Stomach Ulcer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

STOMACH ULCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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STOMACH ULCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Stomach Ulcer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84079-2 1. Stomach Ulcer-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on stomach ulcer. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON STOMACH ULCER...................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Stomach Ulcer............................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND STOMACH ULCER ..................................................... 17 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 17 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 17 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON STOMACH ULCER ...................................................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 23 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 24 Chapters on Stomach Ulcer.......................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON STOMACH ULCER ........................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON STOMACH ULCER ........................................................ 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 27 Academic Periodicals covering Stomach Ulcer ............................................................................ 29 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 31 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 32 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 37 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 37 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 37 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 39 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 42 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 43 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 STOMACH ULCER DICTIONARY ............................................................................................. 59 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 75

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with stomach ulcer is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about stomach ulcer, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to stomach ulcer, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on stomach ulcer. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to stomach ulcer, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on stomach ulcer. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON STOMACH ULCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on stomach ulcer.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and stomach ulcer, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori with Pantoprazole and Two Antibiotics: A Comparison of Two Short-Term Regimens Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 14(9): 1151-1157. September 2000. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: High rates of Helicobacter pylori (a bacterium that is a causative factor in peptic or stomach ulcer disease) eradication can be achieved by combining proton pump inhibitors with two antibiotics. However, in the search for an optimal therapy, a direct comparison of different regimens is necessary. This article reports on an open study of 331 patients with duodenal ulcer who were screened and randomly allocated to

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either pantoprazole 40 milligrams twice a day, clarithromycin 500 milligrams twice a day and metronidazole 500 milligrams twice a day (PCM regimen) or pantoprazole 40 milligrams twice a day, amoxycillin 1000 milligrams twice a day, and clarithromycin 500 milligrams twice a day (PAC regimen) for 7 days. Both combinations were followed by a 7 day therapy with pantoprazole 40 milligrames alone. Eradication of H. pylori was assessed by use of a 13C urea breath test 4 weeks after the intake of the last medication. Eradication rates were 90 percent in intention to treat patients from the PCM and the PAC group. H. pylori was eradicated in 112 out of 117 per protocol patients of the PCM group (96 percent) and in 119 out of 126 patients of the PAC group (94 percent). Rapid relief from ulcer pain and a decrease in the mean intensity of other gastrointestinal symptoms was observed. Adverse events were reported in 69 patients; none of the adverse events were related to the intake of pantoprazole. Four serious adverse events, none related to the trial medication, were observed. The authors conclude that both pantoprazole based short term triple therapies are highly effective and well tolerated treatment regimens in the eradication of H. pylori. 3 figures. 1 table. 18 references. •

Common Pain Relievers May Pose Hidden Dangers Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. p. 10-14. September-October 1999. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article reviews the hidden health risks of some commonly used pain relievers. Most common painkillers are nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a family of drugs that includes aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, and ketoprofen. When taken in high doses over long periods of time, NSAIDs can cause bleeding ulcers and other serious complications, such as an ulcer that perforates (breaks open the stomach tissue) and needs surgery. The author outlines the risk factors that may contribute to problems from NSAID use, including older age, people who have already had stomach ulcers, people with chronic pain, people taking higher than usual doses of the drugs, and certain combinations of drugs (e.g., combining two different NSAIDs). The author then describes two new drugs that are used to treat joint pain, but deliberately avoid stomach complications. These drugs, know as COX 2 inhibitors, are Celebrex and Vioxx and are particularly useful for patients who have high risk for NSAID related complications. The article concludes by encouraging readers to educate themselves by talking to their physician and reading the drug packaging for information on the potential side effects of the drug being taken. One sidebar summarizes a recent telephone survey that examined consumer knowledge of NSAID side effects; nearly 60 percent of those responding were estimated to be at moderate to high risk of developing gastrointestinal problems, but 70 percent of respondents believed they were at no risk. The article offers the information hotline of the American Gastroenterological Association (888-733-8231).

Federally Funded Research on Stomach Ulcer The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to stomach ulcer. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of

Studies

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Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to stomach ulcer. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore stomach ulcer.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with stomach ulcer, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for stomach ulcer (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A critical look at the clinical use of antacids in acid-peptic disease and gastric acid rebound. Author(s): Texter EC Jr. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 February; 84(2): 97-108. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2644821&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of an acid-peptic disease management program in a managed care environment. Author(s): Ofman JJ, Segal R, Russell WL, Cook DJ, Sandhu M, Maue SK, Lowenstein EH, Pourfarzib R, Blanchette E, Ellrodt G, Weingarten SR. Source: Am J Manag Care. 2003 June; 9(6): 425-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816172&dopt=Abstract

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Acid peptic disease in adolescents. How to avoid misdiagnosis and undertreatment. Author(s): Robinson M. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1991 August; 90(2): 189-90, 195-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1862042&dopt=Abstract

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Acid peptic disease in children with type I diabetes mellitus. A complicating relationship. Author(s): Burghen GA, Murrell LR, Whitington GL, Klyce MK, Burstein S. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1992 June; 146(6): 718-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595627&dopt=Abstract

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Acid peptic disease in relation to Ramadan fasting: a preliminary endoscopic evaluation. Author(s): Mallk GM, Mubarik M, Hussain T. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 November; 90(11): 2076-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485044&dopt=Abstract

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Acid peptic disease in the elderly. Author(s): Linder JD, Wilcox CM. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 2001 June; 30(2): 363-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11432296&dopt=Abstract

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Acid peptic disease in the elderly. Author(s): McCarthy DM. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 1991 May; 7(2): 231-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1855156&dopt=Abstract

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Acid-peptic disease: Helicobacter pylori and omeprazole: great advances but clinical problems remain. Author(s): Floch MH. Source: Gastroenterologist. 1993 December; 1(4): 239-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8055219&dopt=Abstract

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Age does not affect basal gastric acid secretion in normal subjects or in patients with acid-peptic disease. Author(s): Collen MJ, Abdulian JD, Chen YK. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 May; 89(5): 712-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8172143&dopt=Abstract

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Antral histopathological changes in acid peptic disease associated with Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Mysorekar VV, Chitralekha, Dandekar P, Prakash BS. Source: Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1999 October; 42(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127373&dopt=Abstract

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Association of Helicobacter pylori with acid peptic disease in Karachi. Author(s): Kazi JI, Jafarey NA, Alam SM, Zuberi SJ, Kazi AM, Qureshi H, Ahmed W. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1990 October; 40(10): 240-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2123260&dopt=Abstract

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Asymptomatic peptic disease in patients undergoing major elective operations: a prospective endoscopic study. Author(s): Rypins EB, Sarfeh IJ, Collins-Irby D, Stemmer EA, Juler GL, Thrower S. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1988 September; 83(9): 927-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3261936&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori. Is peptic disease a bacterial infection? Author(s): Chamberlain CE, Peura DA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 May; 150(5): 951-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2184791&dopt=Abstract

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Campylobacter pyloridis is associated with acid-peptic disease in Toronto. Author(s): Bohnen JM, Krajden S, Anderson JG, Kempston JD, Fuksa M, Karmali MA, Osborne A, Babida C. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 November; 29(6): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3779549&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the surgical treatment of acid peptic disease. Author(s): Jensen MO, Bubrick MP, Onstad GR, Hitchcock CR. Source: The American Surgeon. 1985 October; 51(10): 556-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4051331&dopt=Abstract

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Combined administration of controlled release theophylline and ranitidine: a 53-day controlled survey in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) and peptic disease. Author(s): Dal Negro R, Turco P, Pomari C, Trevisan F, De Conti F, Cordaro CI. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1987 November; 41(11): 1004-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3504314&dopt=Abstract

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Current and future drugs for acid-peptic disease: a plethora of opinions on possible mechanisms of action. Author(s): Dent J, McCloy RF, Garner A, Matthews JB, Rune S, Blum AL. Source: Dicp. 1990 December; 24(12): 1226-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2089836&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of peptic activity and acid in the gastric juice of patients with peptic disease before and after administration of glycopyrrolate. Author(s): Bitsch V, Kristensen M. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1966 October; 180(4): 385-93. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5332471&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of cimetidine and trimipramine on gastric acid secretion in cases of acid peptic disease. Author(s): Mangal BD, Srivastava SK, Srivastava DK, Seth ON. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1986 June; 34(6): 421-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3771481&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of treatment on Campylobacter pylori in peptic disease: a randomised prospective trial. Author(s): Humphreys H, Bourke S, Dooley C, McKenna D, Power B, Keane CT, Sweeney EC, O'Morain C. Source: Gut. 1988 March; 29(3): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3356357&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of omeprazole therapy on peptic disease and serum gastrin levels in hemodialysis patients. A preliminary study. Author(s): Montemurro NE, Di Maggio A, Loperfido A, Franceschi M, Scatizzi A. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1993 November; 40(5): 296-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8281719&dopt=Abstract

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Electron microscope studies of the ulcer-surrounding mucosa in stomach ulcers. Author(s): Yanev P, Chifchiiski S. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1986; 28(2): 5-15. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3108114&dopt=Abstract

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Emergencies in acid-peptic disease. Author(s): Miller TA. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 1988 June; 17(2): 303-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3049347&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiological study of duodenal erosive disease; its prevalence and nosological position in relation to ulcerative peptic disease. Author(s): Pippa G, Apuzzo M, Bazuro ME, Nava G Jr, Papi C, Tammaro GF, Nava G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1989; 167: 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2617166&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric stump cancer after stomach resection due to peptic disease. Author(s): Bekavac-Beslin M, Halkic N. Source: Chir Ital. 1996; 48(4): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9522093&dopt=Abstract

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Gastrin and secretin radioimmunoassay in diagnosis and therapy of acid-peptic disease. Author(s): Straus E, Greenstein RJ, Yalow RS. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1979 March-April; 46(2): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=312455&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori and peptic disease in the pediatric patient. Author(s): Bujanover Y, Reif S, Yahav J. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1996 February; 43(1): 213-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8596681&dopt=Abstract

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Helicobacter pylori infection and peptic disease in coeliac disease. Author(s): Ciacci C, Squillante A, Rendina D, Limauro S, Bencivenga C, Labanca F, Romano R, Mazzacca G. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2000 December; 12(12): 1283-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11192316&dopt=Abstract

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High IgE concentration in a patient with a chronic stomach ulcer. Author(s): Vijay HM. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1977 October 22; 117(8): 866. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=912614&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrogen (H2) breath excretion in peptic disease before and during treatment with ranitidine. Author(s): Armbrecht U, Seeberg S, Stockbrugger RW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987 December; 22(10): 1211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3433009&dopt=Abstract

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Inflammation of the gastric cardia in children with symptoms of acid peptic disease. Author(s): Borrelli O, Hassall E, D'Armiento F, Bosco S, Mancini V, Di Nardo G, Bueno de Mesquita M, Cucchiara S. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 October; 143(4): 520-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14571233&dopt=Abstract

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Is duodenitis always a peptic disease? Author(s): Cheli R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1985 June; 80(6): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4003372&dopt=Abstract

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Is there any acid peptic disease that is refractory to proton pump inhibitors? Author(s): Bardhan KD. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1993; 7 Suppl 1: 13-24, Discussion 2931. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8490075&dopt=Abstract

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Malignancy following surgery for benign peptic disease: a review. Author(s): Caygill CP, Hill MJ. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol. 1992 May; 24(4): 218-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1600200&dopt=Abstract

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Managing acid peptic disease in the Helicobacter pylori era. Author(s): Marshall BJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995; 21 Suppl 1: S155-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8775010&dopt=Abstract

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Metronidazole in acid peptic disease. Author(s): Bhatia RS, Nigam P. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 April; 38(4): 309. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2391338&dopt=Abstract

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Metronidazole in acid peptic disease. Author(s): Jauhari JS. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1991 April; 39(4): 359. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1938835&dopt=Abstract

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Monitoring of upper gastrointestinal tract pH: a new tool in the evaluation of acidpeptic disease. Author(s): Miller FA. Source: Pac Med Surg. 1967 March-April; 75(2): 92-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6039897&dopt=Abstract

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Omeprazole and acid peptic disease. Author(s): Piper DW, Yeomans ND, Shearman DJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1991 March 18; 154(6): 374-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2000048&dopt=Abstract

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Omeprazole treatment of severe peptic disease associated with antral G cell hyperfunction and hyperpepsinogenemia I in an infant. Author(s): De Giacomo C, Fiocca R, Villani L, Licardi G, Scotta MS, Solcia E. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1990 December; 117(6): 989-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2246706&dopt=Abstract

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One-day combined therapy of children with Helicobacter pylori-associated peptic disease. Author(s): Artan R, Gelen T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1996 April; 41(4): 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8674402&dopt=Abstract

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Open-trial misoprostol in intractable peptic disease. Author(s): Ferry JJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1988 February; 10(1): 118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3128596&dopt=Abstract

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Pantoprazole therapy in the long-term management of severe acid peptic disease: clinical efficacy, safety, serum gastrin, gastric histology, and endocrine cell studies. Author(s): Bardhan KD, Cherian P, Bishop AE, Polak JM, Romanska H, Perry MJ, Rowland A, Thompson M, Morris P, Schneider A, Fischer R, Ng W, Luhmann R, McCaldin B. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 June; 96(6): 1767-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11419827&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenesis of obliterating endarteritis in stomach ulcer--electron microscopic study. Author(s): Takebayashi S. Source: Acta Pathol Jpn. 1970 February; 20(1): 37-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5468801&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease and 24-hr patterns of serum gastrin and pepsinogen. Author(s): Mazzetti di Pietralata M, Cugini P, Bersacchi F, Piccinni Leopardi M, Samaritani R, Leonardi C. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1987; 227A: 389-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3601974&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease and childhood diabetes. Author(s): Booth IW, Magnay AR. Source: Lancet. 1993 April 3; 341(8849): 868. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8096572&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease and Helicobacter pylori are highly prevalent in patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas' disease: report of 21 cases. Author(s): de Oliveira LC, Buso AG, Siqueira Filho L, Moraes F, Oliveira HA, Oliveira RM, Salomao EC. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 1997 July-August; 39(4): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9640783&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease in elderly patients. Author(s): Khaghan N, Holt PR. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 December; 14(11): 922-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125182&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease in paediatric patients: a diagnostic and therapeutic contribution. Author(s): Deganello A, Tamassia G, Gaburro D. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1990; 16(2): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2401189&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease syndrome: should we treat H. pylori? Author(s): Rodney WM. Source: American Family Physician. 1993 March; 47(4): 742-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8438677&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease: can we afford current management? Author(s): Fletcher DR. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1997 February-March; 67(2-3): 75-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068546&dopt=Abstract

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Peptic disease: can we afford current management? Author(s): Fletcher DR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1995 May 15; 162(10): 554-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7776925&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological control of gastric acid secretion for the treatment of acid-related peptic disease: past, present, and future. Author(s): Aihara T, Nakamura E, Amagase K, Tomita K, Fujishita T, Furutani K, Okabe S. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 April; 98(1): 109-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667890&dopt=Abstract

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Physiology and pharmacology of belladonna therapy in acid-peptic disease. Author(s): Sodeman WA Jr, Augur NA, Pollard HM. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1969 November; 53(6): 1379-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4900719&dopt=Abstract

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Preference for hot drinks is associated with peptic disease. Author(s): Pearson RC, McCloy RF. Source: Gut. 1989 September; 30(9): 1201-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2806987&dopt=Abstract

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Progress with proton pump inhibitors in acid peptic disease: treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Florent C. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1993; 15 Suppl B: 14-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7911399&dopt=Abstract

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Prostaglandins and acid peptic disease. Author(s): Sontag SJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1986 November; 81(11): 1021-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3535487&dopt=Abstract

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Prostaglandins and acid peptic disease: state of the art. Author(s): Bertaccini G, Coruzzi G. Source: Prostaglandins. 1987; 33 Suppl: 1-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3321189&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological stress and stomach ulcer: in search of an hypothesis. Author(s): Mikhail A. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 1980; 5 Suppl 1: 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7388643&dopt=Abstract

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Pyloric deformation from peptic disease. Radiographic evidence for incompetence rather than obstruction. Author(s): Lu CC, Schulze-Delrieu K. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1990 December; 35(12): 1459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2253530&dopt=Abstract

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Rabeprazole in treatment of acid peptic diseases: results of three placebo-controlled dose-response clinical trials in duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The Rabeprazole Study Group. Author(s): Cloud ML, Enas N, Humphries TJ, Bassion S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 May; 43(5): 993-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9590413&dopt=Abstract

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Reflux oesophagitis in acid peptic disease (a fibre-optic endoscopic study). Author(s): Dhaliwal US, Dhawan S, Multani AS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1997 February; 95(2): 35-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9357238&dopt=Abstract

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Role of sucralfate in peptic disease. Author(s): Jensen SL, Funch Jensen P. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1992; 10(3): 153-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1611711&dopt=Abstract

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Salivary epidermal growth factor in patients with and without acid peptic disease. Author(s): Maccini DM, Veit BC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 September; 85(9): 1102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2389722&dopt=Abstract

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Stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer running a fatal course during steroid treatment. Author(s): Groth A, Groth K, Mosbech J. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1968 June; 183(6): 513-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5703646&dopt=Abstract

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Stomach ulcer in young people. Author(s): Yanev P, Yankova R, Tilkian E. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1984; 26(4): 5-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443679&dopt=Abstract

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Symposium on acid-peptic disease. Foreword. Author(s): McIlrath DC. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1971 August; 51(4): 833. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5112362&dopt=Abstract

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Symptoms of acid-peptic disease in children. Author(s): Gremse DA, Shakoor S. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 September; 86(9): 997-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8367765&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of cimetidine on the treatment of acid-peptic disease. Author(s): Fleshler B. Source: Primary Care. 1981 June; 8(2): 195-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7027288&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Helicobacter pylori in acid-peptic disease. Author(s): DeCross AJ, Marshall BJ. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1993 December; 306(6): 381-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8266980&dopt=Abstract

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The role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of acid-peptic disease. Author(s): Smoot DT, Scott VF. Source: J Assoc Acad Minor Phys. 1992; 3(2): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1576460&dopt=Abstract

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Therapies for acid peptic disease. Author(s): Loogman EA. Source: Gastroenterology Nursing : the Official Journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates. 1991 Spring; 13(4): 198-201. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2031943&dopt=Abstract

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Trends in anesthesia for surgical treatment of acid peptic disease. Author(s): Messick JM Jr, Dawson B. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1971 August; 51(4): 993-1002. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4939434&dopt=Abstract

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Ultrastructural aspects of duodenal mucosa repair during treatment of peptic disease. Author(s): Zoli G, Bonvicini F, Ercoli C, Gasbarrini G, Laschi R. Source: Acta Physiol Hung. 1984; 64(3-4): 385-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6099683&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of high-dose ranitidine treatment (300 mg b.i.d.) in clinical practice: an open study in 68 consecutive cases of severe peptic disease. Author(s): Ghidini O, Adamo S. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1989; 15(5): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2791874&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND STOMACH ULCER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to stomach ulcer. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to stomach ulcer and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to stomach ulcer: •

Mastic in treatment of benign gastric ulcers. Author(s): Huwez FU, Al-Habbal MJ. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1986 June; 21(3): 273-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3732760&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the origin, processing and quality of crude drugs. II. Pharmacological evaluation of the Chinese crude drug “zhu” in experimental stomach ulcer. (2). Inhibitory effect of extract of Atractylodes lancea on gastric secretion. Author(s): Nogami M, Moriura T, Kubo M, Tani T. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986 September; 34(9): 3854-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3815607&dopt=Abstract

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The psyche and stomach ulcers. Author(s): Murray JB. Source: Genet Psychol Monogr. 1982 May; 105(Second Half): 181-212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7095419&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to stomach ulcer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 19

Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Activated Charcoal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,832,00.html Aloe Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Membranaceus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Astragalus Mongholicus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, Huang-qi, Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calendula Alternative names: Calendula officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Corydalis Alternative names: Corydalis turtschaninovii, Corydalis yanhusuo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green-lipped Mussel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Huang-qi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Milk-Vetch Root Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turmeric Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Turmeric Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10062,00.html Willow Bark Alternative names: There are several species of willow includingSalix alba, Salix nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix purpurea, Salix babylonica, White Willow, European Willow, Black Willow, Pussy Willow, Crack Willow, Purple Willow, Weeping Willow, Liu-zhi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Vitamins Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Minerals Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 21

Naproxen/naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •

Food and Diet Fasting Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON STOMACH ULCER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to stomach ulcer. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on stomach ulcer include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “stomach ulcer” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “stomach ulcer” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “stomach ulcer” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Coping With Stomach Ulcers by Tom Smith (2003); ISBN: 085969741X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/085969741X/icongroupinterna

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Indigestion, Heartburn & Stomach Ulcer: Bonfire in the Belly by Macey Casebeer (1997); ISBN: 0964554658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964554658/icongroupinterna

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Stomach ulcers (SuDoc HE 20.3323:St 6/991) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B000108Z74; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000108Z74/icongroupinterna

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Stomach Ulcers and Acidity; ISBN: 0909911177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0909911177/icongroupinterna

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Stomach Ulcers and Acidity: Practical Measures to Help You Avoid and Treat These Painful Stomach Disorders by Leonard Mervyn; ISBN: 0722522576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722522576/icongroupinterna

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Stomach Ulcers: Safe Alternatives Without Drugs (Thorsons Natural Health) by Len Mervyn, Leonard Mervyn; ISBN: 0722535570; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722535570/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:4 •

Your stomach ulcer can be cured. Author: Smul, Josef Saul,; Year: 1976; New York, Vantage Press [c1964]

Chapters on Stomach Ulcer In order to find chapters that specifically relate to stomach ulcer, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and stomach ulcer using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

4

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON STOMACH ULCER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on stomach ulcer. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on stomach ulcer is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “stomach ulcer” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on stomach ulcer: •

End to Ulcers: A Journey of Discovery Source: Princeton, NJ: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. 1998. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences. P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053. (800) 257-5126 or (609) 275-1400. Fax (609) 275-3767. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.films.com. PRICE: $149.00 to purchase; $75.00 for rental; plus shipping and handling. Order number BXA8590. Summary: From the time of Hippocrates until the 20th century, stomach ulcers have been treated with acid-reducing medications because it was dogmatically believed that bacteria could not exist in the stomach's gastric acid environment. Not surprisingly, when doctors J. Robin Warren and Barry Marshall declared the Helicobacter pylori bacterium to be the cause of most peptic ulcers, their assertion was met with disbelief and hostility. In this program, narrated by Blythe Danner, the crusade for acceptance of H. pylori as the leading cause of stomach ulcers is documented, along with Dr. Marshall's unconventional measure of infecting and then curing himself. The program

26

Stomach Ulcer

features in depth interviews with Dr. Warren, Dr. Marshall, and their contemporaries around the world, as they discuss the politics of medicine and medical research. In addition, Dr. Marshall discusses his own clinical work with his patients, notes how he became convinced that his research had practical applications, and describes his ongoing struggle to convince the world of medicine. With the eventual acceptance of the Warren Marshall research, ulcers are finally being permanently cured. The program concludes with a discussion of how the discovery of the role of H. pylori in ulcers will change the treatment of stomach ulcers, 80 to 90 percent of which are thought to be caused by H. pylori infection.

27

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON STOMACH ULCER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover stomach ulcer.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on stomach ulcer is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to stomach ulcer. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for stomach ulcer: •

Stomach ulcers may recur despite treatment Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 28, 1998

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Stomach Ulcer

•

Astra's Ulcer Drug Approved For Stomach Ulcers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 27, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to stomach ulcer, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms).

Periodicals and News

29

Academic Periodicals covering Stomach Ulcer Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to stomach ulcer. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering stomach ulcer that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

31

CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for stomach ulcer. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with stomach ulcer. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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Stomach Ulcer

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to stomach ulcer: Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anaspaz; A-Spas S/L; Banthine; Bentyl; Cantil; Cystospaz; Cystospaz-M; Donnamar; ED-SPAZ; Gastrosed; Homapin; Levbid; Levsin; Levsin/SL; Levsinex Timecaps; Pro-Banthine; Quarzan; Robinul; Robinul Forte; Symax SL; Transderm-Scop http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202049.html

Antidepressants, Tricyclic •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Anafranil; Asendin; Aventyl; Elavil; Endep; Norfranil; Norpramin; Pamelor; Sinequan; Surmontil; Tipramine; Tofranil; Tofranil-PM; Vivactil http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202055.html

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Misoprostol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cytotec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202375.html

Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicobid Tempules; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html

Sodium Bicarbonate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bell/ans; Citrocarbonate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202525.html

Urea C 14 •

Diagnostic - U.S. Brands: PYtest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203517.html

Vitamin E •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Researching Medications

33

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

35

APPENDICES

37

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute5: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

5

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

39

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.6 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:7 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

6 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 7 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “stomach ulcer” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Essaic Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This is a packet of information on Essiac, a herbal remedy first used in Canada. Its healing properties are said to include cancer treatment, normalization of the thyroid gland, stomach ulcers, and regulation of the pancreas in patients with diabetes mellitus. According to an unconfirmed claim in the packet's first article, Persons with AIDS (PWAs) treated with Essiac have met with great success. The packet also includes a recipe for the remedy. An interview with Dr. Gary Glum, a Los Angeles chiropractor who wrote the story of Rene Caisse, the nurse credited with discovering the remedy, is also included. The packet contains a reprint of an extensive article from Canada's Vancouver Sun newspaper featuring testimonials from patients who have been "cured" of a variety of illnesses following use of Essiac.

The NLM Gateway8 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.9 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

8 9

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

41

Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 20128 113 980 19 1 21241

HSTAT10 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.11 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.12 Simply search by “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists13 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.14 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.15 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

10

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

11

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

12

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 13 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 14 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 15 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on stomach ulcer can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to stomach ulcer. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to stomach ulcer. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “stomach ulcer”:

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•

Other guides Behcet's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/behcetssyndrome.html Carcinoid Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carcinoidtumors.html Digestive Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html Esophageal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/esophagealcancer.html Intestinal Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/intestinalcancer.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Peptic Ulcer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html Preventing Disease and Staying Healthy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preventingdiseaseandstayinghealthy.html Stomach Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachcancer.html Stomach Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachdisorders.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/ulcerativecolitisloader.html Ulcerative Colitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ulcerativecolitis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to stomach ulcer, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews JAMA Patient Page: Peptic Ulcers Source: American Medical Association http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZA5EFJUSC &sub_cat=194

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Endoscopy/Gastroscopy Source: National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/endogastro.pdf Helicobacter pylori Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hpylori/test.html

Patient Resources

Upper Endoscopy Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/upperendoscopy/index.htm Upper GI Series Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/uppergi/index.htm •

Treatment H. pylori: The Key to Cure for Most Ulcer Patients Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/keytocure.htm History of Ulcer Diagnosis and Treatment Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/history.htm Ulcers: What You Can Do to Heal Your Ulcer Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/healthfacts/186/

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Bleeding Ulcers Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00086 Gastritis Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/gastritis/index.htm Have a Stressful Job? You Must Have an Ulcer.Right? Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ulcer/myth.htm NSAIDs and Peptic Ulcers Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/nsaids/index.htm Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/zollinger/index.htm

•

Children Peptic Ulcers Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/digestive/peptic_ulcers.html Ugh! Ulcers Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/grownup/conditions/ulcers.html

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46

Stomach Ulcer

•

From the National Institutes of Health H. pylori and Peptic Ulcer Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hpylori/index.htm What I Need to Know about Peptic Ulcers Source: National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/pepticulcers_ez/index.htm

•

Organizations American College of Gastroenterology http://www.acg.gi.org/ American Gastroenterological Association http://www.gastro.org/ National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www.niddk.nih.gov/

•

Prevention/Screening Digestive Health Tips Source: American College of Gastroenterology http://www.acg.gi.org/patientinfo/healthtips/index.html

•

Research Combination Treatment for Peptic Ulcers at High Risk for Recurrent Bleeding Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/4/I-12 Effects of Antibiotic Treatment for Helicobacter pylori on Normal Bowel Bacteria Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/6/I-42 Past Antibiotic Use Affects Resistance and Outcomes of Helicobacter pylori Infection Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/6/I-10

•

Teenagers Ulcers Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/diseases_conditions/digestive/ulcers.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system

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(mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on stomach ulcer. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Treating Stomach Ulcers and H. Pylori Infection Source: American Family Physician. 55(8): 2784-2786. June 1997. Summary: This patient education handout provides information about stomach ulcers and Helicobacter pylori infection. Written in a question and answer format, the handout defines an ulcer and then covers the complications associated with ulcers, the causes of ulcers, risk factors for ulcers, treatment options, the side effects of medications taken to eradicate H. pylori, and the role of diet therapy in treating ulcers. The handout emphasizes that most people with ulcers have a bacterial infection (H. pylori) in their stomachs. Minor side effects of H. pylori medicines include a black color on the tongue and black stool, diarrhea, nausea, and headache. These side effects are usually minor and go away on their own. In addition, patients with ulcers are counseled not to smoke and to avoid using aspirin or ibuprofen. The handout is designed to be duplicated and distributed by physicians to their patients. (AA-M).

The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to stomach ulcer. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to stomach ulcer. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with stomach ulcer. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about stomach ulcer. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “stomach ulcer” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit

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your search to “Organizations” and “stomach ulcer”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “stomach ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “stomach ulcer” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.16

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

16

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)17: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

17

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

STOMACH ULCER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH]

60

Stomach Ulcer

Amputation: Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous

Dictionary 61

systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH]

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Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardia: That part of the stomach surrounded by the esophagogastric junction, characterized by the lack of acid-forming cells. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names.

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Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which

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contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information. [NIH] Drug Packaging: Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for drugs and biological products. These include those in ampule, capsule, tablet, solution or other forms. Packaging includes immediate-containers, secondary-containers, and cartons. In the United States, such packaging is controlled under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which also stipulates requirements for tamper-resistance and child-resistance. Similar laws govern use elsewhere. (From Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 1 Section 210, 1993) drug labeling is also available. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenitis: An irritation of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

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Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary

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disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues

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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoprofen: An ibuprofen-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle

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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness. [NIH] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH]

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Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the

Dictionary 71

nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme

72

Stomach Ulcer

dilutions. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomach Ulcer: An open sore in the lining of the stomach. Also called gastric ulcer. [NIH]

Dictionary 73

Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stump: The end of the limb after amputation. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Testimonials: Information provided by individuals who claim to have been helped or cured by a particular product. The information provided lacks the necessary elements to be evaluated in a rigorous and scientific manner and is not used in the scientific literature. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH]

74

Stomach Ulcer

Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urea Breath Test: A test used to detect Helicobacter pylori infection. The test measures breath samples for urease, an enzyme H. pylori makes. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]

75

INDEX A Abdominal, 18, 59, 69 Adenosine, 59, 73 Adverse Effect, 59, 72 Affinity, 59, 72 Algorithms, 59, 61 Alimentary, 3, 10, 59, 68, 69 Alternative medicine, 28, 59 Aluminum, 59, 73 Amebiasis, 59, 68 Amino Acids, 59, 65, 69, 70, 74 Ammonia, 59, 74 Ampulla, 59, 65 Amputation, 60, 73 Analgesic, 60, 67, 68 Analytes, 44, 60 Anesthesia, 15, 60 Anesthetics, 60, 66 Antagonism, 60, 73 Antibiotic, 46, 60, 62, 65 Antibody, 59, 60, 62, 66, 67, 71 Antidepressant, 60, 67, 74 Antigen, 59, 60, 63, 67, 71 Anti-inflammatory, 20, 60, 67, 68, 69 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 60 Antipyretic, 60, 68 Antispasmodic, 60, 66, 72 Arterial, 60, 67, 70 Arteries, 60, 61, 63, 68 Aspirin, 4, 47, 60 Assay, 60, 71 Atropine, 60, 61, 72 Autonomic, 60, 61 Autonomic Nervous System, 60, 61 B Bacteria, 25, 46, 60, 61, 62, 65, 74 Bacterium, 3, 25, 61 Base, 61, 68 Belladonna, 13, 60, 61 Benign, 10, 17, 61, 66 Bile, 61, 66, 68, 72, 73 Bile Acids, 61, 66, 72 Biotechnology, 5, 24, 28, 39, 61 Blood pressure, 61, 67, 72 Blood vessel, 61, 68, 73, 74 Body Fluids, 61, 72 Bowel, 46, 61, 73 Bowel Movement, 61, 73

Branch, 55, 61, 72, 73 Bronchi, 61, 73, 74 Bronchial, 61, 67, 73 C Carcinogen, 61, 68 Carcinogenic, 62, 72 Cardia, 10, 62 Cardiac, 62, 66, 69, 72 Carrier Proteins, 62, 71 Cell, 11, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71 Cell Division, 61, 62, 70 Central Nervous System, 61, 62, 66, 72, 73 Central Nervous System Infections, 62, 66 Cholesterol, 61, 62, 72 Chronic, 4, 7, 9, 59, 62, 65, 67, 73 Cimetidine, 8, 15, 62 Clarithromycin, 4, 62 Clinical trial, 5, 14, 39, 62, 70, 71 Cloning, 61, 62 Coenzymes, 62, 69 Cofactor, 62, 70 Complement, 62, 63 Complementary and alternative medicine, 17, 21, 63 Complementary medicine, 17, 63 Computational Biology, 39, 63 Contraindications, ii, 63, 64 Coronary, 63, 68 Coronary Thrombosis, 63, 68 Cranial, 63, 66 Craniocerebral Trauma, 63, 66 Curative, 63, 69, 73 Cyclic, 63, 73 Cytochrome, 62, 63 D Databases, Bibliographic, 39, 64 Deamination, 64, 74 Diabetes Mellitus, 6, 40, 64, 66 Diagnostic procedure, 28, 64 Dialyzer, 64, 67 Diarrhea, 47, 59, 64 Digestion, 59, 61, 64, 68, 69, 72 Direct, iii, 3, 31, 64, 66, 71 Distal, 64, 66 Diuresis, 64, 73 Drug Interactions, 33, 64 Drug Labeling, 64 Drug Packaging, 4, 64

76

Stomach Ulcer

Duodenal Ulcer, 3, 14, 64 Duodenitis, 10, 64 Duodenum, 61, 64, 65, 69, 72 E Efficacy, 11, 64 Elective, 7, 65 Electrolyte, 65, 72 Endoscope, 65 Endoscopic, 6, 7, 14, 65 Environmental Health, 38, 40, 65 Enzyme, 62, 65, 69, 74 Epidermal, 14, 65 Epidermal Growth Factor, 14, 65 Epidermis, 65 Epigastric, 65, 69 Epithelial, 65 Epithelial Cells, 65 Erythromycin, 62, 65 Esophageal, 44, 65, 66 Esophagitis, 65, 66, 73 Esophagus, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 Exocrine, 65, 69 Extracellular, 65, 72 F Family Planning, 39, 65 Feces, 65, 73 G Gastric, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 25, 62, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 72 Gastric Acid, 5, 6, 8, 13, 25, 62, 65 Gastric Juices, 65, 69 Gastric Mucosa, 66, 69 Gastrin, 8, 9, 11, 62, 66, 67 Gastritis, 45, 66, 73 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 14, 66 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 14, 66 Gastrointestinal, 4, 10, 66, 71, 73 Gastrointestinal tract, 10, 66 Gene, 24, 61, 66 Giardiasis, 66, 68 Gland, 66, 69, 72, 73 Glucose, 64, 66, 71 Glucose Intolerance, 64, 66 Glycopyrrolate, 8, 66 Gonadal, 66, 72 Governing Board, 66, 70 Growth, 60, 65, 66, 70, 73 H Haptens, 59, 66, 71 Headache, 47, 66, 67 Headache Disorders, 67 Hemodialysis, 8, 64, 67

Hemorrhage, 63, 66, 67 Heredity, 66, 67 Histamine, 62, 67, 71 Histology, 11, 67 Hormone, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73 Hydrolysis, 67, 70 Hypertension, 18, 66, 67 I Ibuprofen, 4, 20, 47, 67, 68 Id, 18, 45, 47, 54, 56, 67 Imidazole, 67, 71 Imipramine, 67, 74 Immunogenic, 67, 71 Incompetence, 14, 66, 67 Indicative, 23, 67, 74 Infarction, 63, 67, 68 Infection, 7, 9, 26, 46, 47, 59, 66, 67, 68, 71, 73, 74 Inflammation, 10, 18, 60, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71 Intestines, 59, 65, 66, 68 Intracellular, 67, 68 J Joint, 4, 68, 69 K Kb, 38, 68 Ketoprofen, 4, 68 L Lesion, 68, 74 Library Services, 54, 68 Liver, 59, 61, 65, 68, 72, 74 Localized, 67, 68, 70, 74 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 66, 68 Lymphatic, 67, 68 M Mediate, 68, 71 MEDLINE, 39, 68 Membrane, 63, 64, 68, 70 Membrane Proteins, 68, 70 Mesenchymal, 65, 68 Metronidazole, 4, 10, 68 MI, 57, 68 Molecular, 39, 41, 61, 63, 68 Motion Sickness, 68, 69, 72 Mucosa, 8, 15, 66, 68, 73 Myocardium, 68 N Nausea, 47, 69 Necrosis, 67, 68, 69 Need, 3, 24, 25, 40, 46, 48, 69 Nerve, 60, 69 Niacin, 20, 32, 69 NSAIDs, 4, 45, 69

Index 77

O Oesophagitis, 14, 69 Osteoarthritis, 19, 68, 69 P Paediatric, 12, 69 Palliative, 69, 73 Pancreas, 40, 59, 69, 72 Pancreatic, 19, 66, 69 Pancreatic Juice, 66, 69 Pathogenesis, 11, 15, 69 Patient Education, 47, 52, 54, 57, 69 Pepsin, 62, 69, 72 Pepsin A, 62, 69 Peptic, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 25, 44, 45, 46, 69, 73 Peptic Ulcer, 19, 25, 44, 45, 46, 69 Peptide, 62, 69, 70 Peptide Chain Elongation, 62, 70 Pharmacologic, 60, 70, 74 Pharynx, 66, 70 Plants, 60, 61, 66, 70, 71, 74 Poisoning, 69, 70 Polypeptide, 65, 69, 70 Posterior, 69, 70 Practice Guidelines, 41, 70 Prevalence, 9, 70 Progesterone, 70, 72 Protein C, 70, 74 Protein S, 24, 61, 62, 65, 70 Proteins, 59, 60, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74 Protocol, 4, 70 Proton Pump, 3, 10, 13, 70 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 3, 10, 13, 70 Protons, 70, 71 Public Policy, 39, 71 R Radiation, 68, 71 Radioimmunoassay, 9, 71 Randomized, 5, 64, 71 Ranitidine, 7, 9, 15, 71 Receptor, 60, 71 Recur, 27, 71 Refer, 1, 62, 71 Reflux, 14, 66, 71, 73 Refractory, 10, 71 Regimen, 4, 64, 71 Regurgitation, 66, 71 Resection, 9, 71 Rheumatism, 67, 71 Rheumatoid, 68, 71 Rheumatoid arthritis, 68, 71 Risk factor, 4, 47, 71

Rod, 61, 71 S Salivation, 66, 71 Saponins, 71, 72 Scopolamine, 61, 72 Screening, 62, 72 Secretin, 9, 72 Secretion, 6, 8, 13, 17, 62, 65, 67, 71, 72 Sedative, 67, 72, 74 Semisynthetic, 62, 72 Serum, 8, 11, 62, 71, 72 Serum Albumin, 71, 72 Side effect, 4, 31, 47, 59, 64, 72, 74 Skeleton, 68, 72 Small intestine, 64, 66, 67, 68, 72 Sodium, 4, 21, 32, 72 Specialist, 48, 72 Species, 20, 61, 72, 73 Steroid, 14, 71, 72 Stool, 47, 73 Stress, 13, 61, 69, 71, 73 Stump, 9, 73 Subacute, 67, 73 Subarachnoid, 66, 73 Subclinical, 67, 73 Submaxillary, 65, 73 Subspecies, 72, 73 Substance P, 65, 72, 73 Sucralfate, 14, 73 Symptomatic, 7, 73 Systemic, 32, 61, 67, 73 T Testimonials, 40, 73 Theophylline, 7, 73 Therapeutics, 3, 10, 13, 33, 73 Thrombosis, 70, 73 Thyroid, 40, 73 Thyroid Gland, 40, 73 Thyroid Hormones, 73 Tissue, 4, 60, 61, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73 Toxic, iv, 60, 74 Toxicity, 64, 73, 74 Toxicology, 40, 74 Toxins, 60, 67, 74 Trachea, 61, 70, 73, 74 Transfection, 61, 74 Translocation, 62, 65, 74 Trichomoniasis, 68, 74 Trimipramine, 8, 74 U Unconscious, 60, 67, 74 Urea, 4, 32, 74

78

Stomach Ulcer

Urea Breath Test, 4, 74 Urinary, 72, 74 Urine, 64, 65, 74 V Vaccine, 70, 74

Vascular, 67, 73, 74 Venous, 70, 74 Veterinary Medicine, 39, 74 W Windpipe, 70, 73, 74

Index 79

80

Stomach Ulcer

Stomach Ulcer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Gastric Ulcer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Duodenal Ulcer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Stomach Cancer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Stomach Cancer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Peanut Allergy: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Barbiturates - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Cephalexin - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Septra: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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