in whiplash brain: is it only a contusion mechanism? Author(s): Otte A, Goetze M, Mueller-Brand J. Source: European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1998 March; 25(3): 306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9580863

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Successful treatment of whiplash-type injury induced severe pain syndrome with epidural stimulation: a case report. Author(s): Kirvela OA, Kotilainen E. Source: Pain. 1999 March; 80(1-2): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10204760

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Surgery for chronic symptoms after whiplash injury. Follow-up of 20 cases. Author(s): Algers G, Pettersson K, Hildingsson C, Toolanen G. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1993 December; 64(6): 654-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8291412

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Survey on the postconcussion and whiplash syndromes. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Headache. 2001 October; 41(9): 913-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11703485

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Symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in patients with the late whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Haldorsen T, Waterloo K, Dahl A, Mellgren SI, Davidsen PE, Molin PK. Source: Applied Neuropsychology. 2003; 10(3): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12890644

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Symptoms and signs of irritation of the brachial plexus in whiplash injuries. Author(s): Alpar EK, Killampalli VV. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 August; 83(6): 931. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11521943

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Symptoms and signs of irritation of the brachial plexus in whiplash injuries. Author(s): Ide M, Ide J, Yamaga M, Takagi K. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2001 March; 83(2): 226-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11284570

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Systemic immune response in whiplash injury and ankle sprain: elevated IL-6 and IL10. Author(s): Kivioja J, Ozenci V, Rinaldi L, Kouwenhoven M, Lindgren U, Link H. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2001 October; 101(1): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11580233

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Temporomandibular disorders after whiplash injury: a controlled, prospective study. Author(s): Kasch H, Hjorth T, Svensson P, Nyhuus L, Jensen TS. Source: J Orofac Pain. 2002 Spring; 16(2): 118-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12043518

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Temporomandibular joint arthroscopic findings in patients with cervical flexionextension injury (whiplash): a preliminary study of 30 patients. Author(s): Abd-Ul-Salam H, Kryshtalskyj B, Weinberg S. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2002 December; 68(11): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513938

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Temporomandibular joint dysfunction in whiplash injuries: association with tinnitus and vertigo. Author(s): Boniver R. Source: Int Tinnitus J. 2002; 8(2): 129-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14763226

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The chronic whiplash syndrome--a case of attributional pathosis? Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 September; 22(7): 560-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12230600

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The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Author(s): Sterling M, Kenardy J, Jull G, Vicenzino B. Source: Pain. 2003 December; 106(3): 481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14659532

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The engineering of whiplash: a clinician's work is never done. Author(s): Ferrari R, Russell AS. Source: Arthritis Care and Research : the Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association. 2000 December; 13(6): 443-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14635322

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The evidence for brain injury in whiplash injuries. Author(s): Alexander MP. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 19-23. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717473

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The generation of whiplash. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Funct Neurol. 2001 July-September; 16(3): 289-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11769875

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The incidence of whiplash trauma and the effects of different factors on recovery. Author(s): Sterner Y, Toolanen G, Gerdle B, Hildingsson C. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2003 April; 16(2): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12679676

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The influence of “State” related factors on focused attention following whiplash associated disorder. Author(s): Blokhorst M, Swinkels M, Lof O, Lousberg R, Zilvold G. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 June; 24(4): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12187460

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The late whiplash syndrome: a psychophysical study. Author(s): Moog M, Quintner J, Hall T, Zusman M. Source: European Journal of Pain (London, England). 2002; 6(4): 283-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12161094

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The objectivity of whiplash. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 April; 11(2): 184-5; Author Reply 186-7. Epub 2002 January 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11956929

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The plasticity of whiplash theories. Author(s): Kwan O. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2001 December; 10(6): 545-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11806398

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The Quebec classification and a new Swedish classification for whiplash-associated disorders in relation to life satisfaction in patients at high risk of chronic functional impairment and disability. Author(s): Tenenbaum A, Rivano-Fischer M, Tjell C, Edblom M, Sunnerhagen KS. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2002 May; 34(3): 114-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395938

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The whiplash debate. Author(s): Merskey H. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 October 14; 169(8): 753; Author Reply 753-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557308

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The whiplash odyssey. Author(s): Otte A. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 December; 9(12): Le27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14712839

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The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: what has been learned? Author(s): Dykes LJ. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1986; 10(2): 211-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3518879

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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is one of the traumatic complications of whiplash injury. Author(s): Ferrari R, Bohr T, Wilbourn AJ. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. 2002 August; 15(4): 334-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12177553

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Transient global amnesia after whiplash trauma. Author(s): Hofstad H, Gjerde IO. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1985 September; 48(9): 956-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4045494

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Trunk sway measures of postural stability during clinical balance tests in patients with chronic whiplash injury symptoms. Author(s): Sjostrom H, Allum JH, Carpenter MG, Adkin AL, Honegger F, Ettlin T. Source: Spine. 2003 August 1; 28(15): 1725-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12897500

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Ultrasonic treatment of whiplash injury as a new indication of ultrasonic irradiation therapy of carotid sinus. Author(s): Inada G, Ishizaki M, Sugimoto K, Ikai M, Kawamura A. Source: Nagoya Med J. 1967 December; 13(4): 209-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5590742

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Use of botulinum toxin in chronic whiplash-associated disorder. Author(s): Freund BJ, Schwartz M. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 November-December; 18(6 Suppl): S163-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12569964

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Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplashassociated disorders. Author(s): Hoving JL, O'Leary EF, Niere KR, Green S, Buchbinder R. Source: Pain. 2003 April; 102(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12670669

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Variability in the control of head movements in seated humans: a link with whiplash injuries? Author(s): Vibert N, MacDougall HG, de Waele C, Gilchrist DP, Burgess AM, Sidis A, Migliaccio A, Curthoys IS, Vidal PP. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2001 May 1; 532(Pt 3): 851-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11313451

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Vertebrobasilar dissection: a possible role of whiplash injury in its pathogenesis. Author(s): Chung YS, Han DH. Source: Neurological Research. 2002 March; 24(2): 129-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11877895

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Vertigo due to whiplash injury: a neurotological approach. Author(s): Hinoki M. Source: Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1984; 419: 9-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6599233

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Vertigo following whiplash--vertebral artery injury? Author(s): Carney AL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 November 17; 240(21): 2246-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=702742

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Vestibular and audiological aspects of whiplash injury and head trauma. Author(s): Toglia JU, Rosenberg PE, Ronis ML. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1969 April; 14(2): 219-26. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5782012

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Vestibular hyperreactivity and hyperventilation after whiplash injury. Author(s): Fischer AJ, Huygen PL, Folgering HT, Verhagen WI, Theunissen EJ. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1995 September; 132(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8523028

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What not to do after a whiplash injury. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2002 February; 111(2): 22-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11868311

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Whiplash associated disorder in children attending the emergency department. Author(s): Boyd R, Massey R, Duane L, Yates DW. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 July; 19(4): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12101138

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Whiplash associated disorders: a review of the literature to guide patient information and advice. Author(s): McClune T, Burton AK, Waddell G. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 November; 19(6): 499-506. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12421771

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Whiplash controversy. Author(s): Ferrari R, Kessels RP. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 2002 September; 15(3): 220-4; Author Reply 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12218716

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Whiplash disorders--a review. Author(s): Lovell ME, Galasko CS. Source: Injury. 2002 March; 33(2): 97-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11890909

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Whiplash headache. Author(s): Balla J, Karnaghan J. Source: Clin Exp Neurol. 1987; 23: 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3665166

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Whiplash injuries in Finland: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. Author(s): Miettinen T, Lindgren KA, Airaksinen O, Leino E. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002 May-June; 20(3): 399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102479

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Whiplash injury secondary to a motor vehicle accident. Author(s): Perrone E. Source: Journal of Pediatric Health Care : Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners. 2003 May-June; 17(3): 148; Quiz 159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12734463

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Whiplash injury: cases with a long period of sick leave need biomechanical assessment. Author(s): Schmitt KU, Walz F, Vetter D, Muser M. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 June; 12(3): 247-54. Epub 2002 November 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12799999

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Whiplash injury--a retrospective study on patients seeking compensation. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Injury. 2004 February; 35(2): 210; Author Reply 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14736484

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Whiplash injury--a retrospective study on patients seeking compensation. Author(s): Ovadia D, Steinberg EL, Nissan MN, Dekel S. Source: Injury. 2002 September; 33(7): 569-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12208058

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Whiplash sine whiplash. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2002 August; 116(4): 249-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12420706

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Whiplash. Author(s): Kenna C, Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1987 June; 16(6): 727, 729, 733 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3675326

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Whiplash: a biochemical study of muscle injury. Author(s): Scott S, Sanderson PL. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 August; 11(4): 389-92. Epub 2002 April 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194002

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Whiplash: myth or reality? Author(s): Benoist M, Rouaud JP. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2002 June; 69(4): 358-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12184430

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Whiplash: still a pain in the neck. Author(s): Albert E, Francis H, Elkerton A. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 March; 32(3): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12666355

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Whiplash: still a pain in the neck. Author(s): Dilley S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 May; 32(5): 295; Author Reply 295-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772357

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Whiplash: still a pain in the neck. Author(s): Masters S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 May; 32(5): 294; Discussion 295-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12772356

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Whiplash-associated disorders--predicting disability from a process-oriented perspective of coping. Author(s): Soderlund A, Lindberg P. Source: Clinical Rehabilitation. 2003 February; 17(1): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12617385

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Whiplash--manmade disease? Author(s): Mills H, Horne G. Source: N Z Med J. 1986 May 28; 99(802): 373-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3464880

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND WHIPLASH Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and whiplash.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Whiplash The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “whiplash” (or a synonym): •

Temporomandibular joint arthroscopic findings in patients with cervical flexionextension injury (whiplash): a preliminary study of 30 patients. Author(s): Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Source: Abd Ul Salam, H Kryshtalskyj, B Weinberg, S J-Can-Dent-Assoc. 2002 December; 68(11): 693-6 1488-2159

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The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test used in the successful diagnosis & treatment (with antibiotic, anti-viral agents & oriental herbal medicine) of a patient suffering from pain & weakness of an upper extremity & Barre-Lieou syndrome appearing after whiplash injury. A case report. Author(s): Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Ayuzawa, S Yano, H Enomoto, T Kobayashi, H Nose, T Acupunct-ElectrotherRes. 1997; 22(3-4): 167-74 0360-1293

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to whiplash; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND WHIPLASH Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to whiplash. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to whiplash and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to whiplash: •

“Fallen fontanelle” (caida de Mollera). A variant of the battered child syndrome. Author(s): Guarnaschelli J, Lee J, Pitts FW. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972 December 18; 222(12): 1545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4678425

•

A new approach to the analysis of body movement. Author(s): Sugano H, Takeya T, Kodaira N. Source: Agressologie. 1972; 13: Suppl B: 15-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4538700

•

A new diagnostic sign in neck injuries. Author(s): CROWE H.

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Source: Calif Med. 1964 January; 100: 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14104134 •

Acupuncture treatment for balance disorders following whiplash injury. Author(s): Fattori B, Borsari C, Vannucci G, Casani A, Cristofani R, Bonuccelli L, Ghilardi PL. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1996 July-December; 21(3-4): 20717. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9051168

•

An osteopathically integrated approach to the whiplash complex. Author(s): Harakal JH. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1975 June; 74(10): 941-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1039996

•

Chiropractic treatment of chronic 'whiplash' injuries. Author(s): Woodward MN, Cook JC, Gargan MF, Bannister GC. Source: Injury. 1996 November; 27(9): 643-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9039361

•

Chronic pain/dysfunction in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 February; 25(2): 135; Author Reply 135-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11896383

•

Chronic pain/dysfunction in whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Davis C. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 January; 24(1): 4451. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174694

•

Evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the treatment of pain in patients with lumbar radiculopathy or the whiplash syndrome. Author(s): Thuile Ch, Walzl M. Source: Neurorehabilitation. 2002; 17(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12016348

•

Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia. Author(s): Banic B, Petersen-Felix S, Andersen OK, Radanov BP, Villiger PM, ArendtNielsen L, Curatolo M.

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Source: Pain. 2004 January; 107(1-2): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14715383 •

Injury threshold: whiplash-associated disorders. Author(s): Davis CG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 July-August; 23(6): 420-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10951313

•

Is the sagittal configuration of the cervical spine changed in women with chronic whiplash syndrome? A comparative computer-assisted radiographic assessment. Author(s): Kristjansson E, Jonsson H Jr. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 NovemberDecember; 25(9): 550-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466772

•

Low energy high frequency pulsed electromagnetic therapy for acute whiplash injuries. A double blind randomized controlled study. Author(s): Foley-Nolan D, Moore K, Codd M, Barry C, O'Connor P, Coughlan RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1992; 24(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1604262

•

Occipito-cervical (whiplash) injuries treated prolotherapy. Author(s): KAYFETZ DO. Source: Med Trial Tech Q. 1963 June; 9: 9-29 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14031579

•

Phasic exercises for cervical rehabilitation after “whiplash” trauma. Author(s): Fitz-Ritson D. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 January; 18(1): 214. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7706955

•

Post whiplash dystonia well controlled by transcutaneous electrical nervous stimulation (TENS): case report. Author(s): Foley-Nolan D, Kinirons M, Coughlan RJ, O'Connor P. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1990 July; 30(7): 909-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2381012

•

Prolotherapy in whiplash and low back pain. Author(s): HACKETT GS.

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Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1960 February; 27: 214-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=13830709 •

Psychiatric considerations in whiplash injuries of the neck. Author(s): LEOPOLD RL, DILLON H. Source: Pa Med J. 1960 March; 63: 385-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14415855

•

Quantitative posturography in altered sensory conditions: a way to assess balance instability in patients with chronic whiplash injury. Author(s): Madeleine P, Prietzel H, Svarrer H, Arendt-Nielsen L. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2004 March; 85(3): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15031829

•

Randomized clinical trial of conservative treatment for patients with whiplashassociated disorders: considerations for the design and dynamic treatment protocol. Author(s): Scholten-Peeters GG, Verhagen AP, Neeleman-van der Steen CW, Hurkmans JC, Wams RW, Oostendorp RA. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 September; 26(7): 412-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12975627

•

Research paradigms in psychosomatic medicine with special emphasis on whiplash cervical hyperextension flexion injury (CHFI). Author(s): Merskey H. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Spring; 8(1): 13-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12717472

•

Self-assessments of general and oral health in persons with chronic whiplash-related disorders. Author(s): Axtelius B, Soderfeldt B, Bring G. Source: Community Dent Health. 2002 March; 19(1): 32-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922410

•

Some observations on whiplash injuries. Author(s): Evans RW. Source: Neurologic Clinics. 1992 November; 10(4): 975-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1435666

•

Temporomandibular joint arthroscopic findings in patients with cervical flexionextension injury (whiplash): a preliminary study of 30 patients. Author(s): Abd-Ul-Salam H, Kryshtalskyj B, Weinberg S.

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Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2002 December; 68(11): 693-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12513938 •

The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test used in the successful diagnosis & treatment (with antibiotic, anti-viral agents & oriental herbal medicine) of a patient suffering from pain & weakness of an upper extremity & Barre-Lieou syndrome appearing after whiplash injury. A case report. Author(s): Ayuzawa S, Yano H, Enomoto T, Kobayashi H, Nose T. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1997; 22(3-4): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9494625

•

The impact of non-injury-related factors on disability secondary to Whiplash Associated Disorder type II: a retrospective file review. Author(s): Busse JW, Dufton JA, Kilian BC, Bhandari M. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2004 February; 27(2): 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14970807

•

The whiplash injury. a discussion of this phenomenon as a psychosomatic illness. Author(s): HODGE JR. Source: Ohio State Med J. 1964 August; 60: 762-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14179856

•

The whiplash syndrome: a psychophysiological and neuropsychological study towards attention. Author(s): Kessels RP, Keyser A, Verhagen WI, van Luijtelaar EL. Source: Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1998 March; 97(3): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9531436

•

Use of botulinum toxin-A for musculoskeletal pain in patients with whiplash associated disorders [ISRCTN68653575]. Author(s): Juan FJ. Source: Bmc Musculoskeletal Disorders [electronic Resource]. 2004 February 13; 5(1): 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018625

•

Whiplash as a total-body injury. Author(s): Cisler TA. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1994 February; 94(2): 145-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8200819

•

Whiplash injury prolotherapy.

and

other

ligamentous

headache--its

management

with

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Author(s): KAYFETZ DO, BLUMENTHAL LS, HACKETT GS, HEMWALL GA, NEFF FE. Source: Headache. 1963 April; 3: 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14031578 •

Whiplash: assessing the validity of diagnostic tests in a cervical sensory disturbance. Author(s): Verhagen AP, Lanser K, de Bie RA, de Vet HC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics.

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to whiplash; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Alternative Therapy Chiropractic Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html

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Myotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,931,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON WHIPLASH Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “whiplash” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on whiplash, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Whiplash By performing a patent search focusing on whiplash, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on whiplash: •

Adaptive, energy absorbing shoulder pad mounted head cage Inventor(s): Gooding; Elwyn R. (2989 W. North Territorial Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105), Rose; Carl Martin (6611 Cottonwood Knoll, West Bloomfield, MI 48322) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,385,781 Date filed: March 23, 2000 Abstract: A high energy shock absorbing and dissipating device designed to be mounted on existing shoulder pads for football, hockey, dirt bike riders, etc. The head of the wearer is in a spaced relation to the inside surfaces. It consists of a crown structure and a lower support structure with vertical shock absorbing springs in between. An energy dissipating foam annular band is in a plane at the forehead level to attenuate the forces from whiplash-type movements. The possibility of the wearer receiving a concussion is virtually eliminated and will have the maximum of protection against devastating spinal cord injuries. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an adaptive, energy absorbing shoulder mounted head cage apparatus. More specifically, the invention relates to a structure that completely encircles the head and neck of the wearer but is in spaced relation and thereby permits normal movement of the head. Upon impact from any direction, and especially to the vertex (or top of the head), the apparatus transfers the kinetic energy of the impact through the structure and to the shoulder pad on which it is mounted. Various devices have been proposed that protect a user's head from injury. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,707,004 issued in December 1972 to Kapitan et al., discloses a dome-like shock-resistant guard that rests on the shoulders of the wearer. U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,476 to Andrews, issued in May 1989 and discusses helmet having a bottom that is mounted on an annular track, the track is mounted on a shoulder pad. U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,855, that issued in March 1991 to Brown, is directed to a combination helmet and upper body protector. U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,271 to Butterfield, March 1994, in which an open cage head protector is supported by a shoulder pad. U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,437 to Field et al., issued in October 1994, discloses one helmet freely rotatable within a second outer helmet. The second outer helmet is attached to a shoulder pad. U.S. Pat. No. 5,390,367 issued in February, 1994, to Rush, III and discloses an inflatable protective means to protect the cervical spine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,870 to Pinsen issued in August, 1995 and discusses a helmet nested within a shoulder mounted cradle. U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,699 to Abraham, II, issued in May 1996, describes a post attached to a shoulder pad with a hood superposed above a helmet on the wearer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,553,330 to Carveth, issued in October 1996, is a helmet spaced to be high above the apex of the head of the wearer. The helmet is held in position through cantilever supports with pads that rest on the head of the wearer. Upon impact to the top of the helmet, the helmet is pushed down onto the user's shoulders. U.S. Pat. No. 5,794,270 to Howat, issued in August 1998, discloses an outer second head covering mounted on a shoulder pad. A first head is disposed within the second head covering and is rotatable within the second covering on four spherical spaced apart bearings. Catastrophic injuries often occur in football and hockey due to excessive axial loading on the cervical spine. Such injuries are now occurring more frequently because the players are much larger and weigh considerably more than in previous years. Although there has been a great deal of improvement in helmets, the

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magnitude of kinetic energy generated by impacts cannot be dissipated by the current generation of protective headwear. Therefore, there is a need for a protective head apparatus that offers the maximum protection to their head/brain, central nervous system/cervical spine. Furthermore, it would also be advantageous for a player to have full mobility of motion of the head and good all-around visibility. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06385781__ •

Apparatus for counteracting whiplash injuries Inventor(s): Lenz; Thomas (Orebro, SE) Assignee(s): Ltg Safecontrol Automotive AB (strangnas, Se) Patent Number: 5,833,312 Date filed: February 7, 1997 Abstract: A protection apparatus is mounted in the seat of newly made or available vehicles of any kind for preventing or reducing so-called whiplash injuries when a person in the vehicle is thrown rearwardly in case the vehicle is run into from behind, or as a reaction of a violent movement forwardly in case of a crash with an object in front. The apparatus includes an activation device (4) for a protection apparatus mounted in the seat back (3) of the vehicle seat (2), which activation device is connected to a neck support (9) or to an equivalent, and which upon actuation of the protection apparatus forms a forwardly and preferably also upwardly expelled catcher canvas (10) for the upper part of the back, the neck and the head of the person in the vehicle seat. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a protection system/apparatus which is in particular intended to be installed in newly made or available vehicles for preventing or counteracting creation of so called whiplash injuries. As known such so called whiplash injuries often appear when a vehicle is being run into or bumped from behind but also as a reaction of a violent retardation, especially depending on a crash with a vehicle in front, whereby the driver or the passenger of the car is violently thrown forwardly and is thereafter thrown back again. The ever increasing traffic intensity often causes problems with formation of vehicle queues and this has lead to a strong increase of the type of crashes in which vehicles become run into from behind. A Dutch study during the years 1983-1991 shows that bumpings from behind have increased from 3% to 30% as calculated on all crashes during said period. In Sweden bumpings from behind also amount to about 30% of all crashes, and this means that about 200 such crashes occur every day. In spite of the fact that crashes from behind generally do not happen at particularly high speeds such crashes amount to about 50% of the costs for personal injuries for the Swedish community and for the insurance companies. At bumpings or crashes from behind, or when the body is thrown back after a violent braking or after a front crash, the lower back of the body and the trunk of the body, and thereafter the chest are firstly thrown back, whereas the head, which is relatively heavy in relation to the remaining parts of the body, follows thereafter under a violent bow at the neck and the back of the head. This may cause serious injuries which are sometimes not immediately observed but which are observed some time after the accident has happened. Most protection apparatus of vehicles of to-day have been developed for protecting the driver or the passengers from injuries obtained when the body is thrown forwardly depending on a crash. Rather few efforts have been made to reduce injuries on human beings obtained when a vehicle is run into from behind, or when the body is thrown back as a reaction of a violent retardation, perhaps with a following crash against an object in front.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05833312__ •

Apparatus for preventing whiplash Inventor(s): Dellanno; Ronald P. (40 Fox Run, North Caldwell, NJ 07006), Gualtier; Quentin E. (16 Winding Way, North Caldwell, NJ 07006) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,290,091 Date filed: January 25, 1993 Abstract: Apparatus for preventing whiplash-related injuries to a passenger in a vehicle. The apparatus includes a frame supported on a seat of the vehicle and located behind the cranium and cervical spine of a passenger on the seat. A layer of resilient material is supported on the frame, and defines a supporting means located behind the cranium and cervical spine of the passenger which defines one or more contours that interfit with the posterior contour of the passenger's cranium and cervical spine. The apparatus thereby contacts and supports the posterior portion of the passenger's cervical spine substantially simultaneously with contact and support of the passenger's cranium, thereby substantially simultaneously decelerating the cranium and cervical spine during a vehicle collision to prevent whiplash-related injuries to the passenger. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to apparatus for hygienically supporting a person's cranium and cervical spine including passenger safety apparatus for vehicles and, particularly, apparatus for preventing whiplash related injuries. Whiplash related injuries are caused by the rapid acceleration of a person's cranium and cervical spine, which occurs, for example, in an automobile collision. The rapid acceleration causes the extension and flexion of the cervical spine which, in turn, can cause severe injury. Types of whiplash related injuries include fractured and/or dislocated vertebrae, torn ligaments (both anterior and posterior of the spinal column), and avulsion of parts of the vertebrae, ligaments and intervertebrae discs. It has been found that the C4, C5 and C6 cervical vertebrae, and the paravertebrae ligaments are most often damaged with whiplash related injuries, although the entire cervical spine may well be involved. Rapid hyperextension of the cervical spine can stretch the anterior logitudinal ligament, thus placing it in traction and causing either bone or ligamentous damage. Such hyperextension typically damages the C1 through C7 cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery, which extends through an opening in the vertebrae, and the sympathetic nerve fibers that surround the artery are also often damaged. These types of injuries cause severe disabilities and, in some instances, death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05290091__

•

Apparatus for preventing whiplash Inventor(s): Dellanno; Ronald P. (40 Fox Run, North Caldwell, NJ 07006) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,580,124 Date filed: June 26, 1995 Abstract: A vehicle-installed supporting seat for a passenger is provided, which includes a seat back provided with an integral head-neck restraint comprising a cranium support

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portion and a cervical spine support portion. Each portion includes a layer of resilient material supported on an underlying inflexible support shell, which together act to effectively define a contour that interfits with the posterior contour of the passenger's cranium and cervical spine. This contour thus presents a first surface located behind the passenger's cranium for contacting the approximate center of mass of the cranium and supporting the approximate central posterior area of the passenger's cranium, and a second surface located below the first surface and defining a substantially convex smooth curve, the maximum protrusion point of which projects anteriorly relative to where the first surface contacts the center of mass of the passenger's cranium, the second surface thereby contacting and supporting the posterior portion of the passenger's cervical spine substantially simultaneously with the contact of the passenger's cranium with the first surface. The support shell is rearwardly displaceable upon being subjected to impressed forces generated from the passenger pressing against the restraint as a result of a rear end impact at the vehicle. A controllably deformable energy absorbing crush zone is disposed to the rear of the shell as to be compressed by the rearward displacement of the shell. The interfitting contour and thereby the inflexible shell, upon being displaced by the impressed forces toward the underlying crush zone, retain the shape of the contour, whereby the cervical and cranium support portions act to substantially simultaneously decelerate the cranium and cervical spine of the passenger during a vehicle rear end impact while the controlled deformation of the crush zone absorbs energy, to prevent whiplash-related injuries to the passenger. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to apparatus for supporting a person's cranium, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, including passenger safety apparatus for vehicles, and more specifically, relates to apparatus for preventing whiplash related and similar injuries. Whiplash related injuries are caused by the rapid acceleration of a person's cranium and cervical spine, which occurs, for example, in a rear end automobile collision. The rapid acceleration causes the extension and flexion of the cervical spine which, in turn, can cause severe injury. Types of whiplash related injuries include fractured and/or dislocated vertebrae, torn ligaments (both anterior and posterior of the spinal column), and avulsion of parts of the vertebrae, ligaments and intervertebrae discs. Similar injuries can occur to the thoracic and lumbar spinal areas. It has thus been found, for example, that the C4, C5 and C6 cervical vertebrae, and the paravertebrae ligaments are most often damaged with whiplash related injuries, although the entire cervical as well as the thoracic and lumbar spine may well be involved. Rapid hyperextension of the cervical spine can thus stretch the anterior longitudinal ligament, thus placing it in traction and causing either bone or ligamentous damage. Such hyperextension typically damages the C1 through C7 cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery, which extends through an opening in the vertebrae, and the sympathetic nerve fibers that surround the artery are also often damaged. These types of injuries cause severe disabilities and, in some instances, death. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05580124__ •

Archery armguard device Inventor(s): Hervieux; Pierre (561 du Progres, St-Philippe, CA), Lavoie; Camilien (582 Chemin des Voyageurs, St-Philippe, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,464,002 Date filed: August 30, 1994

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Abstract: An armguard device for use with an archer's compound bow, the compound bow of the type including an arcuate frame tensioning a bowstring and from which transversely projects an elongated, elbowed stabilizer shaft. The armguard device consists of: a slider member, slidingly engageable with the stabilizer shaft for lengthwise displacement therealong; a rigid shield, for engaging the archer's forearm and for shielding same against bowstring release whiplash; and set screws, for releasably anchoring the shield member to the slider member, whereby a laterally offset positioning of the shield member is achieved relative to the stabilizer shaft, to slightly offset the shield member from the bowstring pathway to allow unhindered release thereof; wherein the distance between the shield member and the bow frame is adjustable by displacing the slider member along the stabilizer shaft, to fit the arms of archers of different heights. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to armguards used by archers to protect their forearm from the whiplash shearing force that follows release of the drawn bowstring. Due to the increasing pressure of gun-control activists, in view of reports of ever increasing violence against humans, especially in the streets of America, there are increasing restrictions to the market sale, distribution or use of shotguns, rifles, revolvers, and the like weapons. Since weapons that are lethal for humans are usually lethal against animals, these increasing regulatory impediments also affect the field of game hunting. Fortunately, archery remains for the time being substantially unaffected by such heavy bureaucratic hassle, when comes the time to purchase such a weapon or to operate this weapon in the field. The fact that the effective range of archery bows, even with the high performance compound bows, is limited to less than 40 meters, may not be foreign to this situation. Upon shooting any type of archery bow, the central stretch of the bowstring, as drawn to a full draw position, may, upon release of the bowstring to drive the arrow towards the target, shear in a whiplash-like effect the archer's forearm, and thus strike and chafe the same. Moreover, with the advent of high-performance bows, particularly the so-called "compound bow", the draw weight or string force of the bow has become substantially higher, wherein such bowstring contact with the forearm does represent a potential for significant bodily harm to the archer. Such an action may also cause the archer's arm to flinch or otherwise move, thus further thrusting the bow and diverting the arrow from the target. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05464002__ •

Automatic coupler for pressurized fluid circuit Inventor(s): Belisaire; Daniel (Cesson Sevigne, FR), Serot; Pierre (Fontenay aux Roses, FR) Assignee(s): Legris S.a. (rennes, Fr) Patent Number: 5,002,254 Date filed: December 15, 1989 Abstract: An automatic coupler for pressurized fluid circuits is divulged of the type comprising a valve (19) sliding in a body (1), and means for balancing the upstream fluid pressure on the valve. The downstream portion of the latter forms a socket for receiving and sealingly locking a connector (8). The coupler comprises a means for locking the valve in two positions: one in which the valve is open and the other in which it is closed and the socket communicates with the atmosphere, the connector (8) being still locked. Release of the valve from the first position engages a locking means in an intermediate position whose release causes locking in the second position. The coupler

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of the invention reliably prevents the "whiplash" phenomenon produced, at the time of uncoupling, by the downstream pressure. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to automatic couplers used in pressurized fluid circuits, for example compressed air distribution networks in factories or workshops. Automatic couplers are generally mounted at the ends of pipes connected to a pressurized fluid distribution conduit. They make possible the connection of pipes with connecting pieces which serve pneumatic tools, for example. In the inoperative condition, the couplers are closed by valves. The latter are urged towards the open position by the connector when it is inserted in the coupler, said open position only being reached once said connector is sealingly locked in the coupler. Uncoupling is achieved by means of a push button or a sliding ring on the coupler and closure of the valve takes place before unlocking of the connector. In practice, such automatic couplers find applications in circuits where the fluid pressure may be high. In this case, if the valve is subjected to the pressure, coupling by insertion of a connector in the coupler which pushes the valve open may prove difficult, even impossible. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05002254__ •

Energy-dissipating, safety blood collection tube holder Inventor(s): Foster; Clark B. (El Toro, CA), Haber; Terry M. (El Toro, CA), Smedley; William H. (Lake Elsinore, CA) Assignee(s): Habley Medical Technology Corporation (laguna Hills, Ca) Patent Number: 4,947,863 Date filed: August 30, 1988 Abstract: A disposable blood collection tube holder having particular application to the field of vacuum tube phlebotomy and being characterized by maximum safety and the ability to avoid an accidental needle stick and the spread of a contagious, and possibly life threatening, disease. The blood collection tube holder comprises an inner cylinder, from which a double ended hypodermic needle cannula is supported, and an outer protective sleeve. The outer sleeve is coaxially aligned with and slideable axially over the inner cylinder from a retracted position, at which the needle cannula is exposed for making a veni puncture and drawing a blood sample, to an extended position, at which the cannula is completely surrounded by and rendered irretrievable within the outer sleeve. A plurality of successive energy absorbing and force dissipating stations are located along the inner cylinder. The multiple stations cooperate with a segmented ring which extends around the periphery of the outer sleeve to perform the dual functions of locking the outer sleeve in the axially extended position while, at the same time, transforming the jarring impact locking forces into relatively smooth deceleration forces, so as to avoid a whiplash of the needle cannula and a possible splattering of a blood sample. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a disposable blood collection tube holder having particular application to the field of vacuum tube phlebotomy and means by which to safely and reliably shield an associated hypodermic needle cannula after use so as to prevent both an accidental needle stick and the possible splattering of a disease laden blood sample as a consequence of cannula whiplash. The heightened awareness of the need for infection control, while drawing samples from blood-precautionary patients, has inspired the design of many safety blood collection tube holders which employ a needle shielding means so as to reduce the probability of an accidental needle stick by a

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contaminated needle cannula and by nosocomial infection of lethal viruses and other microorganisms. By way of example, devices are known which include a sliding outer protective sleeve which is advanceable axially over an inner cylinder to surround and shield a contaminated hypodermic needle, after use. However, a problem commonly suffered by these conventional devices is their tendancy to splatter microdroplets of a patient's blood, both inside and outside of the outer sleeve, when said outer sleeve is advanced to and locked in its forward-most shielding position. More particularly, every needle cannula has its own characteristic frequency response by which it may be susceptable to whiplash through either sympathetic vibration or imposed impact loads. Such vibrations and loads are frequently generated by the jarring impact forces associated with advancing and locking the outer sleeve in its forward-most position relative to the inner cylinder. As a consequence of these impact locking forces and the corresponding needle whiplash, the possibility of splattering a disease laden blood sample still exists, even though the cannula is completely surrounded and shielded. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04947863__ •

Helmet support and movement restrictor Inventor(s): Douglas, Jr.; Rogers W. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Douglas Protective Equipment, Inc. (houston, Tx) Patent Number: 5,483,698 Date filed: September 27, 1994 Abstract: A football shoulder pad assembly is provided with an improved helmet support and restrictor to minimize rearward hyperextension and whiplash-type head movement. The support and movement restrictor comprises a compression molded plastic support plate having opposed wing portions which are secured to the back plates of the shoulder pad assembly and an upward extending cantilever portion of the support plate having a side-to-side curvature to form a concave surface for engagement with the lower rear portion of the helmet. The cantilever portion is curved rearwardly away from the player's head and neck to minimize interference with normal movement of his head. The cantilever portion may flex during use to absorb impact-type hyperextension and whiplash forces. A removable cushion is secured to the cantilever portion of the support plate and includes a pad which may be adjustably fitted against the concave surface of the support plate by opposed flaps which include hook and loop fastener pieces secured thereto for attaching the cushion to the support plate. The restrictor may be retrofitted to existing shoulder pad assemblies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to support equipment adapted for use by athletes, such as football players, in conjunction with athletic shoulder pads and helmets for opposing hyperextension and whiplash head movement. Athletes participating in severe contact sports, such as American football, are subject to exposure to hyperextension and whiplash-type head movement. Players at positions such as interior lineman, for example, are subjected to physical contact on virtually every play which can force the player's head rapidly backward to create a whiplash effect which can result in serious and disabling injury. Moreover, persons involved in activities such as high speed vehicle test piloting and race car driving can also be exposed to hyperextension or whiplash-type injuries caused by high rates of acceleration and impact forces. In all of the above-mentioned activities, it is desirable to minimize the chance of hyperextension or whiplash injury while also minimizing unwanted restriction to movement of the head. In other words, in the case of football athletes,

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protection against rearward hyperextension or whiplash-type injury is highly desired, but the player also does not want to have head movement restricted such as by attachment of any device to the helmet or to protective gear such as shoulder pads which will restrict turning of the head, side-to-side movement of the head, or even forward movement of the head when desired. At the same time, however, it is desirable to provide protective means which is capable of restricting rearward movement of the head and particularly rapid or whiplash-type movement. Moreover, the protective device should be able to distribute the forces between the protective device and the helmet and between the protective device and structure attached to the body to minimize discomfort or prevent injury to the wearer of the protective device at some other point. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05483698__ •

Hook baiting machine Inventor(s): Andrews; Donald (P.O. Box 88, Topsail, Newfoundland, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,015,359 Date filed: July 18, 1975 Abstract: Apparatus for baiting fishing hooks attached at spaced intervals by snoods to a long line comprising guide means for receiving the lines, snoods and eyes of the hooks to channel them longitudinally and unobstructedly through said apparatus and restrict them against lateral displacement out of the guide means. Orienting and tensioning means, laterally offset from the guide means, momentarily engage each hook to progressively rotatably orient it while increasing the tension on the hook and its associated snood. As the hook then leaves the orienting and tensioning means, it flips into a baiting chamber to securely impale bait supplied thereto. The baited hook leaves the apparatus together with the snood and main line, thus reducing the chance of loss of bait by a whiplash action, in which the hook and snood have to be separated from the main line before passing through the baiter. In addition, according to the present invention, the hook orientation is carefully controlled from the moment the hook enters the apparatus to the moment it leaves the orienting and tensioning means, to ensure effective baiting. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus for automatically baiting fishing hooks, and more particularly concerns apparatus for use, for example, on commercial fishing craft to bait fish hooks attached at spaced intervals by snoods to a main or long line. In the past, where natural bait has been used, it has been customary to bait the hooks attached to such line by hand. Hand baiting of such hooks ensures that, where natural bait is used, the hook goes through one side of the bait and out the other thus twice piercing the skin of the bait, which is the toughest part thereof. Such "double-hooking" is most desirable to ensure that the bait will be securely fastened on the hook. Manual baiting of individual hooks is a slow, labourious and potentially hazardous operation, whether natural or artificial bait is used. Heretofore, attempts have been made to design automatic or mechanical baiting devices which would speed up the process of placing natural or artificial bait on such hooks and at the same time reduce human handling of the potentially hazardous hooks. For instance, Canadian Pat. Nos. 470,991 of Andrist and 470,993 of Hopkins et al., as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,841,011 of Tison and 3,377,733 of Godo describe different apparatus for baiting hooks wherein the long lines and hooks are dragged through bait chambers where the bait is snagged. Unfortunately, in view of

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the fact that the hooks are dragged through the chambers, the necessary motion of the hook required to achieve double hooking of the bait is not effected, so that the bait (especially where the natural bait is used) is not as securely impaled upon the hook as would be the case with manual baiting. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04015359__ •

Indicator sensor for anti-whiplash system Inventor(s): Waltzer; Mark J. (Memphis, MI) Assignee(s): Autoliv Asp, Inc. (ogden, Ut) Patent Number: 6,333,686 Date filed: March 6, 2001 Abstract: A system for alerting a vehicle occupant that an anti-whiplash system has been activated includes a wire disposed within an anti-whiplash system integrated into a vehicle seat. The wire is partially encased in a plastic plug which is easily inserted into a hole in the anti-whiplash system. At one end of the wire, a current generator is attached to provide a current therethrough. Also attached to the wire, at a location downstream of the anti-whiplash system, is a sensor that is configured to detect a change in the current flow through the wire. When the anti-whiplash system is activated, the moving parts shear the plastic plug and the wire contained inside, thus breaking the electrical circuit. The current sensor detects this change in current and then activates a warning signal indicator which provides notice to a vehicle occupant that the anti-whiplash system has been activated. The vehicle occupant is thus made aware that the antiwhiplash system needs to be professionally inspected to ensure continued anti-whiplash protection. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to anti-whiplash systems for use in motor vehicles and, more specifically, to an indicator sensor that alerts a vehicle occupant when an anti-whiplash system has been activated. Whiplash related injuries are caused by the rapid acceleration of a vehicle occupant's head and cervical spine in opposite directions from one another. This typically happens in rear end, and sometimes front end, vehicle collisions. In a rear end collision, for example, an occupant's torso, being supported by the seatback, is accelerated forward, while the occupant's neck and head are quickly accelerated toward the seatback and head rest. Because of the weight of a person's head compared with the ability of the neck muscles to support it, the neck flexes posteriorly such that the head strikes the head rest before the neck. Once the occupant's head strikes the headrest, it is usually then accelerated away from the headrest as the occupant's torso reverses direction and accelerates toward the seatback. The acceleration of the head and torso in opposite directions greatly stresses the cervical spine. Typical whiplash related injuries may include fractured or dislocated vertebrae, torn ligaments, and may even result in death. Even in slow velocity impacts, the damage can be severe, oftentimes not manifesting itself until some time after the accident. There are many devices implemented to prevent injury as occupants are thrown forward in a vehicle, including seat belts and airbags. However, there are not many devices that effectively reduce injuries as an occupant is accelerated toward the seatback. Headrests are provided, but typically fail to offer adequate protection. This is largely due to their location relative to the occupant's head and neck. Optimally, the center of the headrest should be positioned behind the head and inline with the center of gravity of the occupant's head. Too often, the headrest is too high, which forces the occupant's head downward during a collision. Alternatively, the headrest may be too low, which results

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in the occupant's head sliding up and over the top of the headrest which can result in hyper extension of the cervical spine which results in severe injuries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06333686__ •

Installation of downhole pumps in wells Inventor(s): Barcia; Hugo M. (18 Bremen Drive, West Hill, Skene, Aberdeenshire, GB), Schneider; John L. (Beech Wood Place, West Hill, Skene, Aberdeenshire, GB) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,898,244 Date filed: August 12, 1988 Abstract: A downhole pump and perforating gun are run simultaneously down a well on a tubing string and the gun is fired under underbalanced conditions. A slip joint reduces vertical mechanical shock transmitted through the tubing string to the pump on firing; centralizers minimize whiplash vibration and a lateral shock absorber absorbs radial shock. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of, and apparatus for, installing a downhole pump in a well such as, for example, an oil well in a low-pressure depleted reservoir or a new well with a low natural flow rate which is to be completed. The present procedure for perforating an oil well is first to fire the perforators and then to kill the well to allow the pump(s) to be lowered. Not only is this a cumbersome and time-consuming procedure, but killing the well impairs the efficiency of perforators. It was previously thought impossible to run a downhole pump simultaneously with a tubing conveyed perforator because of the damage which would, it was thought, be suffered by the pump. Such simultaneous running is permitted by the present invention according to a first aspect of which there is provided a method of installing a downhole pump in a well comprising simultaneously running a tubing conveyed perforator assembly and downhole pump, and firing the perforator assembly in underbalanced conditions while absorbing the transmission of resultant mechanical shock through the tubing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04898244__

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Method and apparatus for moving neck muscles Inventor(s): Lambden; Brian D. (P.O. Box 729, Englewood, CO 80151) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,159,169 Date filed: September 30, 1997 Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for treating whiplash injury. The apparatus comprises a base unit having an upright surface, a top surface and a bottom surface, wherein the upright surface adjoins the top surface and the bottom surface. The top surface declines radially to the bottom surface to allow rotation of a person's neck substantially coaxially along its own axis. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an apparatus and a method for moving neck muscles to stretch and strengthen them for the purpose of treating whiplash

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associated disorders (WAD) and other neck conditions. Neck injuries, such as whiplash injury, are prevalent in our society. Although the exact number of whiplash injuries varies from one country to another, it is estimated that the incidence of whiplash injury is approximately 1 in 1000 people in western society. Bogduk et al., Pain, 1994, 58, 283. Whiplash injury is clinically defined as hyperextensionhyperflexion injury of the neck. In almost all cases, whiplash injury is a result of motor vehicle accidents (MVA). It has been shown that the head is subject to marked rotational acceleration in the first 25 msec after the impact, followed by a reversal of the direction of acceleration as extension occurs. It is estimated that in a rear-end collision of an automobile at a moderate impact speed of 20 miles per hour (mph), the human head reaches a peak negative acceleration of 12 g, i.e., 12 times the gravitational force, and at an impact speed of 40 mph, the human head is subject to negative acceleration of 46 g during extension. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the neck dissipates force through shear and then torque which exceeds the tolerance levels of bone, muscle and ligament, leading to neck injury. The muscles that normally control the direction and amplitude of motion do not have time to respond to the forces applied to them in an MVA. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159169__ •

Neck support for cervical or whiplash problems Inventor(s): Brunell; Gladys B. (237 Park Ave., Worcester, MA 01609) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,056,508 Date filed: October 9, 1990 Abstract: A back of the neck support collar including an elongated, flexible member having a stiffened central portion to apply to the nape, and extending end portions for tying or temporary attachment to the user or to a body harness, to maintain the stiffened portion in firm position to hold the neck immobile or nearly so. The flexible member is provided with stretch areas, and can be used in pairs for greater flexibility as to the areas to be treated. Excerpt(s): There are several cervical collars for the amelioration of such problems but they are heavy, clumsy, or in general not for women and especially not for frail persons and those with tender features. Those collars that are presently available are obvious, unpreposing and certainly do nothing to add to the looks of a person's attire. This invention is easy to apply to the body in different appearances, positions, and varied situations. One condition that is greatly helped with a minimum of obtrusiveness is spondylosis, but whiplash is also treatable with the present neck support. One of the inventive concepts in this invention resides in the fact that it is of frameless fabric, flexible and light weight, and can be used to advantage in multiples. Each unit is like any other unit, but can be rearranged to fit the person, if this seems to be advantageous. These units may be separate, as one at each side of the neck, or they may overlap and assist each other. Light weight, smooth and strong materials are used and there are no sharp edges or corners to be encountered. Basically, the Brook's Neck support is like a neck-tie in weight and some fabrics and consists of a central neck engaging member that may include an envelope or the like of soft, light fabric with a stiffener inside of any convenient type, i.e., foam, fiber fill, padding, quilted material, etc. To the ends of this central member there are elastic tapes, and to these are added cotton tying tapes. Thus, the center support is placed where needed at any position about the neck, the ends are

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brought under the arms under elastic pressure, and the tapes are used to firmly tie the support in the positions needed, whether used singly or in multiples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05056508__ •

Pneumatic apparatus and process for harvesting fruit Inventor(s): Scheffler; Edward D. (Coloma, MI) Assignee(s): AG Superior, Inc. (riverside, Mi) Patent Number: 4,134,250 Date filed: August 15, 1977 Abstract: Apparatus and process is provided in which a blast of air is impinged on a fruit-bearing limb grouping to cause it to bend, preferably downwardly, and thereafter cause a second blast of air to impinge on the bent-limb grouping in the opposite direction. Advantageously, the two blasts of air move in unison laterally along and around the tree with the first blast being ahead of the second blast and with the spacing between the two blasts being correlated with the rate of transverse movement so that, as soon as the first blast of air passes the limb grouping which is bent down, the second blast of air impinges on said grouping from beneath, in a manner to reinforce the natural rebound of the limb, whereby the normal whiplash effect which takes place on the rebound of the limb grouping is enhanced. In one form of the invention, the means for directing the blasts is stationary except for the transverse movement. In another form, it is adapted to rotate about a common center as a rotating unit, which in turn is adapted to rotate about a second common center which is fixed except for said transverse movement. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to harvesting apparatus and process and is particularly directed to apparatus and process for harvesting fruit from fruit-bearing trees. With the development of abscission-promoting materials such as ACTI-AID.sup.TM, mechanical harvesters designed to shake the limbs of a tree have been developed. Effective such mechanical harvesters are provided with means for causing blasts of air to impinge on fruit-bearing limbs to set them in motion to shake the fruit from the limbs. U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,688, for example, discloses a harvesting machine of the class described with louvers adapted to direct air blasts upwardly or downwardly either in unison or in nonunison. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,871,040 discloses a harvester for directing pulsating jets of compressed air into the tree. U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,504 discloses parallel vertical columns having means therein to direct blasts of air toward the center of the tree with means to cause the air to be directed upwardly or downwardly in a random manner for the height of each column. U.S. Pat. No. 3,310,231 is similar to U.S. Pat. No. 3,943,688, but uses the means of U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,504 for causing the blast or jet of air to be directed upwardly or downwardly in a random manner. U.S. Pat. No. 3,114,998 discloses a harvesting means for directing jets of air downwardly, sideways, and upwardly into the tree, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,502 discloses means for directing a high-velocity blast of air into the top of the tree to knock the fruit therefrom into a wagon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04134250__

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Process and apparatus for preparing a cut-to-length thread end for the re-piecing of an open-end spinning machine Inventor(s): Artzt; Peter (Hugo-Wolf-Str. 16, 7410 Reutlingen, DE), Bohm; Gunther (Bohming Nr. 36, 8079 Kipfenberg, DE), Egbers; Gerhard (Hugo-Wolf-Str. 22, 7410 Reutlingen, DE), Karl; Rupert (Thomastr. 13a, 8070 Ingolstadt, DE), Muller; Heinz (Geibelstr. 1, 7430 Metzingen-Nauhausen, DE), Wittmann; Stephan (Plumelstr. 67, 8070 Ingolstadt, DE) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,653,260 Date filed: May 17, 1985 Abstract: To improve the re-piecing operation, especially in terms of its success rate, at high spinning speeds, the free thread end cut to the length of a piecable end and retained after cutting the length is exposed to a turbulent air flow which causes it to execute whiplash-like oscillations. The surface of the thread end is thereby roughened. The thread end prepared in this way is subsequently transferred to the fiber-collecting surface of the open-end spinning apparatus. The roughening of the surface of the free thread end is accelerated when the end is whipped against an edge-like projection or a rough surface. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for preparing a thread for the re-piecing of an open-end spinning apparatus, in which the thread end is cut to the length of a piecable thread end, and to an apparatus for carrying out the process. It is known to draw off from a bobbin the thread end required for the re-piecing of an open-end spinning apparatus, shorten it to a predetermined length (cut it to length), and then guide the thread end thus prepared back to the fiber-collection surface of the open-end spinning apparatus, where it is joined to the fibers fed onto the collecting surface (German Auslegeschrift No. 1,710,021 which is U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,095). The spinner usually cuts the thread end to length by severing the thread by means of a fingernail or, where stronger threads are concerned, over an edge, so that a frayed, but definite thread end is obtained. The thread end produced simply as a result of cutting usually does not provide sufficient piecing conditions, so that, particularly at high rotor speeds, the success rate for joining the thread is inadequate. It is also known to shorten the thread purely pneumatically to the length desired for joining (German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,203,198). In this case, the free thread end is untwisted by a circulating air flow and detached from the remaining thread by being pulled pneumatically, so that a thread end with a fiber tuft is obtained. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04653260__

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Rear impact occupant protection apparatus Inventor(s): Breed; David S. (Boonton Township, NJ) Assignee(s): Automotive Technologies Intl, Inc. (morris Township, Nj) Patent Number: 5,694,320 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A headrest and headrest positioning system reduces whiplash injuries from rear impacts by properly positioning the headrest behind the occupant's head either continuously, or just prior to and in anticipation of, the vehicle impact and then

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properly supports both the head and neck. Sensors determine the location of the occupant's head and motors move the headrest both up and down and forward and back as needed. In one implementation, the headrest is continuously adjusted to maintain a proper orientation of the headrest to the rear of the occupant's head. In another implementation, an anticipatory crash, is used to predict that a rear impact is about to occur, in which event, the headrest is moved proximate to the occupant. A preinflated airbag within the headrest automatically distributes the pressure to evenly support both the head and neck. Excerpt(s): Approximately 100,000 rear impacts per year result in whiplash injuries to the vehicle occupants. Most of these injuries could be prevented if the headrest were properly positioned behind the head of the occupant and if it had the correct contour to properly support the head and neck of the occupant. Whiplash injuries are the most expensive automobile accident injury even though these injuries are usually are not life threatening and are usually classified as minor. A good discussion of the causes of whiplash injuries in motor vehicle accidents can be found in Dellanno et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,181,763 and 5,290,091 which are included herein by reference, as well as many other technical papers. These patents discuss a novel automatic adjustable headrest to minimize such injuries. However, these patents assume that the headrest is properly positioned relative to the head of the occupant. A survey has shown that as many as 95% of automobiles do not have the headrest properly positioned. These patents also assume that all occupants have approximately the same contour of the neck and head. Observations of humans, on the other hand, show that significant differences occur where the back of some people's heads is almost in the same plane as the that of their neck and shoulders, while other people have substantially the opposite case, that is, their neck extends significantly forward of their head back and shoulders. 1) An occupant can get a whiplash injury in fairly low velocity rear impacts, thus, either the system will not protect occupants in such accidents or there will be a large number of low velocity deployments with the resulting significant repair expense. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05694320__ •

Safety flywheel Inventor(s): Fletcher; James C. Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space (Gainesville, FL), Schneider; Richard T. (Gainesville, FL) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,132,130 Date filed: January 17, 1977 Abstract: An inertial energy storage device is disclosed employing a safety flywheel which is made of flexible material such as a twisted rope ring. The rigidity required for such a device is achieved through centrifugal forces inherent in such a device when it is operating. A small number of the strands of the rope ring have a tensile strength that is lower than the vast majority of the strands of the rope ring whereby should any of these strands fail, they will begin to whiplash allowing such a failure to be detected and braked before a castastrophic failure occurs. This is accomplished by the inclusion of glass tubes located around the periphery of the flywheel. The tubes are in communication with a braking fluid reservoir. The flywheel and glass tubes are enclosed within a vacuum-tight housing. The whiplashing of a broken strand breaks one or more glass tubes. This causes the housing to be flooded with the braking fluid thereby braking the rotation of the flywheel. The design of the flywheel makes it self

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centering and self balancing thereby avoiding the existence of a dangerous critical frequency. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an inertial energy storage device employing a nonrigid flywheel. There is presently a great and long sought need for efficient and long lasting energy storage devices. Inertial energy storage devices appear to have the capability of meeting this need. One of the requirements of inertial energy devices such as flywheels is that they have high tensile strength per unit of mass. The energy stored in a flywheel is linearly proportional to the mass of the flywheel and proportional to the square of the angular velocity of the flywheel. A flywheel of this nature can store ten times as much energy as an electric battery of the same weight. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04132130__ •

Safety seat Inventor(s): Andersson; Sture (Nacks, SE) Assignee(s): Autoliv Development AB (v.ang.rg.ang.rda, Se) Patent Number: 6,179,379 Date filed: October 22, 1999 Abstract: A safety seat for use in a motor vehicle has a squab (101) and a back (104) and a head-rest (105). There is a pivotal connection between the back (104) and the squab (101). The head-rest (105) is mounted on a series of levers (112). If the vehicle is involved in a rear impact, the back (104) of the seat may move rearwardly. Simultaneously, because of the levers (112) the head-rest (105) will move forwardly relative to the back of the seat. Thus, the head-rest will come into contact with the head of the occupant of the seat, thus minimizing the risk of "whiplash" injuries. Excerpt(s): It has been appreciated that if a motor vehicle, such as a motor car, is involved in a rear end collision, that is to say a following vehicle runs into the back of the car, the occupants of the struck car often suffer from neck injuries. Such injuries are commonly called "whiplash" injuries. It is to be understood that during the rear-end collision of this type, the vehicle that is struck is subjected to a forward acceleration. This imparts a forward acceleration to the seats of the vehicle. The squab and back of each occupied seat engage the posterior and torso of the occupant of the seat and impart a substantial acceleration to the posterior and torso of the occupant. However, no corresponding acceleration is immediately imparted to the head of the occupant, as the head is not normally in contact with the seat, or with the head-rest that may be provided on the seat. The head is a part of the body that has substantial mass, and consequently the head has substantial inertia. Preferably the movement of the head-rest has an upward component and a forward component relative to the back of the seat. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06179379__

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Seat back with headrest on vehicle seats Inventor(s): Kruger; Norbert (Essen, DE), Ruckert; Edvard (Velbert, DE) Assignee(s): Ewald Witte Gmbh & Co. KG (velbert, De) Patent Number: 6,135,561 Date filed: August 18, 1998

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Abstract: A seat back (35) with a headrest (40) on a vehicle seat (33). To reduce the whiplash effect during a front-end accident to a significant degree, the head rest (40) rests on a headrest support (38) that can be pivoted outward and forward around a horizontal axis (39), with the backward displacement of the support being restricted in terms of movement. Excerpt(s): In a front-end accident, the person on the vehicle seat is subjected to a health risk by virtue of the fact that as a result of the whiplash effect, following a forward displacement of the upper body restrained by the seat belt, the body is subjected to whiplash when the head is thrown against the headrest. This can cause cervical spine syndromes with the resultant disadvantages. It is an object of the invention to design a seat back on vehicle seats of the type under discussion in such fashion that the whiplash effect is significantly reduced in the event of a front-end accident. This object is achieved initially and essentially in a seat back based on the fact that the headrest rests on a headrest support that can be pivoted forward around a horizontal axis out of the seat back body, with the backward displacement of the headrest support being limited in terms of motion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06135561__ •

Therapeutic agent for consciousness disorder and perception and movement disorder Inventor(s): Kashima; Kenichi (Fujiidera, JP), Miyamoto; Akira (Nishinomiya, JP), Nakajima; Tadashi (Takatsuki, JP), Rikimi; Kyoji (Osaka, JP), Soda; Yasuji (Kobe, JP), Soejima; Yoshikazu (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Shoji Kaisha, Ltd. (osaka, Jp) Patent Number: 4,263,286 Date filed: May 5, 1980 Abstract: A therapeutic agent for treating consciousness disorder and perception and movement which comprises as an essential active ingredient a phosphatidic acid derivative selected from a phosphatidylcholine, a phosphatidic acid and a phosphatidylethanolamine in admixture with a conventional carrier. Said agent is administered to the patient suffered from consciousness disorder and perception and movement disorder, particularly the post-traumatic syndrome of the head injury and the sequelae of apoplexy or whiplash injury in oral or parenteral route, preferably in an intravenous route. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent useful for treating consciousness disorder and perception and movement disorder. More particularly, it relates to a therapeutic agent comprising an essential active ingredient a phosphatidic acid derivative selected from phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidic acids and phosphatidylethanolamines. It is well known that phosphatidylcholines, i.e. lecithins, have excellent biological activities and are useful as a medicine, and further that polyenephosphatidylcholine, which is a highly purified lecithin obtained from soy bean and composed mainly of 1,2-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine, exhibits excellent effect on hepatic disorders and hence are useful for treating various hepatic diseases such as hepatitis and fatty liver. As the results of the present inventors' extensive studies on the pharmacological activities of lecithins and their analogues, it has newly been found that some phosphatidic acid derivatives have excellent therapeutic effects on consciousness disorder and perception and movement disorder. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04263286__

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Tippable sunken baffles for diver protection in pools Inventor(s): Jewett; Harold A. (5451 42nd St., NW., Washington, DC 20015) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 3,956,779 Date filed: July 15, 1975 Abstract: Novel baffles are provided for safeguarding divers from severe head, neck or back injuries due to unexpected collisions with bottom walls of pools, and operate on the principle of "rolling with the punches" rather than taking them head-on, with the buoyant force of the layer of pool water immediately underlying the frontward platform-like impact-receiving portion of the baffle serving to cushion the downward or downward-frontward tipping movement which results from collision therewith of the body of a descending diver and aid in returning said platform-like portion to its initial position; whereby difficulties with excessive rebound or whiplash action of the baffle are obviated.In step-wise series or cascades, two or more may act sequentially and independently, so that rebound force generated by one comes too late to affect the diver, his body meanwhile having passed out of range of such rebound force and into cushioned contact with the next.Special further arrangements of the new baffles are also disclosed for protecting the heads of slide-divers doing unexpected somersaults, as well as for permitting divers to intentionally convert their divers into partial or full dive rolls to be terminable on cushioned slideways sloping from the water level immediately in front of the slide and in a downwardly-forwardly manner, without incurring risk of paraplegic injury in the process. Excerpt(s): Like said parent application, this one relates to safety baffling for placement in swimming pools to protect divers against surprise collisions with walls thereof, particularly bottom walls. Applicant is unaware of relevant art other than that represented and discussed in the parent case. Also, and unlike it, the present case is limited to baffles having upwardly exposed platform portions which, in position of use, are not only submerged in pool water but also are so constructed and disposed as to tip downwardly in a unitary or tabular manner in response to impact from the body of a descending diver, as well as to concurrently lessen the steepness of his trajectory by increasing its horizontal component; said downward tipping causing egress of circumambient pool water from directly beneath said platform portions, the return movement of the platform portion being caused or aided by reingress of pool water into the space whence said egress occurred. In brief, the application has as its main object the use of said bouyant force of underlying pool water to egressingly cushion down movement of a safety baffle platform portion such as above described, as well as to produce or aid the return movement of said platform portion to its initial position at a sufficiently slow rate to substantially obviate rebound or whiplash difficulties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03956779__

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Vehicle seat with head support Inventor(s): Eidenhammer; Peter (Marzling, DE), Haller; Erwin (Birgland, DE), Hermann; Steffan (Linz, AT), Meyer; Thomas (Amberg, DE) Assignee(s): Grammer AG (amberg, De) Patent Number: 6,017,086 Date filed: April 14, 1999

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Abstract: In a vehicle seat having a backrest portion and a head support carried on the backrest portion by a connecting device, to reduce whiplash risk by forward displacement of the head support into a more effective head-supporting position, a displacement device is linearly movably carried on the backrest portion of the seat. The displacement device has a sliding guide arrangement on which the head support connecting device is so guided that displacement of the displacement device in the transverse direction of the seat causes displacement of the head support forwardly of the seat. The displacement device is connected for displacement thereof to a pyrotechnic drive element on the backrest portion, with the drive element being activated by a vehicle-specific acceleration sensor. Excerpt(s): The invention generally concerns a vehicle seat and more specifically a vehicle seat including a head support. A typical form of vehicle seat with head support mounted thereon comprises a seat portion or squab and a backrest portion with a head support which is mounted to the upper edge of the backrest portion by a suitable form of connecting arrangement. It will be appreciated that, while that is a generally typical basic configuration for a vehicle seat with a head support, there are many different variations on that theme, resulting in a wide range of different structural configurations. As the head of a seat occupant is usually disposed at a spacing from the head support of the vehicle seat, it has been found that, in particular with collision impact speeds of up to about 15 kph, there is the danger of the occurrence of the injury usually referred to as whiplash trauma involving a shearing loading being applied to individual cervical vertebrae. In order to at least obviate such whiplash injury, for example DE 296 01 798 U1 has already proposed integrating into the head support of the vehicle seat a structure in the nature of an air bag in order to provide for forward displacement of the head support in relation to the vehicle seat in the event of a collision or impact situation in the tail region of the respective vehicle in which the vehicle seat is fitted. Integrating an arrangement of that kind into the head support however suffers from the disadvantage that the head support is effectively no longer an autonomous or self-contained unit and therefore cannot be easily removed from the backrest of the vehicle seat, or that the shape of the head support is correspondingly influenced or indeed impaired by virtue of the integration of the air bag arrangement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06017086__ •

Weighted bale blanket and method for using the same Inventor(s): Balarzs; Roger S. (Narrows, VA) Assignee(s): Hoechst Celanese Corporation (somerville, Nj) Patent Number: 4,910,855 Date filed: March 31, 1989 Abstract: A blanket with a weighted perimeter and a method of its use are disclosed herein. This blanket is used as a safety device which can prevent injury to a person cutting baling straps, that surround baled materials and that are under tension, by dampening the whiplash of the straps when cut. Excerpt(s): Synthetic fibers, such as cellulose acetate for cigarette tow, as well as natural fibers, are sold in and delivered to customers in compressed bales. These bales are compacted in a press, at pressures up to about 90 tons. While the bale is compressed, metal straps are passed around the top and the bottom of the bale and about its girth to secure the material within the bale. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,733,769 which is

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incorporated herein by reference. After the force of the press is released, the baled material wants to expand, but it is restrained by the baling straps. Therefore, the straps are put in tension due to the attempted expansion of the baled material. When the straps are cut from the bale, to provide access to the material therein, they whiplash outwardly and upwardly from the bale. This is a safety hazard to those cutting the straps from the bale and to those in the immediate vicinity of the bale while the straps are cut. Accordingly, there is a need for a device that can dampen or eliminate this whiplash and thereby improve the safety of cutting baling straps from baled material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04910855__

Patent Applications on Whiplash As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to whiplash: •

Device for avoiding whiplash injuries Inventor(s): Nilsson, Kent; (Billdal, SE) Correspondence: One World Trade Center; Suite 1600; 121 S.W. Salmon Street; Portland; OR; 97204; US Patent Application Number: 20010011830 Date filed: March 15, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus that reduces the acceleration to which the body is subjected after the incidence of the collision to less than 4 g, since it has been found that whiplash injuries occur in collisions exceeding 5 g. In one embodiment, a device and a method intended to counteract the occurrence of whiplash injury to a person sitting in a seat, which could occur through a rapid change in velocity, such as in a collision essentially from the rear. The arrangement contains means whereby the seat will move in a controlled manner against the direction of movement during a change in velocity, and that the seat is provided with guide means, which are designed to give the seat and the person sitting in it a controlled inclined an essentially simultaneous backward movement, in which the head of the occupant sitting on the seat is accelerating under a longer distance compared with the occupants hip close to the seat, and that the seat is arranged so that it will remain in its rearward position after the change in velocity. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/380,715, filed Sep. 3, 1999, which claims priority to PCT/SE98/00435 filed Mar. 11, 1998, which claims priority to Swedish patent applications 9700907-0 filed Mar. 11, 1997 and 9800054-0 filed Jan. 14, 1998. This invention refers to a device for counteracting injury to a person sitting in a seat in a vehicle, primarily a so called whiplash injury, which can occur due to a rapid change in velocity, such as a collision, from the rear. A whiplash injury is a soft tissue injury which can occur on account of violent acceleration and/or deceleration applied to the cervical spine. The classic case where these kinds of neck injuries occur is when sitting in a car which is subjected to a rear-end impact, but

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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can also occur in other activities than car driving, such as in participating in certain sports. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Fluid-actuated support for vehicular seats Inventor(s): Dellanno, Ronald P.; (North Caldwell, NJ) Correspondence: Klauber & Jackson; 411 Hackensack Avenue; Hackensack; NJ; 07601 Patent Application Number: 20040070239 Date filed: April 24, 2003 Abstract: An apparatus for preventing whiplash related injuries to a passenger in a vehicle. The apparatus includes a frame supported on a seat of the vehicle, and a head and neck restraint secured to said frame and located behind the cranium and cervical spine of a passenger on the seat. The restraint comprises one or more fluid pressurized bladders, the walls of which are a tough flexible skin. The walls define a supporting means located behind the cranium and cervical spine of the passenger and define at least one contour that interfits with the posterior contour of the passenger's cranium and cervical spine. The contour includes a first surface located behind the passenger's cranium and projecting upwardly above the approximate center of mass of the passenger's cranium and a substantially flat portion including a cranium contact zone for contacting and supporting the approximate central posterior area of the passenger's cranium, and a second surface located below the first surface and defining in vertical cross-section a substantially convex smooth curve. The maximum horizontal protrusion point of the curve projects anteriorly relative to the flat portion of the first surface a distance of 1 to 6 inches, the maximum protrusion point being about 3 to 9 inches below the cranium contact zone, so that the second surface contacts and supports the posterior portion of the passenger's cervical spine substantially simultaneously with the contact of the passenger's cranium with the first surface. This substantially simultaneously decelerates the cranium and cervical spine during a vehicle collision to prevent whiplash-related injuries to the passenger. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application No. 60/376,319 filed Apr. 29, 2002. This invention relates generally to apparatus for supporting a person's cranium, cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spin, including passenger safety apparatus for vehicles, and more specifically, relates to apparatus for preventing whiplash related and similar injuries. Whiplash related injuries are caused by the rapid acceleration of a person's cranium and cervical spin, which occurs, for example, in a rear end automobile collision. The rapid acceleration causes the extension and flexion of the cervical spine which, in turn, can cause severe injury. Types of whiplash related injuries include fractured and/or dislocated vertebrae, torn ligaments (both anterior and posterior of the spinal column), and avulsion of parts of the vertebrae, ligaments and in vertebrae discs. Similar injuries can occur to the thoracic and lumbar spinal areas. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Headrest for alleviating whiplash injury and the use of specific polyurethane foams therein Inventor(s): Baltzer, Gunnar; (Lidingo, SE) Correspondence: Mcdermott Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20040051364 Date filed: July 21, 2003 Abstract: A headrest for alleviating whiplash injury and comprising at least one support member which is uprightly fixed to a seat and a cushioning member of polyurethane foam attached to said at least one support member and enclosed in a covering material is disclosed, wherein the polyurethane foam is one having the following properties: A) A density within the range of 50 to 100 kg/m.sub.3; B) a compressive strength between 0.9 and 3.5 mN/mm.sub.2 at 25% deformation and between 1.3 and 4.5 mN/mm.sub.2 at 40% deformation; C) a glass transition temperature, Tg (DSC), between -10.degree. c and +10.degree. C., preferably -5.degree. C. to +4.degree. C.; D) a loss temperature peak maximum between 15 and 30.degree. C.; E) a temperature range for the loss peak between -40.degree. C. and +90.degree. C.; and F) a loss peak area between 4.0 and 8.0. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a headrest for alleviating whiplash injury and the use of polyurethane foams having specific properties therein. An increasing motor traffic in densely built-up areas has resulted in an increase in the number of car crashes and thereby also in an increase in the injuries to passengers. It has turned out that rear-end collisions at low speed often results in so-called whiplash injury. Such injuries have become one of the predominant problems in the automotive industry from the point of view of passenger's safety. A theoretical survey of the causes for whiplash injuries revealed that such injuries mainly occur due to the momentum the head has during the movement of the vehicle caused by the collision. As soon as the vehicle collides, the head is being pushed back with a force that is proportional to the speed of the vehicle caused by the collision. The head hits the headrest as a result of this backward movement of the head and rebounds back with a force which is very much dependent on the resilience behaviour of the material which is being used in the headrest. In addition to the rebound force, the extent of head displacement after the rebound is also very important from the whiplash point of view. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method and apparatus for determining a neck movement pattern Inventor(s): Claussen, Claus-F; (Bad Kissingen, DE) Correspondence: Lerner And Greenberg, P.A.; Patent Attorneys And Attorneys AT Law; Post Office Box 2480; Hollywood; FL; 33022-2480; US Patent Application Number: 20020116990 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: A pattern is determined of the neck movement of a subject. The head/body movement of the subject is recorded with markers placed on the shoulders and on the head and thus moving with the subject. The locus curve of each marker in threedimensional space is then determined in dependence on the time and it is stored as a data set. The neck movement is isolated from the head and torso movements by

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determining the difference between the average of the two locus curves that represent the shoulder movements and the locus curve representing the head movement. The pattern of movement established on the cranio-corpo-graphy is evaluated and analyzed using a data-processing device. The method is particularly suitable for determining the presence and the severity of an injury to the cervical spine as a result of whiplash caused by a traffic accident. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of copending International Application No. PCT/EP00/03378, filed Apr. 14, 2000, which designated the United States. The invention relates to a method for determining the neck movement pattern of a subject. It also relates to a corresponding apparatus for carrying out the method. It has long been desired to find a suitable examination method in order to be able to measure reliably impairments of neck mobility resulting from a head-neck whiplash injury, termed a cervical column whiplash injury. The principal object of the examination methods or procedures that are to be applied in the physical and functional fields with the focus on symptoms and individual cases is to clarify accident-related injuries in the region of the cervical column. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Permanently deformable headrest for a vehicle seat and method of use Inventor(s): Albrecht, Donald; (Santa Monica, CA) Correspondence: Timothy T. Tyson; Freilich, Hornbaker & Rosen; Suite 1220; 10960 Wilshire BLVD.; Los Angeles; CA; 90024; US Patent Application Number: 20030001413 Date filed: July 2, 2001 Abstract: A permanently deformable headrest (20) for a vehicle seat (502) includes a permanently deformable structure which permanently bends when exposed to the force of a passenger's head (501) being thrown back against the headrest (20) during a rear end collision. The permanently deformable structure dissipates much of the kinetic energy of the passenger's head (501), thereby substantially reducing the reactive forward force which can cause whiplash injuries. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains generally to vehicle seats, and more particularly to a headrest which in an accident is permanently deformed by the force of a passenger's head, thereby absorbing energy and reducing whiplash. Headrests for vehicle seats are well known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,547,486 shows an angularly and vertically adjustable head rest which is secured to the top of a back rest forming part of a vehicle seat. The head rest may be immobilized in a desired height position by a locking mechanism disposed entirely within, and surrounded by, the foam plastic cushion of the head rest. U.S. Pat. No. 5,769,489 illustrates an energy absorbing support for vehicular passengers which comprises apparatus for preventing or limiting spinal injuries to a passenger seated in a forward facing position in a moving vehicle during vehicular impact or sudden deceleration. The apparatus includes a vehicle installed supporting seat for the passenger, the seat having a support portion behind the seated passenger which includes a resilient surface in contact with the supported passenger. The resilient portion is supported on an underlying stiff support shell. The support shell is rearwardly displaceable upon being subjected to impressed forces generated from the passenger pressing against the resilient surface of the support portion as a result of a rear end impact on the vehicle. A controllably deformable energy

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absorbing crush zone is positioned to the rear of the shell and is compressed by rearward displacement of the shell. The support portion acts to decelerate the supported spine of the passenger during a vehicle rear end impact, while the controlled deformation of the crush zone absorbs energy to prevent or limit spinal injuries of the passenger. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Vehicle occupant safety net Inventor(s): Saczalski, Kenneth J.; (Newport Beach, CA), Saczalski, Todd K.; (Sedona, AZ) Correspondence: Kit M. Stetina, ESQ.; Stetina Brunda Garred & Brucker; Suite 250; 75 Enterprise; Aliso Viejo; CA; 92656; US Patent Application Number: 20020056980 Date filed: January 9, 2002 Abstract: A method of preventing at least one front seat of a vehicle from collapsing into a rear seat area during rear impact collisions with a vehicle occupant safety net thereby mitigating whiplash injuries to front seat occupants and reducing potential injuries to rear seat occupants. The method provides for positioning the vehicle occupant safety net between the at least one front seat and the rear seat area of the vehicle. The safety net is then secured to the vehicle. Moreover, the safety net is sized and configured to prevent the at least one front seat from collapsing rearwardly into the rear seat area during rear impact collisions thereof to mitigate whiplash injuries to the front seat occupants and reduce potential injuries to the rear seat occupants. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a method and an apparatus for preventing injuries to occupants in a vehicle, and more particularly to an improved method and apparatus for preventing at least one front seat of a vehicle from collapsing into a rear seat area during collisions with a vehicle occupant safety net thereby mitigating whiplash injuries to occupants. The use of safety devices in vehicles in order to increase safety measures to occupants therein are well known. Such safety measures have been primarily designed to mitigate injuries to the occupants during vehicle collisions, or even sudden stops. The transportation industry, mainly comprised of automobile, railroad, airline, and sea vessel businesses, has realized over time that such potential risks to their occupants may have dire consequences in incidents immediately mentioned above. Therefore, as a response to such circumstances, the transportation industry has spent enormous financial resources and time in a constant effort to improve their safety measures to minimize injuries to their occupants. For example, safety belts are widely utilized in the transportation industry to improve safety measures to the occupants. More specifically, the safety belts maintain the occupants on the seats of the vehicles in order to prevent any outward projections of the occupants during vehicle collisions or sudden stops. The safety belts have been effective in mitigating injuries by preventing the occupants from colliding with the interior of the vehicle, or being thrown out therefrom. However, even though the safety belts may be effective in the above context, such belts are not a solution to the problem stated below. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with whiplash, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on whiplash. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning whiplash. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON WHIPLASH Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to whiplash. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on whiplash include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on whiplash: •

Post-traumatic Fibromyalgia. A Medical Perspective Source: Columbus, OH: Anadem Publishing. 1996. 135 p. Contact: Available from Anadem Publishing, 3620 North High Street, Columbus, OH 43214. (614) 262-2539. (800) 633-0055. (614) 262-6630 (fax). Summary: This book for individuals with fibromyalgia seeks to enhance awareness of posttraumatic fibromyalgia from a medical perspective. Chapters define fibromyalgia, describe types of fibromyalgia, address the issue of whether there is a controversy regarding the existence of fibromyalgia, present an overview of posttraumatic fibromyalgia, discuss whiplash injury, review the components of the medical history in posttraumatic fibromyalgia, provide common physical examination findings, identify tests useful in diagnosing posttraumatic fibromyalgia, and discuss the diagnosis of posttraumatic fibromyalgia. Additional chapters focus on the mechanisms of posttraumatic fibromyalgia, the treatment of this condition, the prognosis for

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individuals with posttraumatic fibromyalgia, and the posttraumatic fibromyalgia. Final chapters explain summarize common questions asked of a medical posttraumatic fibromyalgia, and consider the future tables.

categories of special situations in who is a fibromyalgia expert, witness in litigation concerning of fibromyalgia. 3 figures and 6

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “whiplash” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “whiplash” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “whiplash” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

An Eye on the Whiplash and Other Stories by Henry Murphy; ISBN: 1901658104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1901658104/icongroupinterna

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Frontiers in Whiplash Trauma: Clinical and Biomechanical by Narayan Yoganandan (Editor), Frank A. Pintar (Editor); ISBN: 1586030124; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1586030124/icongroupinterna

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It's Only a Game: The Autobiography of Miss Whiplash by Lindi St Clair, Pamela Winfield; ISBN: 0749911719; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0749911719/icongroupinterna

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Life After Whiplash by Robert Ferrari; ISBN: 0968672639; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968672639/icongroupinterna

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Medicine for lawyers III : the whiplash injury : materials prepared for a Continuing Legal Education seminar held in Vancouver, B.C. on May 3l, 1985; ISBN: 0865042128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865042128/icongroupinterna

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Metallica Whiplash; ISBN: 0846429608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0846429608/icongroupinterna

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Miss Whiplash: My Sensational Life Story by Lindi St Clair, Pamela Winfield; ISBN: 0330330802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0330330802/icongroupinterna

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Post-Traumatic Neurosis: From Railway Spine to Whiplash by Michael R. Trimble; ISBN: 0471099759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471099759/icongroupinterna

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Recovery from Whiplash Concussion. by J. Douglas Salmon Jr; ISBN: 0973075309; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0973075309/icongroupinterna

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The Whiplash Book (Pack of 10 Copies); ISBN: 011702029X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011702029X/icongroupinterna

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The Whiplash Handbook by Monique B. Harriton; ISBN: 039806380X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039806380X/icongroupinterna

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Whiplash & the Jaw Joint: Tmj Injury. by Dale M. Foreman, Donald Rolfs; ISBN: 0939737019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0939737019/icongroupinterna

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Whiplash Injuries; ISBN: 068303314X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068303314X/icongroupinterna

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Whiplash Injuries: Medical Subject Analysis and Research Guide With Bibliography by Rosa Madonna Madrigana; ISBN: 0881640948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881640948/icongroupinterna

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Whiplash on the Couch by John Bennett; ISBN: 0916918068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916918068/icongroupinterna

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Whiplash, 1998: Compendium of Abstracts by Society Of Automotive Engineers; ISBN: 076800294X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076800294X/icongroupinterna

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Whiplash: Mechanisms and Management by Larry S. Nordhoff; ISBN: 0801668212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801668212/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Whiplash In order to find chapters that specifically relate to whiplash, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and whiplash using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on whiplash: •

Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-associated Disorders: Implications for Clinical Management and Future Directions for Research Source: in Allen, M.E., Ed. Musculoskeletal Pain Emanating From the Head and Neck: Current Concepts in Diagnosis, Management and Cost Containment. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Medical Press. 1996. p. 5-9. Contact: Haworth Document Delivery Service, Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. (800) 342-9678. (800) 895-0582 (fax). Summary: This chapter for health professionals considers the implications for clinical management and future directions for research of the recently published "Scientific Monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders." This publication established a baseline of clinical and scientific information on whiplashassociated disorders. Although the task force reviewed a substantial number of publications, only a few met a priori scientific criteria for admissibility. This lack of scientific evidence placed some important limitations on the ability of the task force to recommend preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures for the management of whiplash and its associated disorders. To advance knowledge on this substantial and growing public health problem, there will have to be a substantial improvement in the quality of published research. 14 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON WHIPLASH Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover whiplash.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on whiplash is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to whiplash. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “whiplash” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for whiplash: •

Neck mobility predicts long-term whiplash effect Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 25, 2001

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Cervical range-of-motion testing predicts disability after whiplash injury Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 25, 2001

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Whiplash incidence and prognosis depend upon medicolegal environment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 20, 2000

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No-fault insurance cuts whiplash claims Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 19, 2000

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Whiplash headache may be misclassified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 30, 1999

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Preconceptions may give rise to chronic whiplash syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 12, 1999

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Patient's view of whiplash influences symptoms Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 12, 1999

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Model predicts whiplash recovery time Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 13, 1998

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Model helps predict recovery time from auto crash-induced whiplash injury Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 11, 1998

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Radiofrequency Technique Relieves Whiplash Pain With Lasting Effects Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 05, 1996

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Treatment For Whiplash Neck Pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 04, 1996

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New Technique Locates Source Of Whiplash Pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 15, 1996

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Whiplash Rarely Requires Treatment Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 03, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

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Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “whiplash” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to whiplash, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “whiplash” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Whiplash Find newsletters on whiplash using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “whiplash.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Pain and the Cervical Spine Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 50(10): 1-4. 2001.

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Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter provides health professionals with information on the diagnosis and treatment of neck pain. The most important historical items in the initial approach to a neck pain problem are duration, trauma history, and musculoskeletal symptoms elsewhere. Physical examination maneuvers consist of range of motion and pain on motion in flexion extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Plain radiographs of the cervical spine may indicate degenerative disease and subluxations resulting from inflammatory arthritis and the results of serious trauma. Computed tomography may be helpful when plain films are inadequate. Conservative therapies are used to treat uncomplicated joint diseases, soft tissue injuries, and poorly understood pain syndromes in the neck. Soft collars and contour pillows may be helpful. Physical therapy may also help, but interrupted traction is typically the most beneficial therapy. The article describes the features of special neck syndromes, including whiplash, degenerative disc and joint disease, inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and juvenile polyarthritis. 1 table and 25 references. •

TMJ News 'n Views: Offering Education, Support and Hope Source: TMJ News 'n Views. Number 9: 1-4. November-December 1993. Contact: Available from MyoData-TMJ and Stress Center. P.O. Box 803394, Dallas, TX 75380. (972) 416-7676 (information). PRICE: $20.00 for one-year subscription (6 issues); $35.00 for two-year subscription; back issues $4.00 each. Summary: 'TMJ News 'N Views' is a bi-monthly newsletter written specifically for people who suffer from temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). The 2-color newsletter is written by a person with TMD and is edited by a medical professional. Sections in each issue include: an article by a health professional; an article by Sharon Carr, the founder of the TMJ and Stress Center; a Question and Answer section for patients to write in and receive printed answers; Pain Pointers; and a Recipe Corner with recipes for soft, easy-to-chew food. Specific topics have included surgery for TMD; the use of acupressure for pain; the role of posture; biofeedback; caffeine; tinnitus and TMD; whiplash and TMD; new treatment; swallowing disorders; and stress reduction. (AA-M).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on whiplash: •

Chronic Pain and Disability of Whiplash May Be Prevented by Prompt Administration of a Drug Used in Spinal Cord Injury Source: Lifeline: The Newsletter of the National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. p. 15-16. Summer 1999.

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Contact: Available from National Chronic Pain Outreach Association. P.O. Box 274, Millboro, VA 24460. (540) 862-9437. Fax (540) 862-9485. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article for health professionals and people who have chronic pain reports on the use of a drug used in spinal cord injury to prevent chronic pain and disability of whiplash. Whiplash is an extension/flexion injury to the neck that frequently occurs from a rear hit motor vehicle accident. A study has found that methylprednisolone (MPS), a powerful synthetic corticosteroid, may help prevent chronic pain and other symptoms following whiplash. Patients participating in the study received either high-dose MPS or placebo. At 6 month followup there was a significant difference in prevalence of disabling symptoms between the treated and placebo groups. No one in the MPS group was still on sick leave, but four participants in the placebo group were still on sick leave and taking analgesics daily for neck and radiating pain in their arms. Early initiation of treatment with MPS is crucial because posttraumatic decrease in blood flow to the injury site results in decreased MPS uptake. Although high-dose MPS cannot be recommended for whiplash patients until additional studies are conducted, a single 30 milligram per kilogram dose of MPS is virtually without harmful effects.

Academic Periodicals covering Whiplash Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to whiplash. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering whiplash that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 1993 72 837 3 0 2905

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “whiplash” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on whiplash can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to whiplash. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to whiplash. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “whiplash”:

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Back Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/backinjuries.html Cervical Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cervicalcancer.html Head and Brain Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandbraininjuries.html Neck Disorders and Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neckdisordersandinjuries.html Peripheral Nerve Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/peripheralnervedisorders.html Spinal Cord Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html Tendinitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tendinitis.html Voice Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/voicedisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to whiplash, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Neck Pain Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/brochure/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=11&topcategory= Neck Neck Pain: Sometimes Serious Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01111 What You Need to Know about Neck Pain http://www.apta.org/brochures/NeckPain.pdf

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms MR Imaging (MRI)-Musculoskeletal Source: American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America http://www.radiologyinfo.org/content/mr_musculoskeletal.htm Neck Pain Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/513.xml Neck Swelling Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/514.xml

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Alternative Therapy MedlinePlus: Chiropractic Source: National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chiropractic.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Burners Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/478.xml Cervical Fracture Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=218&topcategory=Neck Cervical Radiculopathy Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=179&topcategory=Neck Cervical Spine Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons http://www.neurosurgery.org/pubpages/patres/cervspnbroch.html Cervical Spondylosis Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=304&topcategory=Neck &all=all Neck Pain Source: American Association of Neurological Surgeons http://www.neurosurgery.org/health/patient/detail.asp?DisorderID=76 Neck Sprain Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=141&topcategory=Neck Swollen Lymph Nodes (Lymphadenitis) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01039 Whiplash Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neck Whiplash Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/whiplash.htm

•

Children Backpack Safety Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/firstaid_safe/home/backpack.html

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Congenital Torticollis (Twisted Neck) Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=259&topcategory=Neck Wryneck (Torticollis) Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ6VQ3EDDC &sub_cat=105 •

Organizations American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://www.aaos.org/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening What a Pain in the Neck! Good Habits to Remember to Prevent Neck Pain Source: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation http://www.aapmr.org/condtreat/pain/necktips.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on whiplash. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What You Need to Know About TMJ Disorder Source: Phoenix, AZ: SmartPractice. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from SmartPractice. 3400 East McDowell, Phoenix, AZ 85008. (800) 522-0800. Fax (800) 522-8329. Website: www.smartpractice.com. PRICE: $34.00 for 100 brochures, plus shipping and handling. Summary: The temporomandibular joints connect the jaw bone to the skull and are located just in front of each ear. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder is a term used to describe dysfunction of the jaw muscles and joints. This patient education brochure outlines the signs and causes of TMJ disorders, and discusses some of the treatment options available. TMJ disorders can be characterized by pronounced noises associated with movement in the TM joints, pain when the jaw is opened fully, limited range of

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opening, clenching or grinding of the teeth, facial pain and a sense of facial muscle fatigue, ear pain not related to ear infection, occasional 'locking' when the jaw seems to stick open temporarily, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and frequent headaches. TMJ disorders can develop from lost or crooked teeth, overbite, teeth that fit together poorly (malocclusion), degenerative arthritis, various head or neck injuries (such as whiplash), and stress causing clenched teeth (bruxism) and muscle spasms. Because other types of pain have been shown to mimic TMJ disorder, a careful and thorough dental and medical evaluation is essential to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Treatment options can include correction of a malocclusion, a splint to help prevent bruxism, pain management strategies (including medication), relaxation techniques (including counseling), and physical therapy; only in rare cases is surgery required to correct a TMJ disorder. The brochure includes space for personalization by the dental office. The brochure is illustrated with full color graphics and photographs of smiling patients. 5 figures. •

Neck Basics: Managing Neck Problems Source: San Bruno, CA: StayWell Company. 1999. 16 p. Contact: Available from StayWell Company. 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 940663030. (800) 333-3032. Website: www.staywell.com. PRICE: Call or write for current pricing on single and bulk orders. Summary: This illustrated booklet provides people who have neck pain with information on managing neck problems. Poor posture, injuries, arthritis, and stress may cause neck pain. A medical evaluation consisting of a medical history, a physical examination, and possibly some diagnostic tests will be performed before treatment is recommended. The booklet describes the anatomy and function of a healthy neck. This is followed by a discussion of common neck problems, including strains and sprains, whiplash and other injuries, a herniated disk, and arthritis. The booklet then identifies symptoms associated with neck problems, such as muscle tension, aches and pains, and numbness or weakness. Symptom relief is the first goal of treatment. Self care symptom relief measures include resting the neck, applying ice or heat, and taking medication. A doctor may also recommend that a patient work with a physical therapist as part of a treatment plan. The booklet presents exercises to improve the neck's range of motion and strength, including head rotation, the shoulder clock, the side to side movement, resistance to side to side movement, and head lifts. In addition, the booklet offers guidelines on protecting the neck by using good body mechanics when standing, sitting, lying down, and working at a computer workstation. The booklet concludes with suggestions on managing stress. Numerous figures. The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to whiplash. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to whiplash. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with whiplash. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about whiplash. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “whiplash” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “whiplash”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “whiplash” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “whiplash” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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WHIPLASH DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Accessory Nerve: The 11th cranial nerve. The accessory nerve originates from neurons in the medulla and in the cervical spinal cord. It has a cranial root, which joins the vagus (10th cranial) nerve and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the larynx, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Damage to the nerve produces weakness in head rotation and shoulder elevation. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Aeroembolism: Joint pains, respiratory distress, and central nervous system symptoms which may follow decompression after exposure to air or other gas mixture at a pressure greater than the normal atmospheric pressure. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines

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include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthritis, Rheumatoid: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by

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inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Avulsion: The forcible separation, or tearing away, of a part of an organ. [NIH] Axilla: The underarm or armpit. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Battered Child Syndrome: Repeated physical injuries inflicted on the child by the parent, parents, or surrogate parent; often triggered by the child's minor and normal irritating behavior. [NIH] Bends: The form of aeroembolism that is marked by intense pain in muscles and joints due to formation of gas bubbles in the tissues. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biomechanics: The study of the application of mechanical laws and the action of forces to living structures. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning

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technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blasts: Immature blood cells. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bruxism: A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carotid Sinus: The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause

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slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH]

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Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in

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the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial

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structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curare: Plant extracts from several species, including Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produce paralysis of skeletal muscle and are used adjunctively with general anesthesia. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH]

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Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] ERV: The expiratory reserve volume is the largest volume of gas that can be expired from the end-expiratory level. [NIH] Ethanolamine: A viscous, hygroscopic amino alcohol with an ammoniacal odor. It is widely distributed in biological tissue and is a component of lecithin. It is used as a surfactant, fluorimetric reagent, and to remove CO2 and H2S from natural gas and other gases. [NIH] Expiratory: The volume of air which leaves the breathing organs in each expiration. [NIH] Expiratory Reserve Volume: The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is ERV. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which

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feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fontanelle: A soft spot, such as one of the membrane-covered spaces (fonticuli cranii) remaining in the incompletely ossified skull of a fetus or infant. [EU] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

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occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophosphates: Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Head Movements: Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H,

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atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypodermic: Applied or administered beneath the skin. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Inertia: Inactivity, inability to move spontaneously. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid

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bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malingering: Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or

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illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Methylprednisolone: (6 alpha,11 beta)-11,17,21-Trihydroxy-6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,2dione. A prednisolone derivative which has pharmacological actions similar to prednisolone. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Milligram: A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000-times smaller than a pound and 28,000-times smaller than an ounce. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor nerve: An efferent nerve conveying an impulse that excites muscular contraction. [NIH]

Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue

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increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Neck Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck. [NIH] Neck Muscles: The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus). [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]

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Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurosurgery: A surgical specialty concerned with the treatment of diseases and disorders of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral and sympathetic nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH]

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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phlebotomy: The letting of blood from a vein. Although it is one of the techniques used in drawing blood to be used in diagnostic procedures, in modern medicine, it is used commonly in the treatment of erythrocytosis, hemochromocytosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Its historical counterpart is bloodletting. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed & Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, 9th ed) Venipuncture is not only for the letting of blood from a vein but also for the injecting of a drug into the vein for diagnostic analysis. [NIH] Phosphatidic Acids: Fatty acid derivatives of glycerophosphates. They are composed of glycerol bound in ester linkage with 1 mole of phosphoric acid at the terminal 3-hydroxyl group and with 2 moles of fatty acids at the other two hydroxyl groups. [NIH] Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids. [NIH] Phosphatidylethanolamines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to an ethanolamine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and ethanolamine and 2 moles of fatty acids. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic

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weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Plexus: A network or tangle; a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. [EU] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all

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free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychosomatic: Pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. [EU] Psychosomatic Medicine: A system of medicine which aims at discovering the exact nature of the relationship between the emotions and bodily function, affirming the principle that the mind and body are one. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries;

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spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Relaxation Techniques: The use of muscular relaxation techniques in treatment. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sagittal: The line of direction passing through the body from back to front, or any vertical plane parallel to the medial plane of the body and inclusive of that plane; often restricted to

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the medial plane, the plane of the sagittal suture. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seat Belts: Restraining belts fastened to the frame of automobiles, aircraft, or other vehicles, and strapped around the person occupying the seat in the car or plane, intended to prevent the person from being thrown forward or out of the vehicle in case of sudden deceleration. [NIH]

Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Smiling: A facial expression which may denote feelings of pleasure, affection, amusement, etc. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft Tissue Injuries: Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand". [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the

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axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each

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side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subclavian Vein: The continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of uranium. The stablest isotope has a mass number 99 and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A neurovascular syndrome associated with compression of the brachial plexus; subclavian artery; and subclavian vein at the superior thoracic outlet. This may result from a variety of anomalies such as a cervical rib (cervical rib syndrome), anomalous fascial bands, and abnormalities of the origin or insertion of the anterior or medial scalene muscles. Clinical features may include pain in the shoulder and neck region which radiates into the arm, paresis or paralysis of brachial plexus innervated muscles, paresthesia, loss of sensation, reduction of arterial pulses in the affected extremity, ischemia, and edema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp214-5). [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH]

Dictionary 147

Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Tidal Volume: The volume of air inspired or expired during each normal, quiet respiratory cycle. Common abbreviations are TV or V with subscript T. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcutaneous: Transdermal. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH]

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Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body,

Dictionary 149

especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Wounds, Gunshot: Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

151

INDEX A Accessory Nerve, 41, 123 Accommodation, 18, 123 Adaptation, 37, 123, 140 Adenosine, 123, 126 Adjustment, 123 Adrenal Cortex, 123, 129 Aeroembolism, 123, 125 Alertness, 123, 126 Algorithms, 123, 126 Alimentary, 123, 139 Allylamine, 123, 124 Alternative medicine, 55, 61, 95, 123 Amine, 34, 123 Ammonia, 123, 124 Amnesia, 25, 44, 124 Amygdala, 124, 146 Analgesic, 4, 124 Anatomical, 124, 127, 134 Androgens, 123, 124, 129 Ankle, 42, 124 Anomalies, 124, 146 Antagonism, 124, 126 Antiallergic, 124, 129 Antibiotic, 52, 59, 124 Antibody, 124, 128, 134, 135, 137, 142, 143, 149 Antigen, 124, 128, 134 Anti-inflammatory, 124, 129, 132 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 124, 129 Antineoplastic, 124, 129 Anxiety, 5, 8, 124 Approximate, 67, 83, 124 Aqueous, 124, 125 Arterial, 123, 124, 132, 134, 142, 146 Arteries, 124, 126, 129, 137 Artery, 10, 66, 67, 124, 126, 129, 131, 146 Arthritis, Rheumatoid, 96, 124 Articular, 125 Asymptomatic, 5, 125 Atrophy, 125 Auditory, 10, 19, 125 Avulsion, 66, 67, 83, 125 Axilla, 125, 126 Axons, 125, 138, 145 B Back Injuries, 80, 108, 125 Back Pain, 3, 4, 6, 57, 125

Bacteria, 124, 125, 131, 137, 147, 148 Bacterial Physiology, 123, 125 Base, 73, 125, 130, 135 Battered Child Syndrome, 55, 125 Bends, 85, 125 Benign, 125, 133, 143 Bilateral, 11, 25, 125, 139 Bile, 125, 136 Biochemical, 48, 125 Biomechanics, 6, 11, 20, 24, 37, 125 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 95, 103, 125 Blasts, 75, 126 Blood pressure, 126, 127, 132, 134 Blood vessel, 126, 127, 133, 135, 136, 137, 144, 148 Brachial, 41, 42, 126, 146 Brachial Plexus, 41, 42, 126, 146 Brachytherapy, 126, 135, 142, 149 Branch, 36, 119, 126, 136, 139, 142, 145, 146, 148 Bruxism, 111, 126 C Caffeine, 96, 126 Calcium, 126, 128 Cannula, 69, 126 Carbohydrate, 126, 129, 132, 133, 141 Carbon Dioxide, 126, 134 Carcinogenic, 126, 135 Cardiac, 123, 126, 138 Carotid Sinus, 45, 126, 132 Case report, 11, 41, 52, 57, 59, 127 Caudal, 127, 141 Cell, 125, 127, 128, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143, 146 Cellobiose, 127 Cellulose, 81, 127, 140 Central Nervous System, 65, 123, 126, 127, 132, 133, 139 Central Nervous System Infections, 127, 133 Cerebellum, 127, 148 Cerebral, 14, 127 Cerebral hemispheres, 127 Cerebrospinal, 31, 127 Cerebrospinal fluid, 31, 127 Cerebrum, 30, 127, 148 Cervical, 3, 4, 52, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66, 67, 72, 74, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 93, 95, 96, 108, 109

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Cervix, 127, 132 Character, 127, 130, 142 Chin, 127, 137 Chiropractic, 56, 60, 109, 128 Choline, 128, 140 Chronic, 4, 5, 6, 56, 57, 58, 94, 96, 97 Clear cell carcinoma, 128, 130 Clinical trial, 5, 36, 58, 103, 128, 129, 142, 143 Cloning, 125, 128 Cochlear, 128, 147, 148 Cochlear Diseases, 128, 147 Cohort Studies, 35, 128 Collagen, 125, 128 Complement, 128, 129 Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 61, 129 Complementary medicine, 55, 129 Computational Biology, 103, 129 Conjunctiva, 129, 147 Consciousness, 79, 124, 129 Contamination, 129, 133 Contraindications, ii, 129 Controlled study, 27, 57, 129 Contusion, 41, 129 Coronary, 129, 137 Coronary Thrombosis, 129, 137 Corticosteroid, 97, 129, 141 Cranial, 123, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 138, 140, 147, 148 Craniocerebral Trauma, 129, 133, 147 Curare, 130, 138 Curative, 130, 146 Cyclic, 126, 130 D Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 130 Degenerative, 6, 96, 111, 130, 133 Density, 84, 130, 139, 143 DES, 67, 130 Diagnostic procedure, 63, 95, 130, 140 Diathesis, 5, 130 Digestion, 123, 125, 130, 136 Direct, iii, 75, 130, 138, 143, 145 Dislocation, 130, 145 Dissection, 45, 130 Diuresis, 126, 130 Dizziness, 16, 130, 148 Dorsal, 130, 141, 145 Drive, ii, vi, 51, 68, 73, 81, 130 Drug Tolerance, 130, 147 Duct, 126, 131 Dystonia, 57, 131

E Edema, 131, 135, 146 Efficacy, 5, 131, 147 Elastic, 74, 131 Electrolyte, 129, 131, 137 Electromagnetic Fields, 19, 56, 131 Electrons, 125, 131, 135, 142, 143 Embolus, 14, 131, 134 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 131 Epidural, 41, 131 ERV, 104, 131 Ethanolamine, 131, 140 Expiratory, 131 Expiratory Reserve Volume, 131 Extensor, 4, 131 External-beam radiation, 131, 135, 142, 149 Extremity, 52, 59, 126, 131, 139, 146 Eye Movements, 15, 131 F Facial, 111, 131, 144 Facial Pain, 111, 131 Family Planning, 103, 132 Fat, 129, 131, 132, 143, 144 Fatigue, 111, 132, 137 Fatty acids, 132, 140 Fatty Liver, 79, 132 Fetus, 132, 148 Flexion, 11, 28, 38, 42, 52, 58, 66, 67, 83, 96, 97, 132 Flexor, 131, 132 Fontanelle, 55, 132 Foramen, 127, 132, 133 Forearm, 68, 126, 132 Fundus, 132 G Ganglia, 132, 138, 140, 145, 146 Gas, 123, 124, 125, 126, 131, 132, 134, 139, 142, 143 Gene, 126, 132, 140 Generator, 72, 132 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 131, 132 Glucocorticoids, 123, 129, 132 Glucose, 127, 132, 133 Glycerol, 133, 140 Glycerophosphates, 133, 140 Glycogen, 132, 133, 138 Governing Board, 133, 141 Grade, 11, 133 H Haematoma, 24, 133 Head Movements, 45, 133

153

Headache, 10, 12, 19, 22, 32, 33, 40, 41, 42, 47, 59, 60, 94, 126, 133 Headache Disorders, 133 Hemorrhage, 3, 130, 133 Hepatic, 79, 133, 141 Hepatitis, 79, 133 Hepatitis A, 79, 133 Hepatocytes, 133 Hepatovirus, 133 Herniated, 3, 111, 133 Hormonal, 125, 129, 133 Hormone, 129, 130, 133, 143 Host, 133 Hydrogen, 123, 125, 126, 133, 137, 138, 139 Hydrolysis, 127, 134, 140 Hyperalgesia, 20, 134 Hypersensitivity, 19, 40, 56, 134, 143 Hypertension, 134, 135 Hyperventilation, 22, 46, 134 Hypodermic, 69, 134 I Id, 15, 53, 60, 108, 109, 112, 118, 120, 134 Illusion, 134, 148 Immune response, 42, 124, 129, 134, 148 Immune system, 134, 138, 148 Impairment, 3, 13, 23, 44, 134 Implant radiation, 134, 135, 142, 149 In vitro, 16, 21, 134 In vivo, 134 Indicative, 90, 134, 139, 148 Inertia, 78, 134 Infarction, 129, 134, 137 Infection, 69, 111, 134, 136, 139, 143, 146 Infection Control, 69, 134 Inflammation, 124, 133, 134, 141, 143, 145, 146 Initiation, 97, 135 Innervation, 126, 135 Intermittent, 135, 136 Internal radiation, 135, 142, 149 Interstitial, 126, 135, 149 Intervertebral, 133, 135, 136, 142 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 135, 136, 142 Intracellular, 126, 134, 135 Intracranial Hypertension, 133, 135, 147 Intramuscular, 135, 139 Intravenous, 79, 135, 139 Invasive, 135, 136 Involuntary, 133, 135, 138, 143 Ions, 125, 131, 134, 135 Irradiation, 45, 135, 149

Ischemia, 125, 135, 146 J Joint, 52, 58, 73, 91, 96, 110 K Kb, 102, 135 Kinetic, 64, 85, 135 L Larynx, 123, 135, 149 Lethal, 68, 70, 136 Library Services, 118, 136 Ligament, 29, 66, 67, 74, 136, 145 Linkage, 127, 136, 140 Liver, 79, 125, 132, 133, 136, 141 Localized, 133, 134, 136, 138, 140 Long-Term Care, 6, 136 Loop, 70, 136 Low Back Pain, 57, 136 Lumbar, 6, 19, 28, 56, 67, 83, 125, 135, 136 Lumen, 126, 136 Lymph, 109, 127, 136 Lymph node, 127, 136 Lymphatic, 134, 136, 137, 141 Lymphatic system, 136 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 4, 15, 26, 136 Malingering, 4, 136 Mandible, 22, 127, 136 Mastication, 136, 147 Medial, 36, 136, 143, 146 Medical Records, 136, 143 MEDLINE, 103, 137 Membrane, 129, 132, 135, 137, 146 Memory, 124, 137 Meninges, 127, 130, 137, 146 Mental, iv, 4, 13, 36, 102, 104, 127, 132, 137, 142 Mental Health, iv, 4, 102, 104, 137, 142 Mesenchymal, 125, 137 Methylprednisolone, 22, 97, 137 MI, 21, 64, 72, 75, 121, 137 Microbiology, 123, 137 Milligram, 97, 137 Mineralocorticoids, 123, 129, 137 Mobility, 4, 22, 65, 85, 93, 137 Mobilization, 9, 17, 137 Modeling, 17, 137 Molecular, 103, 105, 125, 129, 137, 147 Molecule, 124, 125, 128, 134, 137, 143 Monoclonal, 135, 137, 142, 149 Motility, 19, 137 Motor nerve, 137, 138

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Muscle Fatigue, 111, 137 Muscle relaxant, 4, 138 Muscle tension, 111, 138 Musculature, 138, 145 Myocardium, 137, 138 N Naive, 20, 138 Neck Injuries, 55, 78, 82, 111, 138 Neck Muscles, 72, 73, 138 Neck Pain, 4, 12, 16, 22, 45, 94, 96, 108, 109, 110, 111, 138 Necrosis, 134, 137, 138 Need, 3, 17, 34, 47, 65, 69, 78, 82, 89, 91, 95, 96, 108, 110, 113, 133, 138, 147 Neoplastic, 131, 138 Nerve, 32, 38, 66, 67, 108, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 132, 133, 135, 137, 138, 142, 145, 147, 148 Nerve Fibers, 66, 67, 126, 138, 145 Nervous System, 65, 127, 138, 140, 146 Networks, 69, 138 Neuralgia, 32, 138 Neurologic, 4, 15, 58, 138 Neurology, 8, 11, 13, 15, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 44, 46, 138, 146 Neurons, 123, 132, 138, 145, 146, 148 Neuropsychological Tests, 26, 139 Neurosurgery, 8, 26, 33, 37, 38, 44, 52, 109, 139 Neutrons, 135, 139, 142 Nitrogen, 123, 124, 139 Nosocomial, 70, 139 Nuclei, 124, 131, 136, 139, 148 Nucleus, 130, 135, 139, 145, 146, 148 O Opacity, 130, 139 Oral Health, 40, 58, 139 Orofacial, 131, 139 Orthostatic, 32, 139 P Palliative, 139, 146 Palsy, 41, 139 Paralysis, 11, 130, 139, 146 Parenteral, 79, 139 Paresis, 139, 146 Paresthesia, 139, 146 Paresthesias, 4 Pathogenesis, 45, 139 Pathologic, 129, 134, 139 Pathophysiology, 3, 139 Patient Education, 110, 116, 118, 121, 140 Perception, 79, 140

Perennial, 140, 147 Peripheral Nervous System, 139, 140 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 127, 140 Pharmacologic, 140, 147 Phlebotomy, 69, 140 Phosphatidic Acids, 79, 140 Phosphatidylcholines, 79, 140 Phosphatidylethanolamines, 79, 140 Physical Examination, 89, 111, 140 Physical Therapy, 111, 140 Pituitary Gland, 129, 140 Plants, 126, 128, 133, 140, 147 Plasticity, 44, 140 Platinum, 136, 140 Plexus, 126, 141, 146 Polyarthritis, 96, 141 Polysaccharide, 124, 127, 141 Porphyria, 140, 141 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 140, 141 Posterior, 30, 66, 67, 78, 83, 125, 127, 130, 132, 138, 141 Post-traumatic, 79, 89, 133, 141 Postural, 32, 45, 141 Practicability, 141, 147 Practice Guidelines, 104, 141 Prednisolone, 137, 141 Prevalence, 32, 35, 97, 141 Prognostic factor, 9, 35, 141 Projection, 76, 141 Proportional, 78, 84, 141 Prospective study, 6, 9, 15, 21, 22, 23, 33, 36, 37, 42, 141 Protein S, 126, 142 Protocol, 31, 36, 58, 142 Psychiatric, 34, 58, 142 Psychiatry, 8, 13, 26, 27, 33, 36, 37, 38, 44, 142 Psychic, 137, 142 Psychosomatic, 8, 38, 58, 59, 142 Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 58, 142 Public Health, 23, 91, 104, 142 Public Policy, 103, 142 Publishing, 6, 89, 142 Pulmonary, 126, 134, 142 Pulmonary Ventilation, 134, 142 R Race, 70, 142 Radiation, 131, 135, 142, 143, 149 Radiation therapy, 131, 135, 142, 149 Radicular, 142, 143 Radiculopathy, 19, 56, 109, 142

155

Radioactive, 134, 135, 142, 143, 146, 148, 149 Radiolabeled, 135, 142, 143, 149 Radiological, 38, 108, 143 Radiology, 9, 22, 35, 108, 143 Radiopharmaceutical, 132, 143 Radiotherapy, 126, 135, 142, 143, 149 Randomized, 6, 22, 25, 27, 36, 38, 57, 58, 131, 143 Rarefaction, 125, 143 Receptor, 123, 124, 143 Refer, 1, 128, 130, 138, 139, 143, 144, 147, 148 Reflex, 37, 131, 143 Regimen, 131, 143 Relaxant, 143 Relaxation Techniques, 111, 143 Restoration, 140, 143 Retrospective, 32, 47, 59, 143 Retrospective study, 32, 47, 143 Rheumatism, 143 Rheumatoid, 96, 143 Rheumatoid arthritis, 96, 143 Rigidity, 77, 140, 143 Risk factor, 5, 21, 39, 142, 143 S Sagittal, 24, 57, 143 Scoliosis, 6, 144 Screening, 110, 128, 144 Seat Belts, 72, 144 Secretion, 129, 132, 137, 144 Segmental, 20, 144, 145 Segmentation, 144 Sensibility, 36, 134, 144 Sensor, 72, 81, 144 Sensory loss, 143, 144 Shock, 64, 73, 144, 147 Side effect, 144, 147 Skeleton, 135, 144 Skull, 110, 130, 132, 144 Smiling, 111, 144 Smooth muscle, 123, 126, 144 Soft tissue, 82, 96, 138, 144 Soft Tissue Injuries, 96, 144 Soma, 144, 145 Somatic, 4, 27, 38, 40, 132, 140, 145 Specialist, 112, 145 Species, 130, 137, 142, 145 Spinal cord, 19, 56, 64, 97, 123, 126, 127, 131, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148 Spinal Cord Injuries, 64, 108, 142, 145

Spinal Injuries, 85, 145 Spinal Nerve Roots, 142, 145 Spinal Stenosis, 6, 145 Splint, 111, 145 Spondylitis, 96, 145 Spondylolisthesis, 6, 145 Sprains and Strains, 53, 108, 136, 145 Stabilizer, 68, 145 Steatosis, 132, 145 Steroids, 129, 145 Stimulant, 126, 145 Stimulus, 130, 135, 143, 145, 147 Strand, 77, 145 Stress, 5, 14, 32, 96, 111, 143, 145 Subacute, 134, 145 Subarachnoid, 133, 145 Subclavian, 145, 146, 148 Subclavian Artery, 146, 148 Subclavian Vein, 146 Subclinical, 134, 146 Subcutaneous, 131, 139, 146 Suppression, 129, 146 Sympathetic Nervous System, 139, 146 Symptomatic, 5, 146 Symptomatology, 9, 146 Synovial, 125, 146 Synovial Membrane, 125, 146 Systemic, 42, 124, 126, 134, 135, 141, 142, 146, 149 Systemic disease, 124, 146 T Technetium, 19, 146 Tendinitis, 108, 146 Thalamic, 25, 146 Therapeutics, 12, 24, 36, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 146 Thoracic, 31, 44, 67, 83, 125, 126, 146 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 31, 146 Thorax, 136, 146 Threshold, 24, 57, 134, 147 Tidal Volume, 134, 147 Tinnitus, 31, 42, 96, 111, 147, 148 Tissue, 3 Tolerance, 74, 147 Tomography, 96, 147 Tonicity, 131, 147 Tooth Preparation, 123, 147 Toxic, iv, 130, 147 Toxicology, 104, 147 Toxin, 7, 45, 59, 147 Traction, 66, 67, 96, 147 Transcutaneous, 57, 147

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Transfection, 125, 147 Trauma, 4, 11, 19, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 57, 81, 90, 96, 138, 147 Treatment Outcome, 40, 147 Trees, 75, 147 Trigeminal, 36, 131, 147 U Unconscious, 134, 148 Uranium, 146, 148 Uterus, 127, 132, 148 V Vaccine, 142, 148 Vagina, 127, 130, 148 Valves, 69, 148 Vascular, 123, 133, 134, 148 Vasodilatation, 127, 148 Vein, 135, 140, 145, 146, 148 Ventricles, 127, 148 Vertebrae, 29, 66, 67, 72, 81, 83, 135, 145, 148

Vertebral, 8, 16, 46, 66, 67, 145, 148 Vertebral Artery, 8, 16, 46, 66, 67, 148 Vertigo, 42, 45, 46, 148 Vestibular, 9, 46, 148 Vestibule, 148 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 147, 148 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 147, 148 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 148 Viral, 52, 59, 148 Virus, 127, 148 Viscera, 144, 145, 148 Vitro, 149 Vocal cord, 11, 149 W Wounds, Gunshot, 145, 149 X X-ray, 135, 142, 143, 145, 149 X-ray therapy, 135, 149

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