Tapeworms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

TAPEWORMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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TAPEWORMS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tapeworms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84084-9 1. Tapeworms-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tapeworms. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TAPEWORMS ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Tapeworms .................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TAPEWORMS ................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tapeworms................................................................................... 23 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 24 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TAPEWORMS ............................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 27 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TAPEWORMS ............................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Dissertations on Tapeworms........................................................................................................ 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TAPEWORMS .......................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Patent Applications on Tapeworms ............................................................................................. 35 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TAPEWORMS.............................................................................................. 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 37 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 38 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 39 Chapters on Tapeworms............................................................................................................... 39 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TAPEWORMS ................................................................................... 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Bibliography: Multimedia on Tapeworms.................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 43 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 44 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 49 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 51 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59

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Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 66 TAPEWORMS DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 85

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tapeworms is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tapeworms, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tapeworms, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tapeworms. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tapeworms, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tapeworms. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TAPEWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tapeworms.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and tapeworms, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Flukes Source: Medicine North America. Volume 10: 1250-1258. August 1990. Summary: Along with tapeworms, 'flukes' or digenetic trematodes, comprise the parasitic flatworms. This article addresses only those fluke infections likely to be encountered by North American travellers or immigrants to North America. Schistosomiasis, by far the most important of these infections in terms of morbidity and mortality, is the focus of most of the article. Written from a Canadian perspective, sections discuss: taxonomy; epidemiology; general overview of diagnosis and treatment; schistosomiasis; swimmer's itch; and liver flukes. The lengthy section on schistosomiasis covers: a description of the parasite and its life cycle; geographic distribution and epidemiology; pathology and pathogenesis, specifically of acute infection, chronic urinary schistosomiasis, chronic intestinal schistosomiasis, and schistosomiasis of the

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nervous system; treatment; and prevention. The author stresses that the possibility of flukes should always be investigated when there is a history of possible exposure during foreign travel, especially if peripheral blood eosinophilia is present. Infection may often be asymptomatic initially but can have a fatal outcome that is easily prevented with medical treatment. 8 references. •

Parasitic Diseases of the Liver and Intestines Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 25(3): 435-715. September 1996. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company, Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 654-2452. Summary: This issue of Gastroenterology Clinics reviews the epidemiology, lifecycle, diagnosis, and treatment of parasites that inhabit the liver and intestines of humans. It also reviews the pathophysiology of the host-parasite interaction. Twelve articles cover the approach to stool examination for parasites; preparing the international traveler; amebiasis; giardiasis; American typanosomiasis (Chagas' disease); visceral leishmaniasis; ascariasis; enterobius, trichuris, capillaria, and hookworm, including ancylostoma caninum; the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis; liver and intestinal flukes; tapeworms (cestodiasis); echinococcus; and parasitic diseases in immunocompromised hosts, particularly cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, and strongyloidiasis. The authors provide a series of concise summaries as well as new and important information regarding enteric parasitic infections. A subject index concludes the volume.

Federally Funded Research on Tapeworms The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tapeworms. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tapeworms. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tapeworms. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tapeworms: •

Project Title: INTERGRATED CONTROL OF TAENIA SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gilman, Robert H.; Professor; International Health; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

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Summary: Taenia solium cysticerosis is increasingly recognized as an important public health hazard in both disease-endemic regions of the developing world and in areas with high immigrant populations in developing countries. T. solium has been recognized as a potentially eradicable parasite by WHO. However, no control strategy has been demonstrated to be effective and sustainable, excepting the improvement in public health that accompanies general development. Four independent yet closely related components will provide information required to shortcut development for porcine cysticerosis, and better understanding of the natural history of the disease, specifically in 3) T. solium transmission dynamics and 4) human Cysticerosis clinical evolution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UNVEILING CYSTICERCOSIS

THE

DYNAMICS

OF

TAENIA

SOLIUM

Principal Investigator & Institution: Garcia, Hector H.; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Heredia Lima, Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: Taenia solium cysticercosis is the main cause of acquired epilepsy in developing countries. The availability of an accurate EITB assay for cysticercosis, 4 provided a sensitive and specific marker for T. solium infection, and demonstrated that in many endemic zones 20% of more of the general population may carry specific antibodies. Whereas in clinical center neurocysticercosis is commonly seen in epileptic patients, in endemic rural areas moist infected persons are neurologically asymptomatic. In these areas, up to 15% of seronegative individuals may show calcified cysts on cerebral computed tomography (CT). All these findings were assumed to support the idea of a largely asymptomatic infected human population, with minimal changes through time. However, we have recently found in three different studies that a significant proportion of seropositive individuals revert to seronegative in one year or less. This previously unrecorded phenomenon means that T. solium is a very dynamic infection in which the majority of newly infected cases will only develop a transient serological antibody reaction. The biological significance of this "transient" seropositivity as a marker of exposure, a marker of current infection, or an indication of protection from further infection, is not known. Under this TMRC program approach, this component will primary emphasize the use of new techniques (immunological assays, imaging studies, GPS/GIS) towards the elucidation of the biological significance of instant seropositivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.

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unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for tapeworms in the PubMed Central database: •

Characterization and Protective Potential of the Immune Response to Taenia solium Paramyosin in a Murine Model of Cysticercosis. by Vazquez-Talavera J, Solis CF, Terrazas LI, Laclette JP.; 2001 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98651

•

Characterization of the 8-Kilodalton Antigens of Taenia solium Metacestodes and Evaluation of Their Use in an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis. by Hancock K, Khan A, Williams FB, Yushak ML, Pattabhi S, Noh J, Tsang VC.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156563

•

Comparative evaluation of purified Taenia solium glycoproteins and crude metacestode extracts by immunoblotting for the serodiagnosis of human T. solium cysticercosis. by Rodriguez-Canul R, Allan JC, Fletes C, Sutisna IP, Kapti IN, Craig PS.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170599

•

Differential Diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium Infection by PCR. by Gonzalez LM, Montero E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86191

•

Differentiating Taenia solium and Taenia saginata Infections by Simple Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining and PCR-Restriction Enzyme Analysis. by Mayta H, Talley A, Gilman RH, Jimenez J, Verastegui M, Ruiz M, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86038

•

Isolation and characterization of species-specific DNA probes from Taenia solium and Taenia saginata and their use in an egg detection assay. by Chapman A, Vallejo V, Mossie KG, Ortiz D, Agabian N, Flisser A.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228146

•

Molecular Characterization and Diagnostic Value of Taenia solium Low-MolecularWeight Antigen Genes. by Sako Y, Nakao M, Ikejima T, Piao XZ, Nakaya K, Ito A.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87618

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Serological Diagnosis of Human Cysticercosis by Use of Recombinant Antigens from Taenia solium Cysticerci. by Hubert K, Andriantsimahavandy A, Michault A, Frosch M, Muhlschlegel FA.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95711

•

Tapeworm Infection Reduces Epithelial Ion Transport Abnormalities in Murine Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. by Reardon C, Sanchez A, Hogaboam CM, McKay DM.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98514

5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

Studies

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•

Towards a Taenia solium Cysticercosis Vaccine: an Epitope Shared by Taenia crassiceps and Taenia solium Protects Mice against Experimental Cysticercosis. by Toledo A, Larralde C, Fragoso G, Gevorkian G, Manoutcharian K, Hernandez M, Acero G, Rosas G, Lopez-Casillas F, Garfias CK, Vazquez R, Terrazas I, Sciutto E.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=115999

•

Two Epitopes Shared by Taenia crassiceps and Taenia solium Confer Protection against Murine T. crassiceps Cysticercosis along with a Prominent T1 Response. by Toledo A, Fragoso G, Rosas G, Hernandez M, Gevorkian G, Lopez-Casillas F, Hernandez B, Acero G, Huerta M, Larralde C, Sciutto E.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98083

•

Use of Taenia crassiceps Cysticercus Antigen Preparations for Detection of Antibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Patients with Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium). by Pardini AX, Peralta RH, Vaz AJ, Machado LD, Peralta JM.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=119871

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tapeworms, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tapeworms (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of stool examination and mass-treatment for indication of the prevalence of Taenia saginata. Author(s): Farahmandian I, Sahba GH, Arfaa F, Movafagh K. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1973 June; 25(2): 171-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4717273&dopt=Abstract

•

A new and effective purge (Golytery) for expelling tapeworms from the gastrointestinal tract after chemotherapy. Author(s): Nagakura K, Uchida T, Sakata M. Source: Intern Med. 1992 June; 31(6): 840. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1392191&dopt=Abstract

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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•

A new method for selective diagnostic staining of hooks of echinococci, cysticerci and tapeworms in histological sections. Author(s): Sterba J, Milacek P, Vitovec J. Source: Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1989; 36(4): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2484916&dopt=Abstract

•

An attempt to evaluate the spreading of Taenia saginata eggs in the environment. Author(s): Kyvsgaard NC, Ilsoe B, Henriksen SA. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 1988; 29(3-4): 511-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3256248&dopt=Abstract

•

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnostic detection of Taenia saginata copro-antigens in humans. Author(s): Deplazes P, Eckert J, Pawlowski ZS, Machowska L, Gottstein B. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991 May-June; 85(3): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1719664&dopt=Abstract

•

An infestation due to a Taenia saginata with an atypical localization. Author(s): Ozbek A, Guzel C, Babacan M, Ozbek E. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 June; 94(6): 1712-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10364061&dopt=Abstract

•

An unusual host-parasite relationship: the growth hormone-like factor from plerocercoids of spirometrid tapeworms. Author(s): Phares K. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1996 June; 26(6): 575-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875304&dopt=Abstract

•

Anti-Taenia solium metacestodes antibodies in serum from blood donors from four cities of Triangulo Mineiro area, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1995. Author(s): Silveira-Lacerda Ede P, Machado ER, Arantes SC, Costa-Cruz JM. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2002 July-August; 44(4): 229-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219116&dopt=Abstract

•

Asian Taenia saginata: species or strain? Author(s): Fan PC. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1991 December; 22 Suppl: 245-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1822898&dopt=Abstract

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Background to the international action planning workshop on Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis with special focus on Eastern and Southern Africa. Author(s): Mukaratirwa S, Kassuku AA, Willingham AL, Murrell KD 3rd. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781372&dopt=Abstract

•

Bowel perforation with Taenia saginata. Author(s): Jain PK, Budhwani KS, Gambhir A. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1998 August; 35(8): 797. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10216579&dopt=Abstract

•

Cellophane tape as an aid to the detection of Taenia saginata eggs. Author(s): Thornton H, Goldsmid JM. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1973 July; 19(7): 149-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4738088&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparison of conventional techniques to differentiate between Taenia solium and Taenia saginata and an improved polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay using a mitochondrial 12S rDNA fragment. Author(s): Rodriguez-Hidalgo R, Geysen D, Benitez-Ortiz W, Geerts S, Brandt J. Source: J Parasitol. 2002 October; 88(5): 1007-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12435145&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of cysticercus extract, cyst fluid and Taenia saginata extract for use in ELISA for serodiagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Author(s): Morakote N, Nawacharoen W, Sukonthasun K, Thammasonthi W, Khamboonruang C. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992 March; 23(1): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523483&dopt=Abstract

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Complement-mediated lysis in vitro of newly excysted tapeworms: Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis microstoma, Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis citelli. Author(s): Bogh HO, Christensen JP, Andreassen J. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1986 April; 16(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3721705&dopt=Abstract

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Control of Taenia solium. Author(s): Gonzalez AE, Garcia HH, Gilman RH, Tsang VC; Cisticercosis Working Group in Peru. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 103-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781384&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of Taenia saginata antigens in faeces by ELISA. Author(s): Machnicka B, Dziemian E, Zwierz C. Source: Appl Parasitol. 1996 June; 37(2): 106-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688859&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic identification of Taenia saginata with the polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Gottstein B, Deplazes P, Tanner I, Skaggs JS. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1991 March-April; 85(2): 248-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1887484&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infection by PCR. Author(s): Gonzalez LM, Montero E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 February; 38(2): 737-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10655377&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium infections: from DNA probes to polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Gonzalez LM, Montero E, Sciutto E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 April; 96 Suppl 1: S243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12055846&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium with DNA probes. Author(s): Harrison LJ, Delgado J, Parkhouse RM. Source: Parasitology. 1990 June; 100 Pt 3: 459-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2141926&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiating Taenia solium and Taenia saginata infections by simple hematoxylineosin staining and PCR-restriction enzyme analysis. Author(s): Mayta H, Talley A, Gilman RH, Jimenez J, Verastegui M, Ruiz M, Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 January; 38(1): 133-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618076&dopt=Abstract

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Discrimination between active and inactive neurocysticercosis by metacestode excretory/secretory antigens of Taenia solium in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Molinari JL, Garcia-Mendoza E, de la Garza Y, Ramirez JA, Sotelo J, Tato P. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 June; 66(6): 77781. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224591&dopt=Abstract

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Dogs as alternative intermediate hosts of Taenia solium in Papua (Irian Jaya), Indonesia confirmed by highly specific ELISA and immunoblot using native and recombinant antigens and mitochondrial DNA analysis. Author(s): Ito A, Putra MI, Subahar R, Sato MO, Okamoto M, Sako Y, Nakao M, Yamasaki H, Nakaya K, Craig PS, Margono SS. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 2002 December; 76(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498635&dopt=Abstract

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Ecological effect of Taenia saginata in beef imported from a high prevalence area into Norway. Author(s): Skjerve E. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 November; 62(11): 1320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571323&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of praziquantel against Taenia saginata infections in Ethiopia. Author(s): Tesfa-Yohannes TM. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1990 December; 84(6): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2076036&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental human infection with Asian Taenia saginata metacestodes obtained from naturally infected Korean domestic pigs. Author(s): Eom KS, Rim HJ. Source: Kisaengch'unghak Chapchi. the Korean Journal of Parasitology. 1992 March; 30(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1576110&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental infection and morphology of Taenia saginata (Burma strain) in domestic animals. Author(s): Fan PC, Lin CY, Chen LM. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1992 June; 86(3): 317-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1449283&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental infection of pigs and cattle with eggs of Asian Taenia saginata with special reference to its extrahepatic viscerotropism. Author(s): Eom KS, Rim HJ, Geerts S. Source: Kisaengch'unghak Chapchi. the Korean Journal of Parasitology. 1992 December; 30(4): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1297417&dopt=Abstract

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Factors conditioning detection of Taenia saginata antigens in faeces. Author(s): Machnicka B, Dziemian E, Zwierz C. Source: Appl Parasitol. 1996 June; 37(2): 99-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8688866&dopt=Abstract

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Further search for Taenia saginata asiatica in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Author(s): Morakote N, Wijit A, Uparanukraw P. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2000 July; 94(5): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983566&dopt=Abstract

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'Heaty' fish, fishy business & two fish tapeworms. Author(s): Ranasinghe L. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1978 December; 23(4): 102-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=554734&dopt=Abstract

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Human and porcine Taenia solium infection in rural north India. Author(s): Prasad KN, Chawla S, Jain D, Pandey CM, Pal L, Pradhan S, Gupta RK. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002 September-October; 96(5): 515-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474478&dopt=Abstract

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Human cerebral cysticercosis: immunolocalization of a sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT) in larval and adult tapeworms. Author(s): Cornford EM, Cornford ME, Wright EM, Bruckner DA, Sampogna S, Hirayama BA. Source: J Parasitol. 2001 June; 87(3): 510-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426712&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperendemic human and porcine Taenia solium infection in Peru. Author(s): Garcia HH, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, Verastegui M, Rodriguez S, Gavidia C, Tsang VC, Falcon N, Lescano AG, Moulton LH, Bernal T, Tovar M; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 March; 68(3): 268-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685628&dopt=Abstract

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Identification of tapeworms. Author(s): Proctor EM. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1972 February 26; 46(9): 234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5062852&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of DNA damage in human lymphocytes treated with a soluble factor secreted by Taenia solium metacestodes. Author(s): Herrera LA, Tato P, Molinari JL, Perez E, Dominguez H, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Source: Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis. 2003; Suppl 1: 79-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616599&dopt=Abstract

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Infectivity of irradiated and non-irradiated metacestodes of Taenia saginata. Author(s): Geerts S, de Borchgrave J, Brandt JR, Kumar V, De Deken R, Falla N, Van brabant R. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992 July-August; 86(4): 421-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1440823&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between intestinal tapeworms and their hosts: present knowledge and problems. Author(s): Andreassen J. Source: Parassitologia. 1997 December; 39(4): 259-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802077&dopt=Abstract

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Isolation and characterization of species-specific DNA probes from Taenia solium and Taenia saginata and their use in an egg detection assay. Author(s): Chapman A, Vallejo V, Mossie KG, Ortiz D, Agabian N, Flisser A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1995 May; 33(5): 1283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7615742&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Tapeworms and isolation. Author(s): Wright FJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 September 14; 3(5932): 685. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4425801&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: The oral extraction of an adult Taenia saginata. Author(s): Fuller GK. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1973; 67(1): 147. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4777401&dopt=Abstract

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Measures for the prevention and control of Taenia solium taeniosis and cysticercosis. Author(s): Sarti E, Rajshekhar V. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 137-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781388&dopt=Abstract

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Morphological description of Taenia saginata asiatica (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae) from man in Asia. Author(s): Fan PC, Lin CY, Chen CC, Chung WC. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1995 December; 69(4): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8583124&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple genotypes of Taenia solium--ramifications for diagnosis, treatment and control. Author(s): Ito A, Yamasaki H, Nakao M, Sako Y, Okamoto M, Sato MO, Nakaya K, Margono SS, Ikejima T, Kassuku AA, Afonso SM, Ortiz WB, Plancarte A, Zoli A, Geerts S, Craig PS. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 95-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781383&dopt=Abstract

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New approaches to improve a peptide vaccine against porcine Taenia solium cysticercosis. Author(s): Sciutto E, Fragoso G, Manoutcharian K, Gevorkian G, Rosas-Salgado G, Hernandez-Gonzalez M, Herrera-Estrella L, Cabrera-Ponce J, Lopez-Casillas F, Gonzalez-Bonilla C, Santiago-Machuca A, Ruiz-Perez F, Sanchez J, Goldbaum F, Aluja A, Larralde C. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 July-August; 33(4): 371-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234527&dopt=Abstract

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Observations on self-induced Taenia saginata infection. Author(s): Tesfa-Yohannes TM. Source: Ethiop Med J. 1990 April; 28(2): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2364938&dopt=Abstract

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On the necessity and methodology of studies on the topical specificity of tapeworms. Author(s): Czaplinski B. Source: Wiad Parazytol. 1974; 20(5): 699-701. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4454292&dopt=Abstract

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Out of Africa: origins of the Taenia tapeworms in humans. Author(s): Hoberg EP, Alkire NL, de Queiroz A, Jones A. Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 2001 April 22; 268(1469): 781-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345321&dopt=Abstract

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PCR tools for the differential diagnosis of Taenia saginata and Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis from different geographical locations. Author(s): Gonzalez LM, Montero E, Puente S, Lopez-Velez R, Hernandez M, Sciutto E, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T. Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2002 April; 42(4): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007441&dopt=Abstract

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Possible increase of human Taenia saginata infections through import of beef to Norway from a high prevalence area. Author(s): Skjerve E. Source: J Food Prot. 1999 November; 62(11): 1314-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10571322&dopt=Abstract

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Praziquantel for the treatment of tapeworms in Kenya. Author(s): Chunge CN. Source: East Afr Med J. 1987 October; 64(10): 672-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3507312&dopt=Abstract

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Public health significance of zoonotic tapeworms in Korea. Author(s): Moon JR. Source: Int J Zoonoses. 1976 June; 3(1): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=977229&dopt=Abstract

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Regional action plan for combating Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis in Eastern and Southern Africa. Author(s): Boa M, Mukaratirwa S, Willingham AL, Johansen MV. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781395&dopt=Abstract

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Regional status, epidemiology and impact of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Western and Central Africa. Author(s): Zoli A, Shey-Njila O, Assana E, Nguekam JP, Dorny P, Brandt J, Geerts S. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 35-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781376&dopt=Abstract

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Sequence and immunogenicity of Taenia saginata ferritin. Author(s): Benitez L, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1996 November 12; 82(1): 113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8943155&dopt=Abstract

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Sequence and immunogenicity of the Taenia saginata homologue of the major surface antigen of Echinococcus spp. Author(s): Benitez L, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Gonzalez LM, Gottstein B, Garate T. Source: Parasitology Research. 1998 May; 84(5): 426-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610644&dopt=Abstract

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Sequence and preliminary characterisation of a Taenia saginata oncosphere gene homologue of the small heat-shock protein family. Author(s): Benitez L, Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM, Garate T. Source: Parasitology Research. 1998 May; 84(5): 423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610643&dopt=Abstract

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Serological evidence for recent exposure to Taenia solium in Venezuelan Amerindians. Author(s): Ferrer E, Cortez MM, Perez H, De la Rosa M, de Noya BA, D'Avila I, Harrison LJ, Foster-Cuevas M, Parkhouse RM, Cabrera A. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2002 February; 66(2): 170-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135289&dopt=Abstract

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Short report: limited and short-lasting humoral response in Taenia solium: seropositive households compared with patients with neurocysticercosis. Author(s): Meza-Lucas A, Carmona-Miranda L, Garcia-Jeronimo RC, Torrero-Miranda A, Gonzalez-Hidalgo G, Lopez-Castellanos G, Correa D. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 August; 69(2): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677380&dopt=Abstract

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Similar diagnostic performance for neurocysticercosis of three glycoprotein preparations from Taenia solium metacestodes. Author(s): Villota GE, Gomez DI, Volcy M, Franco AF, Cardona EA, Isaza R, Sanzon F, Teale JM, Restrepo BI. Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2003 March; 68(3): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685629&dopt=Abstract

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Specific and shared antigenic components of Taenia saginata oncospheres. Author(s): Onyango-Abuje JA, Waiyaki PG, Gathuma JM. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1989 September; 47(2): 236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2477882&dopt=Abstract

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Specific detection of circulating surface/secreted glycoproteins of viable cysticerci in Taenia saginata cysticercosis. Author(s): Harrison LJ, Joshua GW, Wright SH, Parkhouse RM. Source: Parasite Immunology. 1989 July; 11(4): 351-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2674862&dopt=Abstract

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Specific detection of Taenia saginata eggs by DNA hybridisation. Author(s): Flisser A, Reid A, Garcia-Zepeda E, McManus DP. Source: Lancet. 1988 December 17; 2(8625): 1429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2904561&dopt=Abstract

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Steroid hormone production by parasites: the case of Taenia crassiceps and Taenia solium cysticerci. Author(s): Romano MC, Valdez RA, Cartas AL, Gomez Y, Larralde C. Source: The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2003 June; 85(2-5): 221-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943707&dopt=Abstract

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Structural characterization of the N-linked glycans from Taenia solium metacestodes. Author(s): Haslam SM, Restrepo BI, Obregon-Henao A, Teale JM, Morris HR, Dell A. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2003 January; 126(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12554090&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on abnormality of metacestodes and adult worms of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata asiatica in rodents and pigs. Author(s): Fan PC, Wan IC, Chung WC, Guo JX, Ma XY, Xu ZJ. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001; 32 Suppl 2: 116-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12041572&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana by single oral dose of praziquantel. Author(s): Bouree P. Source: J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1991 August; 21(2): 303-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1875062&dopt=Abstract

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Symptomatology of taeniasis caused by Taenia saginata. Author(s): Sterba J, Dykova I. Source: Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1979; 26(3): 281-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=540876&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata (Cestoda) in western Kenya: the reliability of faecal examinations in diagnosis. Author(s): Hall A, Latham MC, Crompton DW, Stephenson LS. Source: Parasitology. 1981 August; 83(Pt 1): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7196568&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata and Taenia solium: reciprocal models. Author(s): Harrison LJ, Parkhouse RM. Source: Acta Leiden. 1989; 57(2): 143-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2488993&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata asiatica: epidemiology, infection, immunological and molecular studies. Author(s): Fan PC, Chung WC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 1998 June; 31(2): 84-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10596984&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata oncosphere excretory/secretory peptidases. Author(s): White AC Jr, Baig S, Robinson P. Source: J Parasitol. 1996 February; 82(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8627504&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata. Author(s): Madarang ME. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 April 13; 342(15): 1139; Author Reply 1139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766590&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata. Author(s): Beljaev AE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 April 13; 342(15): 1139; Author Reply 1139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10766589&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata: polymerase chain reaction for taeniasis diagnosis in human fecal samples. Author(s): Nunes CM, Lima LG, Manoel CS, Pereira RN, Nakano MM, Garcia JF. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2003 May-June; 104(1-2): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932762&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia saginata: vaccination against cysticercosis in cattle with recombinant oncosphere antigens. Author(s): Lightowlers MW, Rolfe R, Gauci CG. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 1996 December; 84(3): 330-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8948322&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium Cysticercosis, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Author(s): Wandra T, Ito A, Yamasaki H, Suroso T, Margono SS. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 9(7): 884-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899138&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium cysticercosis. Author(s): Garcia HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Source: Lancet. 2003 August 16; 362(9383): 547-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12932389&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium cysticercosis/taeniosis: potential linkage with FAO activities; FAO support possibilities. Author(s): Eddi C, Nari A, Amanfu W. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781389&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium infection in a rural community in the Peruvian Andes. Author(s): Moro PL, Lopera L, Bonifacio N, Gilman RH, Silva B, Verastegui M, Gonzales A, Garcia HH, Cabrera L; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 June; 97(4): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831523&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Papua, Indonesia in 2001: detection of human worm carriers. Author(s): Margono SS, Ito A, Sato MO, Okamoto M, Subahar R, Yamasaki H, Hamid A, Wandra T, Purba WH, Nakaya K, Ito M, Craig PS, Suroso T. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 2003 March; 77(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590663&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis in Asia: epidemiology, impact and issues. Author(s): Rajshekhar V, Joshi DD, Doanh NQ, van De N, Xiaonong Z. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 53-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781378&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia solium: identification of specific antibody binding regions of metacestode 10kDa protein. Author(s): Chung JY, Yun DH, Eom KS, Kang SY, Kong Y, Cho SY. Source: Experimental Parasitology. 2002 February; 100(2): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12054698&dopt=Abstract

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Taenia tapeworms: their biology, evolution and socioeconomic significance. Author(s): Hoberg EP. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2002 July; 4(8): 859-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270733&dopt=Abstract

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Taeniasis and cysticercosis (Taenia saginata). Author(s): Pawlowski Z, Schultz MG. Source: Adv Parasitol. 1972; 10: 269-343. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4559145&dopt=Abstract

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Taeniasis unresponsive to a single dose of niclosamide: case report of persistent infection with Taenia saginata and a review of therapy. Author(s): Vermund SH, MacLeod S, Goldstein RG. Source: Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1986 May-June; 8(3): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3726395&dopt=Abstract

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Tapeworms (cestodiasis). Author(s): Schantz PM. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 1996 September; 25(3): 637-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863044&dopt=Abstract

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The appearance of the scolex of Taenia saginata in the stool after the eradication of the parasite by niclosamide. Author(s): Ahkami S, Hadjian A. Source: Z Tropenmed Parasitol. 1969 September; 20(3): 341-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5380277&dopt=Abstract

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The emergence of Taenia solium cysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa as a serious agricultural problem and public health risk. Author(s): Phiri IK, Ngowi H, Afonso S, Matenga E, Boa M, Mukaratirwa S, Githigia S, Saimo M, Sikasunge C, Maingi N, Lubega GW, Kassuku A, Michael L, Siziya S, Krecek RC, Noormahomed E, Vilhena M, Dorny P, Willingham AL 3rd. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 13-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781374&dopt=Abstract

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The in vitro culture of Taenia saginata and Taenia taeniaeformis larvae from the oncosphere, with observations on the role of serum for in vitro culture of larval cestodes. Author(s): Heath DD, Elsdon-Dew R. Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 1972 March; 2(1): 119-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4119941&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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The pig as an experimental host of Taenia saginata (Ethiopia and Madagascar strains). Author(s): Fan PC, Chung WC, Lo CT, Lin CY. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1990 February; 84(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2331179&dopt=Abstract

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The radiological diagnosis of tapeworms: two cases of Taenia saginata infestation. Author(s): Grahovac Z, Joanes JF, Chew CK. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1970 May 9; 102(9): 967-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5538497&dopt=Abstract

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The separation of Taenia saginata oncospheres from fecal debris. Author(s): Onyango-Abuje JA. Source: J Parasitol. 1984 February; 70(1): 146-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6539820&dopt=Abstract

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The Styx Field Trial: effect of treatment of the definitive host for tapeworms on larval forms in the intermediate host. Author(s): Gemmell MA. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978; 56(3): 433-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=308408&dopt=Abstract

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The U5/U6 snRNA genomic repeat of Taenia solium. Author(s): Jean-Joseph B, Flisser A, Martinez A, Metzenberg S. Source: J Parasitol. 2003 April; 89(2): 329-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760649&dopt=Abstract

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Transmission electron microscope studies on the oncospheral envelopes of Taenia saginata after niclosamide treatment. Author(s): Chomicz L, Grytner-Ziecina B, Swiderski Z. Source: Wiad Parazytol. 1995; 41(4): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834502&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment with praziquantel the Taenia saginata infection in men. Author(s): Zwierz C, Machnicka B. Source: Bull Inst Marit Trop Med Gdynia. 1985; 36(1-4): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3841827&dopt=Abstract

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Using electronic technology for Taenia solium education: educating the educators. Author(s): Sanchez AL, Fairfield T. Source: Acta Tropica. 2003 June; 87(1): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781392&dopt=Abstract

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Vaccination trials against Taenia solium eggs in pigs injected with frozen oncospheres of T. solium or Taenia saginata asiatica. Author(s): Fan PC, Chung WC, Lin CY, Wu CC. Source: J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003 June; 36(2): 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886959&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TAPEWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tapeworms.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tapeworms The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Tapeworms

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tapeworms” (or a synonym): •

Out of Africa: origins of the Taenia tapeworms in humans. Author(s): Parasite Biology, Epidemiology and Systematics Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area Research Center, MD 20705, USA. [email protected] Source: Hoberg, E P Alkire, N L de Queiroz, A Jones, A Proc-R-Soc-Lond-B-Biol-Sci. 2001 April 22; 268(1469): 781-7 0962-8452

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The distribution of calmodulin/calmodulin binding proteins in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Author(s): Biochemistry Department, Bath University, Claverton Down, U.K. Source: Eastlake, J L Branford White, C J Whish, W J Comp-Biochem-Physiol-BiochemMol-Biol. 1994 August; 108(4): 487-500

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The selective uptake of cholesterol by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Author(s): Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242. Source: Johnson, W J Cain, G D Comp-Biochem-Physiol-B. 1988; 91(1): 51-8 0305-0491

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to tapeworms; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

•

Food and Diet Pumpkin Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TAPEWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tapeworms. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tapeworms and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tapeworms: •

A comparative study on esterases from three species of Raillietina. Author(s): Balasubramanian MP, Dhandayuthapani S, Nellaiappan K, Ramalingam K. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1984 June; 58(2): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6540280&dopt=Abstract

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A large focus of alveolar echinococcosis in central China. Author(s): Craig PS, Deshan L, MacPherson CN, Dazhong S, Reynolds D, Barnish G, Gottstein B, Zhirong W. Source: Lancet. 1992 October 3; 340(8823): 826-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357252&dopt=Abstract

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A serine proteinase in the penetration glands of the hexacanths of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). Author(s): Moczon T.

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Source: Parasitology Research. 1996; 82(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8825448&dopt=Abstract •

Acceleration of the growth of populations and of the multiplication of tetrathyridia of Mersocestoides corti Hoeppli, 1925 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) by some cytostatic agents. Author(s): Novak M, Lubinsky G. Source: Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1973 January; 51(1): 83-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4696082&dopt=Abstract

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Acid phosphatase activity in the isolated brush border membrane of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta: partial characterization and differentiation from the alkaline phosphatase activity. Author(s): Pappas PW. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 1988 August; 37(4): 395-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3417789&dopt=Abstract

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Activation and inhibition of the brush-border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase activity of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) by divalent cations. Author(s): Pappas PW. Source: Parasitology. 1991 February; 102 Pt 1: 141-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1903877&dopt=Abstract

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Adenosine deaminase (E.C. 3.5.4.4) from Hymenolepis diminuta. Author(s): Gamble HR, Pappas PW. Source: J Parasitol. 1981 October; 67(5): 759-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6795332&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of ecdysteroids in different developmental stages of Hymenolepis diminuta. Author(s): Mercer JG, Munn AE, Arme C, Rees HH. Source: Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1987 August; 25(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3670343&dopt=Abstract

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Anthelmintic efficacy of Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae): Effect of genistein on glycogen metabolism in the cestode, Raillietina echinobothrida. Author(s): Tandon V, Das B, Saha N. Source: Parasitology International. 2003 June; 52(2): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12798931&dopt=Abstract

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Anthelmintic screening of Zimbabwean plants traditionally used against schistosomiasis. Author(s): Molgaard P, Nielsen SB, Rasmussen DE, Drummond RB, Makaza N, Andreassen J.

Alternative Medicine 29

Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 March 3; 74(3): 257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274827&dopt=Abstract •

Anthelmintic usage of extracts of Embelia schimperi from Tanzania. Author(s): Bogh HO, Andreassen J, Lemmich J. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1996 January; 50(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778505&dopt=Abstract

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Apoptosis in human Jurkat T cells after culture with live Taenia crassiceps cysticerci in vitro. Author(s): O'Connell KM, Rogan MT. Source: Parasitology. 2000 June; 120 ( Pt 6): 649-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10874728&dopt=Abstract

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Beetle-eating: a Malaysia folk medical practice and its public health implications. Author(s): Chu GS, Palmieri JR, Sullivan JT. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1977 December; 29(4): 422-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=610028&dopt=Abstract

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Biology of tapeworm disease. Author(s): Ustianowski AP, Yong JM. Source: Lancet. 1996 August 17; 348(9025): 481. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8709815&dopt=Abstract

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Bizarre transmission of cysticercosis. Author(s): Nelson GS. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995 July-August; 89(4): 460; Author Reply 461. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570901&dopt=Abstract

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Bizarre transmission of cysticercosis. Author(s): Geerts S. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995 July-August; 89(4): 460; Author Reply 461. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7570899&dopt=Abstract

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Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of ecdysteroids. Author(s): Evershed RP, Mercer JG, Rees HH. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1987 March 25; 390(2): 357-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3584307&dopt=Abstract

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Cestocidal activity of Acacia auriculiformis. Author(s): Ghosh NK, Babu SP, Sukul NC, Ito A. Source: Journal of Helminthology. 1996 June; 70(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960214&dopt=Abstract

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Cestodes. Author(s): Gemmell MA, Johnstone PD. Source: Antibiot Chemother. 1981; 30: 54-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7259135&dopt=Abstract

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Colchicine binding in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Author(s): Watts SD. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 1981 January 30; 667(1): 59-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7213800&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alcoholic extract from Ma-Klua (Diospyros mollis) on adults and larvae of the dwarf tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana in mice and on the infectivity of the eggs. Author(s): Maki J, Kondo A, Yanagisawa T. Source: Parasitology. 1983 August; 87 (Pt 1): 103-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6622061&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of anthelmintic drugs on the cat's tapeworm in vitro. Author(s): Mattila M, Takki S. Source: Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. 1966; 44(3): 415-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6006215&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of caudal intestinal permeability in the rat during infection by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Author(s): Zimmerman NP, Bass P, Oaks JA. Source: J Parasitol. 2001 December; 87(6): 1260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780808&dopt=Abstract

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Sheep as an experimental model of Taenia saginata cysticercosis. Author(s): Geerts S, Kumar V, Mortelmans J. Source: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 1981 February; 13(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7256871&dopt=Abstract

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Tapeworm disease in vegetarians. Author(s): Malnick SD, Geltner D. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 22; 347(9017): 1766. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8656925&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 31

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The selective uptake of cholesterol by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). Author(s): Johnson WJ, Cain GD. Source: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry. 1988; 91(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3197394&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to tapeworms; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parasites Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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•

Herbs and Supplements Black Walnut Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ipecac Alternative names: Cephaelis ipecacuanha Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Alternative names: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TAPEWORMS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to tapeworms. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “tapeworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tapeworms, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Tapeworms ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to tapeworms. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Effectiveness of a Control Program for Human and Porcine Taenia Solium Cysticercosis in Field Conditions by Garcia, Hector Hugo; PhD from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046455

•

Gamma-Delta T Lymphocytes: Immunoregulatory and Effector Functions during Murine Neurocysticercosis (Taenia Solium) by Cardona Bedoya, Astrid Elena; PhD from The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 2002, 245 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3032994

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TAPEWORMS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tapeworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tapeworms, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Tapeworms As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tapeworms:

8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 9 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Tapeworms

•

Compositions and methods for detecting adult Taenia solium Inventor(s): Allan, James C.; (Kent, GB), Tsang, Victor C.W.; (Decatur, GA), Wilkins, Patricia P.; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: Sheree Lynn Rybak, PH.D.; Klarquist Sparkman, Llp; One World Trade Center, Suite 1600; 121 SW Salmon Street; Portland; OR; 97204-2988; US Patent Application Number: 20020106377 Date filed: February 5, 2002 Abstract: Compositions and methods for the detection of adult Taenia solium and the diagnosis and treatment of T. solium infection are described. The compositions contain one or more adult T. solium polypeptides The polypeptides are useful as diagnostic agents for the detection of adult tapeworm infection. More preferably, the polypeptides are T. solium glycoprotein antigens referred to herein as T. solium excretory/secretory (TS/ES) polypeptides. The most preferred TS/ES polypeptide has a molecular weight of approximately 33 kDa, 38 kDa, or 42 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/111,334 filed Dec. 7, 1998. The present invention relates to the fields of microbiology and immunology and more specifically relates to compositions and methods for diagnosing taeniasis. In particular, the invention pertains to isolated adult Taenia solium antigens and their use in immunoassays. Taenia solium, also referred to as the pork tapeworm, is a helminth that exists in both a mature tapeworm form and a larval form. The lifecycle of T. solium begins when a pig, the intermediate host, ingests tapeworm eggs excreted in the feces of a tapeworm carrier. The larvae hatch from the eggs and invade most tissues of the pig, giving rise to the disease cysticercosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tapeworms, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tapeworms. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tapeworms. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

37

CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TAPEWORMS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tapeworms. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tapeworms include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on tapeworms: •

Uninvited Guests: The Inside Story on Intestinal Parasites and How to Protect Yourself from Them Source: New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, Inc. 1996. 48 p. Contact: Available from Keats Publishing, Inc. 27 Pine Street, Box 876, New Canaan, CT 06840-0876. (800) 540-9440. Fax (800) 998-3103. PRICE: $3.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0879837365. Summary: Human bodies are perfect homes for parasites, providing food and housing for any number of these uninvited guests. Relatively few patients and doctors realize that parasites cause some of the most common intestinal infections in the U.S. This booklet describes common parasites, from the water poisoning Cryptosporidium to the 15 foot fish tapeworm. The protozoan family of parasites, single celled organisms like Giardia intestinalis (formerly known as Giardia lamblia) and Cryptosporidium parvum are the ones most frequently found in Americans. Diarrhea, nausea, fevers, and

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Tapeworms

abdominal pain may be some of the initial symptoms of infections. Bowel disorders, muscle and joint pain, fibromyalgia, fatigue, malnutrition, and allergic reactions may develop when parasites take up long term, undetected residence in a human body. The author discusses sources of contamination, definitions and symptoms, parasitic infections, the parasites themselves, treatment options, and prevention strategies. Sources of contamination include water, food, pets, day care centers, sexual practices, and widespread global travel. Parasites are discussed in four basic categories: Protozoa (microscopic, single celled organisms), Trematodes (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms), and Nematoda (round, pin, and hook worms). The author reviews the incidence, symptoms, and transmission of each of these parasitic infections. A questionnaire that can be useful in diagnosis is included in the booklet. Treatment options discussed include chemotherapeutic agents, herbal alternatives, and diet and other supportive measures. The author stresses that the best prevention strategy is to build a strong, healthy immune system. 1 figure. 33 references.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “tapeworms” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “tapeworms” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “tapeworms” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Advances in the zoology of tapeworms, 1950-1970 by Robert A. Wardle; ISBN: 0816606927; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816606927/icongroupinterna

•

Aspects on the extracellular matrix and protonephridia in flatworms, with special reference to the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum by Paula Lindroos; ISBN: 9519498958; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9519498958/icongroupinterna

•

Biology of the Tapeworm Hymenolepis Diminuta by Hisao Arai; ISBN: 012058980X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012058980X/icongroupinterna

•

CRC Handbook of Tapeworm Identification by Gerlad D. Schmidt; ISBN: 084933280X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084933280X/icongroupinterna

•

How to Know the Tapeworms by Gerald D., Schmidt; ISBN: 0697048624; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0697048624/icongroupinterna

•

New Guinea Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers (1987); ISBN: 0393340264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393340264/icongroupinterna

•

New Guinea Tapeworms and Jewish Grandmothers: Tales of Parasites and People by Robert S. Desowitz; ISBN: 0393304264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393304264/icongroupinterna

•

Tapeworms by Toney Allman (2004); ISBN: 0737717831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737717831/icongroupinterna

Books

39

•

The Tapeworm Foundry, Andor, the Dangerous Prevalence of Imagination by Darren Wershler-Henry (2001); ISBN: 0887846521; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0887846521/icongroupinterna

•

The Year of the Tapeworm (Ravan Writers Series) by Chris Van Wyk, Chris Van Wyk (1997); ISBN: 0869754882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0869754882/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

How to know the tapeworms. Author: Schmidt, Gerald D.,; Year: 1970; Dubuque, Iowa, Brown [1970]; ISBN: 0697048608 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0697048608/icongroupinterna

•

New Guinea tapeworms and Jewish grandmothers: tales of parasites and people Author: Desowitz, Robert S.; Year: 1982; New York: Norton, c1982; ISBN: 0393014746 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393014746/icongroupinterna

•

Tapeworms, their sources, varieties, and treatment. Author: Cobbold, Thomas Spencer,; Year: 1883; London, Longmans, Green, 1883

•

The zoology of tapeworms, by Robert A. Wardle and James Archie McLeod. Author: Wardle, Robert A. (Robert Arnold),; Year: 1952; Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesota Press [c1952]

Chapters on Tapeworms In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tapeworms, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search 10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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to book chapters and tapeworms using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

41

CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TAPEWORMS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on tapeworms. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Tapeworms The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in tapeworms (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on tapeworms: •

Cestoda-tapeworms [videorecording] Source: Department of Laboratory Medicine Section of Microbiology; Year: 1976; Format: Videorecording; Houston: Univ. of Texas System Cancer Center, 1976

•

Tapeworms, meat, and man [slide] Source: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota; Year: 1979; Format: Slide; St. Paul, Minn.: The College, c1979

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for tapeworms. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with tapeworms. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to tapeworms: Albendazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Albenza; Eskazole; Zentel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202668.html

Diethylcarbamazine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hetrazan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202192.html

Niclosamide •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Niclocide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202406.html

Praziquantel •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biltricide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202474.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Medications

45

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to tapeworms by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for tapeworms: •

Albendazole (trade name: Albenza) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=515

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

49

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

51

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7315 35 36 0 0 7386

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “tapeworms” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

55

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tapeworms can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tapeworms. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tapeworms. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tapeworms”:

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•

Other guides Food Contamination/Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationpoisoning.html Infection Control http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infectioncontrol.html Parasitic Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parasiticdiseases.html Pets and Pet Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/petsandpethealth.html Phenylketonuria http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/phenylketonuria.html Salmonella Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/salmonellainfections.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tapeworms. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

57

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tapeworms. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tapeworms. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tapeworms. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tapeworms” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tapeworms”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tapeworms” (or synonyms) into the “For these

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words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tapeworms” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

59

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

61

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

63

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

65

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on tapeworms: •

Basic Guidelines for Tapeworms Teniasis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001391.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Tapeworms Seizures Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm

•

Background Topics for Tapeworms Inspection Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002388.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

67

TAPEWORMS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ancylostoma: A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A.

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duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans. [NIH]

Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anthelmintic: An agent that is destructive to worms. [EU] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascariasis: Infection by nematodes of the genus Ascaris. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH]

Dictionary 69

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blotting and transferred to strips of nitrocellulose paper. The blots are then detected by radiolabeled antibody probes. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capillaria: A genus of trichuroid nematodes parasitic in the liver and intestines of many mammals and birds. Two species, C. hepatica and C. philippinensis, produce often fatal infections in man. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH]

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Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cestode: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1,

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IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH]

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Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cyst Fluid: Liquid material found in epithelial-lined closed cavities or sacs. [NIH] Cysticercus: The larval form of various tapeworms of the genus Taenia. [NIH] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]

Echinococcosis: An infection caused by the infestation of the larval form of tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The liver, lungs, and kidney are the most common areas of infestation. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electron microscope: A microscope (device used to magnify small objects) that uses electrons (instead of light) to produce an enlarged image. An electron microscopes shows tiny details better than any other type of microscope. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Enterobius: A genus of intestinal nematode worms which includes the pinworm or threadworm Enterobius vermicularis. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH]

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Fatal Outcome: Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from death, the physiological cessation of life and from mortality, an epidemiological or statistical concept. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Ferritin: An iron-containing protein complex that is formed by a combination of ferric iron with the protein apoferritin. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when

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cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hookworm: A parasitic infection that may affect workers exposed to warm moist soil in which the larvae of the worm lives. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Host-Parasite Relations: The interactions between two organisms, one of which lives at the expense of the other. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in

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antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunoblotting: Immunologic methods for isolating and quantitatively measuring immunoreactive substances. When used with immune reagents such as monoclonal antibodies, the process is known generically as western blot analysis (blotting, western). [NIH]

Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Isosporiasis: Infection with parasitic protozoa of the genus Isospora, producing intestinal disease. It is caused by ingestion of oocysts and can produce tissue cysts. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that

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surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leishmaniasis: A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus Leishmania. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World), diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]

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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parasitic Diseases: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for

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the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praziquantel: An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations. [NIH]

Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH]

Dictionary 81

Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Schistosome: Dermatitis caused by the snail parasite, Schistosoma cercariae. [NIH] Scolex: The head or attachment organ of the adult tapeworm. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol

82

Tapeworms

Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solium: Tapeworm of the genus Taenia. The adult form is found in the small intestine of humans and some apes and the metacestode (Cysticercus cellulosae) in the skeletal and cardiac muscle of pigs and in the brain of humans. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Strongyloidiasis: Infection with nematodes of the genus Strongyloides. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Taenia: A genus of large tapeworms. [NIH] Taeniasis: Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia. [NIH] Tapeworm: A flatworm that is an endoparasite and belongs to the class Cestoda. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases,

Dictionary 83

palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trichuris: A genus of nematode worms comprising the whipworms. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU]

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Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

85

INDEX A Abdominal, 38, 67, 78 Abdominal Pain, 38, 67 Adverse Effect, 67, 81 Affinity, 67, 82 Algorithms, 67, 69 Alimentary, 67 Alkaline, 28, 67, 69 Alkaline Phosphatase, 28, 67 Alternative medicine, 67 Amebiasis, 4, 67 Amino Acid Sequence, 67, 68 Amino Acids, 67, 79, 80, 81 Ancylostoma, 4, 67 Annealing, 68, 79 Anthelmintic, 28, 29, 30, 68, 80 Antibodies, 5, 7, 8, 68, 77, 78, 79 Antibody, 5, 19, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 76, 78, 82 Antigen, 6, 7, 15, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 76 Antineoplastic, 68, 74 Anus, 68, 69 Arterial, 68, 80 Arteries, 68, 69, 71, 77 Ascariasis, 4, 68 Assay, 5, 6, 9, 13, 68, 75 Asymptomatic, 4, 5, 67, 68 ATP, 68, 72, 74, 80 Atypical, 8, 68 B Bacteria, 68, 72, 74, 78, 83 Base, 68, 77 Basement Membrane, 68, 73 Bile, 69, 74, 75, 77 Biosynthesis, 69, 81 Biotechnology, 5, 7, 39, 51, 69 Blood pressure, 69, 82 Blot, 69, 76 Blotting, Western, 69, 76 Body Fluids, 69, 82 Bowel, 9, 38, 69, 76, 82 Bowel Movement, 69, 82 Branch, 63, 69, 80, 82 Breakdown, 69, 72, 74 C Calcium, 69, 70 Calmodulin, 24, 69 Capillaria, 4, 69

Cardiac, 69, 78, 82 Carrier State, 67, 69 Case report, 20, 69, 74 Cathode, 70, 73 Cations, 28, 70, 76 Caudal, 30, 70 Cell, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 84 Cell Division, 68, 70, 79 Cellulose, 70, 79 Cerebral, 5, 12, 70 Cerebrum, 70 Cestode, 28, 70, 80 Chemotherapy, 7, 70 Cholesterol, 24, 31, 69, 70 Chromosome, 70, 75, 77 Chronic, 3, 67, 70, 76, 82 Clinical trial, 4, 51, 70, 81 Cloning, 69, 70 Cofactor, 70, 80 Complement, 9, 70, 71 Complementary and alternative medicine, 27, 32, 71 Complementary medicine, 27, 71 Computational Biology, 51, 71 Computed tomography, 5, 71 Computerized axial tomography, 71 Computerized tomography, 71 Consumption, 71, 72 Contamination, 38, 56, 71 Contraindications, ii, 71 Coronary, 71, 77 Coronary Thrombosis, 71, 77 Cryptosporidiosis, 4, 71 Curative, 72, 83 Cutaneous, 72, 77 Cyclic, 69, 72 Cyst, 9, 72 Cyst Fluid, 9, 72 Cysticercus, 7, 9, 72, 82 Cytostatic, 28, 72 D Databases, Bibliographic, 51, 72 Day Care, 38, 72 Denaturation, 72, 79 Developing Countries, 5, 72 Diagnostic procedure, 35, 72 Diarrhea, 37, 67, 68, 71, 72, 82

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Digestion, 67, 69, 72, 76, 77, 82 Diploid, 72, 79 Direct, iii, 43, 72, 74, 79, 81 DNA Topoisomerase, 72, 74 Drug Interactions, 44, 72 Dysentery, 67, 72 E Echinococcosis, 27, 72 Efficacy, 28, 72 Electrolysis, 70, 73 Electrolyte, 73, 82 Electron microscope, 21, 73 Electrons, 68, 70, 73, 76, 80 Endemic, 5, 73 Enterobius, 4, 73 Environmental Health, 50, 52, 73 Enzymatic, 69, 71, 73, 79 Enzyme, 6, 8, 10, 67, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 82, 84 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 6, 8, 10, 73 Eosinophilia, 4, 73 Eosinophils, 73 Epidemiological, 73, 74 Epithelial, 6, 72, 73 Extracellular, 38, 73, 82 Extracellular Matrix, 38, 73 Extracellular Space, 73 Extraction, 13, 73 F Faecal, 17, 73 Family Planning, 51, 73 Fatal Outcome, 4, 74 Fatigue, 38, 74 Fats, 69, 70, 74 Feces, 36, 68, 73, 74, 82 Ferritin, 15, 74 Flatus, 74 Fungi, 74, 78 G Gallbladder, 67, 74 Ganglia, 74, 78 Gas, 29, 74 Gastrin, 74, 75 Gastrointestinal, 7, 74 Gastrointestinal tract, 7, 74 Gene, 16, 39, 69, 74 Genetic testing, 74, 79 Genistein, 28, 74 Giardiasis, 4, 74 Glucose, 12, 70, 74 Glycine, 74, 81

Glycogen, 28, 74 Glycoprotein, 16, 36, 75 Governing Board, 75, 80 Graft, 75 Growth, 8, 28, 72, 75, 79 H Haploid, 75, 79 Helminths, 75, 76 Hematoxylin, 6, 10, 75 Heredity, 74, 75 Hookworm, 4, 68, 75 Hormone, 8, 17, 74, 75 Horseradish Peroxidase, 73, 75 Host, 4, 8, 21, 36, 69, 75, 83 Host-Parasite Relations, 8, 75 Humoral, 16, 75 Humour, 75 Hydrolysis, 75, 79 I Id, 25, 31, 56, 62, 64, 75 Immune response, 68, 75, 83 Immune system, 38, 75, 76, 77, 83, 84 Immunoassay, 73, 75 Immunoblotting, 6, 76 Immunocompromised, 4, 76 Immunocompromised Host, 4, 76 Immunodeficiency, 76 Immunologic, 75, 76 Immunology, 16, 36, 67, 75, 76 Immunosuppressive, 76 In vitro, 9, 20, 29, 30, 76, 79 In vivo, 76 Indicative, 38, 76, 83 Infarction, 71, 76, 77 Infestation, 8, 21, 72, 76 Ingestion, 68, 76, 79 Inhalation, 76, 79 Intestinal, 3, 4, 13, 30, 31, 37, 67, 71, 73, 76 Intestine, 69, 76, 77, 82 Intracellular, 76 Ions, 68, 69, 73, 76 Isosporiasis, 4, 76 J Joint, 38, 76 K Kb, 50, 77 L Large Intestine, 76, 77, 81 Leishmaniasis, 4, 77 Lesion, 77 Library Services, 62, 77 Life cycle, 3, 74, 77

Index 87

Linkage, 19, 77 Liver, 3, 4, 67, 69, 72, 74, 77 Localization, 8, 77 Localized, 76, 77, 79 Locomotion, 77, 79 Lymphatic, 76, 77 Lymphocyte, 68, 77 Lymphoid, 68, 77 M Malnutrition, 38, 77 Meat, 41, 77 MEDLINE, 51, 77 Membrane, 28, 71, 77, 78 Mental Health, iv, 4, 50, 52, 77, 80 MI, 11, 66, 77 Microbiology, 10, 13, 14, 36, 41, 68, 78 Microorganism, 70, 78, 84 Microscopy, 68, 75, 78 Molecular, 6, 15, 17, 18, 28, 36, 51, 53, 69, 71, 78 Molecule, 68, 71, 75, 78, 81, 83 Monoclonal, 76, 78 Monoclonal antibodies, 76, 78 Morphology, 11, 78 Motion Sickness, 78 Mucocutaneous, 77, 78 Myocardium, 77, 78 N Nausea, 37, 78 Necrosis, 76, 77, 78 Need, 3, 37, 39, 45, 57, 75, 78 Nerve, 78 Nervous System, 4, 74, 78 Neural, 75, 78 O Ovum, 77, 78 P Palliative, 78, 83 Pancreas, 67, 78 Parasite, 3, 4, 5, 16, 20, 24, 79, 81 Parasitic, 3, 4, 38, 56, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 79 Parasitic Diseases, 4, 56, 79 Pathogenesis, 3, 79 Pathophysiology, 4, 79 Peptide, 14, 79, 80 Perforation, 9, 79 Peripheral blood, 4, 79 Pharmacologic, 79, 83 Plants, 28, 74, 78, 79, 83 Plasma, 68, 79 Plasma cells, 68, 79 Pneumonitis, 68, 79, 82

Poisoning, 37, 56, 78, 79 Polymerase, 9, 10, 18, 79 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 9, 10, 18, 79 Polymorphism, 9, 79 Polypeptide, 36, 67, 79 Polysaccharide, 68, 70, 79 Practice Guidelines, 52, 79 Praziquantel, 11, 15, 17, 21, 44, 80 Prevalence, 7, 11, 15, 39, 80 Progressive, 75, 78, 80 Prophylaxis, 80, 83 Proportional, 73, 80 Protein C, 67, 74, 80 Protein S, 39, 69, 80 Proteins, 24, 67, 68, 69, 70, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 74, 80 Protozoa, 38, 72, 76, 77, 78, 80 Public Health, 5, 8, 9, 17, 20, 29, 52, 80 Public Policy, 51, 80 Publishing, 6, 37, 80 Purines, 80, 81 R Radiation, 76, 80, 84 Radiological, 21, 80 Radiology, 80, 81 Randomized, 72, 81 Receptor, 68, 81 Recombinant, 6, 11, 18, 81, 83 Rectum, 68, 69, 74, 77, 81 Refer, 1, 70, 74, 77, 81 Regimen, 72, 81 Reliability, 17, 81 Rigidity, 79, 81 S Sanitation, 68, 81 Schistosome, 80, 81 Scolex, 20, 81 Screening, 28, 70, 81 Secretion, 75, 81 Secretory, 10, 18, 36, 81 Sequencing, 79, 81 Serine, 27, 81 Serum, 8, 20, 70, 81 Shock, 16, 81 Side effect, 43, 45, 67, 81, 83 Skeletal, 81, 82 Skeleton, 76, 81 Small intestine, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82 Sodium, 6, 12, 81 Solium, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 36, 82 Somatic, 75, 82

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Tapeworms

Specialist, 57, 82 Species, 6, 8, 13, 27, 67, 69, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82 Specificity, 14, 67, 82 Spinal cord, 70, 78, 82 Stomach, 67, 74, 75, 78, 81, 82 Stool, 4, 7, 20, 77, 82 Strand, 79, 82 Stress, 78, 82 Strongyloidiasis, 4, 82 Subacute, 76, 82 Subclinical, 76, 82 Subspecies, 82 Substrate, 73, 82 Systemic, 44, 69, 76, 82 T Taenia, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 33, 36, 72, 82 Taeniasis, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 82 Tapeworm, 6, 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 81, 82 Therapeutics, 44, 82 Thermal, 79, 83 Threonine, 81, 83 Thrombosis, 80, 83 Ticks, 76, 83

Tissue, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 81, 83 Tomography, 83 Topical, 14, 83 Toxic, iv, 83 Toxicity, 72, 83 Toxicology, 52, 83 Toxins, 68, 76, 78, 83 Transfection, 69, 83 Trichuris, 4, 83 U Unconscious, 75, 83 Urinary, 3, 83 Urine, 83 V Vaccination, 18, 22, 83 Vaccine, 7, 14, 83 Vascular, 76, 83 Vector, 79, 83 Venous, 80, 83 Veterinary Medicine, 41, 51, 83 Viruses, 78, 83 Visceral, 4, 77, 83 Vitro, 20, 84 W White blood cell, 68, 77, 79, 84 X X-ray, 70, 71, 81, 84

Index 89

90

Tapeworms

Index 91

92

Tapeworms

Tapeworms: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lymphedema - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Dermabrasion: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Vaginitis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Feet - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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