TOOTHACHE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Toothache: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84661-8 1. Toothache-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on toothache. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TOOTHACHE ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Toothache ...................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TOOTHACHE ................................................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 Finding Nutrition Studies on Toothache ..................................................................................... 17 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 18 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TOOTHACHE ............................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 General References ....................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON TOOTHACHE .......................................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 Patents on Toothache ................................................................................................................... 29 Patent Applications on Toothache ............................................................................................... 31 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TOOTHACHE ............................................................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 33 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 34 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 34 Chapters on Toothache ................................................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TOOTHACHE ................................................................ 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 39 Academic Periodicals covering Toothache.................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 43 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 44 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 47 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 49 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 51 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 53 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 61 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 61 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 61 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 67
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Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 68 TOOTHACHE DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 71 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with toothache is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about toothache, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to toothache, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on toothache. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to toothache, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on toothache. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TOOTHACHE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on toothache.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and toothache, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Toothache of Cardiac Origin Source: Journal of Orofacial Pain. 13(3): 201-207. Summer 1999. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. Website: www.quintpub.com. Summary: Pain referred to the orofacial structures can sometimes be a diagnostic challenge for the clinicians. In some instances, a patient may complain of tooth pain that is completely unrelated to any dental source. Cardiac pain most commonly radiates to the left arm, shoulder, neck, and face. In rare instances, angina pectoris may present as dental pain. When this occurs, an improper diagnosis frequently leads to unnecessary dental treatment or, more significantly, a delay of proper treatment. This delay may
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result in the patient experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). This article reviews the literature concerning referred pain of cardiac origin and presents a case report of toothache of cardiac origin. The authors contend that it is the dentist's responsibility to establish a proper diagnosis so that the treatment will be directed toward the source of the pain and not to the site of pain. 3 figures. 46 references. •
Diagnosis and Management of Nondental Toothache Source: Dentistry Today. 21(11): 130-135. November 2002. Contact: Available from Dentistry Today Inc. 26 Park Street, Montclair, NJ 07042. (973) 783-3935. Summary: The patient who presents with a toothache or tooth pain that has no obvious dental etiology (cause) poses a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. This article helps dentists review the differential diagnosis prior to initiating dental treatments. The author stresses that the proper management of an atypical toothache or tooth pain begins with the knowledge of the full range of conditions that can manifest as this type of discomfort. The author discusses six categories to consider: muscle, periodontal ligament, temporomandibular joint, neurologic (including trigeminal neuralgia), neurovascular, and miscellaneous, including psychological, sinus, or ophthalmologic. Using the differential diagnostic list described in this article, the clinician can conduct a variety of tests, provide treatment, or suggest referral. Such a process can help prevent or limit treatment that does not resolve the problem, and can better focus the clinician on the true cause of the patient's pain. 1 table. 43 references.
Federally Funded Research on Toothache The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to toothache. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to toothache. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore toothache. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for toothache: •
Project Title: NOCICEPTION
NORADRENERGIC
MODULATION
OF
TRIGEMINAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mokha, Sukhbir S.; Professor; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: The long-term objective of the proposed research is to enhance our understanding of pain mechanisms and their control in the dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis), a region closely associated with many clinical pain conditions such as migraine, toothache, trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint related disorders. Specifically, the proposed research will elucidate the sex-related differences in the control ofnociceptive information originating from oro-facial tissues particularly the tooth pulp. The specific aims of the investigation are to determine that, a) activation of alpha2-adrenoceptors (alpha2-ARs) and descending noradrenergic pathway from the Kolliker Fuse nucleus (KF = A7) produce sex-specific modulation of trigeminal nociception through the participation of gonadal steroids, and b) the sexspecific modulation is mediated by gonadal hormone-induced, particularly estrogeninduced, genomic and non-genomic mechanisms The proposed studies will be carried out using electrophysiological, behavioral, molecular (in-situ hybridization) and cellular (in-vitro intracellular) techniques in male, proestrous female, ovariectomized, estradiol treated ovariectomized females, castrated males, testosterone treated castrated males and sham operated animals. Single unit activity of tooth pulp specific (TPS), nociceptive specific (NS) and wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons including trigeminothalamic neurons will be recorded in the superficial and deeper dorsal horn of the medulla in anesthetized male and female rats. Effects of microiontophoretically applied alpha2-AR agonists and antagonists will be tested on the responses evoked by, a) electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp, b) noxious stimuli, and c) activation of N-methyl-Daspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Nociceptive scratching behavior will be elicited by microinjection of NMDA through a cannula implanted dorsal to the medullary dorsal horn. Effects of alpha2-AR agonists and antagonists microinjected through the same cannula, and stimulation in KF will be investigated on the NMDA-induced nociceptive scratching behavior in males and females. Contribution of gonadal steroid-induced genomic and non-genomic changes in generating sex-related differences will be investigated by examining whether, a) estrogen and testosterone alter the expression of the alpha2A-AR gone in the dorsal horn of the medulla, b) the estrogen receptor is colocalized in alpha2A-AR containing neurons, and c) estrogen alters the coupling of alpha2-ARs to potassium channels. The proposed studies will deepen our understanding of sex-related differences in the modulation of trigeminal nociception and lead to the development of better pain control strategies in males and females. The new information may also help in the development of analgesics that are free of the abuse potential and side effects associated with narcotics such as morphine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NPY REGULATION OF PERIPHERAL HUMAN NOCICEPTORS AND PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Hargreaves, Kenneth M.; Professor; Endodontics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuropeptide Y (NPY), together with certain of its receptors, undergoes profound changes in expression after peripheral tissue injury and is thought to modulate pain in animals. However, the clinical significance of the NPY system in modulating pain in humans is unknown. We propose a series of clinical studies directly testing the hypotheses that, in humans, NPY and its cognate receptors undergo altered expression in inflamed tissue, and act in the periphery to alter spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia. Our research strategy takes advantage of a
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Toothache
common form of pain associated with inflammation, neuronal degeneration and neuroplasticity: odontalgia (toothache) with pulpal necrosis. Pulpal necrosis produces a degeneration of pulpal neurons innervating the inner tissue of the tooth (i.e., the pulp), with a simultaneous sprouting and up-regulation of NPY in neurons innervating the outer tissue of the tooth (i.e., the periodontal ligament around the root). This effect is similar to that seen in certain chronic pain conditions with respect to NPY plasticity. Specific Aim 1: Characterize the effects in humans of inflammation and neuronal degeneration on peripheral levels of NPY and related Y receptors (Y1, Y2, Y5) in periradicuIar tissue surrounding the roots of teeth. Specific Aim 2: Determine whether NPY inhibits neurosecretion of substance P from peripheral terminals of capsaicinsensitive neurons innervating normal versus inflamed human periradicular tissue. Specific Aim 3: Determine whether NPY is analgesic and/or anti-allodynic in patients experiencing spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia in a condition of inflammation with neuronal degeneration. Specific Aim 4: Evaluate whether population characteristics are associated with altered pain reports. First, determine whether patients with the C1128 polymorphism of the PreProNPY gene, characterized by increased peripheral NPY levels, report less pain. Second, determine whether ethnic/cultural factors associated with an underserved minority population (Hispanics) are associated with altered pain reports. Collectively, these studies have scientific and medical/social relevance: These integrated studies evaluate NPY modulation of clinical pain at behavioral, biochemical and genetic levels using a clinical pain disorder that permits standardized tissue collection and biochemical analyses. Odontalgia, a condition afflicting > 20 million Americans, is the most common form of orofacial pain (Lipton et al., 1993), and is an under-studied pain disorder. Moreover, our study population in South Texas permits secondary analyses of a potentially underserved population (predominantly Hispanic) that is at risk for caries-induced pulpal necrosis and pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: OPIATE MODULATION OF CORNEA PAIN PATHWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bereiter, David A.; Research Professor; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, Ri 029034923 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1988; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The trigeminal nerve mediates pain sensation from craniofacial tissues including specialized structures such as the teeth, dura, and cornea. Pain that occurs during toothache, headache, and dry eye syndrome is a prevalent health problem, arises from varied etiology and often is difficult to manage. In addition to sensation, other aspects of pain (autonomic/endocrine reflexes, endogenous pain controls) can be altered by persistent trigeminal pain conditions. This proposal uses neurophysiological methods to test the central hypothesis that distinct groups of brainstem neurons mediate different aspects of corneal pain and that these neurons can be identified by their encoding properties, response to analgesic drugs, and efferent projection status. Specific Aim 1 defines the properties of trigeminal brainstem neurons that encode different corneal stimulus modalities (chemical, mechanical, cold). Corneal units that project to the sensory thalamus or superior salivatory nucleus/facial nucleus region are presumed to serve a role in sensory-discriminative or reflex autonomic/somatomotor functions, respectively. Specific Aims 2 and 3 assess the role of the longitudinal fiber system that connects rostral and caudal portions of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis in different aspects of cornea pain processing. Specific Aim 4 tests the hypothesis that receptors for glutamate mediate corneal input to trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and are necessary for the
Studies
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modulation of evoked activity seen after morphine. Specific Aim 5 tests the hypothesis that mu opioid agonists such as morphine act at sites outside the trigeminal brainstem complex to enhance corneal units at rostral portions of subnucleus caudalis and inhibit corneal units at the most caudal portions of subnucleus caudalis. These results will provide new information on the properties of trigeminal neurons that mediate the sensory-discriminative and ocular-specific reflex aspects of corneal pain and will lead to a better understanding of the brainstem organization that underlies craniofacial pain processing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with toothache, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for toothache (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A severed finger for a “very bad toothache”. Author(s): Neiburger EJ. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 2001 May; 67(5): 36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11452751
•
Action called for on sale of toothache solutions. Author(s): Feaver F. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 January 5; 152(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6951587
•
Air rifle injury: an unusual cause of toothache. Author(s): Irvine GH. Source: British Dental Journal. 1972 December 5; 133(11): 489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4511890
3
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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•
An effective method of treating toothaches in children without the use of local anesthesia. Author(s): Harrington R. Source: S C Dent J. 1980 Spring; 38(2): 29-31. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6932715
•
Analgesic onset time as a measure of topical anesthetic efficacy in spontaneous toothache pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Hersh EV, Cooper SA, Segal H, Greene J. Source: J Clin Dent. 1993; 4(2): 52-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267872
•
Applicability of the McGill Pain Questionnaire to the differentiation of 'toothache' pain. Author(s): Grushka M, Sessle BJ. Source: Pain. 1984 May; 19(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6739113
•
Atypical odontalgia--a nondental toothache. Author(s): Pertes RA, Bailey DR, Milone AS. Source: J N J Dent Assoc. 1995 Winter; 66(1): 29-31, 33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9520703
•
Case 5. Refractory toothache. Author(s): Hargreaves KM. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 1998 November; 24(11): 699-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9855816
•
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania presenting as toothache. Author(s): Delcanho RE, Graff-Radford SB. Source: J Orofac Pain. 1993 Summer; 7(3): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9116630
•
Computer assisted instruction for diagnostic problem solving of toothache. Author(s): Cassidy RE, Marshall FJ, Gaston GW, Snodgrass M. Source: J Dent Educ. 1972 March; 36(3): 46-50 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4552694
•
Cough headache presenting as a toothache: a case report. Author(s): Moncada E, Graff-Radford SB. Source: Headache. 1993 May; 33(5): 240-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8320098
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•
Curing toothache on the stage? The importance of reading pictures in context. Author(s): King R. Source: History of Science; an Annual Review of Literature, Research and Teaching. 1995 December; 33(102 Pt 4): 396-416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11609012
•
Dental nerve blocks. Toothache remedies for the acute-care setting. Author(s): Powell SL, Robertson L, Doty BJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 January; 107(1): 229-30, 233-4, 239-40 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10649677
•
Diagnosis and management of nondental toothache. Author(s): Yount K. Source: Dent Today. 2002 November; 21(11): 130-5. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12483940
•
Efficacy and tolerability of an intraoral benzocaine patch in the relief of spontaneous toothache pain. Author(s): Hersh EV, DeRossi SS, Ciarrocca KN, Secreto SA, Ghassemi A. Source: J Clin Dent. 2003; 14(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12619262
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Efficacy of using benzocaine for temporary relief of toothache. Author(s): Sveen OB, Yaekel M, Adair SM. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982 June; 53(6): 574-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7048188
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Facial pain - toothache or tumour? Author(s): Aiken A. Source: Int J Oral Surg. 1981; 10(Suppl 1): 187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6807876
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Facial pain--is it toothache? Author(s): Walsh W. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1988 April; 17(4): 235-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3365153
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February 9: the day to have a toothache. Author(s): Nixon WL. Source: Dent Stud. 1977 December; 56(3): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=361453
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Foley's footnotes. Toothache. Author(s): Foley GP. Source: The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1971 May; 82(5): 926. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4928102
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Headache problems that can present as toothache. Author(s): Graff-Radford SB. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 1991 January; 35(1): 155-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1997350
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Illicit drugs for toothache. Author(s): Madinier I. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 February 9; 192(3): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11863145
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Lethal toothache: parapharyngeal cellulitis complicating dental infection. Author(s): English WJ 2nd, Kaiser AB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 June; 72(6): 687-9, 692. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=451653
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Malignant lymphoma of the maxillary sinus manifesting as a persistent toothache. Author(s): Yoon JH, Chun YC, Park SY, Yook JI, Yang WI, Lee SJ, Kim J. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2001 December; 27(12): 800-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11771596
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Mucosal dosage form of lidocaine for toothache using hydroxypropyl cellulose and carbopol. Author(s): Ishida M, Nambu N, Nagai T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1982 March; 30(3): 980-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7094175
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Neuritic toothache. Author(s): DuPont JS Jr. Source: Gen Dent. 2001 March-April; 49(2): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12004698
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Nonodontogenic toothache. Author(s): Okeson JP. Source: Tex Dent J. 2000 July; 117(7): 64-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11858065
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Nonodontogenic toothache. Author(s): Okeson JP, Falace DA. Source: Dent Clin North Am. 1997 April; 41(2): 367-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9142490
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Non-odontogenic toothache. Author(s): Murphy E, Merrill RL. Source: J Ir Dent Assoc. 2001; 47(2): 46-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11494946
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Non-odontogenic toothache. Author(s): Okeson JP. Source: Northwest Dent. 2000 September-October; 79(5): 37-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11413614
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Perceived inability to cope and care-seeking in patients with toothache: a qualitative study. Author(s): Pau AK, Croucher R, Marcenes W. Source: British Dental Journal. 2000 November 11; 189(9): 503-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11104104
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Pulpal diagnosis in acute toothache. Author(s): Maxwell EH. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1980 March; 8(3): 51-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6935204
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Relieving dentists' aches and pains: the “toothache” questionnaire. Author(s): Bassman J. Source: Dent Surv. 1978 June; 54(6): 50-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=285004
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Robert Burns: toothache and other pains. Author(s): Orchardson R. Source: Dent Hist. 1998 November; (34): 17-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11894227
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Self-injecting morphine for toothache? Author(s): Ngeow WC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1996 May 11; 180(9): 327. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8664088
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Severeness of toothache and other symptoms as a function of frequency of occurrence and intensity. Author(s): Verhey JG, Hoogstraten J. Source: Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. 1986 June; 14(3): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3459609
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Simple analgesia for abdominal pain and toothache by digital pressure. Author(s): Li X. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 172-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2277512
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Temporal arteritis: a cough, toothache, and tongue infarction. Author(s): Hellmann DB. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 June 12; 287(22): 2996-3000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12052130
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The dynamics of toothache pain and dental services utilization: 24-month incidence. Author(s): Duncan RP, Gilbert GH, Peek CW, Heft MW. Source: J Public Health Dent. 2003 Fall; 63(4): 227-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14682646
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The effective management of symptomatic pulpal and periapical disease in patients with “toothache”. Author(s): Kolzet DJ. Source: N C Dent J. 1979 Summer-Autumn; 62(2): 7-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=297199
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The efficacy of self-prescribed analgesics in the treatment of toothache. Author(s): Seymour RA. Source: Journal of Dentistry. 1983 March; 11(1): 56-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6573361
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The literary value of a toothache. Author(s): Curtis EK. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1992 September; 20(9): 25-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1283883
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The role of traditional healers in the treatment of toothache in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Author(s): Ngilisho LA, Mosha HJ, Poulsen S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 December; 11(4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7850644
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The toothache god of Kathmandu. Author(s): Stringer R. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1996 November-December; 27(9): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11908332
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The trend and risk factors of perceived toothache among Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 1997. Author(s): Honkala E, Honkala S, Rimpela A, Rimpela M. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2001 September; 80(9): 1823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11926241
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Time factor in toothache. Author(s): Mumford JM. Source: British Dental Journal. 1968 October 1; 125(7): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5245897
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Tooth and toothache in Norwegian folklore. Author(s): Huntstadbraten K. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1987 April; 35(1): 31-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3471284
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Toothache and cracked cusps. Author(s): Leggett LJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 December 21; 153(12): 419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6961928
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Toothache and cracked cusps. Author(s): Fisher FJ. Source: British Dental Journal. 1982 October 19; 153(8): 298-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6959633
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Toothache diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Hwang WS, Aker F. Source: Us Navy Med. 1977 March; 68(3): 21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=289238
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Toothache from composite filling. Author(s): Arends B. Source: British Dental Journal. 2003 February 22; 194(4): 181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12632564
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Toothache in the XVII century: classical therapy and new medicines. Author(s): Gysel C. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1990 October; 38(2): 3-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2088570
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Toothache leading to emergency cardiac surgery. Author(s): Stollberger C, Finsterer J, Habitzl W, Kopsa W, Deutsch M. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2001 June; 27(6): 1100-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11497149
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Toothache of cardiac origin. Author(s): Kreiner M, Okeson JP. Source: J Orofac Pain. 1999 Summer; 13(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10823033
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Toothache of nonodontogenic origin: a case report. Author(s): Mascia P, Brown BR, Friedman S. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2003 September; 29(9): 608-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14503837
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'Toothache stories': a qualitative investigation of why and how people seek emergency dental care. Author(s): Anderson R, Thomas DW. Source: Community Dent Health. 2003 June; 20(2): 106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12828271
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Toothache tales: Part 1. Author(s): Richardson ME. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 June 15; 192(11): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12108945
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Toothache tales: Part 2. Author(s): Richardson ME. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 June 29; 192(12): 709-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12125797
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Toothache with a multifactorial etiology: a case report. Author(s): Chen YH, Tseng CC, Chao WY, Harn WM, Chung SF. Source: Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. 1997 October; 13(5): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9550056
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Toothache. Author(s): Kruger GG. Source: Gp. 1967 June; 35(6): 78-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6041920
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Toothache--casualty department. Author(s): Tham DC. Source: British Dental Journal. 1994 September 10; 177(5): 157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7917598
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Toothaches and death. Author(s): Clarke JH. Source: J Hist Dent. 1999 March; 47(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10686905
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Toothaches of nonodontogenic origin. Author(s): Bell WE. Source: J Calif Dent Assoc. 1976 May; 4(5): 50-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1074855
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Toothaches that aren't really toothaches. Author(s): Rosenbaum RS. Source: J Mass Dent Soc. 1995 Winter; 44(1): 26-8, 38-41. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9520690
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Toothache--the 'hell of all diseases'. Author(s): Orchardson R. Source: British Dental Journal. 1997 January 25; 182(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9033143
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Treating toothache with the curative powers of mesmerism. Author(s): Geshwind M. Source: J Hist Dent. 1998 March; 46(1): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9709665
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Treatment of toothache with acupuncture. Author(s): Zhao CX. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 December; 9(4): 302-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2630825
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TOOTHACHE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and toothache.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Toothache The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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Toothache
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “toothache” (or a synonym): •
Simple analgesia for abdominal pain and toothache by digital pressure. Author(s): Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital, Beijing. Source: Li, X J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 172-3 0254-6272
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The role of traditional healers in the treatment of toothache in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Author(s): Tanga Regional Dental Clinic, Tanzania. Source: Ngilisho, L A Mosha, H J Poulsen, S Community-Dent-Health. 1994 December; 11(4): 240-2 0265-539X
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Tooth and toothache in Norwegian folklore. Source: Huntstadbraten, K Bull-Hist-Dent. 1987 April; 35(1): 31-6 0007-5132
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Toothache in the XVII century: classical therapy and new medicines. Source: Gysel, C Bull-Hist-Dent. 1990 October; 38(2): 3-7 0007-5132
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Toothache tales: Part 1. Author(s):
[email protected] Source: Richardson, M E Br-Dent-J. 2002 June 15; 192(11): 651-5 0007-0610
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Treatment of toothache with acupuncture. Source: Zhao, C X J-Tradit-Chin-Med. 1989 December; 9(4): 302-3 0254-6272
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Nutrition
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to toothache; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Food and Diet Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TOOTHACHE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to toothache. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to toothache and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to toothache: •
Curing toothache on the stage? The importance of reading pictures in context. Author(s): King R. Source: History of Science; an Annual Review of Literature, Research and Teaching. 1995 December; 33(102 Pt 4): 396-416. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11609012
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February 9: the day to have a toothache. Author(s): Nixon WL. Source: Dent Stud. 1977 December; 56(3): 60-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=361453
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Illicit drugs for toothache. Author(s): Madinier I.
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Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 February 9; 192(3): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11863145 •
Oddments in dental history: mixed medicines for cure of the toothache and whatever else ails you. Treatment in Turkey of 1861. Author(s): Ring ME. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1981 April; 29(1): 29-30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7049274
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Simple analgesia for abdominal pain and toothache by digital pressure. Author(s): Li X. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1990 September; 10(3): 172-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2277512
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Suppressive effects of Neiting acupuncture on toothache: an experimental analysis on Fos expression evoked by tooth pulp stimulation in the trigeminal subnucleus pars caudalis and the periaqueductal gray of rats. Author(s): Sheng LL, Nishiyama K, Honda T, Sugiura M, Yaginuma H, Sugiura Y. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2000 December; 38(4): 331-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11164559
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The power of not thinking: a jocular toothache cure. Author(s): Doyle CC. Source: Ky Folkl Rec. 1983; 29(1-2): 24-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11614857
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The role of traditional healers in the treatment of toothache in Tanga Region, Tanzania. Author(s): Ngilisho LA, Mosha HJ, Poulsen S. Source: Community Dent Health. 1994 December; 11(4): 240-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7850644
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The toothache god of Kathmandu. Author(s): Stringer R. Source: Hawaii Dent J. 1996 November-December; 27(9): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11908332
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Tooth and toothache in Norwegian folklore. Author(s): Huntstadbraten K. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1987 April; 35(1): 31-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3471284
Alternative Medicine 23
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Toothache in the XVII century: classical therapy and new medicines. Author(s): Gysel C. Source: Bull Hist Dent. 1990 October; 38(2): 3-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2088570
•
Toothache tales: Part 1. Author(s): Richardson ME. Source: British Dental Journal. 2002 June 15; 192(11): 651-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12108945
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Treating toothache with the curative powers of mesmerism. Author(s): Geshwind M. Source: J Hist Dent. 1998 March; 46(1): 31-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9709665
•
Treatment of toothache with acupuncture. Author(s): Zhao CX. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1989 December; 9(4): 302-3.
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
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Toothache
The following is a specific Web list relating to toothache; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Chinese Medicine Baizhi Alternative names: Dahurian Angelica Root; Radix Angelicae Dahuricae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bibo Alternative names: Long Pepper; Fructus Piperis Longi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caowu Alternative names: Kusnezoff Monkshood Leaf; Caowuye; Folium Aconiti Kusnezoffii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Caowuye Alternative names: Kusnezoff Monkshood Leaf; Folium Aconiti Kusnezoffii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Alternative names: Clove; Flos Caryophylli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Dingxiang Luoleyou Alternative names: Ocimum Oil; Oleum Ocimi Gratissimi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gansong Alternative names: Nardostachys Root; Radix seu Rhizoma Nardostachyos Source: Chinese Materia Medica Gonglaomu Alternative names: Chinese Mahonia Stem; Caulis Mahoniae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Huanglian Alternative names: Golden Thread; Rhizoma Coptidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Alternative Medicine 25
Jiulixiang Alternative names: Murraya Jasminorage; Folium et Cacumen Murrayae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingning Wan Alternative names: Qingning Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingxuan Wan Alternative names: Qingxuan Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Shengma Alternative names: Largetrifoliolious Bugbane Rhizome; Rhizoma Cimicifugae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xixin Alternative names: Manchurian Wildginger; Herba Asari Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuchangqing Alternative names: Paniculate Swallowwort Root; Radix Cynanchi Paniculati Source: Chinese Materia Medica •
Herbs and Supplements Capsaicin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Capsicum Frutescens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Catnip Alternative names: Nepeta cataria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Alternative names: Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum spp., Capsaicin, Chili Pepper, Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chili Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chrysanthemum parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Toothache
Feverfew Alternative names: Tanacetum parthenium, Chrysanthemum parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginger Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Jamaica Dogwood Alternative names: Piscidia erythrina, Piscidia piscipula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marshmallow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Mentha Alternative names: Pennyroyal; Mentha/Hedeoma pulegium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pau d’Arco Alternative names: Tabebuia avellanedae, Tabebuia impestiginosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piscidia Erythrina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piscidia Piscipula Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Plantain Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Prickly Ash Alternative names: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Pepper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Slippery Elm Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10056,00.html Tanacetum Parthenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 27
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON TOOTHACHE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “toothache” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on toothache, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Toothache By performing a patent search focusing on toothache, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on toothache: •
1,7-Naphthyridine derivatives and pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Honda; Haruyoshi (Chiba, JP), Isomae; Kazuo (Narashino, JP), Katori; Tatsuhiko (Tonemachi, JP), Koumoto; Teruo (Chiba, JP), Kuraishi; Tadayuki (Chiba, JP), Sato; Susumu (Chiba, JP) Assignee(s): SS Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (tokyo, Jp) Patent Number: 4,659,710 Date filed: April 11, 1986 Abstract: Certain 1,7-naphthyridine derivatives and their acid addition salts have strong antiarrhythmic effects, cardiotonic effects, diuretic effects, bronchodilation effects, antiacetylcholine effects, anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects and the like and are hence useful for various diseases such as heart diseases, hypertension, asthma, arthritis, lumbago, toothache, etc. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel 1,7-naphthyridine derivatives, and more specifically to novel 1,7-naphthyridine derivatives and their acid addition salts, which are all useful as pharmaceutical products. Many 1,7-naphthyridine derivatives have been known to date. Of these, derivatives having certain pharmacological effects are limited to those having hypotensive effects (U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,183) and those having insecticidal effects (German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,361,438). No other 1,7naphthyridine derivatives having one or more pharmacological effects have been reported. An object of this invention is to provide 1,7-naphthyridine derivatives having certain pharmacological effects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04659710__
•
Composition for relieving toothache pain and other forms of intense pain Inventor(s): Barron; Larry (7 Hamilton Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA), Barron; Susan C. (7 Hamilton Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,650,668 Date filed: December 21, 1984 Abstract: A treatment for temporary relief of pain wherein a single dose comprises the following: 4 grams calcium gluconate by injection, 1 gram Vitamin C (calcium ascorbate), 100 mg magnesium hydroxide, 50 mg Vitamin B.sub.6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), 1 gram pantothenic acid, effervescent solution. Excerpt(s): This invention is a non-toxic, non-allergenic formula that can be used by medical doctors and dentists to alleviate (temporarily) intense tooth pain as well as other forms of intense pain. There is only one effective formula that works internally to alleviate tooth pain, and that is a formula invented by Susan and Larry Barron who hold the patent rights in Canada (issued Dec. 11, 1984, No. 1179267). The formula is comprised of 2 grams of calcium gluconate, 500 mg of pantothenic acid, 50 mg of B.sub.6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride), 100 mg of magnesium hydroxide, 1 gram of buffered Vitamin C. These ingredients are put into an effervescent solution and drunk. The tooth
Patents 31
pain disappeared. The formula works by causing cellular relaxation to occur. Calcium assists nerve impulse transportation. With this amount of calcium in the formula, nerve and muscle excitability is greatly reduced, cell relaxation occurs, and therefore, tooth pain is alleviated. This formula has now been improved upon by the original inventors by providing for speedier relief because the calcium gluconate is transported all at once into the blood stream and is therefore available to the cells to select this large quantity as needed. This new approach with subsequent changes to the formula provides for relief of tooth pain as well as temporary relief of pain caused by many other sources. This new formula rivals the opiates used as pain relievers. Only by injection can all the calcium gluconate be available to the cells instantly. Whereas the original formula had to be emptied from the stomach thereby not allowing the calcium to be available all at once, the improved formula allows the calcium to be available all at once. Following the injection of calcium gluconate, the subject drinks the effervescent part of the formula, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the calcium in providing pain relief. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04650668__
Patent Applications on Toothache As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to toothache: •
Medical effect of jojoba oil Inventor(s): Mogy, Nabil Sadek El; (Cairo, EG) Correspondence: Adam K. Sacharoff; Hamman & Benn; 10 South Lasalle Street; Chicago; IL; 60603; US Patent Application Number: 20030008022 Date filed: July 3, 2002 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention Jojoba Oil may be used in accordance with the treatment of and preventative measures associated with Gynecology of Obstetrics and general surgery, as well as in the treatment of eye diseases, inflammation of the internal, middle or external ear, rheumatic pain and arthritis, gingivostomatitis, toothache and dermal diseases. Jojoba oil is a natural product and is characterized by being non-irritant and non-allergic to skin and mucous membrane. This oil has lubricant, moisturizing and soothing properties, as well as having anti-bacterial, antiinflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. It has a very high healing power and improves blood circulation, and also has high penetration into stratum corneum. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to various medical effects of the Jojoba oil. This application claims the foreign priority to Egyptian Patent Application No. 750 and filed on Jul. 7, 2001. Jojoba oil is used in Lubricating motors and added to some cosmetic preparations. However, such previous uses of Jojoba Oil are not related to the new uses subjected to this invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
6
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with toothache, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on toothache. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning toothache. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON TOOTHACHE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to toothache. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on toothache include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on toothache: •
Donald Dent Source: New York, NY: Authors and Artists Publishers of New York. 2003. 30 pp. Contact: Available from Authors and Artists Publishers of New York, 3 Kimberly Drive, Suite B, New York, NY 13053. Telephone: (607) 273- 2780 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.aapny.com. $10.00, plus $4.95 shipping and handling. Summary: This book for preschool-aged children, tells the story of a boy who gets a toothache as a result of eating too many sweets. Using rhyme and easy-to-understand language, it describes his visit to the dentist and how he was able to improve his oral health by eating healthy snacks, brushing, and flossing. The text is illustrated with black and white drawings.
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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “toothache” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “toothache” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “toothache” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Albert's Impossible Toothache by Barbara Williams, Doug Cushman (Illustrator); ISBN: 0763617237; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0763617237/icongroupinterna
•
Conquering Pain: How to Overcome the Discomfort of Arthritis, Backache, Heart Disease, Childbirth, Period Pain, Toothache, and Many Oth by Sampson Lipton; ISBN: 0668056908; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668056908/icongroupinterna
•
The Doctors Book of Home Remedies for Children: From Allergies and Animal Bites to Toothache and TV Addiction, Hundreds of Doctor-Proven Techniques by Editors of Prevention Magazine Health Books, et al; ISBN: 0875961835; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875961835/icongroupinterna
•
Toothache and orofacial pain by J. M. Mumford; ISBN: 0443013217; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443013217/icongroupinterna
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Toothache and related pain by J. M. Mumford; ISBN: 0443009740; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443009740/icongroupinterna
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Toothache and Tremors (Silver Book Box) by Guy Williams; ISBN: 0333457714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333457714/icongroupinterna
•
Why Do I Get a Toothache?: And Other Questions About Nerves by Angela Royston; ISBN: 1403402043; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403402043/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:7 7 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created
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•
Man versus toothache. Author: Heard, George W., 1867-; Year: 1952
•
Odontalgia, commonly called toothache; its causes, prevention, and cure. Author: Shaw, S. Parsons; Year: 1868
•
Odontalgist: or, How to preserve the teeth, cure toothache, and regulate dentition from infancy to age. By J. Paterson Clark. Author: Clark, John Paterson; Year: 1854
Chapters on Toothache In order to find chapters that specifically relate to toothache, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and toothache using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on toothache: •
Pain and Neurological Disorders Source: in Wray, D., et al. Textbook of General and Oral Medicine. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone. 1999. p. 293-306. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $50.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443051895. Summary: Orofacial and dental pain are common problems in dental practice. Indeed, the majority of presenting symptoms are pain related, and many patients will only visit their dentist when in pain. This chapter on pain and neurological disorders is from an undergraduate dentistry textbook that covers both general medicine and surgery, and oral medicine, emphasizing the overlap between them. Topics include odontological pain (toothache), which can be caused by acute necrotizing gingivitis, cracked tooth, dentinal pain, food impaction, lateral periodontal abscess, mucosal pain, periapical periodontitis, pericoronitis, periodontal pain, and pulpal pain; non odontological pain, including functional pain syndromes, temporomandibular disorders, atypical facial pain, oral dysaethesia (burning mouth or tongue), psychotropic treatment of functional facial pain syndromes; organic facial pain syndromes, including trigeminal neuralgia, giant cell arteritis, periodic migrainous neuralgia (cluster headache), angina pectoris, tension headache, migraine, and sinusitus; and neurological disorders, including facial palsy, Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, bilateral facial palsy, abnormal facial movements, facial sensory loss, extracranial causes of sensory loss, intracranial causes of facial sensory loss, benign trigeminal neuropathy, psychogenic causes, and management of patients with facial sensory loss. Clinical points to remember are highlighted in text boxes. 1 figure. 8 tables.
•
Dental 911: Dealing With Emergencies Source: in Dadoly, A.M., ed. Dental Health for Adults: A Guide to Protecting Your Teeth and Gums. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. 2003. p. 32.
between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Contact: Available from Harvard Health Publications. P.O. Box 421073, Palm Coast, FL 32142-1073. (800) 829-9045. Website: www.health.harvard.edu/SHR. PRICE: $16.00 for subscribers; $24.00 all others. Summary: This brief chapter on dealing with dental emergencies is from a new special health report from Harvard Medical School that outlines a prevention program that can address tooth decay and gum infection. The single-page chapter consists of a chart of suggestions for handling common dental emergencies, including toothache, broken tooth, knocked out tooth, broken or lost filling or crown, bleeding gums, bleeding from cuts in the mouth or after a tooth extraction, mouth sores, and broken dental appliances. For each condition, the chart lists strategies to do, what not to do, and the recommended professional care. 1 table. •
Differential Diagnosis and Management Considerations of Intraoral Pain Disorders Source: in Okeson, J.P., ed. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1996. p. 89-112. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $28.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867153121. Summary: This chapter is from a book that discusses the assessment, diagnosis, and management of all pain conditions associated with the orofacial pain structures. Among the most common sources of orofacial pain are the intraoral structures, including the teeth, periodontium, mucogingival tissues, and tongue. This chapter reviews the common orofacial pain disorders associated with these structures. For each type of pain discussed, the author considers diagnosis, classification, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, and management issues. Specific types of pain covered include pulpal pain, acute periodontal pain, pulpal and periodontal pain secondary to trauma, nonodontogenic toothache, local mucogingival and glossal pains, and mucogingival pain of mucocutaneous, dermatologic, or systemic origin. 140 references. (AA-M).
•
Acute Mucogingival Inflammatory Conditions Source: in Montgomery, M.T.; Redding, S.W., eds. Oral-Facial Emergencies: Diagnosis and Management. Portland, OR: JBK Publishing, Inc. 1994. p. 127-158. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Fax (312) 440-2824. PRICE: $27.00 (member) or $30.00 (nonmember), plus shipping and handling; institutional prices and bulk orders available. ISBN: 0945892055. Summary: This chapter on acute mucogingival inflammatory conditions is from an emergency room handbook that addresses a variety of orofacial injuries that are likely to be encountered in an acute care setting. The author notes that these conditions are probably the most common presenting complaint of patients excluding toothache. Despite the wide spectrum of pathology included in this group, the clinical presentation for many of these lesions is surprisingly limited. Erythema, swelling and ulceration are frequently the mucosal changes noted; the diagnosis can often be challenging. Topics include recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) or canker sores; herpes simplex virus; traumatic ulcers; candidiasis; acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG); neoplasms, including Kaposi's sarcoma; mucositis; reactive mucosal lesions;
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37
vesiculobullous and erosive diseases; systemic infectious diseases; and HIV-associated lesions. The chapter concludes with a table of medications that can be used to treat oral lesions. Each condition is illustrated with a black and white photograph. 16 figures. 19 references. •
Amazing Tooth Source: in Moss, S.J. Growing Up Cavity Free: A Parent's Guide to Prevention. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1993. p. 71-79. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $18.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867152567. Summary: This chapter on tooth anatomy and physiology is from a parent's guide to preventive dentistry techniques for children from birth through adolescence. Topics covered include the parts of a tooth, tooth enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, emergency treatment for toothache, the environment of the teeth, the role of saliva, and the bacterial population of the mouth. The book is written in clear, non-technical language and provides numerous suggestions for parents who want their children to grow up cavity-free. 1 figure.
•
Life's Little Surprises Source: in Greenberg, K.B. Complete Guide to Children's Dental Care: From Prenatal Through Teens. Southampton, NY: Health Monitor Press. 1993. p. 111-119. Contact: Available from Health Monitor Press. P.O. Box 2700, Southampton, NY 11969. (516) 287-3140; Fax (516) 287-3136. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0963599801. Summary: This chapter, from a book designed to provide parents with a comprehensive overview of how to care for their children's teeth, focuses on infections, injuries or accidents, their management and prevention. Topics covered include toothaches; pulpotomy; cold sore; canker sore; chicken pox; the occurrence of accidents and injuries; precautionary measures for the home, car, and during contact sports; dealing with a knocked-out tooth or with broken, chipped, or cracked teeth; and managing or avoiding burns, abrasions, cheek bites, severe injuries, and fractured jaw. The author focuses on providing practical information and answers to common questions that parents may have. 1 figure.
•
Pains of Dental Origin Source: in Okeson, J.P. Bell's Orofacial Pains. 5th ed. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 1995. p. 235-258. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Company, Inc. 551 North Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-1881. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223; Fax (630) 682-3288; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $68.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867152931. Summary: This chapter, from a text on orofacial pains, discusses pains of dental origin. After an introductory section describing the anatomy of the dentition and how it can contribute to pain, the author discusses the behavior of dental pains; the quality of pain; localization; the relationship of dental pain to initiating stimulus; the types of dental
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pains, including pain of pulpal origin, identifying pulpal pain, dental pains of periodontal origin, tooth pain from deficient central inhibition, the secondary effects of dental pain, tender teeth from nondental causes, and toothaches of nondental origin; muscular toothache; neurovascular toothache; cardiac toothache; neuropathic toothache; sinus or nasal mucosal toothache; psychogenic toothache; the cardinal warning symptoms of non-dental toothache; and differential diagnosis. The author presents two detailed case studies. 17 figures. 31 references. •
Literature Source: in Curtis, E. Hand to Mouth: Essays on the Art of Dentistry. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 2002. p. 154-177. Contact: Available from Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. 551 Kimberly Drive, Carol Stream, IL 60188-9981. (800) 621-0387 or (630) 682-3223. Fax (630) 682-3288. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.quintpub.com. PRICE: $38.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0867154098. Summary: This section of essays is from a textbook for dental students that offers a humanistic approach to delivery of dental care. The text includes a series of dental vignettes filtered through the humanities and popular culture, with the goal of entertaining, instructing, and inspiring students training to become dentists. The author emphasizes that dentistry is as much about people as procedures, and writing ties them together. Through writing these stories, the author can help sensitize students to the nonscientific needs of their patients. In this section, the author includes five essays covering the impression that one's teeth impart on others (in literature and art, how characters' personalities correspond to the state of their teeth); the literary value of a toothache; the public and popular culture image of the dentist; dental problems as more than just purely physical challenges, i.e., toothache as representing moral shortcomings; and venerable mother toothache and other poems (poetry about toothaches). The chapter is illustrated with cartoons, line drawings, historical advertisements, and artistic renditions of dentistry-related themes.
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TOOTHACHE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover toothache.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on toothache is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to toothache. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “toothache” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for toothache: •
Many U.S. adults visit the ER for toothaches: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 26, 2003
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “toothache” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to toothache, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “toothache” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Toothache Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to toothache. In addition to
Periodicals and News
41
these sources, you can search for articles covering toothache that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for toothache. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with toothache. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to toothache: Anesthetics •
Dental - U.S. Brands: Anbesol Maximum Strength Gel; Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid; Anbesol Regular Strength Gel; Anbesol Regular Strength Liquid; Anbesol, Baby; Benzodent; Chloraseptic Lozenges; Chloraseptic Lozenges, Children's; Dentapaine; Dent-Zel-Ite; Hurricaine; Numzi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202038.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.
PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
8
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
9 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 1667 36 14 3 8 1728
HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “toothache” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
11
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
12
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
16 Adapted 17
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on toothache can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to toothache. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to toothache. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “toothache”:
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Toothache
Child Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childabuse.html Child Behavior Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbehaviordisorders.html Child Dental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdentalhealth.html Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Medicines http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medicines.html Tooth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/toothdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on toothache. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Dealing With Dental Emergencies Source: Chicago, IL: American Dental Association. 1999. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Dental Association (ADA). 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611-2678. (800) 947-4746 or (312) 440-2593. Website: www.ada.org. PRICE: Contact publisher for pricing; bulk orders available. Item Number W161. Summary: Being prepared for a dental emergency is no accident; knowing what to do can mean the difference between saving and losing a tooth. This mini-brochure outlines recommendations for dealing with dental emergencies, including knocked-out tooth, broken tooth, bitten tongue or lip, objects caught between teeth, toothache, and possible broken jaw. One additional section offers suggestions for handling a dental emergency while traveling. The brochure features a simple, colorful design.
•
Don't Meet the Dentist by Accident Source: Birmingham, AL: Jefferson County Department of Health, Bureau of Dental Health. 1992. 2 p.
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Contact: Available from Jefferson County Department of Health, Bureau of Dental Health. 1400 Sixth Avenue South, P.O. Box 2648, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 930-1421. PRICE: Single copy free; $26.00 per 1000 copies. Stock Number JCDH-OHCA-536-6-92. Summary: This brochure briefly summarizes the treatment for a knocked-out (avulsed) tooth and treatment for other dental emergencies, including toothache, broken tooth, or objects wedged between the teeth. The brochure provides clear, step-by-step instructions for each of the dental emergencies covered. The brochure concludes with a list of suggestions for avoiding dental emergencies, including seatbelt use, mouthguard use, and avoiding putting foreign objects into the mouth. •
Emergency First Aid for Teeth: Tooth Rescue Source: Chicago, IL: American Society of Dentistry for Children. 1996. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from American Society of Dentistry for Children. 875 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 4040, Chicago, IL 60611-1901. Voice (800) 637-ASDC; Fax (312) 943-5341. PRICE: $40.00 per 100 copies (nonmembers), $28.00 per 100 copies (members), shipping and handling additional. Item Number B0690. Summary: This brochure on first aid for injured teeth is one of the American Society of Dentistry for Children's series of 12 brochures on dental health for children. Topics include dental injuries; the need for immediate medical attention; the common forms of dental injury, including toothache, a knocked-out permanent tooth, broken tooth, cuts and bites, loose braces, objects wedged between the teeth, self-inflicted injury, and jaw fractures; and the importance of prevention of disease and injury, including the use of mouthguards. The brochure includes a list of the other items (videotapes and brochures) in the series.
•
Ask Your Pediatric Dentist About Emergency Care Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60611-2616. (312) 337-2169; Fax (312) 337-6329; http://aapd.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk rates available. Summary: This brochure, one in a series from the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, answers questions parents commonly have about handling dental emergencies in children. Written in a question-and-answer format, the brochure describes what to do if a baby tooth or permanent tooth is knocked out, how to handle a tooth that has been chipped or fractured, what to do after a severe blow to the head or a jaw fracture, how to handle a toothache, and the importance of preventing dental injuries. The brochure is illustrated with full-color photographs of chipped teeth before and after dental restoration. The brochure concludes with a brief description of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry.
•
Dental Emergency Procedures Source: Phoenix, AZ: Arizona State Department of Health Services. 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from Arizona State Department of Health Services. Office of Dental Health, 1740 West Adams, Phonenix, AZ 85007. (602) 542-1866. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet briefly summarizes what to do in the event of a dental emergency. Procedures are outlined for the following emergencies: toothache,
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Toothache
orthodontic problems (with braces and retainers), knocked-out tooth, broken tooth, bitten tongue or lip, objects wedged between teeth, and possible fractured jaw. •
It's a Dental Emergency! Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Suite 700, Chicago, IL 60611-2616. (312) 337-2169; Fax (312) 337-6329; http://aapd.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk orders available. Summary: This fact sheet is designed to serve two purposes: it familiarizes readers with what to do in a dental emergency,]; second, it alerts health care providers to possible patient education program ideas and materials available from the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD). The fact sheet provides suggestions for what to do when a baby tooth is knocked out, when a permanent tooth is knocked out, when a tooth is chipped or broken, and for a toothache. The fact sheet concludes with a list of suggestions for preventing dental emergencies. An address for obtaining more information is provided, as is the address for the AAPD.
•
Dental Emergencies: First Aid Procedures Source: Boise, ID: Dental Section, Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. 199x. 1 p. Contact: Available from Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. Dental Section, Statehouse, Boise, Idaho 83720. (208) 334-5964. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This fact sheet lists first aid procedures to follow in the event of a dental emergency. Dental problems described include toothache, bleeding gums, tooth eruption pain, cold sores, canker sores and fever blisters, knocked-out tooth, broken or displaced tooth, bitten tongue or lip, objects wedged between the teeth, and possible fractured jaw. The fact sheet also discusses what to do in the event that an emergency occurs after regular dentist office hours. The fact sheet is printed on bright yellow card stock.
•
Information Sheet: First Aid for Dental Emergencies Source: Louisville, KY: School of Dentistry, University of Louisville. 1993. 1 p. Contact: Available from University of Louisville. School of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, 501 South Preston, Louisville, KY 40292. (502) 588-5096. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk discounts available. Summary: This fact sheet lists some dental emergencies and the appropriate first aid steps to be taken for each. Problems covered include toothache, bitten tongue or lip, broken tooth, knocked-out tooth, prolonged bleeding, orthodontic problems, objects lodged between teeth, and possible broken jaw. The first aid procedures for each are noted. The fact sheet emphasizes that these measures will provide temporary relief, but that a dentist should be consulted as soon as possible. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site
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located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “toothache” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Acute sinusitis in adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1995 July (revised 2002 Dec); 30 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3673&nbr=2899&a mp;string=toothache
•
Oral hygiene care for functionally dependent and cognitively impaired older adults Source: University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions Research Center, Research Dissemination Core - Academic Institution; 2002 November; 48 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3611&nbr=2837&a mp;string=toothache The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to toothache. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to toothache. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with toothache. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about toothache. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “toothache” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “toothache”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “toothache” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “toothache” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
19
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
20
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
67
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on toothache: •
Basic Guidelines for Toothache Toothaches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003067.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Toothache Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Earache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003046.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Indigestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003260.htm
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Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Neck pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htm Sweating Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003218.htm Swelling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003103.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Toothache Dental X-rays Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003801.htm
•
Background Topics for Toothache Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Dental hygiene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001957.htm Injury to the jaw or mouth Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000019.htm Oral hygiene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001957.htm Pain medications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
Online Glossaries 69
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
71
TOOTHACHE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agonists: Drugs that trigger an action from a cell or another drug. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric
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acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Aphthous Stomatitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU]
Dictionary 73
Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal
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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Gluconate: The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]
Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudalis: Brain region that controls singing processes. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulitis: An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebral Aqueduct: Narrow channel in the mesencephalon that connects the third and fourth ventricles. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements,
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megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH]
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Dental Care: The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982). [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dry Eye Syndrome: A common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable. Common symptoms of dry eye include pain, stinging, burning, scratchiness, and intermittent blurring of vision. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efferent: Nerve fibers which conduct impulses from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH]
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Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Erythrina: A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding certain alkaloids, lectins, and other useful compounds. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including
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mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH]
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Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemicrania: An ache or a pain in one side of the head, as in migraine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypotensive: Characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Impaction: The trapping of an object in a body passage. Examples are stones in the bile duct or hardened stool in the colon. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local
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infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Jaw Fractures: Fractures of the upper or lower jaw. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Lectins: Protein or glycoprotein substances, usually of plant origin, that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes and thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lordosis: The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed
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from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = posture + sex behavior, animal). [NIH] Lumbago: Pain in the lumbar region. [EU] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Nerve: The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura. [NIH]
Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH]
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Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH]
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Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmologic: Pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). [EU]
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Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]
Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Periapical Granuloma: Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment. [NIH] Periapical Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periapical tissue. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is periapical granuloma. Suppurative inflammation is periapical abscess. [NIH] Periapical Tissue: Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone. [NIH] Periaqueductal Gray: Central gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon. Physiologically it is probably involved in rage reactions, the lordosis reflex, feeding responses, bladder tonus, and pain. [NIH] Pericoronitis: Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth. [NIH] Periodontal Abscess: Localized circumscribed purulent area of inflammation in the periodontal tissue. It is a derivative of marginal periodontitis and commonly associated with suprabony and infrabony pockets and interradicular involvements, in contrast to periapical abscess which is attributable to pulp necrosis. [NIH]
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Periodontal Ligament: Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone. [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]
Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Population Characteristics: Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH]
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Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preventive Dentistry: The branch of dentistry concerned with the prevention of disease and the maintenance and promotion of oral health. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]
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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH]
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Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of
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the heart. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thrush: A disease due to infection with species of fungi of the genus Candida. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Toothache: Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is
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analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigeminal Nerve: The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the trigeminal ganglion and project to the trigeminal nucleus of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 12, 18, 22, 71, 85 Abdominal Pain, 12, 18, 22, 71 Abscess, 35, 71, 85 Acetylcholine, 30, 71, 84 Adaptation, 71, 86 Adolescence, 37, 71 Adverse Effect, 71, 88 Agonists, 5, 7, 71 Algorithms, 71, 73 Alkaloid, 71, 74, 83 Alternative medicine, 21, 27, 40, 71 Alveoli, 71, 77 Amino acid, 71, 72, 87 Analgesic, 6, 8, 30, 72, 83, 85 Anaplasia, 72 Anatomical, 72, 78 Anesthesia, 8, 72, 87 Angina, 3, 35, 72 Angina Pectoris, 3, 35, 72 Antiarrhythmic, 30, 72 Antibacterial, 72, 89 Antibiotic, 72, 89 Antibody, 72, 75, 80 Antigen, 72, 75, 80 Anti-inflammatory, 30, 31, 72 Aphthous Stomatitis, 36, 72 Arrhythmia, 72 Arterial, 72, 80, 87, 89 Arteries, 72, 73, 76, 82, 83 Arteritis, 12, 35, 72 Artery, 72, 73, 76, 77, 82 Aspartic, 5, 72 Aspartic Acid, 5, 72 Atypical, 4, 8, 35, 72 Autonomic, 6, 71, 72, 79, 86 B Bacteria, 72, 73, 77, 82, 83, 89, 91 Base, 73, 81 Benign, 35, 73, 79, 83 Benzocaine, 9, 73 Bilateral, 35, 73 Bile, 73, 79, 80, 81, 89 Bile duct, 73, 80 Biochemical, 6, 73, 81 Biotechnology, 7, 34, 40, 49, 73 Bladder, 73, 85, 91 Blood Coagulation, 73, 74
Blood pressure, 73, 80 Brain Stem, 73, 91 Branch, 65, 73, 77, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90 Buccal, 73, 89 Bupivacaine, 73, 81 Burns, 11, 37, 73 Burns, Electric, 73 C Calcium, 30, 73, 74, 75 Calcium Gluconate, 30, 74 Candidiasis, 36, 74 Candidosis, 74 Cannula, 5, 74 Capsaicin, 6, 25, 74 Carcinogenic, 74, 89 Cardiac, 3, 14, 38, 72, 74, 78, 81, 83, 89 Cardiotonic, 30, 74 Case report, 4, 8, 14, 15, 74 Caudal, 6, 74, 77, 86 Caudalis, 5, 6, 22, 74 Cell, 31, 35, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91 Cellobiose, 74 Cellulitis, 10, 74 Cellulose, 10, 74, 79, 86 Central Nervous System, 71, 74, 77, 79, 83 Central Nervous System Infections, 74, 79 Cerebral, 73, 74, 75, 78, 85, 90 Cerebral Aqueduct, 75, 85, 90 Character, 72, 75 Cholesterol, 73, 75, 89 Chronic, 6, 8, 75, 81, 85, 88, 89 Clinical trial, 4, 49, 75, 87 Cloning, 73, 75 Cofactor, 75, 87 Colon, 75, 80 Complement, 75 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 27, 75 Complementary medicine, 21, 75 Computational Biology, 49, 76 Conjunctiva, 76, 91 Connective Tissue, 74, 76, 79, 86, 88 Consciousness, 72, 76 Contraindications, ii, 76 Cornea, 6, 76 Corneum, 31, 76, 78 Coronary, 72, 76, 82, 83
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Coronary Circulation, 72, 76 Coronary Thrombosis, 76, 82, 83 Cortex, 76, 78, 87 Cranial, 76, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 91 Craniocerebral Trauma, 76, 79 Curative, 15, 23, 76, 90 Cutaneous, 74, 76 D Databases, Bibliographic, 49, 76 Demography, 76, 86 Dendrites, 76, 84 Dental Care, 14, 37, 38, 77 Dentists, 4, 11, 30, 38, 77 Dentition, 35, 37, 77 Dermal, 31, 77 Diagnostic procedure, 29, 40, 77 Diastolic, 77, 80 Diencephalon, 77, 90 Digestion, 73, 77, 81, 89 Digestive system, 77, 83 Direct, iii, 43, 77, 88 Diuretic, 30, 77 Dorsal, 5, 77, 86 Drug Interactions, 44, 77 Dry Eye Syndrome, 6, 77 Duct, 74, 77, 88 Duodenum, 73, 77, 89 E Effector, 71, 75, 77 Efferent, 6, 77 Efficacy, 8, 9, 12, 77 Elective, 77, 87 Electrolyte, 77, 86 Electrophysiological, 5, 77 Embolus, 77, 80 Emergency Treatment, 37, 78 Enamel, 37, 78 Endocarditis, 74, 78 Endogenous, 6, 78 Environmental Health, 48, 50, 78 Enzymatic, 71, 74, 75, 78 Enzyme, 77, 78, 91 Epidermis, 76, 78 Erythrina, 26, 78 Esophagus, 77, 78, 89 Estradiol, 5, 78 Estrogen, 5, 78 Estrogen receptor, 5, 78 Evoke, 78, 89 Excitability, 31, 78 Exogenous, 78 Extraction, 36, 78
F Facial, 5, 6, 9, 35, 36, 78, 82 Facial Pain, 35, 78 Family Planning, 49, 78 Fungus, 74, 78 G Gallbladder, 71, 77, 79 Ganglia, 71, 79, 84, 86 Ganglion, 79, 91 Gastrin, 79, 80 Gene, 6, 34, 73, 79, 86 Gingivitis, 35, 36, 79 Gland, 79, 85, 89 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 78, 79 Glucose, 74, 79, 88 Glutamate, 6, 79 Gonad, 79 Gonadal, 5, 79, 89 Governing Board, 79, 87 Growth, 71, 72, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91 H Headache, 6, 8, 10, 35, 79, 80 Headache Disorders, 79, 80 Health Status, 80, 86 Heart attack, 4, 80 Hemicrania, 8, 80 Hemorrhage, 76, 79, 80 Heredity, 79, 80 Herpes, 36, 80 Herpes Zoster, 80 Hormone, 5, 78, 79, 80, 87, 90 Hybrid, 80 Hybridization, 5, 80 Hydrolysis, 72, 74, 80 Hypertension, 30, 79, 80 Hypotensive, 30, 80 I Id, 19, 23, 57, 64, 66, 80 Immune response, 72, 80, 91 Impaction, 35, 80 Indicative, 34, 80, 91 Infancy, 35, 80 Infarction, 4, 12, 80 Infection, 10, 24, 36, 74, 80, 82, 84, 89, 90 Inflammation, 6, 31, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, 89, 91 Inlay, 81, 88 Inorganic, 81, 82 Intermittent, 77, 81 Intestines, 71, 77, 81 Intracellular, 5, 80, 81, 86 Involuntary, 81, 83, 88
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Ions, 73, 77, 81, 87 Iris, 76, 81, 87 J Jaw Fractures, 55, 81 Joint, 4, 5, 81 K Kb, 48, 81 L Lectins, 78, 81 Library Services, 64, 81 Lidocaine, 10, 81 Ligament, 4, 6, 81 Lip, 54, 56, 81, 82 Liver, 71, 73, 77, 79, 81 Localization, 37, 81 Localized, 5, 71, 80, 81, 85, 86, 91 Lordosis, 81, 85 Lumbago, 30, 82 Lumbar, 81, 82 Lumen, 74, 82 Lymphatic, 81, 82 Lymphoid, 82 Lymphoma, 10, 82 M Magnesium Hydroxide, 30, 82 Malignant, 10, 82, 83, 88 Manifest, 4, 82 Mastication, 82, 91 Maxillary, 10, 82, 85, 91 Maxillary Nerve, 82, 91 Maxillary Sinus, 10, 82 Meatus, 82 Mediate, 6, 82 MEDLINE, 49, 82 Medullary, 5, 82 Membrane, 31, 72, 75, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87 Membrane Glycoproteins, 82, 87 Mental, iv, 4, 48, 50, 54, 82, 87 Metastasis, 82 MI, 68, 82 Microbiology, 71, 72, 82 Microorganism, 75, 83, 91 Mitochondrial Swelling, 83 Molecular, 5, 49, 51, 73, 76, 83 Molecule, 72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 83, 84, 87 Morphine, 5, 7, 11, 83, 85 Mucins, 83, 88 Mucociliary, 83, 88 Mucocutaneous, 36, 83 Mucosa, 83, 89 Mucositis, 36, 83
Myelin, 83, 88 Myocardial infarction, 4, 76, 82, 83 Myocardial Ischemia, 72, 83 Myocardium, 72, 82, 83 N Narcotic, 83 Nasal Cavity, 82, 83, 85 Nasal Mucosa, 38, 83 Necrosis, 6, 80, 82, 83, 85 Need, 3, 33, 35, 55, 58, 83 Neoplasm, 83, 84, 88, 91 Neoplastic, 72, 78, 82, 84 Nerve, 6, 9, 31, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 87, 89, 91 Nerve Endings, 73, 84 Nerve Fibers, 73, 84 Nervous System, 74, 84, 86 Neuralgia, 4, 5, 35, 84 Neurologic, 4, 84 Neuromuscular, 71, 84 Neuromuscular Junction, 71, 84 Neuronal, 6, 84 Neurons, 5, 6, 76, 79, 84 Neuropathy, 35, 84 Neurotransmitter, 71, 72, 79, 84 Nuclear, 79, 83, 84, 90 Nucleic acid, 80, 84 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 80, 84 Nucleus, 5, 6, 84, 91 O Ocular, 7, 84 Ophthalmic, 84, 91 Ophthalmologic, 4, 84 Ophthalmology, 84, 85 Opiate, 83, 85 Opium, 83, 85 Oral Health, 33, 85, 87 Orofacial, 3, 6, 34, 35, 36, 37, 78, 85 Ovary, 78, 79, 85 P Palate, 79, 85, 89 Palliative, 85, 90 Palsy, 35, 85 Pancreas, 71, 77, 85 Paranasal Sinuses, 82, 85, 88 Paroxysmal, 8, 72, 80, 85 Patch, 9, 85 Pathophysiology, 36, 85 Patient Education, 54, 56, 62, 64, 68, 85 Periapical Granuloma, 85 Periapical Periodontitis, 35, 85 Periapical Tissue, 85
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Periaqueductal Gray, 22, 85 Pericoronitis, 35, 85 Periodontal Abscess, 35, 85 Periodontal Ligament, 4, 6, 86 Periodontitis, 35, 79, 85, 86 Peripheral Nervous System, 84, 85, 86 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 74, 86 Pharmacologic, 72, 86, 90 Phosphorus, 73, 86 Physiologic, 86, 87 Physiology, 37, 71, 77, 81, 86 Pilot study, 8, 86 Placenta, 78, 86, 87 Plants, 71, 72, 79, 86, 88, 90, 91 Plasticity, 6, 86 Pneumonia, 76, 86 Polymorphism, 6, 86 Polysaccharide, 72, 74, 86 Population Characteristics, 6, 86 Posterior, 77, 79, 81, 85, 86 Potassium, 5, 86, 87 Potassium Channels, 5, 87 Practice Guidelines, 50, 56, 87 Preventive Dentistry, 37, 87 Problem Solving, 8, 87 Procaine, 81, 87 Progesterone, 87, 89 Progressive, 79, 83, 87, 91 Projection, 6, 87 Protein S, 34, 73, 87 Proteins, 71, 72, 75, 80, 83, 87, 90, 91 Psychic, 82, 87, 88 Psychogenic, 35, 38, 87 Psychotropic, 35, 87 Public Policy, 49, 87 Pupil, 76, 87 Purulent, 85, 87, 91 R Radiation, 72, 87 Rage, 85, 87 Randomized, 77, 87 Receptor, 5, 71, 72, 87 Refer, 1, 73, 75, 80, 81, 88 Reflex, 6, 85, 88 Refraction, 88, 89 Regimen, 77, 88 Restoration, 55, 88 Risk factor, 13, 88 S Saliva, 37, 88 Salivary, 77, 88 Salivary glands, 77, 88
Saponins, 88, 89 Sarcoma, 36, 88 Screening, 75, 88 Seizures, 85, 88 Sensory loss, 35, 88 Sex Characteristics, 71, 88, 90 Shock, 88, 91 Side effect, 5, 43, 71, 88, 90 Sinusitis, 24, 57, 88 Skeleton, 81, 89 Small intestine, 77, 80, 81, 89 Smooth muscle, 83, 89 Socioeconomic Factors, 86, 89 Somatic, 71, 79, 86, 89 Specialist, 58, 89 Species, 74, 80, 89, 90 Spectrum, 36, 89 Spinal cord, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 86, 88, 89 Steroid, 5, 88, 89 Stimulus, 6, 37, 88, 89, 90 Stomach, 31, 71, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89 Stomatitis, 36, 89 Stool, 75, 80, 89 Subacute, 81, 88, 89 Subarachnoid, 79, 89 Subclinical, 80, 88, 89 Subcutaneous, 74, 89 Symptomatic, 12, 89 Systemic, 36, 37, 73, 74, 81, 89 Systolic, 80, 89 T Testis, 78, 90 Testosterone, 5, 90 Thalamus, 6, 77, 90 Therapeutics, 44, 90 Third Ventricle, 90 Threshold, 78, 80, 90 Thrombosis, 87, 90 Thrombus, 76, 80, 83, 90 Thrush, 74, 90 Tissue, 5, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91 Tonic, 74, 90 Tonus, 85, 90 Toothache, 3, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 54, 55, 56, 57 Topical, 8, 90 Torsion, 80, 90 Toxic, iv, 30, 84, 90 Toxicity, 77, 90 Toxicology, 50, 90 Toxins, 72, 80, 90
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Transfection, 73, 90 Transmitter, 71, 91 Trauma, 36, 83, 91 Trees, 78, 91 Trigeminal, 4, 5, 6, 22, 35, 78, 82, 91 Trigeminal Nerve, 6, 91 Tumour, 9, 79, 91 U Ulcer, 74, 91 Ulceration, 36, 91 Unconscious, 80, 91
Urine, 73, 77, 91 V Vaccines, 91 Vagina, 74, 91 Vaginitis, 74, 91 Vascular, 80, 81, 86, 90, 91 Venous, 87, 91 Veterinary Medicine, 49, 91 Virus, 36, 74, 91 Vitro, 5, 91
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