Gastric Ulcer - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

GASTRIC ULCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES...

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GASTRIC ULCER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Gastric Ulcer: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00445-3 1. Gastric Ulcer-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on gastric ulcer. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GASTRIC ULCER ........................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Gastric Ulcer................................................................................. 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 15 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GASTRIC ULCER .............................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Gastric Ulcer................................................................................ 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GASTRIC ULCER ........................................................ 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 71 General References ....................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GASTRIC ULCER .................................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patents on Gastric Ulcer.............................................................................................................. 77 Patent Applications on Gastric Ulcer .......................................................................................... 84 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GASTRIC ULCER ........................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 91 Chapters on Gastric Ulcer............................................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON GASTRIC ULCER ............................................................................. 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GASTRIC ULCER .......................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 97 Academic Periodicals covering Gastric Ulcer .............................................................................. 99 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................. 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 101 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 102 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 107 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 109 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 111 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 113 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 117 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 119 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 119 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 119

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 125 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 127 GASTRIC ULCER DICTIONARY.............................................................................................. 129 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 179

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with gastric ulcer is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about gastric ulcer, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to gastric ulcer, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on gastric ulcer. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to gastric ulcer, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on gastric ulcer. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON GASTRIC ULCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on gastric ulcer.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and gastric ulcer, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Gastric Ulcer Source: Surgery. Number 77: 1848-1851. February 1990. Summary: Despite improvements in anesthetic and surgical techniques, the mortality for surgical treatment of gastric ulcer (GU) has not diminished; this is because patients receiving surgery are increasingly older and often suffer from other serious medical conditions. This article presents a discussion of the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, drug and surgical treatment, and complications of GU. Specific pharmaceuticals discussed include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a possible causative agent of gastrointestinal bleeding; prostaglandins; H2-receptor antagonists; and omeprazole. The author details a number of different operations that are used to treat GU: partial gastric resection, various vagotomies, or a combination of resection and vagotomy.

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Complications discussed include perforation, stenosis, and malignant change. 7 figures. 2 references. •

Relationship Between Helicobacter Pylori Eradication and Reduced Duodenal and Gastric Ulcer Recurrence: A Review Source: Gastroenterology. 110(4): 1244-1252. April 1996. Summary: This article reports on a study that examined whether the current literature supports Helicobacter pylori cure as the primary efficacy end point in peptic ulcer clinical trials. Fourteen duodenal ulcer and five gastric ulcer studies satisfied requisite inclusion criteria. Ulcer recurrence was significantly less common among H. pyloricured patients versus noncured patients. The authors conclude that the current literature strongly suggests that H. pylori eradication 4 weeks after therapy should be used as the primary efficacy end point for reduced gastric and duodenal ulcer recurrence for the purpose of clinical trial design. 4 figures. 1 table. 48 references. (AAM).

Federally Funded Research on Gastric Ulcer The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to gastric ulcer. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to gastric ulcer. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore gastric ulcer. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for gastric ulcer: •

Project Title: CELL BIOLOGY OF ION PUMPS: SORTING AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Caplan, Michael J.; Professor; Cellular/Molecular Physiology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The Na,K and gastric H,K pumps are members of the P-type family of ion transporting ATPases. While these two pumps share a great deal of structural and mechanistic homologies, they differ in their subcellular localizations, regulation, and substrate specificities. During the previous four year funding period we have identified domains in each of these molecules that account in part for these differences. We have found that motifs widely separated in these proteins' linear sequences collaborate to form conformationally-defined determinants that specify pump distribution and cation

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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selectivity. Recently, the structure of the P-type sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase has been solved at 2.6 Angstrom units resolution. The Na,K and H,K-ATPases are closely related to the Ca pump, and their structures are almost certain to reflect this homology. We will use the structure of the Ca-ATPase as a guide in generating novel chimeric polypeptides composed of complementary portions of the Na,K and H,K pumps. By assessing the sorting and catalytic properties of these chimeras, we will be able to identify the residues that comprise these determinants and to define the mechanism through which they are brought together in the tertiary structures of the pump proteins. We will also conduct two hybrid screens for proteins that interact with the Na,K and H,K pump polypeptides, using as baits portions of these proteins that correspond to autonomous units in the Ca-ATPase structure. Finally, we will utilize cell culture systems as well as newly generated knockout mouse models to assess the roles of pump domains and protein- protein interactions in regulating the function and distributions of ion pumps in situ. These studies will allow us to determine whether and how specific molecular signals and associations might be related to such clinically significant pathologies as gastric ulcer disease and hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHLORIDE CHANNELS AND GASTRIC ACID SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cuppoletti, John; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Physio; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Therapeutic control of gastric ulcer disease depends upon interventions which control HCl secretion. The broad, long term objectives of this proposal are to define the molecules and mechanisms involved in regulated HCl secretion. HCl secretion involves the gastric H/K ATPase and a transport system for K to supply the H/K ATPase and for C1 to provide equivalents of C1 for HCl production. The working hypothesis to be tested in this proposal is that the apical membrane of the stimulated rabbit gastric parietal cell contains both C1 and K channels which are intimately associated with and essential for regulated gastric HCl secretion. The C1 channel, C1C2G was cloned in this laboratory, and it is a rectifier which is controlled by Ca2+ or Mg2+, CaMKII as well as PKA, voltage, and extracellular pH. The K channel appears to be an inwardly rectifying K channel which is regulated by PKA and extracellular pH. Divalent cations may also play a role. A candidate K channel clone, RBHIK1, has been obtained and its properties will be compared and contrasted with those of the native channel. The physiologically relevant outward movement of both K and C1 are regulated by essentially the same effectors and respond similarly to changes in the electrical and chemical environments. The planned studies are directed toward understanding the interactions between intracellular ions in promoting rectification, the effects of protein kinases, voltage, and pH in promotion of outward movements of C1 by CIC-2G and of K by the native and cloned inwardly rectifying K channel. Functional studies will be complemented by correlated structural studies using channel cDNAs containing mutations of the cation binding sites, phosphorylation sites, and pH sensor sites. The Specific Aims which apply to both the CI and K channels are to study: 1) the role of cations in rectification of the channels; 2) the role of protein kinases in C1 and K channel function; 3) the role of protons in C1 and K channel function; and 4) the location of the channels in the gastric parietal cell in the non-secreting (resting) and secreting (stimulated) states. The first 3 aims will be studied using functional as well as correlated structural approaches. Aim 4 will be accomplished using structural probes based on knowledge of the sequence of the channels. These studies strive to address the

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fundamental questions regarding the molecules and mechanisms involved in regulated HCl secretion. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EARLY EVENTS IN DICLOFENAC ENTEROPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Moslen, Mary T.; Associate Professor; Pathology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Proposed research will critically test our new hypothesis that drug-protein adducts are causal factors in the pathogenesis of diclofenac-induced ulcers in the small intestine. This hypothesis stems from our novel observations that diclofenac forms adducts with enterocytes prior to ulceration and to a greater extent in the jejunal region most prone to ulceration. This classical NSAID is widely prescribed for arthritis, musculoskeletal injuries and pen-operative pain. Chronic use of classic NSAIDs, including diclofenac, is complicated by a >50 percent incidence of enteropathy (i.e., inflammation, lesions and blood loss) plus high risks of hospitalization and death secondary to intestinal perforation. Specific Aim I will characterize the hypothesized critical early sites of adduct formation utilizing immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and 14C-diclofenac to localize the distribution and extent of adduction prior to structural alterations of enterocytes and villi in ulcer-prone regions of the intestine. A jejunum-to-jejunum anastamosis technique will assess alternative explanations for adduct accumulation at sites of ulcers. Specific Aim 2 will exploit regional difference in diclofenac-induced intestinal ulceration to define linkages between adduction and potentially relevant functional and chemical consequences. Experiments will determine if adduction of ulcer-prone regions is associated with impairments of vital functions or with evidence for oxidative stress. A temporal linkage between adduction and impaired capacity for repair by restitution will be specifically sought using a differentiated intestinal epithelial cell line provided by Dr Peter G Traber. A new collaboration with Dr Daniel Liebler will allow application of a novel proteomics approach to the identification of protein targets of diclofenac adduction. The sensitivity of the planned detection techniques, particularly the MS-MS fragmentation technique for adduct proteonomics, will enable analysis of tiny quantities of tissue obtained by microdissection or laser capture microdissection. Specific Aim 3 will critically test the purported role of oxidative stress by determining if the advancement to ulceration after adduct formation can be modified by intralumenal infusion of an antioxidant rescue or a lipid peroxide challenge. Current COX-inhibition based theories for NSAID-induced gastric ulcers do not account for the enteropathy problem. Therefore, information obtained from the proposed research about adducts as the initial molecular insult to enterocytes could provide a new mechanistic basis for development of intestine-safer NSAIDs or regimes of NSAID therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ETIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GASTRIC CARCINOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Correa, Pelayo; Boyd Professor; Pathology; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1981; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this Program Project has been and continues to be the multi-disciplinary study of the etiology of gastric cancer. This neoplastic disease is second only to lung cancer in incidence and mortality worldwide.

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In the United States gastric cancer rates have decreased considerably. There are, however, high-risk groups, especially African Americans, Amerindians, and immigrants from Asia, Northern/Eastern Europe and Latin America. It has become increasingly clear that a major etiologic factor is chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori. About one half of today.s world population is infected, especially groups of lower socioeconomic status. The International Agency for research on Cancer has classified Helicobacter infection as a class 1 carcinogen. There are great differences in the outcome of the infection. Most infections are mild and subclinical. Clinical infections may lead to duodenal ulcer accompanied by non-atrophic gastritis, which does not increase gastric cancer risk, or to multifocal atrophic gastritis, which may lead to gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. Our general hypothesis is that the immune and inflammatory responses determine the outcome of the infection. Our Program Project explores the dynamics of the response with immunologic and histopathologic techniques in adults and children (Project 1,2 and 3). Two epidemiologic projects are also proposed: 1) follow-up of the chemoprevention cohort, which explores the natural history of infection after eradication attempts (Project 1); and 2) study of the dynamics of infection and reinfection in children of a hyper-endemic area in search for answers to the critical events in initiating the possible carcinogenesis pathway, namely persistence of infection in childhood. (Project 3). COLLABORATING INSTITUTION(S): Delft laboratories, The Netherlands Emory University Medical Center Atlanta, GA University del Valle, Cali, Colombia University de Narino, Colombia University de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston TX APR NOTE: This Program Project Grant has addressed the etiology of gastric cancer for 20 years and is in the fifth cycle of funding. This competitive renewal application continues the unique and multidisciplinary study of gastric cancer. The general hypothesis put forward by this Program Project is that the immune and inflammatory responses determine the outcome of the Helicobacter pylori infection leading to gastric ulcer or gastric cancer. The Program includes 3 Projects and 4 Cores. It was felt at the accelerated review that the investigators had resolved all the problems identified in the last review. The Program Project has continued to build on the broad clinical, pathological, and molecular experience accumulated by the Principal Investigator and his program project staff. Two unique populations of H. pylori-infected individuals located in Colombia are being studied. In one population non-atrophic gastritis (NAG) is more common along with low gastric cancer rates and in the second population multi-focal atrophic gastritis (MAG) is more common with a much higher gastric cancer rate. A major strength of this research and the Program Project is the investigators' matchless understanding of the etiology of gastric cancer in these unique and well-characterized populations. These two populations (a major world-wide resource for studying H. pylori pathogenesis) constitute the major strength of this application along with the more than 18 years of study of this gastric cancer problem by the Principal Investigator in a program project environment. In a previous review there were problems with some of the work not being adequately described for an accurate assessment of its feasibility, but these deficiencies have been eliminated. The program is totally unique, has been highly successful in the past, and should make substantial progress in this new funding period. The recommended merit scores of all three projects was 1.4. Three of the cores, Histopathology, Administrative and Field Activites, and Genetic Characterization are rated superior, and the Administrative and Data Management Core is rated satisfactory. The Program is highly integrated and in a very special way makes the whole more valuable than the parts. This was a unanimous observation by the reviewers. The Program is recommended for 5 years of funding. Project 1, "Chemoprevention of gastric Dysplasia", is led by Elizabeth Fontham, Ph.D. The focus of this project continues to be an important population from Colombia who are at high risk for gastric cancer and who

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have been the focus of this program project since its inception. A unique cohort of subjects with MAG from this population were the subjects of an interventional study in the 1990's to examine the effect of beta carotene and Vitamin C and/or eradication of H. pylori on the progression of gastric precancerous histological lesions. Contact has been maintained with these subjects, around half of who are now H. pylori-negative. This project will continue to follow these subjects closely by endoscopy and clinical evaluation to determine whether the continuing natural history of progression in gastric preneoplasia is altered by the persistent eradication of H. pylori. A secondary aim will be to determine whether those subjects who become reinfected by H. pylori are infected by less virulent strains, as suggested by preliminary data. The project has many strengths, including its focus on a unique and well-defined clinically relevant population, and the expertise of the clinicians and pathologists, who have proven their ability to work cohesively under the supervision of Drs Correa and Fontham over many years. This project received an average merit rating of 1.4. Project 2. "Immune Response to H. pylori in Non-atrophic Gastritis and Multifocal Gastritis" is led by Augusto Ochoa, M.D. It has continued to improve since the first review. One major exception was the validation of using PBL responses to reflect the immune and inflammatory status of leukocytes in the gastric mucosa. This was addressed satisfactorily in the accelerated peer review. The investigators responded by stating that for the first third of the patients analyzed (numbering 20), in vitro PBL responses will be compared with in situ gastric tissue responses. If concordance is observed, the remaining patients in the study will be followed as initially proposed, with concentration of efforts on PBL analysis. If, on the other hand, concordance between the PBL vs. in situ tissue analysis is not observed, the investigators will be able to adjust their analysis to include both PBL's and in situ analysis of all remaining subjects. This response is entirely appropriate and alleviates the biggest uncertainty in the approach taken in Project 2 during the previous submission. The greatest strengths of this project include the unique patient resources available and the previous productivity of the investigators. The overall goal of defining differences in the host immune response between H. pylori-infected patients at risk of developing gastric cancer versus duodenal ulcers is very worthwhile, and within the capability of the investigators. The project has the potential to help dissect the relative contributions of host and bacteria to the development of gastric cancer. This project received an average merit rating of 1.4. Project 3, "Community Intervention-Follow-up of Colombian Children" is led by Karen Goodman in a consortium arrangement with The University of Texas School of Public Health. This project addresses important questions in an appropriate fashion. In the previous version of this project, a clerical effort resulting in the reviewers not seeing the final draft. This problem has been resolved with many of the perceived scientific problems also being clarified. The 3-drug therapy chosen was identified by the reviewers as "a peculiar combination". In the most recent submission, Metronidazole has been added to create a 4-drug therapy. This regimen is consistent with contemporary medical practices. This project received a merit rating of 1.4 Core A, Histopathology, is led by the Principal Investigator, Dr. Pelayo Correa. This laboratory will perform all the histological and histochemical processing and evaluation of the numerous biopsies taken from each of the projects. It is a critically important core for this program project. It will be essential for all three projects, especially Project 1. This laboratory has proven over many years that it is ideally equipped for these purposes, and Dr Correa, the Core director, has an unequalled expertise in the interpretation of gastric pathology. This is a superior core. Core B, "Genetic Characterization of H. pylori Strains" led by Barbara Schneider, Ph.D., provides resources for genotypic characterization of three putative virulence genes in H. pylori strains. The LiPA assay for this purpose is well validated and supported by the experience of its inventor, Dr. van Doorn, who will serve as a consultant. The high-

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throughput advantages of the LiPA assay will be exploited in Projects 1 and 2. It is not clear whether babA typing will also be done by LiPA or by other, independent PCR's. In addition development of non-invasive genotyping methods using fecal samples is proposed. This core received a superior rating. Core C, "Administrative and Data Management (New Orleans)" is led by Dr. Pelayo Correa, M.D. who is also the Principal Investigator of this grant application. This administrative effort has been quite successful in the past and is very well organized and efficient. This Core had the deficiency during the last review of an underpowered statistical analysis effort. Dr. Correa has addressed this deficiency, and both Ms. Du and Ms. Camargo have been assigned to work under Dr. Mera. The question during the last review was regarding the amount of time Dr. Mera could devote to this Program Project. His credentials are perfectly matched for this Program Project, but his time available was considered inadequate because of the large amount of statistical analysis needed by this Program Project. To satisfy this criticism, two new faculty were recruited the biostatistics area. One of these individuals, Dr. Velasco, is Spanish speaking and could help the program project and reports to Dr. Fontham, the Project Leader of Project 1. Most importantly, the new head of the Cancer Center Statistical Department (just hired the week of the current review at the full professor level) will give 15 percent of his time to this Program. This individual is highly qualified and very experienced with the types of statistical problems that will occur in these studies. Thus, the program project statistical effort is going to be run 25 percent time by Dr. Mera and 15% by the new senior faculty member with 2 capable support people at LSU. This is a strong addition to the Core and resolves the major statistical problem from the last review. This core received a satisfactory rating. Core D, "Administrative and Field Activities (Colombia)" is led by Luis Eduardo Bravo, M.D. As was stated previously this is an outstanding core. The cost effectiveness of this effort is remarkable. Past history of this effort and the intact staff from the previous funding period make this core effort convincing and very workable. Some of the details missing about data flow and quality assurance from the previous review were not entirely provided in this new submission, but the effort is still superior, as the overall coordination between the various units in Colombia and between Colombia and the US look strong. This core received a superior rating. Commentary related to Progress in the current funding period, Integrated Effort, Principal Investigator, Support to be negotiated for replacement and Human Subjects are unchanged from the previous review. REVISION NOTE: Modified to include review panel roster. INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS AND CORES PROJECT 1: Chemoprevention of Gastric Dysplasia: Long-term follow-up of a cohort treatment for H. pylori infection (Elizabeth T.H. Fontham, Dr. Ph.H., 15 percent effort) Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOUSE LTC4 SYNTHASE GENE Principal Investigator & Institution: Austen, Frank K.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Leukotriene (LT)C4 synthase is the pivotal enzyme in the biosynthesis of LTC4, the parent compound of the receptor active cysteinyl leukotrienes. Thus, LTC4 synthase can regulate the biosynthesis of this potent lipid mediator, which contributes to the pathobiology of bronchial asthma and other inflammatory diseases through its metabolites, LTD4 and LTE4. The objectives of this project are to define the transcriptional regulation of the murine LTC4 synthase gene (Aim 1); to generate LTC4

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synthase transgenic mice and the LTC4 synthase gene-disrupted mice (Aim 2); and to examine the in vivo responses of these gene manipulated mice to various inflammatory insults (Aim 3). To examine the transcriptional regulation of mouse LTC4 synthase gene, we will start with a previously identified 402-bp genomic fragment of mouse LTC4 synthase gene contining 352-bp of 5' flanking region. Promoter and enhancer elements will be defined by reporter contructs, mutagenic analysis, and by Dnase 1 hypersensitivity assays. Trans-acting factors will be characterized by gel shift and supershift assays. The major focus, however, is to assess the role of the cysteinyl leukotrienes in physiologic and pathobiologic processes by selective alterations of the terminal biosynthetic enzyme, LTC4 synthase. Transgenic mice will be created by pronuclear injection of a 5.5-kb genomic fragment containing the entire human LTC4 synthase gene with its native promoter. Mice will be screened for the transgene by PCR with human specific oligonucleotide primers and their gene dosage determined by Southern blot analysis. The gene-disrupted mice will be created with a targeting construct which contains a neomycin gene in place of exon 2 to exon 4 of mouse LTC4 synthase gene and a thymidine kinase gene downstream of the disrupted LTC4 synthase gene. Double resistence clones with homologous recombination will be used for blastocysts injection to create chimeric mice and subsequently gene-disrupted mice. The growth and development of these gene manipulated animals and the ability of their BMMC to express LTC4 synthase and to generate cysteinyl leukotrienes will be examined. Assessment of their inflammatory responses will include airway hyperreactivity to protein sensitization and aerosol challenge, arachidonic acid induced inflammation, systemic anaphylaxis, T. spiralis infection, and NSAID induced gastric ulcers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GASTRIC PRENEOPLASIA IN H FELIS INFECTED IL10 MICE Principal Investigator & Institution: Berg, Daniel J.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-DEC-1997; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract) The objectives of this proposal are to define the mechanisms by which chronic Helicobacter infection leads to the development of preneoplastic gastric epithelium, using a novel animal model, Helicobacter felis-infected interleukin 10-deficient mice (IL10-/-). Helicobacter pylori infection is the major etiologic agent of peptic ulcer disease, and chronic H. pylori infection can lead to the development of preneoplastic gastric epithelium and gastric cancer. Observations in this application demonstrate that Helicobacter felis infected IL10 deficient mice develop severe chronic inflammation and preneoplastic gastric epithelium. The overall hypothesis of this application is that absence of IL-10 results in the development of a dysregulated immune/inflammatory response to Helicobacter. The chronic, severe inflammation in H. felis-infected IL10-/- mice leads to dysregulated production of growth mediators which alters the normal growth and differentiation of gastric epithelium resulting in the development of preneoplastic gastric epithelium. The specific aims of the project are: (1) Characterize the immune and inflammatory response to H. felis in wild-type and IL10-/- mice. The composition of the inflammatory infiltrate in H. felis-infected wild-type and IL10-/- mice will be defined using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The role of immune cell types in H. felis infection will be evaluated using mice deficient in B cells (IL10-/-/Bcell-/-), B and T cells (IL10-/-Rag2-/-), and neutrophil-depleted IL10-/- mice. Cytokine mediators in H. felis-infected IL10-/-mice will be assessed via (a) inhibition of cytokines with

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neutralizing antibodies; (b) inhibition of prostaglandin production using a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; and (c) the role of NO will be assessed through use of IL10-/NOS-/- mice. (2) Characterize the epithelial phenotype in H. felis infected IL10-/- mice. Northern blot, RNAse protection, and in situ hybridization with lineage specific markers will be used to assess epithelial differentiation in H. felis-infected IL10-/- mice. Proliferation and apoptosis in the development of preneoplastic epithelium will also be assessed. (3) Define the role of candidate growth factors and their receptors in the development of preneoplastic epithelium in H. felis-infected IL10-/- mice. Northern blot analysis, RNAse protection assays, and in situ hybridization techniques will be used to evaluate the level and spatial pattern of growth factor and growth factor receptor expression. Characterization of this model of Helicobacter-induced preneoplasia will enhance our understanding of the mechanism by which chronic H. pylori infection leads to gastric cancer in humans and may lead to new strategies for the prevention of gastric ulcer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IMMUNE RESPONSE TO H PYLORI GASTRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ochoa, Augusto C.; Associate Professor; Louisiana State Univ Hsc New Orleans New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 08-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects over half of the world's population and is associated with multiple disease states ranging from gastritis and duodenal ulcer to gastric cancer and lymphomas. The mechanisms leading from infection to malignancy are not clearly established, but are prominently associated with the type of inflammatory response to the bacteria. In addition to inducing an antibody response, H. pylori causes a T cell response which initially appears to be a Th1 type with the production of IL2, IFNgamma, and TNFalpha and the development of gastritis. The type of gastritis has been divided into two major categories by its histologic appearance, non-atrophic gastritis (NAG), generally associated with duodenal ulcer disease, and Multi-focal atrophic gastritis (MAG), associated with gastric ulcers, epithelial dysplasia and gastric cancer. Most of the previous work has studied the immune response on patients with NAG, while little is known on patients with MAG. Our preliminary data comparing both groups of patients shows an increased infiltration by B cells and an enhanced expression of HLA-DR expression in patients with NAG, which markedly decreases in patients with MAG. In contrast the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with MAG show a significantly increased production of IFNgamma, IL5 and IL10 after stimulation with H. pylori antigens. However, our data also shows that H. pylori can impair the T cell response by diminishing the proliferation to mitogens, altering the expression of signal transduction proteins and, in patients with MAG, increasing the production of arginase, an enzyme known to diminish the T cell response. Therefore our hypothesis is that the immune response to H. pylori antigens differs in patients with NAG and MAG and therefore plays a central role in determining the type of gastritis developed by the host and its possible progression to gastric malignancy. To test this hypothesis we have developed the following specific aims: 1. To Compare the local inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa of patients with Nonatrophic antral gastritis (NAG) and patients with Multi-focal atrophic gastritis (MAG) using histopathology, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. 2. To compare the cellular immune response of peripheral blood lymphocytes and gastric mucosa lymphocytes to H. pylori antigens in patients with NAG and MAG. 3. To

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identify the mechanisms by which H. pylori impairs T cell signal transduction and T cell function in patients with H. pylori induced gastritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: IN VIVO INVESTIGATIONS USING MICRODIALYSIS SAMPLING Principal Investigator & Institution: Lunte, Craig E.; Professor and Chair; Chemistry; University of Kansas Lawrence Youngberg Hall Lawrence, Ks 660457563 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-JUN-1991; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of this project is to develop microdialysis sampling methods and associated analytical techniques to study gastric ulcers. These techniques will then be used in a comparative study of ulcers induced by Heliobacter pylori and by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The target analytes in this system include histamine, bicarbonate/pH, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins. These compounds play a direct role in ulcer formation, serve a protective role, or are biomarkers for tissue status. Microdialysis sampling will form the basis for these studies and provide capabilities not previously available for studying ulcerated and healthy gastric tissue. Where previously, several animals had to be sacrificed to collect tissue for examination at each time point, microdialysis sampling provides for continuous sampling from the gastric tissue of each experimental animal over extended times. In addition, by implanting microdialysis probes at more than one point in the stomach, both healthy and ulcerated tissue can be studied in the same animal. The project will proceed in three stages. In the first stage, cell culture models will be utilized in vitro. In this manner specific cells lines can be studied in isolation. In the second stage of this project, excised stomach tissue will be used as a model system. Gastric ulcers will be induced by ethanol, acetic acid, indomethacin, and H. pylori. The stomach will then be excised and opened along the greater curvature for in vitro investigation using microdialysis sampling. Microdialysis probes will then be placed into ulcerated and healthy tissue. The final stage of this project will be to examine the healthy and ulcerated stomach tissue in vivo using microdialysis sampling. These methods will then be used in a comparative study of ulcers induced by H. pylori and NSAIDs. In particular, the role of mucus disruption versus acid efflux will be investigated. By continually monitoring the rate of mucus secretion versus acid secretion as a function time, the relative importance of these to processes in ulceration by the various inducers can be determined. This knowledge will aid in the development of advanced preventative and remedial treatments for ulcers resulting from different inducing agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISM OF DEPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN WISTAR-KYOTO RATS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tejani-Butt, Shanaz M.; Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of the Sciences Philadelphia in Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat has been proposed as a useful animal model in which to study the connection between stress responsiveness and vulnerability to depressive behavior. Physiologically, the WKY rat shows greater susceptibility to stress-induced gastric ulcers than other strains. Endocrine studies report that WKY rats have high levels of stress-induced adrenocorticotropin and low levels of corticotropin releasing hormone, suggesting a defective feedback in the

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hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Our research has revealed significant differences in central norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) sites in WKY rats when compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment with desipramine (a NE uptake blocker), but not paroxetine (a 5-HT uptake blocker), decreased immobility time in the Porsolt forced swim test, and reduced ulcer incidence, implicating the NE system in the mediation of depressive behavior in WKY rats. This grant is aimed at further substantiating the value of the WKY model, and is designed to determine the mechanisms that mediate the disease condition. Differential sensitivity to antidepressants with distinct pharmacological actions may provide useful information regarding the underlying substrates that contribute to a selective response in the WKY rat. Thus the central objective is to ascertain whether antidepressants that target specific neurotransmitter sites in the brain, will alleviate depressive behavior and attenuate the animal's responsiveness to stress. This behavioral response is expected to decrease ulcer susceptibility, modify feedback in the HPA axis, and reverse the characteristic NE and 5HT receptor alterations in the WKY rat. A positive answer to this objective will provide significant information regarding the mechanisms that underlie depressive behavior and ulcer susceptibility in this vulnerable rat strain. The information gained from this study could provide a better understanding of why a clinical response is observed in some populations of depressed patients, while a resistance in treatment response is seen in others. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UGI HEMORRHAGE AND BARRETTS EPITHELIUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Jensen, Dennis M.; Professor of Medicine; Ctr for Ulcer Research & Educ; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: My primary career goals related to this award are: 1) to pursue a program of investigator-initiated, hypothesis driven, high quality patient-oriented research in the specialty of digestive diseases, 2) to mentor young clinicians, with little or no research experience, in their career development as patient-oriented researchers, and 3) to continue to mentor and collaborate with other clinical researchers who are beyond the entry level as clinical investigators. Two NIH studies and several new collaborative studies support this research and mentoring proposal. The first NIH Grant, "Studies of UGI Hemorrhage and Endoscopic Hemostasis" evaluates patients with severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) from peptic ulcers, Dieulafoy's lesions, or Mallory Weiss tears. In three consecutive blinded, multicenter randomized trials, our hypothesis is that combination therapy (epinephrine and coagulation) will be significantly better than thermal therapy for initial hemostasis, reduction in early rebleeding rates, and reduction in hospital costs of care. The second NIH Grant, "Prevention of Ulcer Hemorrhage by H.pylori Eradication" is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized comparison of two different medical treatments to prevent recurrence of duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric ulcer (GU) bleeding. The overall hypotheses to be tested are that 1) eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection alone will cure most patients of their chronic peptic ulcers and will be substantially equivalent to H.pylori eradication plus full-dose H2RA maintenance in preventing recurrent ulcer hemorrhage and 2) ingestion of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or recurrence of H.pylori infection will account for all recurrences of ulcer hemorrhage during long-term follow-up. New collaborative studies are also proposed of Barrett's epithelium and prospective trials of variceal and non-variceal hemorrhage. In the mentoring program,

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new investigators will be trained to perform randomized prospective trials, endoscopic technology assessment studies, and patient-oriented research. This mentoring will be supplemented by didactic courses in biostatistics, seminars in study design, and other instruction in data management, form design for prospective trials, and protocol writing. Emphasis will be placed on planning, designing, and conducting actual prospective randomized studies. This award will enhance the applicant's research productivity and provide skilled mentoring for young investigators, so they can become independent patient-oriented investigators in digestive diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UREASE AND GENE EXPRESSION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI Principal Investigator & Institution: Mobley, Harry L.; Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-AUG-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Peptic ulcer disease is a common malady in the United States affecting up to 10% of men and 4% of women over their lifetimes. With manifestations such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, 500,000 new cases of duodenal ulcer and 100,000 new cases of gastric ulcer are diagnosed each year. Sequelae include gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative, microaerophilic spiralshaped bacterium is the most frequently cited etiologic agent of human gastritis and peptic ulceration. This species, whose niche is highly restricted to the gastric mucosa of humans, has adopted a strategy of survival that includes synthesis of urease as its most abundant cellular protein. Nickel ions are now recognized as a critical cofactor required for catalytic activity of urease and are necessary for induction of certain H. pylori genes and repression of others. We propose that this ion serves as an important environmental cue in the gastric mucosa that up-regulates H. pylori genes needed for colonization of this hostile niche. Nickel acquisition, mediated in part by the 8-transmembrane domainNixA nickel transport protein, in H. pylori could be viewed as important as is iron acquisition for other bacterial pathogens. In the current proposal, we hypothesize that a network of ion transport, ion-binding, and ion-chaperoning proteins modulate urease activity and virulence of H. pylori. To test this hypothesis, we propose as Specific Aims to use molecular genetic, genomic, proteomic, and bacterial physiological methodology to: 1) Identify genes up-regulated in response to nickel ion limitation in vitro; 2) Determine the transcriptome of H. pylori in vivo and the effect of pH change and nickel limitation; and 3) Correlate gene expression of ion homeostasis genes with urease synthesis, urease activity and nickel insertion into the urease apoenzyme. The transcriptome of H. pylori 26695 and selected mutants, cultured in vitro and in vitro, will be quantified using H. pylori-specific macroarrays. Genomic results will be validated by kinetic RT-PCR. Newly discovered ion homeostasis genes will be subjected to mutagenesis and virulence studies in the Mongolian gerbil model of infection. Alternative methods will include 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis. The long-term goals of the study are to understand the mechanism by which H. pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa and to identity more effective targets for therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for gastric ulcer in the PubMed Central database: •

Divergent effects of new cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulcer healing: Shifting the angiogenic balance. by Ma L, del Soldato P, Wallace JL.; 2002 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130618

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Efficacy of a paste formulation of omeprazole for the treatment of naturally occurring gastric ulcers in training standardbred racehorses in Canada. by Doucet MY, Vrins AA, Dionne R, Alva R, Ericsson G.; 2003 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=340210

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Occurrence of gastric ulcers in gnotobiotic piglets colonized by Helicobacter pylori. by Krakowka S, Eaton KA, Rings DM.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173310

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Platelets modulate gastric ulcer healing: Role of endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor release. by Ma L, Elliott SN, Cirino G, Buret A, Ignarro LJ, Wallace JL.; 2001 May 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33492

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with gastric ulcer, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “gastric ulcer” (or 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for gastric ulcer (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A bleeding gastric ulcer on a vanishing tumor caused by anisakiasis. Author(s): Takeuchi K, Hanai H, Iida T, Suzuki S, Isobe S. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 October; 52(4): 549-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11023580

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A comparison study of gastric cancer risk in patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer: roles of gastric mucosal histology and p53 codon 72 polymorphism. Author(s): Zhang ZW, Newcomb P, Hollowood A, Moganaden, Gupta J, Feakins R, Storey A, Farthing MJ, Alderson D, Holly J. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2004 February; 49(2): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15104366

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A giant gastric ulcer caused by mucormycosis infection in a patient with renal transplantation. Author(s): Sheu BS, Lee PC, Yang HB. Source: Endoscopy. 1998 June; 30(5): S60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693911

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A multiple gastric ulcer case caused by cytomegalovirus infection. Author(s): Suzuki M, Ochi Y, Hosokawa S, Uemura N, Hosoi K, Kuniyoshi N, Inoue S, Matsuda M, Kishi S, Matsuoka R. Source: Tokushima J Exp Med. 1996 December; 43(3-4): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9100466

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A multiple logistic regression analysis of risk factors in different subtypes of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Chen MH, Wu MS, Lee WC, Wang HP, Lin JT. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 March-April; 49(44): 589-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11995504

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A rare gastric ulcer complication: the gastrocolic fistula. A case report. Author(s): Cennamo A, Falsetto A, De Pascale V, Gallo G, della Corte M. Source: Chir Ital. 2001 November-December; 53(6): 869-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824065

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A single night time dose of ranitidine in the acute treatment of gastric ulcer: a European multicentre trial. Author(s): Ryan FP, Jorde R, Ehsanullah RS, Summers K, Wood JR. Source: Gut. 1986 July; 27(7): 784-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3525337

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A trial of lansoprazole in refractory gastric ulcer. Author(s): van Rensburg CJ, Louw JA, Girdwood AH, Simjee AE, Marks IN. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1996 June; 10(3): 381-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8791967

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A workplace-based case-control study of gastric ulcer among male municipal employees in Japan. Author(s): Hamajima N, Aoki K, Sasaki R, Yamada T, Asano A, Mizuno S. Source: Jpn J Med. 1987 August; 26(3): 326-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3694916

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ABC of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Pathophysiology of duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. Author(s): Calam J, Baron JH. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 October 27; 323(7319): 980-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679389

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Aberrant pancreatic tissue causing gastric ulcer and pyloric obstruction. Author(s): Patil PU, Shenoy V, Rao PL. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1995 August; 32(8): 930-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8635844

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Accuracy of radiologic and endoscopic diagnosis of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Gjorup T, Agner E, Bording Jensen L, Morup Jensen A, Mollmann KM. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 1987 July-August; 28(4): 421-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2958056

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Acute oral selenium intoxication with ten times the lethal dose resulting in deep gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kise Y, Yoshimura S, Akieda K, Umezawa K, Okada K, Yoshitake N, Shiramizu H, Yamamoto I, Inokuchi S. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2004 February; 26(2): 183-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14980341

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Amelioration of acromegaly after pituitary infarction due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage from gastric ulcer. Author(s): Imaki T, Yamada S, Harada S, Tsuchiya M, Sano T, Demura H. Source: Endocrine Journal. 1999 February; 46(1): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10426579

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An endoscopic study on relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and endoscopic gastric ulcer scars. Author(s): Sakaki N, Momma K, Yamada Y, Egawa N, Ishiwata J. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1995 May; 40(5): 1087-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7729269

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An uncommon aetiology of perforated gastric ulcer. Author(s): Ahmad M, Vaidyan P, Ahmed A. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1999 February; 75(880): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10448478

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APACHE II score: a useful tool for risk assessment and an aid to decision-making in emergency operation for bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Wang BW, Mok KT, Chang HT, Liu SI, Chou NH, Tsai CC, Chen IS. Source: Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1998 September; 187(3): 287-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9740186

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Association of polymorphisms of interleukin-1 beta gene and Helicobacter pylori infection with the risk of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Chang YT, Wu MS, Shun CT, Lin MT, Chang MC, Lin JT. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 September-October; 49(47): 1474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12239970

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Atypical histiocytic infiltration simulating diffuse-type carcinoma in a gastric ulcer due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Arista-Nasr J, Nuncio J, Martinez B. Source: Pathology Oncology Research : Por. 2002; 8(4): 272-4. Epub 2003 February 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12579215

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Autoimmune pancreatitis is closely associated with gastric ulcer presenting with abundant IgG4-bearing plasma cell infiltration. Author(s): Shinji A, Sano K, Hamano H, Unno H, Fukushima M, Nakamura N, Akamatsu T, Kawa S, Kiyosawa K. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2004 April; 59(4): 506-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15044886

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Basal and somatostatin-stimulated gastric intraluminal prostaglandin E2 in patients with gastric ulcer and with gastric adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Materia A, Silecchia G, Genco A, Spaziani E, De Leo A, Pizzuto G, Basso N. Source: Digestion. 1990; 45(3): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1973675

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Benign gastric ulcer and cimetidine: questions about study design. Author(s): Sachere AB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985 October; 103(4): 636-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3898957

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Benign gastric ulcer associated with Canidida infection in a healthy adult. Author(s): Hirasaki S, Koide N, Ogawa H, Tsuji T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 34(6): 688-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10588185

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Benign gastric ulcer masquerading as a submucosal tumor. Author(s): Mergener K, Washington MK, Pappas TN, Sharara AI. Source: Endoscopy. 1997 May; 29(4): 331. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9255545

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Benign gastric ulcer with life-threatening hemorrhage. Author(s): Stafford ES, Ballinger WF 2nd, Zuidema GD, Cameron JL. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1967 June; 165(6): 967-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6026315

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Benign gastric ulcer: a reliable radiologic diagnosis? Author(s): Thompson G, Somers S, Stevenson GW. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1983 August; 141(2): 331-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6603129

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Benign gastric ulcer: an eight-year follow-up study. Author(s): Walters JM, McCarthy CF. Source: Ir Med J. 1985 April; 78(4): 89-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3997452

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Bile acid and lysolecithin concentrations in the stomach of patients with gastric ulcer: before operation and after treatment by highly selective vagotomy, Billroth I partial gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Author(s): Dewar EP, King RF, Johnston D. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1983 July; 70(7): 401-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6871619

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Bile reflux and degree of gastritis in patients with gastric ulcer: before and after operation. Author(s): Dewar P, Dixon MF, Johnston D. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1984 October; 37(4): 277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6482420

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Billroth I versus Billroth II partial gastrectomy in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Bechi P, Naspetti R, Mazzanti R, Castiglione G, Tonelli P, Amorosi A, Tonelli L. Source: Ital J Surg Sci. 1988; 18(4): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3229972

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Bismuth-free triple therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori and reducing the gastric ulcer recurrence rate. Author(s): Karita M, Morshed MG, Ouchi K, Okita K. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 July; 89(7): 1032-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8017361

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Bleeding from a tuberculous gastric ulcer. Author(s): Weissman D, Gumaste VV, Dave PB, Keh W. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 June; 85(6): 742-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2353696

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Bleeding from gastric ulcer halted by laparoscopic suture ligation. Author(s): Kitano S, Kawanaka H, Tomikawa M, Hirabayashi H, Hashizume M, Sugimachi K. Source: Surgical Endoscopy. 1994 May; 8(5): 405-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8073357

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Bleeding from gastric ulcer in portal hypertension. Author(s): Singh DS, Gupta SS, Gupta R, Gambhir IS, Sundar S, Agrawal AK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 1990 July; 38(7): 518-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2292570

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Bleeding gastric ulcer complicating splenosis in type 1 Gaucher's disease. Author(s): Chiarugi M, Martino MC, Buccianti P, Goletti O. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1996 January; 162(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8679766

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Bleeding gastric ulcer: a complication from gastrostomy tube replacement. Author(s): Delatore J, Boylan JJ. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2000 April; 51(4 Pt 1): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10744827

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Bleeding gastric ulcer: a prospective evaluation of rebleeding and mortality. Author(s): Branicki FJ, Boey J, Fok PJ, Pritchett CJ, Fan ST, Lai EC, Mok FP, Wong WS, Lam SK, Hui WM, et al. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1989 July; 59(7): 551-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2751545

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Bleeding giant gastric ulcer. Author(s): Yii MK, Hunt PS. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1996 August; 66(8): 540-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712988

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Body-fundic gastric ulcer and Helicobacter pylori: muco-peptic cells expansion (immature cells) in Helicobacter pylori positive patients. Author(s): Testino G, Testino R. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 1997; 27(5): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9460510

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Brunner's adenoma, esophageal reflux and gastric ulcer. A case report. Author(s): Cavallaro G, Albanese V, Taranto F, Pustorino S, Baldari S. Source: Chir Ital. 2000 November-December; 52(6): 703-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200007

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Campylobacter-like organisms and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Pym BM, Eckstein RP, Piper DW, Stiel D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1986 March 31; 144(7): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3959954

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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 13-1995. A 35-year-old woman with recurrent bleeding from a gastric ulcer after treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. Author(s): Van Dam J, Graeme-Cook FM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995 April 27; 332(17): 1153-9. Erratum In: N Engl J Med 1995 July 27; 333(4): 267. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7700290

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Changes in glutathione in gastric mucosa of gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Hirokawa K, Kawasaki H. Source: Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1995 May; 88(2): 163-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7670848

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Changes in serum pepsinogen, gastrin, and immunoglobulin G antibody titers in helicobacter pylori-positive gastric ulcer after eradication of infection. Author(s): Ohkusa T, Takashimizu I, Fujiki K, Araki A, Honda K, Shimoi K, Sakurazawa T, Horiuchi T, Suzuki S, Ariake K, Ishii K. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997 July; 25(1): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9412911

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Changes in vasoactive substances during gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Hashimoto H, Akimoto M, Maeda A, Shigemoto M, Yamashita K, Yokoyama I. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000 November; 36(5 Suppl 1): S27881. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11078398

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Changes of nitric oxide and growth factors during gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Akimoto M, Hashimoto H, Shigemoto M, Yamashita K, Yokoyama I. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2000 November; 36(5 Suppl 1): S282-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11078399

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Chronic duodenal and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Mulholland MW, Debas HT. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 1987 June; 67(3): 489-507. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3296250

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Chronic gastritis in patients with gastric ulcer; a 10-year follow-up. Author(s): Niemela S, Karttunen T, Kerola T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 May; 30(5): 428-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7638567

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CMV gastric ulcer as the presenting manifestation of AIDS. Author(s): Vachon GC, Brown BS, Kim C, Chessin LN. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 February; 90(2): 319-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7847313

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Combination therapy of ecabet sodium and cimetidine compared with cimetidine alone for gastric ulcer: prospective randomized multicenter study. Author(s): Murata H, Kawano S, Tsuji S, Kamada T, Matsuzawa Y, Katsu K, Inoue K, Kobayashi K, Mitsufuji S, Bamba T, Kawasaki H, Kajiyama G, Umegaki E, Inoue M, Saito I. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2003 September; 18(9): 1029-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12911658

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Comparison of once daily doses of lansoprazole (15, 30, and 60 mg) and placebo in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Avner DL, Movva R, Nelson KJ, McFarland M, Berry W, Erfling W. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 August; 90(8): 1289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7639232

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Comparison of once-daily doses of omeprazole (40 and 20 mg) and placebo in the treatment of benign gastric ulcer: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. Author(s): Valenzuela JE, Kogut DG, McCullough AJ, Colon Pagan JR, Shah U, Whipple J, Gilde LR, Simon TJ. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1996 December; 91(12): 2516-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8946978

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Comparison of rabeprazole 20 mg vs. omeprazole 20 mg in the treatment of active gastric ulcer--a European multicentre study. The European Rabeprazole Study Group. Author(s): Dekkers CP, Beker JA, Thjodleifsson B, Gabryelewicz A, Bell NE, Humphries TJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1998 August; 12(8): 789-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9726393

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Concordance between noninvasive tests in detecting Helicobacter pylori and potential use of serology for monitoring eradication in gastric ulcer. Author(s): Bermejo F, Boixeda D, Gisbert JP, Sanz JM, Canton R, Defarges V, Martin-deArgila C. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2000 September; 31(2): 137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10993429

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CT demonstration of gastropancreatic fistula due to penetrating gastric ulcer. Author(s): Hughes JJ, Blunck CE. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1987 July-August; 11(4): 709-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3597900

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Cure of gastric ulcer disease after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection--German Gastric Ulcer Study. Author(s): Bayerdorffer E, Miehlke S, Lehn N, Mannes GA, Hochter W, Weingart J, Klann H, Sommer A, Heldwein W, Hatz R, Simon T, Bolle KH, Bastlein E, Meining A, Ruckdeschel G, Stolte M. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1996 April; 8(4): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8781903

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Cure of peptic gastric ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Finnish Gastric Ulcer Study Group. Author(s): Seppala K, Pikkarainen P, Sipponen P, Kivilaakso E, Gormsen MH. Source: Gut. 1995 June; 36(6): 834-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7615269

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Cytomegalovirus-associated gastric ulcer in an immunosuppressed patient with pemphigus vulgaris. Author(s): Orton DI, Orteu CH, Rustin MH. Source: Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 2001 March; 26(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11298108

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Cytomegalovirus-associated perforated gastric ulcer healing under antiviral therapy. Author(s): Howaizi M, Abboura M, Sbai-Idrissi MS, Djabbari M, Auberger E. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 October; 47(10): 2380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12395911

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Diagnostic value of some subjective and objective symptoms of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Grebenev AL, Sheptulin AA. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1992 April-June; 24(2): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1307774

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Dietary habits and daily symptoms in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Harju E. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1985 April-June; 27(2): 67-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4069729

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Difference in the distribution pattern of Helicobacter pylori and grade of gastritis in the antrum and in the body between duodenal ulcer and benign gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Kim N, Choi WR, Song CH, Sheen DH, Yang SS, Lee JY, Han YJ, Lim SH, Lee KH, Choi SE. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2000 January; 15(1): 32-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10714089

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Difference of interdigestive gastroduodenal motility and duodenal pH between duodenal and gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Sekiguchi T, Nishioka T, Kogure M, Kusano M, Sugiyama M, Fukagawa H, Kobayashi S. Source: Nippon Heikatsukin Gakkai Zasshi. 1985 July; 21 Suppl: 113-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3831519

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Differences in decorin and biglycan expression in patients with gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Schonherr E, Lugering N, Stoll R, Domschke W, Kresse H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 August; 32(8): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9282970

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Different HCl and pepsinogen I secretion patterns in anatomically defined gastric ulcer subsets. Author(s): Albillos A, Alvarez-Mon M, Rossi I, Gonzalo MA, Marin MC, Abreu L. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 May; 85(5): 535-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2337056

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Differing patterns of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in patients with duodenal, prepyloric, and gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Schultze V, Hackelsberger A, Gunther T, Miehlke S, Roessner A, Malfertheiner P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 February; 33(2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9517523

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Divergent effects of new cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulcer healing: Shifting the angiogenic balance. Author(s): Ma L, del Soldato P, Wallace JL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 October 1; 99(20): 13243-7. Epub 2002 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12232050

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Do symptoms of gastric ulcer become less frequent with time? Author(s): McIntosh JH, Hudson HM, Piper DW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987 June; 22(5): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3629182

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Does portal hypertension contribute to the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer associated with liver cirrhosis? Author(s): Kitano S, Dolgor B. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000; 35(2): 79-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10680661

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Does the depth of gastric ulceration influence a modified dual therapy with amoxicillin and lansoprazole for Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric ulcer? Author(s): Okai T, Ohtsubo K, Sakai J, Watanabe H, Motoo Y, Kawashima A, Sawabu N. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2000 October; 14(9): 761-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11064311

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Double pylorus accompanied by gastric ulcer resistant to H2-receptor antagonist--a case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Yoshimura Y, Yasutake K, Imamura Y, Oimomi M. Source: The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences. 1988 August; 34(4): 151-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2905754

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Double-blind comparison of lansoprazole 15 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg, and placebo in the maintenance of healed gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kovacs TO, Campbell D, Haber M, Rose P, Jennings DE, Richter J. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 April; 43(4): 779-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9558034

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Double-blind trial of omeprazole and amoxicillin in the cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric ulcer patients. The Ulcer Study Group, Germany. Author(s): Meining A, Hochter W, Weingart J, Sommer A, Klann H, Simon T, Huber F, Bolle KH, Hatz R, Fischer G, Lehn N, Stolte M, Bayerdorffer E. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 January; 33(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9489908

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Duodenal and gastric ulcer healing rates: a review. Author(s): Legerton CW Jr. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1984 November 19; 77(5B): 2-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6095656

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Duodenogastric bile reflux in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Niemela S, Heikkila J, Lehtola J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1984 October; 19(7): 896-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6531659

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Duodenogastric reflux in patients with gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Boyle JM, Neiderhiser DH, Dworken HJ. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1984 January; 103(1): 14-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6690637

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Duodenogastric reflux in patients with upper abdominal complaints or gastric ulcer with particular reference to reflux-associated gastritis. Author(s): Niemela S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1985; 115: 1-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3863229

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Dyspepsia is a predictor of ulcer relapse at the early stage of posteradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with active gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sanaka M, Sakaki N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 November; 96(11): 3219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11721789

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Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on the benign gastric ulcer recurrence--a 24 month follow-up study. Author(s): Kim N, Oh JH, Lee CG, Lim C, Won KH, Choi WR, Lee SH, Lim SH, Lee KH. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 1999 July; 14(2): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10461419

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Effect of H. pylori status on gastric ulcer healing in patients continuing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy and receiving treatment with lansoprazole or ranitidine. Author(s): Campbell DR, Haber MM, Sheldon E, Collis C, Lukasik N, Huang B, Goldstein JL. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 September; 97(9): 2208-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12358234

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Effects of cigarette smoking on gastric ulcer formation and healing: possible mechanisms of action. Author(s): Ma L, Chow JY, Cho CH. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998; 27 Suppl 1: S80-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9872502

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Effects of gastrojejunostomy on pancreatic and gastric carcinoma, pancreatitis, gastric ulcer and other disease states of the gastro-intestinal tract. Author(s): Premaratne S, Behling AF, McNamara JJ. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1998 December; 40(4): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9973818

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Effects of omeprazole and famotidine on fibroblast growth factor-2 during artificial gastric ulcer healing in humans. Author(s): Esaki M, Aoyagi K, Matsumoto T, Kuwano Y, Shimizu M, Fujishima M. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2002 April; 14(4): 365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11943947

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Effects of ranitidine or nocloprost on the selected gastric juice components in the patients with the gastric ulcer. Author(s): Skrodzka D, Gabryelewicz A. Source: Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 1997; 42(1): 257-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9581490

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Effects of rebamipide in combination with lansoprazole and amoxicillin on Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Kato M, Asaka M, Sugiyama T, Kudo M, Nishikawa K, Sukegawa M, Hokari K, Katagiri M, Sato F, Kagaya H, Takeda H. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1998 September; 43(9 Suppl): 198S-202S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9753250

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Effects of rebamipide, a gastro-protective drug on the Helicobacter pylori status and inflammation in the gastric mucosa of patients with gastric ulcer: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Author(s): Fujioka T, Arakawa T, Shimoyama T, Yoshikawa T, Itoh M, Asaka M, Ishii H, Kuwayama H, Sato R, Kawai S, Takemoto T, Kobayashi K. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 July; 18 Suppl 1: 146-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925153

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Effects of trimebutine maleate on gastric motility in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kamiya T, Nagao T, Andou T, Misu N, Kobayashi Y, Hirako M, Hara M, Fujinami T. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 December; 33(6): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9853554

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Elevated serum pepsinogen I and II levels differ as risk factors for duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Samloff IM, Stemmermann GN, Heilbrun LK, Nomura A. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 March; 90(3): 570-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3943688

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Elevation of TFF1 gene expression during healing of gastric ulcer at non-ulcerated sites in the stomach: semiquantification using the single tube method of polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Saitoh T, Mochizuki T, Suda T, Aoyagi Y, Tsukada Y, Narisawa R, Asakura H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2000 June; 15(6): 604-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10921412

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Endoscopic band ligation for gastric ulcer bleeding. Author(s): Banerjee B, Trivedi MH, Swied AM. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques. 2000 August; 10(4): 246-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10961756

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Endoscopic treatment of hemorrhagic gastric ulcer in patients aged 80 years or more. Author(s): Yamaguchi Y, Yamato T, Katsumi N, Hashimoto T, Morozumi K, Sugiyama M, Ishida H, Takahashi S. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2001 July-August; 48(40): 1195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11490832

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Enhanced mucosal expression of interleukin-6 mRNA but not of interleukin-8 mRNA at the margin of gastric ulcer in Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis. Author(s): Furukawa K, Takahashi T, Arai F, Matsushima K, Asakura H. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 October; 33(5): 625-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9773925

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Epidermal growth factor in gastric ulcer healing by nocloprost, a stable prostaglandin E2 derivative. Author(s): Konturek JW, Hengst K, Konturek SJ, Domschke W. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997 October; 32(10): 980-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9361169

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Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with intractable gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sugiyama T, Asaka M. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 September 1; 18(5): 544-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12950429

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Esophageal necrosis and bleeding gastric ulcer secondary to ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm. Author(s): Watanabe S, Nagashima R, Shimazaki Y, Takahashi T, Takeda F, Tamura M, Takahashi T. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1999 December; 50(6): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10570351

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Evaluation of endoscopic hemostasis with metallic hemoclips for bleeding gastric ulcer: comparison with endoscopic injection of absolute ethanol in a prospective, randomized study. Author(s): Shimoda R, Iwakiri R, Sakata H, Ogata S, Kikkawa A, Ootani H, Oda K, Ootani A, Tsunada S, Fujimoto K. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003 October; 98(10): 2198-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14572568

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Evidence for participation of gliostatin/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Kasugai K, Joh T, Kataoka H, Sasaki M, Tada T, Asai K, Kato T, Itoh M. Source: Life Sciences. 1997; 61(19): 1899-906. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9364194

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Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and c-met receptor in gastric mucosa during gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Hori K, Shiota G, Kawasaki H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2000 January; 35(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672830

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Factors in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. Hunterian lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 18th January 1966. Author(s): Capper WM. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1967 January; 40(1): 21-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5334314

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Factors influencing the healing rate of chronic gastric ulcer. Author(s): Herrmann RP, Piper DW. Source: Am J Dig Dis. 1973 January; 18(1): 1-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4682013

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Factors influencing the healing rate of gastric ulcer in hospitalised subjects. Author(s): Okada M, Yao T, Fuchigami T, Imamura K, Omae T. Source: Gut. 1984 August; 25(8): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6378733

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Factors influencing the healing rate of gastric ulcer under treatment with cimetidine. Author(s): Okada M, Yao T, Imamura K, Maeda K, Yamamoto T, Koga T, Fuchigami T, Iida M, Okada Y. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1989 May; 84(5): 501-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2719006

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Factors related to the failure of endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sharma VK, Howden CW. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1997 July; 46(1): 95-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9260722

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Factors related to the failure of endoscopic injection therapy for bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Brullet E, Campo R, Calvet X, Coroleu D, Rivero E, Simo Deu J. Source: Gut. 1996 August; 39(2): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8977333

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Factors relevant to the prognosis of chronic gastric ulcer. Author(s): Piper DW, Greig M, Coupland GA, Hobbin E, Shinners J. Source: Gut. 1975 September; 16(9): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1193427

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Famotidine (MK-208) in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Results of a multicenter double-blind controlled study. Author(s): Paoluzi P, Torsoli A, Bianchi Porro G, Lazzaroni M, Barbara L, Corinaldesi R, Blasi A, Mangiameli A, Carratelli L, Cheli R, et al. Source: Digestion. 1985; 32 Suppl 1: 38-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2866135

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Famotidine once-a-day in the therapy of acute, benign gastric ulcer: a worldwide experience. Author(s): Simon B, Muller P, Dammann HG. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1987; 9 Suppl 2: 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2887614

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Famotidine: nocturnal administration for gastric ulcer healing. Results of multicenter trials in Austria and Germany. Author(s): Dammann HG, Walter TA, Hentschel E, Muller P, Simon B. Source: Digestion. 1985; 32 Suppl 1: 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3905468

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Famotidine: proven once-a-day treatment for gastric ulcer. Author(s): Dammann HG, Walter TA, Hentschel E, Muller P, Simon B. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1987; 134: 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3310200

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Fetal gastric ulcer presenting with bloody amniotic fluid. Author(s): Wen HH, Chen MH, Ho MM, Hwang KC. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1992 November; 15(4): 4557. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1469531

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Focal lesion of African histoplasmosis presenting as a malignant gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sanguino JC, Rodrigues B, Baptista A, Quina M. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1996 May-June; 43(9): 771-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8799429

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Follow up study on gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kishi S, Nakanishi T, Kitamura Y, Urakami Y, Ito S, Nishioka Y, Mori H. Source: Tokushima J Exp Med. 1978 December; 25(3-4): 159-62. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=752998

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Follow-up endoscopic study of gastric mucosal changes secondary to gastric ulcer. Author(s): Chang FM, Saito T, Ashizawa S. Source: Endoscopy. 1978 February; 10(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=631093

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Follow-up of Helicobacter pylori positive gastritis and argyrophil cells pattern during the natural course of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Maaroos HI, Havu N, Sipponen P. Source: Helicobacter. 1998 March; 3(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9546116

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Food-stimulated acid secretion measured by intragastric titration with bicarbonate in patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer disease and in controls. Author(s): Bodemar G, Walan A, Lundquist G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1978; 13(8): 911-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=31674

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Freeze-fracture and immunohistochemical studies of gap junctions in human gastric mucosa with special reference to their relationship to gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma. Author(s): Ohkusa T, Fujiki K, Tamura Y, Yamamoto M, Kyoi T. Source: Microscopy Research and Technique. 1995 June 15; 31(3): 226-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7670161

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From the Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology. LSU Medical Center, Shreveport. Benign gastric ulcer and H pylori infection. Author(s): Morrison JM, Veillon D, Gonzalez E. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1991 December; 143(12): 13-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1779188

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Further surgical management of gastric ulcer with unsuspected malignant change. Author(s): Desmond AM, Nicholls J, Brown C. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1975 August; 57(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1163948

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Gastric cancer in chronic atrophic gastritis. Associated gastric ulcer adds no further risk. Author(s): Testoni PA, Masci E, Marchi R, Guslandi M, Ronchi G, Tittobello A. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1987 June; 9(3): 298-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3611683

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Gastric histologic findings in patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugassociated gastric ulcer. Author(s): Haber MM, Lopez I. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1999 June; 12(6): 592-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10392635

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Gastric ulcer as a rare complication of percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Seki S, Kitada T, Otogawa K, Yamada T, Sakaguchi H, Nakamura K. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 March; 97(3): 770-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922588

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Gastric ulcer bleeding: diagnosis by computed tomography. Author(s): Voloudaki A, Tsagaraki K, Mouzas J, Gourtsoyiannis N. Source: European Journal of Radiology. 1999 June; 30(3): 245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10452725

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Gastric ulcer disease in infants: US findings. Author(s): Hayden CK Jr, Swischuk LE, Rytting JE. Source: Radiology. 1987 July; 164(1): 131-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3295986

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Gastric ulcer formation after the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake: a case study of Helicobacter pylori infection and stress-induced gastric ulcers. Author(s): Matsushima Y, Aoyama N, Fukuda H, Kinoshita Y, Todo A, Himeno S, Fujimoto S, Kasuga M, Nakase H, Chiba T. Source: Helicobacter. 1999 June; 4(2): 94-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10382122

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Gastric ulcer penetrating the anterior abdominal wall: ultrasound diagnosis. Author(s): Coulier B, Maldague P, Broze B. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 2003 March-April; 28(2): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12592474

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Gastric ulcer penetrating to liver diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. Author(s): Kayacetin E, Kayacetin S. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2004 June 15; 10(12): 1838-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15188520

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Gastric ulcer perforation in heart-lung transplant patient: a successful case of early surgical intervention and management. Author(s): Paik HC, Kim do H, Lee DY, Yoon DS, Lee JH. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 2003 December 30; 44(6): 1094-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14703623

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Gastric ulcer presenting as gastroesophageal reflux and apnea in a term neonate. Author(s): Skinner S, Naqvi M, Biskinis EK. Source: Tex Med. 1998 September; 94(9): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9747146

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Gastric ulcer, motility, and trimebutine. Author(s): Tanaka M. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 December; 33(6): 916-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9853573

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Gastric ulcer: a double blind comparison of 800 mcg misoprostol versus 300 mg ranitidine. Author(s): Gonvers JJ, Aenishanslin W, Backwinkel K, Bretholz A, Egger G, Feyerabend H, Fumagalli I, Guller R, Hammer B, Mattle WP, et al. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1987 October; 34(5): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3119449

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Gastrin (G) cells in chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. An immunohistochemical and electrono-optical study by gastric endoscopy. Author(s): Tasca C, Stefaneanu L. Source: Morphol Embryol (Bucur). 1986 July-September; 32(3): 187-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2945100

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Gastrocolic fistula caused by benign gastric ulcer in the patient who has not had prior operation. Case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Frikker MJ, Lucas RJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1986 August; 52(8): 446-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3729185

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Gastrocolic fistulae as a consequence of benign gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Marschall J, Bigsby R, Nechala P. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 2003 July; 17(7): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12915918

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Gastropericardial fistula complicating benign gastric ulcer: case report. Author(s): Simice P, Zwirewich CV. Source: Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal = Journal L'association Canadienne Des Radiologistes. 2000 August; 51(4): 244-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10976245

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Genotypes of Helicobacter pylori obtained from gastric ulcer patients taking or not taking NSAIDs. Author(s): Li L, Kelly LK, Ayub K, Graham DY, Go MF. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 June; 94(6): 1502-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10364014

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Giant gastric ulcer in a body packer. Author(s): Miller JS, Hendren SK, Liscum KR. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1998 September; 45(3): 617-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9751562

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Giant gastric ulcer: its natural history and outcome in the H2RA era. Author(s): Raju GS, Bardhan KD, Royston C, Beresford J. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 December; 94(12): 3478-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10606307

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Healing of chronic gastric ulcer depends on gastric mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. Author(s): Mine T, Kataoka A, Fujisaki J, Sato E, Yasuda H, Inaba Y, Akimoto K, Mashima H, Ogata E. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1994 April; 41(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8056395

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Healing of gastric ulcer associated with paraesophageal hernia after hernial reduction. Author(s): Rakic S, Pesko P, Dunjic M, Gerzic Z. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1992 April; 163(4): 443-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1558286

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Helicobacter heilmannii related gastric ulcer in childhood. Author(s): Sykora J, Hejda V, Varvarovska J, Stozicky F, Gottrand F, Siala K. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2003 March; 36(3): 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12604985

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Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric ulcer healing--comparison of three pantoprazole-based triple therapies. Author(s): Malfertheiner P, Kirchner T, Kist M, Leodolter A, Peitz U, Strobel S, Bohuschke M, Gatz G; BYK Advanced Gastric Ulcer Study Group. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2003 May 1; 17(9): 1125-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12752349

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Helicobacter pylori eradication down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Danese S, Papa A, Gasbarrini A, Ricci R, Maggiano N. Source: Gastroenterology. 2004 January; 126(1): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14753215

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Helicobacter pylori eradication in the healing and recurrence of benign gastric ulcer: a two-year, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Author(s): Lazzaroni M, Perego M, Bargiggia S, Maconi G, Fiocca R, Solcia E, Franceschi M, Cesana B, Bianchi Porro G. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 June; 29(3): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9646213

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Helicobacter pylori in duodenal and gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Rauws EJ, Tytgat GN. Source: Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1995 September; 9(3): 529-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8563052

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Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric secretion in duodenal and gastric ulcer patients--the effect of eradication after one year. Author(s): Laszewicz W, Zaremba-Woroniecka A, Gabryelewicz A. Source: Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : an Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 1997 September; 48(3): 353-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9376618

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Helicobacter pylori, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Graham JR. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 December 12; 335(24): 1842; Author Reply 1842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8965893

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Helicobacter pylori, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Rubin CE. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 December 12; 335(24): 1841-2; Author Reply 1842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8965892

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Helicobacter pylori, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Mitchell HM, Hazell SL. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 December 12; 335(24): 1841; Author Reply 1842-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8965891

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Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric ulcer exhibits enhanced mucosal chemokine activity at the ulcer site. Author(s): Shimizu T, Kusugami K, Ina K, Imada A, Nishio Y, Hosokawa T, Ohsuga M, Shimada M, Noshiro M, Kaneko H, Ando T. Source: Digestion. 2000; 62(2-3): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11025355

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Helicobacter pylori-associated large gastric ulcer during treatment for childhood leukemia. Author(s): Fioredda F, Haupt R, Castagnola E, Barabino A, Micalizzi C, Dini G, Dufour C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 2002 December; 24(9): 759-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12468920

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Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric ulcer. Author(s): Borody TJ, Brandl S, Andrews P, Jankiewicz E, Ostapowicz N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 October; 87(10): 1403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1415095

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Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis and gastric ulcer. A continuum of progressive epithelial degeneration. Author(s): Leung KM, Hui PK, Chan WY, Thomas TM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1992 December; 98(6): 569-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1462954

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High gastric ulcer. Author(s): Jensen HE, Hoffmann J, Wille-Jorgensen P. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1987 June; 11(3): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3604240

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Histological evaluation of connective tissue components in the healing process of human gastric ulcer. Author(s): Miyata A, Goto H, Niwa Y, Hayakawa T, Nagasaka T, Nakashima N. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1997 SeptemberOctober; 24(9-10): 714-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9315375

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HTLV-I carrier status disclosed at diagnosis of cytomegalovirus gastric ulcer. Author(s): Watanabe J, Hatake K, Ogata E. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2002 November; 43(11): 2237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12533056

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Human chronic gastric ulcer and connexin. Author(s): Mine T, Yusuda H, Kataoka A, Tajima A, Nagasawa J, Takano T. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995; 21 Suppl 1: S104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8775000

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Identical 24-hour intragastric pH response to low continuous infusion doses of famotidine in active gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Espitia VR, Yamaoka K, Tanaka J, Kisu T. Source: Intern Med. 1992 March; 31(3): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1611178

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Identification of H. pylori strain specific DNA sequences between two clinical isolates from NUD and gastric ulcer by SSH. Author(s): Han FC, Gong M, Ng HC, Ho B. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 August; 9(8): 1747-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12918113

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Images in cardiology: Pneumopyopericardium, complicating penetrating gastric ulcer. Author(s): Knudsen AS, Jensen SE, Egeblad H. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2001 March; 85(3): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11179266

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Images in clinical medicine. An aspirin tablet and a gastric ulcer. Author(s): Levy DJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 September 21; 343(12): 863. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10995866

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Images in clinical medicine. Briskly bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Vashi P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998 March 19; 338(12): 811. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9504942

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Immunohistochemical studies of transforming growth factor-beta and its receptors in the gastric mucosa of patients with refractory gastric ulcer. Author(s): Shih SC, Chien CL, Tseng KW, Lin SC, Kao CR. Source: J Formos Med Assoc. 1999 September; 98(9): 613-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10560237

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Inadvertent endoscopic application of a hemoclip to the splenic artery through a perforated gastric ulcer. Author(s): Ishiguro T, Nagawa H. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001 March; 53(3): 378-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11231409

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Incidence of bile reflux in gastric ulcer and after partial gastrectomy. Author(s): Poxon V, Hogg B, Youngs D, Morris DL, Keighley MR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1986 April; 73(4): 295-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3697661

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Incidence of perforated duodenal and gastric ulcer in Oxford. Author(s): Sanders R. Source: Gut. 1967 February; 8(1): 58-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6019993

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Increase in apoptosis and decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity of the gastric mucosa in patients with atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Author(s): Hirasawa R, Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Yano H, Baba M, Uedo N, Sakai N. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 September; 94(9): 2398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10483998

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Increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and peroxynitrite in Helicobacter pylori gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sakaguchi AA, Miura S, Takeuchi T, Hokari R, Mizumori M, Yoshida H, Higuchi H, Mori M, Kimura H, Suzuki H, Ishii H. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1999 October; 27(7-8): 781-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10515582

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Inhibitory effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying of a solid meal in patients with type I gastric ulcer. Author(s): Nowak A, Jonderko K, Kaczor R, Nowak S, Adamczak D, Rudzki K. Source: Zeitschrift Fur Gastroenterologie. 1991 February; 29(2): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1871998

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Inhibitory effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on mucosal cell proliferation associated with gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Levi S, Goodlad RA, Lee CY, Stamp G, Walport MJ, Wright NA, Hodgson HJ. Source: Lancet. 1990 October 6; 336(8719): 840-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1699093

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Interobserver variation in the radiographic diagnosis of gastric ulcer. Gastroenterologists' guesses as to level of interobserver variation. Author(s): Gjorup T, Nielsen H, Jensen LB, Jensen AM. Source: Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1985 May-June; 26(3): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4013817

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Intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in gastric ulcer and its tissue repair. Author(s): Sossai P, Barbazza R. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990 July; 85(7): 829-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1973592

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Intestinal metaplasia in gastric ulcer tissue repair. Author(s): Sossai P, Cielo R, Barbazza R. Source: Endoscopy. 1988 November; 20(6): 335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3229396

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Intragastric bile acid concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer and the influence of fiber-enriched wheat bran in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Rydning A, Berstad A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1985 September; 20(7): 801-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2996118

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Invasive mucormycosis in benign gastric ulcer. Author(s): Al-Rikabi AC, Al-Dohayan AD, Al-Boukai AA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2000 March; 21(3): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533800

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Ischemic gastric ulcer after coronary bypass using the right gastroepiploic artery. Author(s): Schroeyers P, el Khoury G, Goffette P, d'Udekem Y, Dion RA. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1997 May; 63(5): 1470-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9146350

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Isolated relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia presenting as a gastric ulcer. Author(s): Roy J, Vercellotti G, Fenderson M, Mulvahill A, Snover D, Weisdorf D. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 1991 August; 37(4): 270-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1858786

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Kinetics and collagenolytic role of eosinophils in chronic gastric ulcer in the rat. Author(s): Ohmiya N, Saga S, Ohbayashi M, Kozaki K, Miyaishi O, Kobayashi M, Kasuya S, Arisawa T, Goto H, Hayakawa T. Source: Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 1997 July; 108(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9377222

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Lactic dehydrogenase levels in patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric polys and gastric carcinoma. Author(s): Teniola D, Ayoola EA, Arigbabu AO. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1986; 124: 169-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3508633

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Lansoprazole versus lansoprazole plus amoxicillin treatment for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sugiyama T, Hisano K, Ochiai T, Fujita N, Kobayashi T, Yabana T, Kurokawa I, Yachi A. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995; 20 Suppl 2: S104-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594322

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Laparoscopic and minilaparotomy Billroth I gastrectomy for gastric ulcer using an abdominal wall-lifting method. Author(s): Uyama I, Ogiwara H, Takahara T, Kato Y, Kikuchi K, Iida S. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1994 December; 4(6): 441-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7881149

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Laparoscopic Billroth I gastrectomy for gastric ulcer: technique and case report. Author(s): Uyama I, Ogiwara H, Takahara T, Kato Y, Kikuchi K, Iida S. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1995 June; 5(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7633649

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Laparoscopic suture repair of a perforated gastric ulcer in a severely cirrhotic patient with portal hypertension: first case report. Author(s): Gentileschi P, Rossi P, Manzelli A, Lirosi F, Susanna F, Stolfi VM, Spina C, Gaspari AL. Source: Jsls. 2003 October-December; 7(4): 377-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14626407

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Late follow-up of highly selective vagotomy with excision of the ulcer compared with Billroth I gastrectomy for treatment of benign gastric ulcer. Author(s): Reid DA, Duthie HL, Bransom CJ, Johnson AG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1982 October; 69(10): 605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6751456

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Late outcome of bleeding gastric ulcer. Five to eight years' follow-up. Author(s): Rorbaek-Madsen M, Fischer L, Thomsen H, Wara P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 November; 29(11): 983-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7871378

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Late outcome of undersewing alone for gastric ulcer haemorrhage. Author(s): Teenan RP, Murray WR. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1990 July; 77(7): 811-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1974475

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Left diaphragmatic hernia complicated by perforation of an intrathoracic gastric ulcer into the aorta: report of a case. Author(s): Saito Y, Yamakawa Y, Niwa H, Kiriyama M, Fukai I, Kondo S, Fujii Y. Source: Surgery Today. 2000; 30(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10648086

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Lesser-curve ischaemic necrosis mimicking a gastric ulcer--a complication of highly selective vagotomy. A case report. Author(s): Parekh D, Lakhoo M, Verhaart MJ, Hatzitheofilou C, Stewart M. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1988 March 5; 73(5): 307-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3347888

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Life-threatening intraabdominal arterial embolization after histoacryl injection for bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Lee GH, Kim JH, Lee KJ, Yoo BM, Hahm KB, Cho SW, Park YS, Moon YS. Source: Endoscopy. 2000 May; 32(5): 422-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817185

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Limitations of endoscopic inspection in diagnosis of malignant gastric ulcer. Author(s): Mohandas KM, Wagle SD, Kumar KV, Swaroop VS, Jagannath P, Desouza LJ. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1996 April; 15(2): 79-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8935946

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Limited association of Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer patients with rheumatic disease. Author(s): Matsukawa Y, Nishinarita S, Horie T, Kurosaka H, Morita K, Mine T. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1995 December; 34(12): 1188-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8608370

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Lipid mediators of inflammation in gastric ulcer. Author(s): Wallace JL. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1990 January; 258(1 Pt 1): G1-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2405704

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Lithium carbonate and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Mattsson A, Seltzer RL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981 January; 138(1): 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7446770

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Localisation of cyclooxygenase 1 and cyclooxygenase 2 in Helicobacter pylori related gastritis and gastric ulcer tissues in humans. Author(s): Tatsuguchi A, Sakamoto C, Wada K, Akamatsu T, Tsukui T, Miyake K, Futagami S, Kishida T, Fukuda Y, Yamanaka N, Kobayashi M. Source: Gut. 2000 June; 46(6): 782-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10807888

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Long term results of truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty for gastric ulcer. Author(s): Madsen P, Schousen P. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1982 November; 69(11): 651-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7127048

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Long-term results of pylorus-preserving gastrectomy for gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sasaki I, Fukushima K, Naito H, Matsuno S, Shiratori T, Maki T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1992 December; 168(4): 539-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1306602

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Long-term results of vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the treatment of gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Kraft RO. Source: Surgery. 1984 April; 95(4): 460-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6710341

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Loss of predictive value of gastric ulcer symptoms in a randomized treatment trial. Author(s): Feurle GE, Broker HJ, Blum AL. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1988 December; 2(6): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2979276

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Maintenance therapy in duodenal and gastric ulcer disease: survey of practice amongst British gastroenterologists. Author(s): Boyd EJ, Penston JG, Wormsley KG. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1992 December; 6(6): 727-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1486158

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Maintenance therapy of duodenal and gastric ulcer with H2-receptor antagonists. Author(s): Boyd EJ, Penston JG, Wormsley KG. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1990; 178: 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2277972

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Maintenance therapy with sucralfate reduces rate of gastric ulcer recurrence. Author(s): Marks IN, Wright JP, Girdwood AH, Gilinsky NH, Lucke W. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1985 August 30; 79(2C): 32-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3898833

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Malignancy in the gastric ulcer. Author(s): Christensen WR. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1967 October; 64(5): 178-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4229346

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Malignant gastric ulcer due to metastasis. Author(s): Scobie BA. Source: Australasian Radiology. 1966 May; 10(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5939878

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Malignant gastric ulcer. Author(s): Ratzer ER, Haghighi P, Brasfield RD. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1966 May; 111(5): 708-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5936202

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Malignant giant gastric ulcer in a Nigerian. Author(s): Olubuyide IO, Fatukasi JI, Senbanjo RO. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1989 January; 41(1): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2548312

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Matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in chronic gastric ulcer: a potential role of eosinophils in perforation. Author(s): Otani Y, Sakurai Y, Kameyama K, Igarashi N, Yokoyama T, Kubota T, Kumai K, Kitajima M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1997; 25 Suppl 1: S101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9479634

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Mechanism of the antiulcerogenic effect of IL-11 on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Wen CY, Ito M, Matsuu M, Fukuda E, Shichijo K, Nakashima M, Nakayama T, Sekine I. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 May 10; 70(25): 2997-3005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12138013

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Mechanism of the development of gastric ulcer after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Author(s): Kanie J, Akatsu H, Suzuki Y, Shimokata H, Iguchi A. Source: Endoscopy. 2002 June; 34(6): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12048632

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Medium- or high-dose omeprazole plus amoxicillin eradicates Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Labenz J, Ruhl GH, Bertrams J, Borsch G. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 May; 89(5): 726-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8172146

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Metastasis of an esophageal carcinoma to a giant gastric ulcer. Author(s): Altorjay A, Gonda G, Ereifej S, Szanto I, Farsang Z, Kiss J. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 1999 March-April; 46(26): 981-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10370650

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Micronutrient antioxidants in gastric mucosa and serum in patients with gastritis and gastric ulcer: does Helicobacter pylori infection affect the mucosal levels? Author(s): Nair S, Norkus EP, Hertan H, Pitchumoni CS. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2000 June; 30(4): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10875465

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Misoprostol compared with sucralfate in the prevention of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastric ulcer. A randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Agrawal NM, Roth S, Graham DY, White RH, Germain B, Brown JA, Stromatt SC. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991 August 1; 115(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1905501

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Misoprostol in the prevention of NSAID-induced gastric ulcer: a multicenter, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Roth SH. Source: J Rheumatol Suppl. 1990 February; 20: 20-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2109073

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Modified segmental gastrectomy combined with vagotomy for a gastric ulcer near the gastro-esophageal junction. Author(s): Yoshiya K, Ishikawa Y. Source: Jpn J Surg. 1991 January; 21(1): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2041235

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Mucosal regeneration of gastric ulcer confirmed by electronic endoscopy. Author(s): Hoshihara Y, Hashimoto M, Yamamoto T, Tanaka T, Iguchi D, Kimura T, Sugawara K, Fukuchi S, Takemoto T. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995; 20 Suppl 1: S10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7673608

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Multicenter evaluation of dual-therapy (omeprazol and amoxycillin) for Helicobacter pylori-associated duodenal and gastric ulcer (two years of the observation). Author(s): Gabryelewicz A, Laszewicz W, Dzieniszewski J, Ciok J, Marlicz K, Bielecki D, Popiela T, Legutko J, Knapik Z, Poniewierka E. Source: Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology : an Official Journal of the Polish Physiological Society. 1997 September; 48 Suppl 4: 93-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9440060

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Nizatidine versus placebo in active benign gastric ulcer disease: an eight-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind comparison. The Nizatidine Benign Gastric Ulcer Disease Study Group. Author(s): Cloud ML, Enas N, Offen WW. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1992 September; 52(3): 307-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1526089

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N-nitrosamines in gastric juice of patients with gastric ulcer before and during treatment with histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Author(s): Matsuda J, Hinuma K, Tanida N, Tamura K, Ohno T, Kano M, Shimoyama T. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1990 April; 25(2): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1971799

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No protective role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis in patients with duodenal or benign gastric ulcer in Korea. Author(s): Kim N, Lim SH, Lee KH. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2001 December; 46(12): 2724-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11768266

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Nocturnal dosage regimen of sucralfate in maintenance treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Marks IN, Girdwood AH, Wright JP, Newton KA, Gilinsky NH, Kalvaria I, Burns DG, O'Keefe SJ, Tobias R, Lucke W. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1987 September 28; 83(3B): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3310633

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Nocturnal therapy with famotidine for 1 year is effective in preventing relapse of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Berlin RG, Root JK, Cook TJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1991 April; 5(2): 161-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1888817

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Nonhealing gastric ulcer caused by chronic alendronate administration. Author(s): Malnick SD, Gottesfeld F, Walpart A, Keter D, Lurie Y, Beergabel M. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2002 May 22; 4(2): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12145563

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori and bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Ng TM, Fock KM, Khor JL, Teo EK, Sim CS, Tan AL, Machin D. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 February; 14(2): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10651661

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Non-traumatic liver rupture due to a perforated gastric ulcer. Author(s): Tsokos M, Schulz F. Source: International Journal of Legal Medicine. 1999; 112(5): 321-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10460426

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Non-traumatic perforation of gastric ulcer in a hiatal hernia to the pericardium. Author(s): Salling N, Falensteen AM, Larsen LG. Source: Acta Med Scand. 1983; 213(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6846066

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Novel approach to quantify duodenogastric reflux in healthy volunteers and in patients with type I gastric ulcer. Author(s): Muller-Lissner SA, Fimmel CJ, Sonnenberg A, Will N, Muller-Duysing W, Heinzel F, Muller R, Blum AL. Source: Gut. 1983 June; 24(6): 510-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6852631

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Observations on benign gastric ulcer simulating gastric carcinoma. Author(s): Yamagata S, Oshiba S, Hisamichi S, Gomi T, Masamune O, Mochizuki F, Asaki S, Sugawara N, Ito S. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1977; 12(5): 352-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598667

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Occurrence of gastric ulcer after Nissen fundoplication. Author(s): Bushkin FL, Woodward ER, O'Leary JP. Source: The American Surgeon. 1976 November; 42(11): 821-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=984590

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Omeprazole 20 mg and 40 mg daily in the treatment of gastric ulcer: a pilot study in Filipino patients. Author(s): Gloria VI, Domingo EO, Makalinao AU, Zano FM, Rasco ET, Sy CT. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1989; 4 Suppl 2: 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2491363

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Omeprazole and H2-receptor antagonists in the acute treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and reflux oesophagitis: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Eriksson S, Langstrom G, Rikner L, Carlsson R, Naesdal J. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 1995 May; 7(5): 467-75. Erratum In: Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996 February; 8(2): 192. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7614110

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Omeprazole in the acute treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Schepp W, Classen M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1989; 166: 58-62; Discussion 74-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2690333

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On the problem of hereditary predisposition in gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Yanev P, Stanchev I. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1986; 28(3): 22-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3110030

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Once-daily bedtime dosing regimen of cimetidine in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Frank WO, Young M, Palmer RH, Karlstadt R, Rockhold F, Mounce W. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1989 September-October; 11(5): 595-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2680085

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Operations for gastric ulcer: a long-term study. Author(s): McDonald MP, Broughan TA, Hermann RE, Philip RS, Hoerr SO. Source: The American Surgeon. 1996 August; 62(8): 673-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8712567

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Operative treatment of recurrence after vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, and acid dyspepsia without ulcer. Author(s): Johnson JA, Giercksky KE. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1977 July; 1(4): 493-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=910456

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Our experience with treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer with ranitidine (ZantacGlaxo). Author(s): Yanev P, Yankova R. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1985; 27(3): 24-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3938752

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Penetration of a gastric ulcer into the right ventricle. A complication of paraoesophageal hiatus hernia. Author(s): Mellet JS, Cilliers PH. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1987 July 4; 72(1): 44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3603292

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Perforated gastric ulcer in an asthmatic treated with theophylline and steroids. Case report and literature review. Author(s): Guss C, Schneider AT, Chiaramonte LT. Source: Ann Allergy. 1986 March; 56(3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3954165

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Gastric Ulcer

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Perforation of a benign gastric ulcer into the subdiaphragmatic aorta. Author(s): Sternberg A, Nava HR, Isac AT, Douglass HO Jr. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1987 June; 82(6): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3578241

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Phosphorylation of Helicobacter pylori CagA in patients with gastric ulcer and gastritis. Author(s): Cheng KS, Lu MC, Tang HL, Chou FT. Source: Adv Ther. 2002 March-April; 19(2): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12069371

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Phytobezoar with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kumar P, Misra NC, Jaiswal MS, Singh AK, Chaturvedi A. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 1987 October; 6(4): 248. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2824349

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Platelets modulate gastric ulcer healing: role of endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor release. Author(s): Ma L, Elliott SN, Cirino G, Buret A, Ignarro LJ, Wallace JL. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 May 22; 98(11): 6470-5. Epub 2001 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11353854

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Pneumopericardium due to intrapericardial perforation of a gastric ulcer. Author(s): Gabor S, Woltsche M, Maier A, Smolle-Juttner FM. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2003 January; 23(1): 131-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493525

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Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in NSAID users with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Matsukawa Y, Aoki M, Nishinarita S, Sawada S, Horie T, Kato K, Kawamura Y, Kawamura F, Arakawa Y, Kurosaka H, Morita K, Ohtsuka E, Oribe M, Nakano M, Kitami Y. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2003 August; 42(8): 947-50. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12730504

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Prevalence of reflux esophagitis in patients with duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Amano Y, Komazawa Y, Ishimura N, Fujishiro H, Ishihara S, Adachi K, Kinoshita Y. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(5): 514-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12768398

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Progression of fundal gastritis in gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Maaroos HI, Salupere V, Uibo R, Kekki M, Sipponen P. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 April; 90(4): 1096-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3949108

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Quantification of gastric ulcer healing by endoscopic ultrasonography. Author(s): Niwa Y, Nakazawa S, Yoshino J, Nakamura T, Ohashi S, Tsukamoto Y. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1990 March-April; 36(2): 116-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2185976

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Quantitation of duodenogastric reflux and antral motility by color Doppler ultrasonography. Study in healthy volunteers and patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Fujimura J, Haruma K, Hata J, Yamanaka H, Sumii K, Kajiyama G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1994 October; 29(10): 897-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7839096

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Quantitative analysis of the gastric ulcer healing process using video endoscopic pseudocolor imaging systems. Author(s): Tamada F, Hirohata S, Honsako Y, Kumada H, Kashio Y, Konishi M, Fujio Y, Yamamoto T, Miura J, Miyamoto M, et al. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1995; 20 Suppl 2: S52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7594341

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Rapid urease test utility for Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosis in gastric ulcer disease. Author(s): Bermejo F, Boixeda D, Gisbert JP, Defarges V, Sanz JM, Redondo C, Martini de Argila C, Garcia Plaza A. Source: Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 March-April; 49(44): 572-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11995500

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Recurrence of gastric ulcer dependent upon strain differences of Helicobacter pylori in urease B gene. Author(s): Matsui H, Kubo Y, Ninomiya T, Mizukami Y, Onji M. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 January; 45(1): 49-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10695613

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Recurrent metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a bleeding gastric ulcer after a complete response to high-dose interleukin-2 treatment. Author(s): Mascarenhas B, Konety B, Rubin JT. Source: Urology. 2001 January; 57(1): 168. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11164169

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Gastric Ulcer

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Regional differences on production of chemokines in gastric mucosa between Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Sato Y, Sugimura K, Mochizuki T, Honma T, Suriki H, Tashiro K, Ishizuka K, Narisawa R, Ichida T, Van Thiel DH, Asakura H. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1999 December; 44(12): 2390-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10630487

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Relapse of duodenal ulcers after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer patients. Author(s): Sou Y, Saita H, Takahashi Y, Yoshinaga T, Matsukawa Y, Sekikawa A, Nakazawa T, Shio S, Kohigashi K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999; 34 Suppl 11: 84-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10616773

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Relationship between gastric ulcer and Helicobacter pylori VacA detected in gastric juice using bead-ELISA method. Author(s): Shirasaka D, Aoyama N, Sakashita M, Kuroda K, Maekawa S, Wambura CM, Miyamoto M, Tamura T, Yahiro K, Wada A, Kurazono H, Hirayama T, Kasuga M. Source: Helicobacter. 2002 October; 7(5): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12390207

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Relative contribution of bile and pancreatic juice duodenogastric reflux in gastric ulcer disease and cholelithiasis. Author(s): Eyre-Brook IA, Smythe A, Bird NC, Mangnall Y, Johnson AG. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1987 August; 74(8): 721-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3651779

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Role of growth factors and their receptors in gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Milani S, Calabro A. Source: Microscopy Research and Technique. 2001 June 1; 53(5): 360-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376497

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Roles of angiogenic factors and endothelin-1 in gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Akimoto M, Hashimoto H, Maeda A, Shigemoto M, Yamashita K. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2002 August; 103 Suppl 48: 450S-454S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12193143

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Rupture of the stomach after hemorrhage from a gastric ulcer. Author(s): O'Doherty DP, Baker AR, Barrie WW. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 July; 91(1): 212-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3486792

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Short term treatment of gastric ulcer: a comparison of sucralfate and cimetidine. Author(s): Hallerback B, Anker-Hansen O, Carling L, Glise H, Solhaug JH, Svedberg LE, Wahlby L. Source: Gut. 1986 July; 27(7): 778-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3525336

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Splenic arteriogastric fistula from plication of a gastric ulcer. Therapeutic embolization. Author(s): Morse SS, Siskind BN, Horowitz NR, Strauss EB. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1987 August; 9(4): 480-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3498748

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Splenic penetration by benign gastric ulcer: preoperative recognition with CT. Author(s): Glick SN, Levine MS, Teplick SK, Gasparaitis A. Source: Radiology. 1987 June; 163(3): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3575707

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Spontaneous healing of a gastro-colic fistula due to a benign gastric ulcer. Author(s): McCullough KM, Gregson R. Source: Clinical Radiology. 1987 July; 38(4): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3621826

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Spontaneous pneumopericardium secondary to penetrating benign gastric ulcer. Author(s): Pickhardt PJ, Bhalla S. Source: Clinical Radiology. 2000 October; 55(10): 798-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11052884

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Study on gastric empty disorder after the gastric ulcer healing and therapeutic effect of cisapride. Author(s): Zou K, Liu S, Liu J, Liu Y, Hou X, Yi C. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2000; 20(1): 57-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12845759

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Superiority of lansoprazole vs ranitidine in healing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated gastric ulcers: results of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter study. NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer Study Group. Author(s): Agrawal NM, Campbell DR, Safdi MA, Lukasik NL, Huang B, Haber MM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2000 May 22; 160(10): 1455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10826458

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Gastric Ulcer

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Suppressive effect of antiulcer agents on granulocytes--a role for granulocytes in gastric ulcer formation. Author(s): Kawamura T, Miyaji C, Toyabe S, Fukuda M, Watanabe H, Abo T. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2000 September; 45(9): 1786-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11052321

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Surgical management of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Vair DB, Walker WL. Source: Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal Canadien De Chirurgie. 1986 July; 29(4): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3730964

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Survey of current practices among members of CAG in the follow-up of patients diagnosed with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Breslin NP, Sutherland LR. Source: Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology = Journal Canadien De Gastroenterologie. 1999 July-August; 13(6): 489-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10464349

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The comparison of histologic gastritis in patients with duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. Author(s): Kim DY, Baek JY. Source: Yonsei Medical Journal. 1999 February; 40(1): 14-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10198601

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The GU-MACH study: the effect of 1-week omeprazole triple therapy on Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with gastric ulcer. Author(s): Malfertheiner P, Bayerdorffer E, Diete U, Gil J, Lind T, Misiuna P, O'Morain C, Sipponen P, Spiller RC, Stasiewicz J, Treichel H, Ujszaszy L, Unge P, Zanten SJ, Zeijlon L. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1999 June; 13(6): 703-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10383498

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The influence of feeding on gastric acid suppression in Helicobacter pylori-positive patients treated with a proton pump inhibitor or an H2-receptor antagonist after bleeding from a gastric ulcer. Author(s): Ozawa T, Yoshikawa N, Tomita T, Akita Y, Mitamura K. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 2003; 38(9): 844-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14564629

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The occurrence of a duodenal or gastric ulcer in two different populations living in the same region: a cross-sectional endoscopical study in consecutive patients. Author(s): Loffeld RJ, van der Putten AB. Source: The Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 2001 November; 59(5): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11705639

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The possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastric ulcer healing: effect of sofalcone on VEGF release in vitro. Author(s): Takahashi M, Maeda S, Ogura K, Terano A, Omata M. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1998; 27 Suppl 1: S178-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9872518

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The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in duodenal and gastric ulcer. Author(s): Veldhuyzen van zanten SJ, Lee A. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1999; 241: 47-56. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10087656

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Tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene polymorphism in patients with gastric ulcer complicated with bleeding. Author(s): Kim HS, Hwang KY, Chung IK, Park SH, Lee MH, Kim SJ, Hong SY. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2003 February; 18(1): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589088

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Treatment of benign chronic gastric ulcer with ranitidine. A randomized, doubleblind, and placebo-controlled six week trial. Author(s): Hirschowitz BI, DeLuca V, Graham D, Lorber S, Bright-Asare P, Katon R. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1986 June; 8(3 Pt 2): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3531310

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Triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin is effective against Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric ulcer patients as well as in duodenal ulcer patients. Results of a randomized controlled trial in Japan. Author(s): Habu Y, Mizuno S, Hirano S, Kiyota K, Inokuchi H, Kimoto K, Nakajima M, Kawai K. Source: Digestion. 1998 July-August; 59(4): 321-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9693202

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Twenty-four-hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer, or pernicious anaemia. Author(s): Lanzon-Miller S, Pounder RE, Hamilton MR, Chronos NA, Ball S, Mercieca JE, Olausson M, Cederberg C. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1987 June; 1(3): 225-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2979225

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Ulcer disease. A comparison of some clinical and genetic aspects in patients suffering from duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and the pseudo-ulcer syndrome. Author(s): Viskum K. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1977 December; 24(6): 213-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=598255

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Ulcer-healing drugs are required after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastric ulcer but not duodenal ulcer haemorrhage. Author(s): Lai KC, Hui WM, Wong BC, Hu WH, Lam SK. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2000 August; 14(8): 1071-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10930902

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Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage secondary to gastric ulcer complicating percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Author(s): Patel PH, Hunter W, Willis M, Thomas E. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1988 May-June; 34(3): 288-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3134273

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Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in human gastric ulcer. Author(s): To KF, Chan FK, Cheng AS, Lee TL, Ng YP, Sung JJ. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2001 January; 15(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11136275

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Upregulation of mucosal soluble fas ligand and interferon-gamma may be involved in ulcerogenesis in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric ulcer. Author(s): Shimada M, Ina K, Kyokane K, Imada A, Yamaguchi H, Nishio Y, Hayakawa M, Iinuma Y, Ohta M, Ando T, Kusugami K. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2002 May; 37(5): 501-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12059049

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Utility of BID administration of cimetidine for gastric ulcer: a comparison with QID administration in a double blind manner. Author(s): Asaki S, Goto Y, Tanaka T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1986 November; 150(3): 287-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3824375

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Vagotomy and pyloroplasty for gastric ulcer. Author(s): Clarke RJ, Lewis DL, Williams JA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 May 13; 2(810): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5023910

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Vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the elective treatment of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Lawson WR, Hutchison JS. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1973 September; 60(9): 713-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4741187

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Vagotomy and the gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kraft RO, Myers J, Overton S, Fry WJ. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 1971 February; 121(2): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5540664

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Vagotomy for gastric ulcer combined with duodenal ulcer. Author(s): Douglas MC, Duthie HL. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 1971 October; 58(10): 721-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5097946

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Vagotomy for gastric ulcer. Author(s): Kennedy T, Kelly JM, George JD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 May 13; 2(810): 371-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5023911

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Vagotomy or gastrectomy for gastric ulcer. Author(s): Duthie HL, Kwong NK. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 October 13; 4(5884): 79-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4583183

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Vagotomy, pyloroplasty, and suture for bleeding gastric ulcer. Author(s): Dorton HE. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1966 May; 122(5): 1015-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5933383

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Variants of intestinal metaplasia in the evolution of chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer. A follow up study. Author(s): Silva S, Filipe MI, Pinho A. Source: Gut. 1990 October; 31(10): 1097-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2083854

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Vena caval penetration by gastric ulcer: massive hemorrhage and embolization of gastric contents to lungs. Author(s): Palmer RC. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1989 August; 11(4): 455-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760436

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Venous mesenteric thrombosis and coexisting benign gastric ulcer. Author(s): Williams DA. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1981 April; 74(4): 496-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7221673

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Was the gastric ulcer due to cytomegalovirus? Author(s): Golstein M, Appelboom T, Gangji V. Source: Clinical Rheumatology. 1997 January; 16(1): 107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9132314

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What do we really know about Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer disease? Author(s): Labenz J. Source: Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997 June; 29(3): 204-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9646209

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Which operation in elective treatment for benign gastric ulcer? Author(s): Strode JE. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1969 April; 45(4): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5794335

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND GASTRIC ULCER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and gastric ulcer.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Gastric Ulcer The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “gastric ulcer” (or a synonym): •

DX-9065a, an orally active factor Xa inhibitor, does not facilitate haemorrhage induced by tail transection or gastric ulcer at the effective doses in rat thrombosis model. Author(s): Tokyo R & D Center, Dalichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Source: Tanabe, K Morishima, Y Shibutani, T Terada, Y Hara, T Shinohara, Y Aoyagi, K Kunitada, S Kondo, T Thromb-Haemost. 1999 May; 81(5): 828-34 0340-6245

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Effect of essential oil obtained from Croton cajucara Benth. on gastric ulcer healing and protective factors of the gastric mucosa. Author(s): Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. [email protected] Source: Hiruma Lima, C A Gracioso, J S Bighetti, E J Grassi Kassisse, D M Nunes, D S Brito, A R Phytomedicine. 2002 September; 9(6): 523-9 0944-7113

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Effects of epidermal growth factor microemulsion formulation on the healing of stress-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330-Etiler, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Celebi, N Turkyilmaz, A Gonul, B Ozogul, C J-Control-Release. 2002 October 4; 83(2): 197-210 0168-3659

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Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed and pulp oils on experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, 710061, Xi'an, PR China Source: Xing, J Yang, B Dong, Y Wang, B Wang, J Kallio, H P Fitoterapia. 2002 December; 73(7-8): 644-50 0367-326X

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Gastroprotective effect of aparisthman, a diterpene isolated from Aparisthmium cordatum, on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. Source: Hiruma Lima, C.A. Gracioso, J.S. Toma, W. Almeida, A.B. Paula, A.C.B. Brasil, D.S.B. Muller, A.H. Souza Brito, A.R.M. Phytomedicine. Stuttgart; New York : G. Fischer, c1994-. March 2001. volume 8 (2) page 94-100. 0944-7113

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Perforated gastric ulcer complicating corticosteroid therapy in acute rheumatic fever. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, Bikur Cholim General Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Klar, A Moise, J Brand, A Seror, D Hurvitz, H Acta-Gastroenterol-Belg. 2000 Apr-June; 63(2): 236-8 0001-5644

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Preparation and evaluation of poly(L-lactic acid) microspheres containing rhEGF for chronic gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Chungbuk, South Korea. [email protected] Source: Han, K Lee, K D Gao, Z G Park, J S J-Control-Release. 2001 August 10; 75(3): 25969 0168-3659

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Prophylactic and curative effects of Bacopa monniera in gastric ulcer models. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Source: Sairam, K Rao, C V Babu, M D Goel, R K Phytomedicine. 2001 November; 8(6): 423-30 0944-7113

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Role of duodenal reflux in nonglandular gastric ulcer disease of the mature horse. Author(s): North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27606, USA.

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Source: Berschneider, H M Blikslager, A T Roberts, M C Equine-Vet-J-Suppl. 1999 April; (29): 24-9 •

The effect of nimesulide on the indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Erzurum, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Suleyman, Halis Akcay, Fatih Altinkaynak, Konca Pharmacol-Res. 2002 February; 45(2): 155-8 1043-6618

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to gastric ulcer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Food and Diet Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND GASTRIC ULCER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to gastric ulcer. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to gastric ulcer and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to gastric ulcer: •

Antioxidant properties of natural compounds used in popular medicine for gastric ulcers. Author(s): Repetto MG, Llesuy SF. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2002 May; 35(5): 523-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12011936

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Classic NSAID and selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitors in healing of chronic gastric ulcers. Author(s): Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, Drozdowicz D, Ptak A, Hahn EG.

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Source: Microscopy Research and Technique. 2001 June 1; 53(5): 343-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11376495 •

Comparison between ranitidine and ranitidine plus Caved-S in the treatment of gastric ulceration. Author(s): Morgan AG, Pacsoo C, McAdam WA. Source: Gut. 1985 December; 26(12): 1377-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3910523

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Critical role of an endogenous gastric peroxidase in controlling oxidative damage in H. pylori-mediated and nonmediated gastric ulcer. Author(s): Bhattacharjee M, Bhattacharjee S, Gupta A, Banerjee RK. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 April 15; 32(8): 731-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11937299

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Curcuma longa Linn. in the treatment of gastric ulcer comparison to liquid antacid: a controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Kositchaiwat C, Kositchaiwat S, Havanondha J. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1993 November; 76(11): 601-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7964234

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Does Caved-S decrease the gastric ulcer relapse rate during maintenance treatment with ranitidine? Author(s): Morgan AG, Pacsoo C, Taylor P, McAdam WA. Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1987 December; 1(6): 633-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2979691

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Effect of Bacopa monniera and Azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental NIDDM rats. Author(s): Dorababu M, Prabha T, Priyambada S, Agrawal VK, Aryya NC, Goel RK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2004 April; 42(4): 389-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15088689

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Effect of Centella asiatica Linn on physical and chemical factors induced gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Author(s): Sairam K, Rao CV, Goel RK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 February; 39(2): 137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11480209

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Effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Author(s): Sairam K, Rao CV, Goel RK.

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Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 April; 39(4): 350-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11491580 •

Effect of essential oil obtained from Croton cajucara Benth. on gastric ulcer healing and protective factors of the gastric mucosa. Author(s): Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Bighetti EJ, Grassi-Kassisse DM, Nunes DS, Brito AR. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 September; 9(6): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12403161

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Effect of evening primrose oil on gastric ulceration and secretion induced by various ulcerogenic and necrotizing agents in rats. Author(s): al-Shabanah OA. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1997 August; 35(8): 769-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9350221

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Effect of garlic oil on ethanol induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Khosla P, Karan RS, Bhargava VK. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2004 January; 18(1): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14750208

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Effect of jianpiyiqi prescription on the expression of heat shock proteins in acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcer rats. Author(s): Tao X, Li G, Luo S. Source: J Tongji Med Univ. 2001; 21(2): 105-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11523209

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Effect of Piper longum Linn, Zingiber officianalis Linn and Ferula species on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats. Author(s): Agrawal AK, Rao CV, Sairam K, Joshi VK, Goel RK. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 October; 38(10): 994-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11324171

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Effect of polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis on gastric ulcer healing. Author(s): Ye YN, So HL, Liu ES, Shin VY, Cho CH. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 January 10; 72(8): 925-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12493573

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Effect of the antiulcer polysaccharide fraction from Bupleurum falcatum L. on the healing of gastric ulcer induced by acetic acid in rats. Author(s): Matsumoto T, Sun XB, Hanawa T, Kodaira H, Ishii K, Yamada H.

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Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 February; 16(1): 91-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807976 •

Effect of the chloroform extract of Tanacetum vulgare and one of its active principles, parthenolide, on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Tournier H, Schinella G, de Balsa EM, Buschiazzo H, Manez S, Mordujovich de Buschiazzo P. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 February; 51(2): 215-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10217322

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Effects of a polysaccharide fraction from the roots of Bupleurum falcatum L. on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. Author(s): Sun XB, Matsumoto T, Yamada H. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1991 October; 43(10): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1682444

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Effects of an essential oil from the bark of Croton cajucara Benth. on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. Author(s): Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Nunes DS, Souza Brito AR. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1999 March; 51(3): 341-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10344636

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Effects of Azadirachta indica extract on gastric ulceration and acid secretion in rats. Author(s): Raji Y, Ogunwande IA, Osadebe CA, John G. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 January; 90(1): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14698526

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Effects of human epidermal growth factor on natural and delayed healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Kuwahara Y, Okabe S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement. 1989; 162: 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2595289

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Effects of methanol, cyclohexane and methylene chloride extracts of Bidens pilosa on various gastric ulcer models in rats. Author(s): Tan PV, Dimo T, Dongo E. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 December; 73(3): 415-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11090994

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Effects of orally administered human epidermal growth factor on natural and delayed healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Kuwahara Y, Sunagawa Y, Imoto Y, Okabe S.

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Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1990 January; 52(1): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2308236 •

Effects of Pteleopsis suberosa extracts on experimental gastric ulcers and Helicobacter pylori growth. Author(s): Germano MP, Sanogo R, Guglielmo M, De Pasquale R, Crisafi G, Bisignano G. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 January; 59(3): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9507900

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Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed and pulp oils on experimental models of gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Xing J, Yang B, Dong Y, Wang B, Wang J, Kallio HP. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 December; 73(7-8): 644-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12490224

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Effects of the acetylene compound from Atractylodes rhizome on experimental gastric ulcers induced by active oxygen species. Author(s): Sakurai T, Sugawara H, Saito K, Kano Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 October; 17(10): 1364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7874060

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Evaluation of the gastroprotective effect of Laurus nobilis seeds on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Afifi FU, Khalil E, Tamimi SO, Disi A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 September; 58(1): 9-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9323999

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Experimental evaluation of Bocopa monniera on rat gastric ulceration and secretion. Author(s): Rao CV, Sairam K, Goel RK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000 October; 44(4): 435-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11214498

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Gastric ulcer formation in cold-stressed mice related to a central calcium-dependentdopamine synthesizing system. Author(s): Sutoo D, Akiyama K, Matsui A. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1998 June 12; 249(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9672376

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Gastrojejunal fistula caused by gastric ulcer. Author(s): Matsuoka M, Yoshida Y, Hayakawa K, Fukuchi S.

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Source: Journal of Gastroenterology. 1998 April; 33(2): 267-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9605960 •

Gastroprotective effect of aparisthman, a diterpene isolated from Aparisthmium cordatum, on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats and mice. Author(s): Hiruma-Lima CA, Gracioso JS, Toma W, Almeida AB, Paula AC, Brasil DS, Muller AH, Souza Brito AR. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 March; 8(2): 94-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11315762

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Gastroprotective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii oleo-resin on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats. Author(s): Paiva LA, Rao VS, Gramosa NV, Silveira ER. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1998 August; 62(1): 73-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9720615

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Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Pandian RS, Anuradha CV, Viswanathan P. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 August; 81(3): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12127242

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Healing of benign gastric ulcer with low-dose antacids and fiber diet. Author(s): Rydning A, Weberg R, Lange O, Berstad A. Source: Gastroenterology. 1986 July; 91(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3011583

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Influence of age on natural and delayed healing of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Penney AG, Andrews FJ, O'Brien PE. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1996 September; 41(9): 1838-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8794804

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Investigations on the protective action of Condonopsis pilosula (Dangshen) extract on experimentally-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Wang ZT, Du Q, Xu GJ, Wang RJ, Fu DZ, Ng TB. Source: General Pharmacology. 1997 March; 28(3): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9068993

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Maintenance therapy: a two year comparison between Caved-S and cimetidine treatment in the prevention of symptomatic gastric ulcer recurrence. Author(s): Morgan AG, Pacsoo C, McAdam WA.

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Source: Gut. 1985 June; 26(6): 599-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4007604 •

Mastic in treatment of benign gastric ulcers. Author(s): Huwez FU, Al-Habbal MJ. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1986 June; 21(3): 273-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3732760

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Mucosal protective agents in the long-term management of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Marks IN, Boyd E. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 February 4; 142(3): S23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3918238

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Mucosal protective agents in the long-term management of gastric ulcer. Author(s): Marks IN, Boyd E. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1985 February 4; 142 Spec No: S23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3841579

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Observations on the effects of massage on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Li Z, Yan J, Yang X, Li D. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1996 June; 16(2): 147-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9389146

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Ocimum sanctum Linn--a study on gastric ulceration and gastric secretion in rats. Author(s): Mandal S, Das DN, De K, Ray K, Roy G, Chaudhuri SB, Sahana CC, Chowdhuri MK. Source: Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1993 January; 37(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8449557

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Prevention of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats by an ethanolic extract of “Parsley” Petroselinum crispum. Author(s): Al-Howiriny T, Al-Sohaibani M, El-Tahir K, Rafatullah S. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003; 31(5): 699-711. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14696673

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Proactive actions of psychological stress on gastric ulceration in rats--real psychobiology. Author(s): Murison R, Overmier JB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1990; 597: 191-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2201239

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Prophylactic and curative effects of Bacopa monniera in gastric ulcer models. Author(s): Sairam K, Rao CV, Babu MD, Goel RK. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2001 November; 8(6): 423-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824516

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Protective effect of Swertia chirata against indomethacin and other ulcerogenic agentinduced gastric ulcers. Author(s): Rafatullah S, Tariq M, Mossa JS, al-Yahya MA, al-Said MS, Ageel AM. Source: Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1993; 19(2): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8223145

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Protective effects of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms from Hokkaido and its components on gastric ulcer in restrained cold water stressed rats. Author(s): Fujikawa T, Yamaguchi A, Morita I, Takeda H, Nishibe S. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1996 September; 19(9): 1227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8889047

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Protective effects of Hange-shashin-to on water-immersion restraint stress-induced gastric ulcers. Author(s): Li J, Takeda H, Inazu M, Hayashi M, Tsuji M, Ikoshi H, Takada K, Matsumiya T. Source: Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1998 January-February; 20(1): 31-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9575480

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Study of Mimusops elengi bark in experimental gastric ulcers. Author(s): Shah PJ, Gandhi MS, Shah MB, Goswami SS, Santani D. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 December; 89(2-3): 305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14611897

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The acetone soluble fraction from bark extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) coville inhibits gastric acid secretion and experimental gastric ulceration in rats. Author(s): Martins DT, Lima JC, Rao VS. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 August; 16(5): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12203261

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The antiulcer activity of Garcinia cambogia extract against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Author(s): Mahendran P, Vanisree AJ, Shyamala Devi CS. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 February; 16(1): 80-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11807973

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The healing effects of Centella extract and asiaticoside on acetic acid induced gastric ulcers in rats. Author(s): Cheng CL, Guo JS, Luk J, Koo MW. Source: Life Sciences. 2004 March 19; 74(18): 2237-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14987949

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The protective effect of liquorice components and their derivatives against gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in rats. Author(s): Dehpour AR, Zolfaghari ME, Samadian T, Vahedi Y. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 1994 February; 46(2): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8021806

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The role of antioxidant activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruits on prevention from indomethacin induced gastric ulcer. Author(s): Bandyopadhyay SK, Pakrashi SC, Pakrashi A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 May; 70(2): 171-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10771207

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Treatment of gastric ulceration in 10 standardbred racehorses with a pectin-lecithin complex. Author(s): Ferrucci F, Zucca E, Croci C, Di Fabio V, Ferro E. Source: The Veterinary Record. 2003 May 31; 152(22): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12803394

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Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado. Author(s): Miller MJ, MacNaughton WK, Zhang XJ, Thompson JH, Charbonnet RM, Bobrowski P, Lao J, Trentacosti AM, Sandoval M. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2000 July; 279(1): G192-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10898763

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to gastric ulcer; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Herbs and Supplements Aesculus Alternative names: Horse Chestnut; Aesculus hippocastanum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cat’s Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cayenne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Comfrey Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Devil's Claw Alternative names: Harpagophytum procumbens, Harpagophytum zeyheri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com DHA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Glycyrrhiza Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Harpagophytum Procumbens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Harpagophytum Zeyheri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Turmeric Alternative names: Curcuma longa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON GASTRIC ULCER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “gastric ulcer” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on gastric ulcer, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Gastric Ulcer By performing a patent search focusing on gastric ulcer, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on gastric ulcer: •

Anionic furanose derivatives, methods of making and using the same Inventor(s): Gamson; Edward P. (Highland Park, IL), Gordon; Paul (1220 E. 48th St., Chicago, IL 60615) Assignee(s): Gordon; Paul (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 5,358,936 Date filed: July 31, 1991 Abstract: A glucofuranose derivative substituted at the 3,5,6- or 3,6-positions with a radical that provides an anionic charge at physiological pH values is disclosed, as are pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of making and using the same. The compounds are useful in treating inflammation, and particularly conditions that involve neutrophil influx; they are also useful in inhibiting gastric ulcer formation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to anionic furanose derivatives, and particularly to aldofuranose derivatives, containing a carbon atom skeleton having 5-7 carbon atoms, in which each of the 1- and 2-positions contains an electrically neutral substituent and in which two to four of the remaining skeletal carbon atoms bear an oxygen-linked radical that provides an anionic charge at physiological pH values, as well as to methods of making and using the same. Tissue injury can occur or be augmented when endogenous, cellular protective responses are 1) overwhelmed by endogenous or exogenous environmental factors, as loss of oxygen, or an extreme elevation of temperature, or when those protective responses are 2) suppressed, as by stress. Resulting tissue lesions can be a myocardial infarction, a burn, a stomach or duodenal ulcer, or, with the participation of immune and auto-immune response, can include lesions as diverse as allergic hives and rheumatoid arthritis. Also, the initial tissue injury, minor, trivial or otherwise, if begun by anti-homeostatic factors, can be prolonged and complicated by the inflammation that it initiates. The mammalian inflammatory response is a very complicated process, which, however always includes salient characteristics that can augment tissue injury. These include degrees of loss of microvessel integrity, in which there occurs 1) assaultative fenestration of the microvasculature, with accompanying leakage of the fluid elements of the blood into interstitial spaces, and 2) chemotactically directed migration of blood leukocytes into the inflamed tissues. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05358936__

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Dietary supplements beneficial for the gastrointestinal system Inventor(s): Cheung; Ling Yuk (New Territories, HK) Assignee(s): Ultra Biotech Limited (Douglas, GB) Patent Number: 6,649,383 Date filed: June 28, 2002 Abstract: Compositions comprising a plurality of yeast cells, wherein said plurality of yeast cells are characterized by their ability to increase secretion of gastric juice or alleviate gastric ulcer in a mammal, said ability resulting from their having been cultured in the presence of an alternating electric field having a specific frequency and a

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specific field strength. Also included are methods of making and using these compositions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to compositions that are beneficial for the gastrointestinal system and useful as a dietary supplement. These compositions contain yeast cells obtainable by growth in electromagnetic fields with specific frequencies and field strengths. Gastric discomfort is a common ailment. In a healthy human stomach and duodenum, an effective balance exists between the potential for gastric acid and pepsin to damage gastric mucosal cells, and the ability of these gastric mucosal cells to protect themselves from injury. Disruption of this balance has been attributed to several factors, including environmental and emotional stress, age, diet, genetics and individual behavior. This disruption is evidenced as a burning, aching or gnawing pain that may be perceived as abdominal pressure or fullness. Most of the symptoms experienced by patients under such conditions result from a breakdown of the normal mucosal defense mechanisms. Various studies have demonstrated that gastric acid and pepsin are important in the pathogenesis of dyspepsia, stomach upset, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and duodenal and gastric ulcer. Several mechanisms are believed to be important in protecting gastric and duodenal mucosa from damage by gastric acid, pepsin, bile pancreatic enzymes, as well as external stress factors. These defense mechanisms include mucus, mucosal blood flow, cell renewal and bicarbonate. These factors acting in balance help maintain mucosal integrity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649383__ •

Method and compositions for the treatment of H. pylori and dermatitis Inventor(s): Kappas; Attallah (New York, NY), Polak; Robert B. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Urecap Corporation (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,409,903 Date filed: February 18, 1992 Abstract: A method of treating a mammal for the presence or the activity of H. pylori in the gastrointestinal tract is disclosed. The method encompasses orally administering to said mammal a sufficient amount of a scavenging, reacting or inactivating compound to remove bicarbonate ions, ammonium ions or urea which are present in combination with the microorganisms which colonize and infect the gastric mucosa. Such microorganisms have been implicated in gastritis, gastric ulcer disease and as a risk factor in gastric carcinoma.Also, the invention encompasses a method, utilizing similar compounds, for the treatment or prevention of dermatitis such as diaper rash wherein these compounds are preapplied to the skin or used to treat the diaper prior to use.Also included are compositions which are used for the methods described above. Excerpt(s): The invention described herein relates to a method and composition for the treatment of the presence or activity of urease containing bacteria which are implicated in various ailments. One such bacteria, Helicobacter pylori ("H. pylori") has been implicated as a causative agent in several gastrointestinal disorders. In another case, the invention described herein encompasses the amelioration, treatment or prevention of skin rash or dermatitis wherein urease containing bacteria, bacterial components and by-products thereof are implicated in causing such conditions. Microbial ureases are important enzymes in certain human and animal pathogenic states, in ruminant metabolism and in environmental transformation of certain nitrogenous compounds. Bacterial urease is implicated in the pathogenesis of many clinical conditions. It is

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directly associated with the formation of infection stones and contributes to the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis, ammonia encephalopathy, hepatic coma, urinary catheter encrustation and peptic ulceration. Bacterial urease in feces also plays a prominent role in diaper dermatitis (also known as diaper rash). This invention attempts to ameliorate two of these conditions, namely; gastrointestinal diseases associated with H. pylori and diaper dermatitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05409903__ •

Method for treating gastric ulcer with sulglycotide and hydrophilic polymer Inventor(s): Farolfi; Giancarlo (Como), Gazzani; Giovanni (Como), Mantovani; Marisa (Villa Guardia), Niada; Riccardo (Varese) Assignee(s): Crinos Industria Farmacobiologica S.p.A. (Villa Guardia, IT) Patent Number: 5,085,867 Date filed: March 30, 1990 Abstract: The oral administration to an animal of sulglycotide `(a sulfoglycopeptide)` together with methylcellulose, pectin or tragacanth gum protects the animal against gastric ulcer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition useful for the prophylaxis and therapy of gastric ulcer. The importance of gastric ulcer as a therapeutic problem does not require: it is enough to remember that in the last 10 years important drugs have been invented and developed, such as cimetidine and ranitidine, having this main activity. Parallel to the development of new drugs, a huge research effort has been dedicated to the investigation of the causes and of the mechanisms involved in this pathology. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05085867__

•

Method of treating gastric ulcer by administration of epidermal growth factor Inventor(s): Buret; Andre G. (Calgary, CA), Gall; D. Grant (Calgary, CA), Hardin; James A. (Calgary, CA), Olson; Merle E. (Calgary, CA) Assignee(s): University Technologies International Inc. (Alberta, CA) Patent Number: 6,656,907 Date filed: March 3, 2000 Abstract: New utilities for epidermal growth factor (EGF) are described. In particular, EGF is useful in preventing gastrointestinal colonization by pathogens. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of epidermal growth factor (EGF) as a gastrointestinal therapeutic agent. In particular, EGF can be used to promote weight gain and prevent gastrointestinal colonization by pathogens. EGF may also be used to increase absorption of immunoglobulins. The inhibition of the EGF signalling cascade may be used to prevent uptake of toxic or adverse compounds as well as to promote weight loss. A number of intestinal growth factors accelerate epithelial maturation and renewal. One of these is epidermal growth factor (EGF), a small acid stable gastrointestinal peptide that is naturally present in salivary and intestinal secretions and other body fluids, and is produced in large quantities in colostrum and milk. EGF

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promotes a) the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal cells during early life, b) the functional maturation of the pre-weaning intestine, and c) epithelial proliferation in the adult gut (10, 11, 12, 13, 14). Moreover, EGF acutely (within minutes) upregulates small intestinal absorption of electrolytes and nutrients, an effect which was shown to be related to a concurrent lengthening of the apical microvilli of enterocytes (15). Potential therapeutic benefits of EGF have been highlighted in studies where topical treatment with EGF promoted wound healing (30) and, more recently, by the observation that administration of EGF enhances nutrient absorption in remnant intestine following massive resection (16). Compared with the small intestine, more receptors for EGF are found in the colon (17), where the heaviest bacterial load is observed during infection with microorganisms such as Esherichia coli. EGF upregulates function in the entire intestine, including the colon (12, 16). While EGF has been reported to have a variety of functions, its role in preventing intestinal colonization by pathogens or in accelerating weight gain have not been previously reported. These two newly discovered properties of EGF make it extremely useful as a therapeutic agent. The ability of EGF to prevent intestinal colonization or infection by pathogens has many important therapeutic applications. One such application is in the treatment of enteric colibacillosis in young farm animals. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656907__ •

Methods of using analogs of human basic fibroblast growth factor mutated at one or more of the positions glutamate 89, aspartate 101 or leucine 137 Inventor(s): Pantoliano; Michael W. (Boxford, PA), Sharp; Celia M. (Doylestown, PA), Springer; Barry A. (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): 3-Dimensional Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Exton, PA) Patent Number: 6,737,404 Date filed: April 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel muteins of human basic fibroblast growth factor with superagonist properties. Both protein and the respective encoding nucleic acid species are disclosed. The invention also embodies vectors and host cells for the propagation of said nucleic acid sequences and the production of said muteins. Also disclosed are methods for stimulating cell division, treating a wound, treating ischemia, treating heart disease, treating neural injury, treating peripheral vascular disease, treating a gastric ulcer and treating a duodenal ulcer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the identification of new muteins of human basic fibroblast growth factor that are unusually potent stimulators of cell division. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are an evolutionarily conserved, large family of mitogenic proteins that stimulate mitosis in mesodermal and neuroectodermal cell lineages (Basilico, C. and Moscatelli, D., Advances in Cancer Research 59:115-165, Eds. Vande Woude, G. F. and Klein, G. (1992)). These proteins also bind heparin and are often referred to in the literature as heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs). Family members share a high degree of nucleic acid and amino acid sequence homology. Complementary DNA clones encoding basic FGF (bFGF), one member of the FGF family, have been isolated and sequenced. The protein is found to have 89 to 95% amino acid identity among several species, including human, bovine, and rat (Xenopus bFGF is more divergent, sharing 80% homology with human bFGF). This degree of conservation suggests that all regions of the protein may be functionally important. In humans, bFGF is expressed in four forms: (1) an 18-kDa form (155 amino acids) initiated from an AUG

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codon; (2), (3) and (4) that are 22, 22.5 and 24 kDA, respectively, and all initiated from the CUG codons resulting in N-terminal extensions of varying lengths relative to the 18 kDa form (Florkiewicz, R. Z. and Sommer, A., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86:3978-3981 (1989); Pratts, H., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 86:1836-1840 (1988)). Additionally, while the different forms of bFGF are localized in different compartments of the cell, there is only limited information relating to the functional significance of such subcellular localization. The biological activity of bFGF on cells in trans is effected through signal transduction after cell surface binding to an FGF specific receptor and to heparin sulfate proteoglycans (Moscatelli, D., J. Cell Physiology. 131:123-130 (1987)). In all tissues so far examined, bFGF is found to be expressed, perhaps reflecting its broad spectrum mitogenic activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06737404__ •

Mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols, its obtention from sugar cane wax and its pharmaceutical uses Inventor(s): Ferreiro; Rosa Mas (La Habana, CU), Granja; Abilio Laguna (La Habana, CU), Hernandez; Juan Magraner (La Habana, CU), Mesa; Milagros Garcia (La Habana, CU), Quintana; Daisy Carbajal (La Habana, CU), Valmana; Lourdes Arruzazabala (La Habana, CU) Assignee(s): Adanifer, S.A. (Fribourg, CH), Laboratorios Dalmer SA (La Habana, CU) Patent Number: 5,663,156 Date filed: July 25, 1994 Abstract: A mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols of 22 to 38 carbon atoms can be obtained by saponifying and extracting steps with organic solvents from sugar cane wax. The mixture which contains tetracosanol, hexacosanol, heptacosanol, octacosanol, nonacosanol, triacontanol, dotriacontanol and tetratriacontanol can be used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerotic complications as platelet hyperaggregabiulity, ischemia and thrombosis, and prevents drug induced gastric ulcer and improves male sexual activity. Excerpt(s): This application is a 35 U.S.C. 371 National Stage filing of PCT/EP93/00007 published as WO 94/07830 on Apr. 14 1994. This invention is related to a mixture of higher primary aliphatic alcohols, containing alcohols of a range from 24 to 34 carbon atoms and more especially, those with straight chain of 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 and 34 carbon atoms. This mixture shows a relative composition of each alcohol, that is highly reproducible batch to batch. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05663156__

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Pharmaceutical composition for the prophylaxis and therapy of gastric ulcer Inventor(s): Farolfi; Giancarlo (Como, IT), Gazzani; Giovanni (Appiano Gentile, IT), Mantovani; Marisa (Villa Guardia, IT), Niada; Riccardo (Varese, IT) Assignee(s): Crinos Industria Farmacobiologica SpA (Coma, IT) Patent Number: 4,937,079 Date filed: December 28, 1987

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Abstract: The combination of a hydrophilic polymer with sulglycotide in pharmaceutical compositions for orally use enhances the anti-ulcer activity of sulglycotide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition useful for the prophylaxis and therpay of gastric ulcer. The importance of gastric ulcer as a therapeutical problem does not need comments: it is enough to remember that in the last 10 years important drugs have been invented and developed, such as cimetidine and ranitidine, having this main activity. Parallely to the development of new drugs huge has been the research effort dedicated to the investigation of the causes and of the mechanisms involved in this pathology. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04937079__ •

Pharmaceutical composition for treating gastrointestinal disease Inventor(s): Zhao; Xinxian (Shenzhen, CN) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,464,620 Date filed: July 1, 1994 Abstract: The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition, which is useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, especially gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and gastritis. The pharmaceutical composition is composed of Rhizoma coptidis extract, Radix scutellariae extract, and Radix astragali extract. Processes for producing these components are provided. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a new herb's drug which is comprising of Rhizoma coptidis extract, Radix scutellariae extract, and Radix astragali extract. The new drug is useful for the treatment of gastrointestinal disease, especially gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and gastritis. The pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease is not completely understood. It is clear that gastric acid and pepsin secretion are necessary for the development of a peptic ulcer. However, factors relating to mucosal resistance to acid and pepsin are also important, particularly in gastric ulcer disease. Currently, drugs are available that have some effect on each of these factors. For example, antacids, H.sub.2 -receptor antagonists, anticholinergics, mucosal protective agents, pancreatic enzyme replacement products et. al were used for treatment gastrointestinal disease. Although peptic ulcers occur only in the presence of gastric acid, they are not necessarily related to an overproduction of acid, as is commonly assumed. Some people who produce low levels of acid develop ulcers, while there are others produce large amounts yet ulcerfree. A number of factors can effect ulcer. For example, stress and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin are the most frequently encountered. Cigarette smoking and alcohol use may exacerbate existing ulcers, but it has not been proved that they actually cause them. Also, contrary to popular belief, spicy foods do not appear to a cause. More important fact, which is relative to ulcer, is helicobacter pylori. In fact, at recently some reports have been shown that Helicobacter Pylori is associated with gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcers, non-ulcer dyspepsia and hypochlorhydria. Helicobacter pylori is susceptible to Rhizoma coptidis and Radix scutellariae. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Radix scutellariae extract and its active ingredient baicalin against helicobacter pylori is 250 and 125.mu.g/ml, respectively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05464620__

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Patent Applications on Gastric Ulcer As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to gastric ulcer: •

Analogs of human basic fibroblast growth factor Inventor(s): Pantoliano, Michael W.; (Boxford, MA), Sharp, Celia M.; (Doylestown, PA), Springer, Barry A.; (Wilmington, DE) Correspondence: Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein & Fox Pllc; 1100 New York Avenue, N.W., Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20005-3934; US Patent Application Number: 20010020004 Date filed: April 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel muteins of human basic fibroblast growth factor with superagonist properties. Both protein and the respective encoding nucleic acid species are disclosed. The invention also embodies vectors and host cells for the propagation of said nucleic acid sequences and the production of said muteins. Also disclosed are methods for stimulating cell division, treating a wound, treating ischemia, treating heart disease, treating neural injury, treating peripheral vascular disease, treating a gastric ulcer and treating a duodenal ulcer. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of the filing date of provisional application 60/068,667 filed on Dec. 23, 1997, which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to the identification of new muteins of human basic fibroblast growth factor that are unusually potent stimulators of cell division. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are an evolutionarily conserved, large family of mitogenic proteins that stimulate mitosis in mesodermal and neuroectodermal cell lineages (Basilico, C. and Moscatelli, D., Advances in Cancer Research 59:115-165, Eds. Vande Woude, G. F. and Klein, G. (1992)). These proteins also bind heparin and are often referred to in the literature as heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs). Family members share a high degree of nucleic acid and amino acid sequence homology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Chelate compound-containing antibacterial agent for helicobacter pylori Inventor(s): Nagai, Toshiro; (Tsukuba-shi, JP), Oita, Shigeru; (Zentsuji-shi, JP) Correspondence: Frishauf, Holtz, Goodman; Langer & Chick, P.C.; 25th Floor; 767 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20020058696 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: An antibacterial agent is provided, which has an action for inhibiting growth of Helicobacter pylori participating to occurrence of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer, and a highly safe substance is used as an effective component therein. An antibacterial agent for Helicobacter pylori is characterized in that at least one substance selected from

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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the group consisting of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and its metal salts is contained as an effective component. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an antibacterial agent for Helicobacter pylori, in more detail, to an antibacterial agent for Helicobacter pylori, said agent contains as an effective component a chelate compound, safety of which against human bodies is confirmed. Recently, it has been found that Helicobacter pylori is much participated to occurrence of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer. In Japan, it is said that about 60 millions people corresponding to an about half of total populations are infected with Helicobacter pylori (Shokunokagaku, Vol. 265, pages 87-99, 2000). Cure of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer can be attained by removing the bacterium from stomach by means of administration of antibiotics etc. However, there are some cases wherein the bacterium is hard to be removed depending on patients. Further, as to antibiotics, there are some problems concerning appearance of resistant bacteria and side effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Composition for treating equine gastric ulcers Inventor(s): Carpenter, J. Denzil; (St. Matthews, SC) Correspondence: Michael A. Mann; Nexsen Pruet Jacobs & Pollard Llc; PO Drwr 2426; Columbia; SC; 29202-2426; US Patent Application Number: 20020115636 Date filed: February 14, 2001 Abstract: A composition for treating equine gastric ulcers comprises a mixture of a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth salicylate, and glycerin, preferably mixed with a sweetener and a flavoring agent. Preferably, the proton pump inhibitor is omeprazole. As an alternative to bismuth salicylate, bismuth citrate or sucralfate may be substituted. The ratio of acid antagonist to bismuth salicylate is approximately 1:3 by weight, and a sufficient quantity of glycerin is mixed with these to form a paste. The composition is given orally using a syringe in the amount of 15 ccs per day. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to medicating large animals such as horses. In particular, it relates to a composition that includes an acid inhibitor for treating gastric ulcers in horses. Gastric ulcers are a particular affliction of race horses. Over 9 out of 10 racehorses get ulcers sometime during their lives, many as foals. It has been estimated that as many as 50% of foals have ulcers within one month of birth. Stomach ulcers afflict other types of performance horses as well. Only pastured horses seem to be relatively free from gastric ulcers. It is believed that the high incidence of ulcers in horses is attributable to the steady secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the horse's stomach as part of its normal digestive process, perhaps exacerbated by other factors. The cells of the stomach contain acid-stimulating receptors. These receptors control an enzyme system that causes acid to be pumped into the stomach of the horse 24 hours a day. Excess acid is thought to contribute to ulcer formation, although other factors, such as a restricted diet and training are also thought to be factors. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition for treating gastric ulcer and a process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Muraleedharan, Kollath; (Kerala, IN), Muraleedharan, Trikovil Sankaran; (Kerala, IN), Palit, Gautam; (Lucknow, IN), Raghavan, Kondapuram Vijaya; (Hyderabad, IN), Rai, Deepak; (Lucknow, IN), Rao, Janaswamy Madhusudana; (Hyderabad, IN), Sampathkumar, Upparapalli; (Hyderabad, IN), Sastry, Boggavarapu Subrahmanya; (Hyderabad, IN), Varier, Panniyampally Madhavankutty; (Kerala, IN), Yadav, Jhillu Singh; (Hyderabad, IN) Correspondence: Supervisor, Patent Prosecution Services; Piper Marbury Rudnick & Wolfe Llp; 1200 Nineteenth Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-2412; US Patent Application Number: 20030180398 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel synergistic herbal composition for the treatment of gastric ulcer, a method for preparing said synergistic herbal composition and a process for the treatment of gastric ulcer using said composition and more particularly, the present invention relates to a novel synergistic herbal composition which is effective against pyloric ligation induced ulcer model and histamine induced ulcer model. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel synergistic herbal composition for the treatment of gastric ulcer. More particularly, the present invention relates to a novel synergistic herbal composition which is effective against pyloric ligation induced ulcer model and histamine induced ulcer model. The present invention also relates to a method for the preparation of the composition. The present invention further relates to a process for the treatment of gastric ulcer using the composition. Various theories have been proposed with respect to a cause of ulcer in human. In particular, it has been elucidated that stress, taking of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for curing rheumatic diseases, and the like are closely related to ulcer formation, mainly due to relatively excess gastric or duodenal acid secretion. Accordingly it is important to suppress the acid secretion in order to prevent ulcer formation and to cure it. On the other hand it has been considered that Helicobacter pylori, which is a rod normally existing in stomach, generates ammonia due to its strong urease activity, thereby inducing ulcer. Since it persistently lives within mucus and mucosa, it becomes the greatest cause for recurrence of ulcer. Accordingly, it has been considered that the recurrence of ulcer can be prevented if this bacterium is sterilized. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of screening ptp.cedilla. activitiy promoter or inhibitor Inventor(s): Fujikawa, Akihiro; (Aichi, JP), Noda, Masaharu; (Aichi, JP) Correspondence: Venable, Baetjer, Howard And Civiletti, Llp; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030186284 Date filed: January 24, 2003 Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a remedy for dysfunction of central monoamine pathway, a method for screening a PTP.zeta. inhibitor or activator, which is useful as a remedy for gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori or pleiotrophin which is a heparin-binding secretory protein, and a non-human model

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animal being hyposensitive to a stimulant drug, VacA which is a toxin of Helicobacter pylori, or pleiotrophin by utilizing the physiological function of PTP.zeta. After administering a subject material to PTP.zeta. knockout mice and wild-type mice, PTP.zeta. activity in the PTP.zeta. knockout mice and the wild-type mice is compared and evaluated to screen a PTP.zeta. inhibitor or activator. Examples of the comparison and the evaluation of the PTP.zeta. activity include the comparison and the evaluation of the function of central monoamine pathway such as changes in the level of central monoamine metabolism, sensitivity to a stimulant drug, the presence of dysfunction of mesolimbic dopamine pathway, level of acclimation to new circumstances, or stressresponsiveness, and the comparison and the evaluation of the level of binding to VacA, a toxin of Helicobacter pylori, or pleiotrophin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a remedy for dysfunction of central monoamine pathway with the use of a non-human animal such as a mouse or the like which is generated by a homologous recombination technique for genes and is deficient in its receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP.zeta./RPTP.beta.) gene, a screening of a remedy for gastric ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori or the like, a nonhuman model animal being hyposensitive to a central stimulant drug (an addictive drug) and a non-human model animal being hyposensitive to VacA, a toxin of Helicobacter pylori, or the like. When a cell receives a stimulus from outside, its intracellular signaling pathway is activated to induce proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and the like of the cell. Tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins acts an extremely important role in various phases of the signaling pathway, and the state of tyrosine phosphorylation of each protein is always regulated by dynamic equilibrium of delicate balance of two families of enzymes, tyrosine kinase (PTK) and tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). It is known that this tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is involved in controlling the efficiency of neural circuit formation and neurotransmission in brains (SEITAI NO KAGAKU Vol. 48, No. 6, 534-538, (1997); PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID AND ENZYME Vol. 43, No. 8, 1136-1143 (1998)), and is important for the formation and the maintenance of the functions in an immune system and other organs (PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID AND ENZYME Vol. 43, No. 8, 1131-1135 (1998)). On the other hand, it is reported that the abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is involved in defects in neural circuit formation, disturbance of memory and learning, abnormal apoptosis, tumorigenesis or the like (PROTEIN, NUCLEIC ACID AND ENZYME Vol. 43, No. 8, 1186-1192 (1998)). To date, more than 80 kinds of PTP have been identified, and it is presumed that the number of genes of PTP in human would reach to 500. Similar to PTK, PTP is classified into two types: a receptor type and a nonreceptor type. A receptor-type PTP has two or one enzymic domain intracellularly, and is classified into several groups according to the characteristics of its extracellular domain. PTP.zeta., which has a carbonic anhydrase domain in N-terminal, has been identified as a receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase specific to the central nervous system. The inventors of the present invention have reported that PTP.zeta. is a receptor of growth factors including pleiotrophin and midkine (J. Biol. Chem. 271, 21446-21452, 1996; J. Cell Biol. 142, 203-216, 1998; J. Biol. Chem. 274, 12471-12479, 1999). In addition, PTP.zeta. is known to interact with cell adhesion molecules which belong to the immunogloblin super family, such as N-CAM, and is thought to be responsible for important functions in differentiation, migration and neurotransmission of neurons. The present inventors have already generated a PTP.zeta. gene-deficient mouse and reported that PTP.zeta. has expressed in both neurons and astrocytes (Neuroscience Letters 274, 135-138, 1998). The PTP.zeta. gene-deficient mouse has grown and propagated normally, and no major morphologic abnormality has been identified. However, the physiological role of PTP.zeta. has been hardly elucidated so far.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nucleic acids for the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcers Inventor(s): Bratzler, Robert L.; (Concord, MA), Petersen, Deanna M.; (Newton, MA) Correspondence: Maria A. Trevisan; C/o Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C.; Federal Reserve Plaza; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20020198165 Date filed: August 1, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to methods and products for treating gastric ulcers. A nucleic acid and optionally an anti-ulcer agent are administered to a subject to prevent or treat gastric ulcer. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under Title 35.sctn.119(e) of the U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/222,248 filed Aug. 1, 2000, and entitled "Nucleic Acids for the Prevention and Treatment of Gastric Ulcers", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to methods, products, and kits for treating and/or preventing gastric ulcers. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from ulcers, which are sores or holes in the lining of the stomach or of the duodenum. Common symptoms of gastric ulcer include gnawing or burning pain in the abdomen. The pain can occur at any time but often occurs when the stomach is empty, between meals or in the early morning hours. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and sometimes bleeding. Pain associated with ulcers is often treated with antacids or by eating food. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Peptides, methods for assaying human pepsinogen I or human pepsin I and assay kits Inventor(s): Hayashi, Akio; (Osaka, JP), Matsuo, Masayoshi; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20020099019 Date filed: November 15, 2001 Abstract: Peptides of the formula (I)R-X-ProlleGlu-W-Y-Z (I)(wherein R is hydrogen, an amino-protective group, residue carrying one or two D- or L-amino acid, X is Lys or Arg, W is Phe orPhe(NO.sub.2) (in which Phe(NO.sub.2) is p-nitrophenylalanine.), Y is Phe, Phe(NO.sub.2), Tyr, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, norleucine, Leu, Asp(OBzl) or Met (in which OBzl is benzyloxy.), Z is an aniline, aminocoumarin or aminonaphthalene derivative residue.), or acid addition salts thereof.Peptides of the formula (I) are specific substrates for human pepsin I, so they are used in assaying human pepsin I or human pepsinogen I. These peptide are useful in the diagnosis of gastric diseases such as gastric cancer and gastric ulcer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for assaying human pepsinogen I or human pepsin I in the human body fluid (such as gastric juice, blood, urine etc.) as diagnostic marker of gastric diseases such as gastric cancer, gastric ulcer etc., and a peptide used as substrate in such a method. detecting the obtained aniline, aminocoumarine or aminonaphthalene derivative. It is known that the pepsinogen

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secretion is parallel to gastric acid secretion and that human serum or urine pepsinogen levels is also parallel to gastric pepsinogen secretion. The above pepsinogen exists as pepsinogen in the body fluid such as blood or urine except for gastric juice, on the other hand, it exists as pepsin in gastric juice. It is said that the blood or urine pepsinogen I level of the patient with atrophic gastritis decreases and that human blood pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II levels increase in case of gastric ulcer. In addition, the level of pepsinogen I is said to decrease in the patient with gastric cancer (Japanese Patent Application Kokai Hei 7-304800). Therefor, a assaying the level of human pepsinogen I in human blood or urine may be useful for diagnosis of gastric diseases such as gastric cancer, gastric ulcer etc. in early stage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or curing digestive disorders Inventor(s): Ito, Mikio; (Aichi, JP) Correspondence: Armstrong,westerman, Hattori,; Mcleland & Naughton, Llp; 1725 K Street, Nw, Suite 1000; Washington; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20020001628 Date filed: July 30, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or curing digestive disorders such as digestive ulcers, gastritis, etc. The pharmaceutical composition contains, as the active ingredient, an aluminosilicate having silver and zinc ions, and it has an excellent effect for protecting gastric mucous membrane and an excellent effect of promoting the curing of a gastric ulcer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or curing digestive disorders such as digestive ulcers, gastritis, etc. It is said that digestive disorders such as typically gastric ulcers are so-called national diseases much seen in Japan, and the rate of the diseases in Japan is higher than that in other countries. Accordingly, various medicines for such digestive disorders have heretofore been developed and put into practical use. At present, however, better medicines for digestive disorders are desired. The object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition for preventing and/or curing digestive disorders such as digestive ulcers, gastritis, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES FOR USE IN PREPARATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS USEFUL IN THE PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF GASTRITIS, GASTRIC ULCERS AND DUODENAL ULCERS Inventor(s): ARIGA, MASATO; (SAITAMA-KEN, JP), ICATLO, FAUSTINO C. JR.; (GIFU-SHI, JP), KIMURA, NOBUTAKE; (SAITAMA-KEN, JP), KODAMA, YOSHIKATSU; (GIFU-SHI, JP) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20010021393 Date filed: April 8, 1998

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Abstract: The present invention provides specific antibodies obtained from eggs laid by hens which have been immunized against urease of Helicobacter pylori as an antigen, and specific antibodies obtained from eggs laid by hens which have been immunized against flagella of Helicobacter pylori as an antigen. These antibodies are useful for the prevention or treatment of gastritis, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers caused by infection of Helicobacter pylori. At least one organism selected from lactic acid bacteria, Enterococcuses, yeasts, and Baillus can be used along with the antibodies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to specific antibodies for use in preparing pharmaceutical compositions useful for the prevention or treatment of gastritis, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers caused by infection of Helicobacter pylori (hereinafter referred to as H. pylori or Hp), and for use as an additive to foods useful for the prevention of gastritis, gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers. At present it is believed that eradication of H. pylori in the stomach is essential for treating peptic ulcers fully. The combination of antibiotics and suppressors of gastric acid secretion has been generally proposed as a therapy for effective eradication of H. pylori as described below. H. pylori is a gram-negative spiral rod-shaped bacterium having some flagella at one end and inhabiting the human gastric mucosa. Marshall, B. J. and Warren, J. R. in Australia reported in 1983 that this bacterium was frequently detected in stomach biopsy specimens from patients with gastric ulcers. At that time this bacterium was named Campylobacter pylori since it resembles Campylobacter in morphology and growth characteristics. Later, it was found that the bacterium is different from Campylobacter in the fatty acid composition of its outer membrane and sequence of ribosome 16S-RNA. Therefore, the bacterium is now referred to as Helicobacter pylori and belongs to a newly established genus of Helicobacter. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with gastric ulcer, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on gastric ulcer. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning gastric ulcer. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON GASTRIC ULCER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to gastric ulcer. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on gastric ulcer include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on gastric ulcer: •

Diagnosis and Management of Peptic Ulcer Disease. 2nd ed Source: West Islip, NY: Professional Communications, Inc. 1997. 203 p. Contact: Available from Professional Communications, Inc. 400 Center Bay Drive, West Islip, NY 11795. (800) 337-9838. PRICE: $17.95. ISBN: 1884735304. Summary: This handbook reviews the diagnosis and management of peptic ulcer disease. The author emphasizes its functional and structural setting, causes, complications, and therapy, with particular attention to H. pylori, the worldwide infection known to account for the majority of duodenal and gastric ulcers. Both of these types of ulcers are now seen as common chronic diseases which are multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The handbook, in pocket-size for ease of reference, includes 17 chapters in six sections: gastrointestinal structure and function, including etiology; the role of H. pylori, including epidemiology and natural history; NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and stress-induced ulcers; diagnostic

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considerations, including clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and radiology and endoscopy; treatment, including general therapeutic measures and drug therapy; and complications, including bleeding ulcers, perforation, penetration, and gastric outlet obstruction. The association of both duodenal and gastric ulcers with antral inflammation and, perhaps most influential, the discovery of Helicobacter pylori as a cause of antral gastritis has alerted clinicians to the importance of mucosal inflammation in the pathogenesis and recurrent nature of peptic ulceration. The finding that H. pylori can usually be eliminated by antibiotics carries potentially revolutionary therapeutic implications. Black and white photographs and charts illustrate the handbook, each chapter includes references, and a subject index concludes the volume. 30 figures. 13 tables. (AA-M). •

Acid Related Disorders: Mystery to Mechanism, Mechanism to Management Source: Palm Beach, FL: Sushu Communications, Inc. 1995. 136 p. Contact: Available from Shugar Publishing. 12 Moniebogue Lane, Westhampton Beach, NY 11978. (516) 288-4404. Fax (516) 288-4435. PRICE: $22.50. ISBN: 0963994301. Summary: Understanding of the mechanism of gastric acid secretion has progressed rapidly over the last decade. Following a brief historical perspective, the authors present a current view of the mechanism of acid secretion and the factors that regulate this process. Emphasis is on the most recent developments and those aspects relating directly to therapeutic control of acid secretion. Next, in light of these current concepts, the mechanism of action of antisecretory agents is presented. The authors note that the discovery of proton pump inhibitors has provided a more effective means of controlling acid secretion, with rapid healing of all upper gastrointestinal ulceration, including erosive esophagitis. The authors then describe the clinical use of these agents for symptom relief and management of acid-related disorders. The final section deals with possible future trends in the therapy of acid-related diseases, emphasizing the emerging role of Helicobacter pylori. The finding that infection with H. pylori contributes, along with acid, to the development of duodenal and non-NSAID gastric ulcers will further revolutionize the handling of these diseases. Each chapter offers selected references and a subject index concludes the book.

Chapters on Gastric Ulcer In order to find chapters that specifically relate to gastric ulcer, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and gastric ulcer using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on gastric ulcer: •

Gastric Ulcers Source: in Snape, W.J., ed. Consultations in Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1996. p. 312-317.

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Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $125.00. ISBN: 0721646700. Summary: This chapter, from a gastroenterology yearbook, covers gastric ulcers. Gastric ulcers are defined as mucosal defects that extend into the muscularis mucosae, as opposed to erosions that only involve the mucosa and heal without a fibrous scar or deformity. The authors focus on the therapy for established gastric peptic ulcers. The authors begin with a discussion of the etiology and associated pathology, both crucial to developing an overall management plan for therapy. Etiologic factors discussed include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Helicobacter pylori, and acid hypersecretory states (as in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Duodenal reflux of bile salts into the stomach and antral hypomotility with resultant gastric stasis of acid have both been implicated in contributing to gastric mucosal injury. The overwhelming majority of gastric ulcers are benign, although they rarely may represent an ulcerated malignancy. Patients with NSAID-induced ulcers should not only avoid the known offending agent, but they should also be informed of the various over-the-counter aspirin and nonaspirin NSAIDs that need to be avoided. For patients that have a gastric ulcer and H. pylori infection, an antisecretory drug and therapy for H. pylori will be needed. The authors caution that, because symptom relief will frequently precede ulcer healing, patients should understand the need to continue therapy for the full 8 to 12 weeks. Gastric ulcers should not be considered refractory to healing until a 12-week course of treatment has been completed. 36 references. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON GASTRIC ULCER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on gastric ulcer. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on gastric ulcer is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “gastric ulcer” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on gastric ulcer: •

Peptic Ulcer Source: Timonium, MD: Milner Fenwick. 1990. Contact: Available from Milner Fenwick. 2125 Greenspring Drive, Timonium, MD 21093. (800) 432-8433. PRICE: $250. Summary: An introduction for the patient with duodenal or gastric ulcers, this film helps the patient identify ulcer symptoms, explains tests that may be required, and discusses medications. It also covers side effects of medications and possible complications of ulcers. It also provides an explanation of the bacteria campylobacter pylori recently found to be associated with ulcers. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON GASTRIC ULCER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover gastric ulcer.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on gastric ulcer is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to gastric ulcer. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for gastric ulcer: •

Gene therapy speeds gastric ulcer healing in rats Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 27, 2001

•

Fewer gastric ulcers seen with risedronate than with alendronate Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 26, 2000

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•

H. pylori may not be as prevalent in gastric ulcer as previously thought Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 25, 1999

•

H pylori eradication may slow healing of gastric ulcers in chronic NSAID users Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 25, 1998

•

Pain reliever tied to gastric ulcer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 23, 1998

•

H. Pylori-Positive Gastric Ulcers Heal Well But Tend To Recur Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to gastric ulcer, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search

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for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Gastric Ulcer Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to gastric ulcer. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering gastric ulcer that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for gastric ulcer. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with gastric ulcer. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to gastric ulcer: Histamine H 2-receptor Antagonists •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Axid; Axid AR; Mylanta AR Acid Reducer; Pepcid; Pepcid AC Acid Controller; Pepcid I.V.; Pepcid RPD; Tagamet; Tagamet HB; Zantac; Zantac EFFERdose Granules; Zantac EFFERdose Tablets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202283.html

Lansoprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html

Omeprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prilosec http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202423.html

Pantoprazole •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Protonix http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500064.html

Sucralfate •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Carafate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202533.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 22111 132 981 22 54 23300

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on gastric ulcer can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to gastric ulcer. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to gastric ulcer. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “gastric ulcer”:

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Digestive Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/digestivediseases.html Peptic Ulcer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pepticulcer.html Stomach Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachcancer.html Stomach Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/stomachdisorders.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on gastric ulcer. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

All About Ulcers: How They're Caused, How They're Treated, and How You Can Help Prevent Their Return Source: Deerfield, IL: TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. 1997. 6 p. Contact: Available from TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. Medical Services, Bannockburn Lake Office Plaza, 2355 Waukegan Road, Deerfield, IL 60015. (800) 478-9526. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about ulcers, their causes, treatment, and prevention. Ulcers in the digestive tract are like open sores; similar to sores elsewhere, the top layer of tissue is gone and the sore is hollowed out, like a crater. Ulcers in the stomach are called gastric ulcers; those in the duodenum are called duodenal ulcers. The brochure lists and discusses possible causes of ulcers, including Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cigarette smoking, excess stomach acid, emotional stress, poor mucosal defenses, and heredity. Diagnostic tests for ulcers include X-rays, endoscopy, and tests for H. pylori infection. The brochure then outlines lifestyle changes that may help an ulcer heal, including avoiding certain foods and drugs, and stopping smoking. The brochure next reviews the medicines that can be used to treat ulcers, including antibiotics for fighting H. pylori infections, proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, and antacids. The brochure concludes with a summary of the information covered and space for readers to take notes. (AA-M).

Patient Resources

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Peptic Ulcer Disease Source: in Sodeman, W.A., Jr. Instructions for Geriatric Patients. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. 1995. p. 112-113. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. PRICE: $38.95. ISBN: 0721643353. Summary: This chapter, from a book of instructions for geriatric patients, provides a basic information sheet on peptic ulcer disease. An ulcer in the stomach or duodenum means that a hole has appeared in the lining membrane. Lesser degrees of inflammation of the lining, those that heal without the formation of a scar, are gastritis or gastric erosions. Typically, ulcers present with burning pain that occurs in the front of the abdomen between the ribs and the navel. The pain is worse when the stomach is empty and is made better by eating or taking an antacid. Gastric (stomach) ulcers, those most common in elderly patients, may present with less pain, a less precise location, and uncertain relief with food. Although gastric ulcers may appear to be simple ulcers, a biopsy is usually performed to ensure that a stomach tumor (cancer) is not present. The fact sheet briefly reviews the drug therapy used to treat ulceration in the stomach or duodenum. These include drugs to suppress the production of acid, to neutralize acid, to treat infection in the stomach, or to protect the lining membrane from the effects of acid. The complications of peptic ulcers are bleeding, perforation through the wall of the stomach or duodenum, scarring, and failure to respond to treatment. The information sheet concludes by reminding readers to contact their health care provider if they experience onset of pain or burning in the stomach, or have any evidence of bleeding from the stomach (blood in vomit or stool). The instructions are designed to supplement and reinforce physician instructions to their patients. (AA-M).

•

Helicobacter Pylori Source: Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services. 199x. 4 p. Contact: Available from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Department of Health and Human Services. 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS C09, Atlanta, GA 30333. (888) 698-5237. Website: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/hpylori.htm. PRICE: Single copy free. Order number 995503. Summary: This fact sheet brings physicians up to date on the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. H. pylori is a spiral shaped bacterium that is found in the gastric mucus layer of the stomach and is thought to cause more than 90 percent of duodenal ulcers and more than 80 percent of gastric ulcers. The fact sheet lists common questions and answers, covering topics such as the incidence of H. pylori infection, the illnesses caused by the bacterium, ulcer symptoms, patient selection for testing and treatment for H. pylori, diagnostic tests, treatment regimens to eradicate H. pylori, long term consequences of infection, and current activities of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in this area. Persons with active gastric or duodenal ulcers or documented history of ulcers should be tested for H. pylori, and if found to be infected, they should be treated. Testing for and treatment for H. pylori infection are also recommended after resection of early gastric cancer and for low grade gastric MALT lymphoma. Diagnostic tests used to determine H. pylori infection include serological (blood) tests, breath tests, and upper esophagogastroduodenal endoscopy. Therapy for H. pylori infection consists of 1 to 2 weeks of one or two effective antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, tetracycline, metronidazole, or clarithromycin, plus either ranitidine

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bismuth citrate, bismuth subsalicylate, or a proton pump inhibitor. The CDC has established an H. pylori information line for physicians and patients (888-MY-ULCER). Two other information resources are listed, the American Gastroenterological Association and the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 1 table. 3 references. •

Coping with Ulcers Source: Physician Assistant. p. 29. December 1999. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. Physician Assistant, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477. (215) 646-8700. Fax (215) 646-4399. Summary: This patient handout reviews peptic ulcer disease (PUD), commonly referred to as ulcers, and defined as sores or craters in the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcers) or in the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum (duodenal ulcers). The handout offers information about the causes of ulcers, risk factors that make it more likely to get ulcers, treatment options, and the possible complications of ulcers. Gastric ulcers are caused when the lining of the stomach is injured. Risk factors for gastric ulcers include regular use of aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excess amounts of bile in the stomach, Helicobacter pylori infection, type O blood, and uncommon tumors called gastrinomas (usually found in the pancreas). Duodenal ulcers develop when an overproduction of enzymes, such as stomach acid, bile or other enzymes, overwhelms the layer of mucus protecting the surface of the duodenum. Risk factors for duodenal ulcers include regular use of aspirin or NSAIDs, smoking, chronic kidney failure, liver damage from alcohol, infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, and type O blood. Lifestyle modifications, including smoking cessation, avoidance of NSAIDs, and weight loss, are usually the first line of defense against ulcers. Complications of untreated ulcers can include significant blood loss, intestinal blockage, perforation of the stomach lining or small intestine with spillage of acid, bile, and other substances into the abdominal cavity, and stomach cancer. The handout concludes with the contact information for two resource organizations: American Gastroenterology Association and the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders.

•

Gastrointestinal Disorders Source: in Mosby-Year Book, Inc. Mosby's Patient Teaching Guides. St. Louis, MO Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1995. p. 43-51. Contact: Available from Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. PRICE: $52.95. ISBN: 0815158629. Summary: This section on gastrointestinal disorders, which is reprinted from a manual of patient education materials, covers constipation, peptic ulcer, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ileostomy, colostomy, and intravenous fluid hydration at home. Each section is written in a question and answer format, focusing on strategies for self care and home care. Topics include the causes and complications of constipation, as well as treatment options; the causes and symptoms of duodenal and gastric ulcers, as well as treatment and management strategies; the causes and symptoms of IBS, lifestyle modifications that may help manage it, the symptoms and complications of IBD, self care and dietary recommendations for people with ileostomies; the indications for placement of a colostomy, stoma and pouch care, and indications for intravenous fluid hydration at home. The instructional materials are written in nontechnical language and may be copied for free distribution to patients and families.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to gastric ulcer. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to gastric ulcer. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with gastric ulcer. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about gastric ulcer. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “gastric ulcer” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “gastric ulcer”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “gastric ulcer” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “gastric ulcer” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on gastric ulcer: •

Basic Guidelines for Gastric Ulcer Gastric ulcer - benign Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000213.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Gastric Ulcer Abdominal indigestion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003260.htm Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm

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Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Vomiting blood Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003118.htm Weight loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003107.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Gastric Ulcer Biopsy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003416.htm EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003888.htm Gastric acid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003883.htm Ulcer Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003225.htm Ulcers Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003228.htm Upper GI series Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003816.htm

•

Nutrition for Gastric Ulcer Caffeine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm Coffee Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002445.htm

•

Background Topics for Gastric Ulcer Enzyme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002353.htm Gastrectomy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002945.htm Relieved by Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002288.htm Smoking Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002032.htm

Online Glossaries 127

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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GASTRIC ULCER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Acantholysis: Separation of the prickle cells of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, resulting in atrophy of the prickle cell layer. It is seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (see pemphigus) and keratosis follicularis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimation: Adaptation of animals or plants to new climate. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acute myelogenous leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute myeloid leukemia: AML. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myelogenous leukemia or acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature blood-forming cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute myeloid leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. [NIH] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adduction: The rotation of an eye toward the midline (nasally). [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases

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catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH)

Dictionary 131

group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to ampicillin except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration. [NIH] Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broadspectrum antibiotic. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anaphylaxis: An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered antigen. The reaction may include rapidly progressing urticaria, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic shock, and death. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH]

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Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisakiasis: Infection with roundworms of the genus Anisakis. Human infection results from the consumption of fish harboring roundworm larvae. The worms may cause acute nausea and vomiting or may penetrate into the wall of the digestive tract, where they give rise to eosinophilic granulomas in the stomach, intestine, or the omentum. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH]

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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginase: A ureahydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arginine or canavanine to yield L-ORNITHINE and urea. Deficiency of this enzyme causes hyperargininemia. EC 3.5.3.1. [NIH]

Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arterial embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot of foreign material. This can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical

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environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophic Gastritis: Chronic irritation of the stomach lining. Causes the stomach lining and glands to wither away. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-Thromboglobulin: A platelet-specific protein which is released when platelets aggregate. Elevated plasma levels have been reported after deep venous thrombosis, preeclampsia, myocardial infarction with mural thrombosis, and myeloproliferative disorders. Measurement of beta-thromboglobulin in biological fluids by radioimmunoassay is used for the diagnosis and assessment of progress of thromboembolic disorders. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in

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the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Reflux: Reflux of bile mainly into the upper digestive tract, but also into the pancreas. [NIH]

Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bismuth Subsalicylate: A nonprescription medicine such as Pepto-Bismol. Used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, indigestion, and nausea. It is also part of the treatment for ulcers caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (HELL-uh-koh-BAK-tur py-LOH-ree). [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH]

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Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Breath Tests: Any tests done on exhaled air. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Campylobacter pylori: The original name for the bacterium that causes ulcers. The new name is Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU]

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Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion Molecules: Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Lineage: The developmental history of cells as traced from the first division of the original cell or cells in the embryo. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and

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adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chimeras: Organism that contains a mixture of genetically different cells. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Cholelithiasis: Presence or formation of gallstones. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colostomy: An opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]

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Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete response: The disappearance of all signs of cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer has been cured. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or

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treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and

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thromboxanes. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does

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have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]

Duodenogastric Reflux: Reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH]

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Eicosanoids: A class of oxygenated, endogenous, unsaturated fatty acids derived from arachidonic acid. They include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid compounds (HETE). They are hormone-like substances that act near the site of synthesis without altering functions throughout the body. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the

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body. [NIH] Endostatin: A drug that is being studied for its ability to prevent the growth of new blood vessels into a solid tumor. Endostatin belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophilic Granuloma: The most benign clinical form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, which involves localized nodular lesions of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, bones, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by eosinophils. The proliferating cell that appears to be responsible for the clinical manifestations is the Langerhans cell. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local

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anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the

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relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances

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that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrectomy: An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastric Outlet Obstruction: The hindering of output from the stomach to the small intestine. The source varies: peptic ulcer, foreign bodies, aging, neoplasms, etc. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroduodenal: Pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the

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esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Dosage: The number of copies of a given gene present in a cell or nucleus. An increase in gene dosage can result in the formation of higher levels of gene product, provided that the gene is not subject to autogenous regulation. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH]

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Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]

Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitat: An area considered in terms of its environment, particularly as this determines the type and quality of the vegetation the area can carry. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Helicobacter: A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that is pathogenic and has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. [NIH] Helicobacter pylori: A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gramnegative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori

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was originally classified in the genus Campylobacter, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the microorganism should be included in the genus Helicobacter. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405). [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Heparin-binding: Protein that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is proto-oncogene protein C-met. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH]

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Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hospital Charges: The prices a hospital sets for its services. Hospital costs (the direct and indirect expenses incurred by the hospital in providing the services) are one factor in the determination of hospital charges. Other factors may include, for example, profits, competition, and the necessity of recouping the costs of uncompensated care. [NIH] Hospital Costs: The expenses incurred by a hospital in providing care. The hospital costs attributed to a particular patient care episode include the direct costs plus an appropriate proportion of the overhead for administration, personnel, building maintenance, equipment, etc. Hospital costs are one of the factors which determine hospital charges (the price the hospital sets for its services). [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH]

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Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be

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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Interleukin-8: A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and Tlymphocytes. It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, Tlymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]

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Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH]

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Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH]

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Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharide: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to

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other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH]

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Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid

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secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH]

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Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neomycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces fradiae. It is composed of neomycins A, B, and C. It acts by inhibiting translation during protein synthesis. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niche: The ultimate unit of the habitat, i. e. the specific spot occupied by an individual organism; by extension, the more or less specialized relationships existing between an organism, individual or synusia(e), and its environment. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of

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aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Oesophagitis: Inflammation of the esophagus. [EU] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Omentum: A fold of the peritoneum (the thin tissue that lines the abdomen) that surrounds the stomach and other organs in the abdomen. [NIH] Omeprazole: A highly effective inhibitor of gastric acid secretion used in the therapy of gastric ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The drug inhibits the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase (H(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase) in a pH-dependent manner. This ATPase is considered the proton pump in the secretory membrane of the parietal cell. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Ornithine Decarboxylase: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein, believed to be the rate-limiting compound in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine to form putrescine, which is then linked to a propylamine moiety of decarboxylated Sadenosylmethionine to form spermidine. EC 4.1.1.17. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal

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osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxytocic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labor). 2. An agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parietal Lobe: Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

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Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Peer Review: An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemphigus: Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by acantholysis and blister formation within the epidermis. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: An ulceration of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, caused by the action of the acid gastric juice. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH]

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Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert

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plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet Factor 4: A high-molecular-weight proteoglycan-platelet factor complex which is released from blood platelets by thrombin. It acts as a mediator in the heparin-neutralizing capacity of the blood and plays a role in platelet aggregation. At high ionic strength (I=0.75), the complex dissociates into the active component (molecular weight 29,000) and the proteoglycan carrier (chondroitin 4-sulfate, molecular weight 350,000). The molecule exists in the form of a dimer consisting of 8 moles of platelet factor 4 and 2 moles of proteoglycan. [NIH]

Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Portal Hypertension: High blood pressure in the portal vein. This vein carries blood into the liver. Portal hypertension is caused by a blood clot. This is a common complication of cirrhosis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH]

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Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins from the appropriate unsaturated fatty acid, molecular oxygen, and a reduced acceptor. EC 1.14.99.1. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]

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Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Pyloroplasty: An operation to widen the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. This allows stomach contents to pass more freely from the stomach. [NIH] Pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. [EU]

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Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Quality of Health Care: The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate: Drug used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the

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dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reinfection: A second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH]

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Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serology: The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the

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one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Spasmolytic: Checking spasms; antispasmodic. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by

Dictionary 173

refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spermidine: A polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Artery: The largest branch of the celiac trunk with distribution to the spleen, pancreas, stomach and greater omentum. [NIH] Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stoma: A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

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Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sucralfate: A basic aluminum complex of sulfated sucrose. It is advocated in the therapy of peptic, duodenal, and prepyloric ulcers, gastritis, reflux esophagitis, and other gastrointestinal irritations. It acts primarily at the ulcer site, where it has cytoprotective, pepsinostatic, antacid, and bile acid-binding properties. The drug is only slightly absorbed by the digestive mucosa, which explains the absence of systemic effects and toxicity. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU]

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Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tragacanth: Powdered exudate from Astragalus gummifer and related plants. It forms gelatinous mass in water. Tragacanth is used as suspending agent, excipient or emulsifier in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has also been used as a bulk-forming laxative. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of

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ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders. [NIH] Truncal: The bilateral dissection of the abdominal branches of the vagus nerve. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ulcerogenic: Causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH]

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Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Vagotomy: The interruption or removal of any part of the vagus (10th cranial) nerve. Vagotomy may be performed for research or for therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH]

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Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

179

INDEX A Abdomen, 88, 115, 129, 135, 136, 145, 155, 157, 162, 164, 173, 174, 177 Abdominal, 14, 26, 33, 41, 79, 116, 125, 129, 142, 155, 158, 163, 176 Abdominal Pain, 14, 129, 155 Acantholysis, 129, 164 Acceptor, 129, 157, 163, 167, 175 Acclimation, 87, 129 Acetone, 70, 129, 155 Acetylcholine, 129, 161 Acidity, 55, 129 Acute myelogenous leukemia, 41, 129 Acute myeloid leukemia, 129 Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 129 Adduct, 6, 129 Adduction, 6, 129 Adenocarcinoma, 18, 129, 151 Adenoma, 21, 129 Adenosine, 129, 165, 174 Adrenal Cortex, 129, 141 Adrenal Medulla, 129, 137, 145, 162 Adrenergic, 130, 143, 145, 174 Adverse Effect, 130, 171 Aerosol, 10, 130 Aetiology, 18, 130 Affinity, 130, 134, 142, 172 Agonist, 130, 143 Airway, 10, 130 Alendronate, 47, 97, 130 Algorithms, 130, 135 Alkaline, 130, 131, 136 Alternative medicine, 98, 130 Aluminum, 130, 174 Amebiasis, 130, 159 Amine, 130, 151 Amino Acid Sequence, 81, 84, 131, 132, 146, 149 Ammonia, 80, 86, 130, 131, 176, 177 Amnion, 131 Amniotic Fluid, 31, 131 Amoxicillin, 25, 26, 28, 41, 45, 55, 115, 131 Ampicillin, 131 Ampulla, 131, 144 Anaemia, 55, 131 Anaesthesia, 131, 153 Analgesic, 131, 142 Analog, 131, 160

Analytes, 12, 131 Anaphylaxis, 10, 131 Androgens, 129, 131, 141 Anesthesia, 130, 131 Anesthetics, 131, 146 Angiogenesis, 132, 145, 158 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 132, 145 Animal model, 10, 12, 132 Anionic, 78, 132 Anions, 132, 155 Anisakiasis, 16, 132 Annealing, 132, 166 Antagonism, 132, 174 Antiallergic, 132, 141 Antibacterial, 84, 85, 132, 173 Antibiotic, 131, 132, 136, 138, 146, 161, 173, 174 Antibodies, 11, 90, 132, 152, 153, 157, 165 Antibody, 11, 22, 130, 132, 139, 152, 153, 154, 158, 171 Anticholinergics, 83, 132 Antigen, 90, 130, 131, 132, 139, 152, 153, 154, 158, 159, 171 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 132, 133, 141 Antineoplastic, 133, 141 Antioxidant, 6, 63, 71, 133, 163 Antipyretic, 133, 142 Antiseptic, 129, 133 Antiviral, 24, 133, 154, 164 Anus, 133, 136, 139 Aorta, 42, 50, 133, 177 Aortic Aneurysm, 29, 133 Apnea, 34, 133 Apoptosis, 11, 39, 87, 133, 142 Arachidonic Acid, 10, 133, 141, 144, 167 Arginase, 11, 133 Arginine, 133, 161, 162, 168 Arterial, 42, 133, 141, 149, 152, 168, 174 Arterial embolization, 42, 133 Arteries, 133, 135, 136, 141, 159, 161, 168, 175 Artery, 41, 133, 141, 144 Aspartate, 81, 133 Aspirin, 13, 38, 71, 72, 83, 93, 116, 133 Assay, 8, 88, 133 Astrocytes, 87, 133, 159, 160 Asymptomatic, 130, 134, 163 Atrial, 134, 141, 176

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Atrioventricular, 134, 141 Atrium, 134, 141, 176, 177 Atrophic Gastritis, 7, 11, 33, 39, 57, 89, 134 Autodigestion, 134, 163 Autonomic, 129, 134, 162, 164 B Bactericidal, 134, 146 Bacteriophage, 134, 175, 178 Bacterium, 14, 85, 86, 90, 115, 134, 135, 136, 150 Basophils, 134, 150, 156 Beta carotene, 8, 134 Beta-Thromboglobulin, 134, 154 Bilateral, 134, 176 Bile, 19, 26, 39, 40, 52, 79, 93, 116, 134, 135, 148, 157, 174 Bile Acids, 134, 148 Bile Acids and Salts, 134 Bile Reflux, 26, 39, 135 Biliary, 135, 143, 163 Biliary Tract, 135, 163 Binding Sites, 5, 135 Biochemical, 135, 147, 156, 171 Biological therapy, 135, 150 Biomarkers, 12, 135 Biopsy, 34, 90, 115, 126, 135, 164 Biopsy specimen, 90, 135 Biosynthesis, 9, 133, 135, 162 Biotechnology, 15, 98, 109, 135 Bismuth, 20, 85, 116, 135 Bismuth Subsalicylate, 116, 135 Bladder, 135, 167, 177 Blister, 135, 164 Bloating, 135, 153, 155 Blood Coagulation, 135, 136 Blood Platelets, 135, 166, 171 Blood pressure, 135, 149, 152, 164, 166, 168, 172 Blood vessel, 132, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 145, 147, 150, 155, 158, 164, 168, 172, 174, 175, 177 Blot, 10, 11, 136 Body Fluids, 80, 135, 136, 143, 162, 172, 176 Bone Marrow, 129, 136, 157, 160, 172 Bowel, 136, 143, 154, 155, 156, 173 Bowel Movement, 136, 143, 173 Bradykinin, 136, 161 Breath Tests, 115, 136 Broad-spectrum, 131, 136 Bronchi, 136, 145, 174 Bronchial, 9, 136, 151, 174

Bypass, 41, 136 C Calcium, 67, 136, 139, 158, 170 Campylobacter, 21, 90, 95, 136, 151 Campylobacter pylori, 90, 95, 136 Carbohydrate, 136, 141, 149, 150, 166 Carbon Dioxide, 136, 142, 170, 177 Carcinogen, 7, 129, 136, 159 Carcinogenesis, 7, 136 Carcinogenic, 136, 162, 167 Carcinoma, 18, 27, 32, 41, 45, 48, 79, 136, 137 Cardiac, 38, 137, 141, 145, 148, 161 Cardiology, 38, 137 Cardiovascular, 22, 137, 142, 171 Carotene, 134, 137 Carotenoids, 134, 137 Case report, 16, 21, 26, 34, 35, 41, 42, 49, 137, 138 Catecholamine, 137, 143 Catheter, 80, 137 Cathode, 137, 144 Cations, 5, 137, 155 Causal, 6, 137 Cell Adhesion, 87, 137 Cell Adhesion Molecules, 87, 137 Cell Death, 133, 137, 161 Cell Division, 81, 84, 134, 137, 150, 160, 165, 171 Cell Lineage, 81, 84, 137 Cell membrane, 137, 148, 155, 159 Cell motility, 137, 151 Cell proliferation, 40, 137 Cell Size, 137, 147 Cell Survival, 137, 150 Cellulose, 138, 159, 165 Central Nervous System, 87, 129, 138, 149, 150, 159, 171, 174 Cerebral, 138, 145, 146, 163, 172 Chemokines, 52, 138 Chemoprevention, 7, 138 Chimeras, 5, 138 Chloroform, 66, 138 Cholelithiasis, 52, 138 Cholesterol, 134, 138, 152, 157 Chondrocytes, 138, 147 Chromatin, 133, 138, 145 Chromosome, 138, 157, 171 Chronic Disease, 91, 138 Cirrhosis, 138, 166 Clarithromycin, 55, 115, 138 Clinical Medicine, 26, 38, 39, 138, 167

181

Clinical study, 138, 141 Clinical trial, 4, 109, 138, 141, 143, 160, 164, 168, 169 Clone, 5, 138 Cloning, 135, 138 Codon, 16, 82, 139, 149 Cofactor, 14, 139, 161, 168 Colitis, 139, 154, 155 Collagen, 131, 139, 147, 158, 166 Collapse, 131, 139 Colon, 23, 81, 139, 154, 155, 156 Colostomy, 116, 139 Colostrum, 80, 139 Complement, 139, 140 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 75, 140 Complementary medicine, 63, 140 Complete response, 51, 140 Computational Biology, 109, 140 Computed tomography, 33, 140 Computerized axial tomography, 140 Computerized tomography, 140 Connective Tissue, 38, 136, 139, 140, 149, 158, 170 Connective Tissue Cells, 140 Connexins, 140, 148 Constipation, 116, 140, 155 Constriction, 140, 155, 177 Continuous infusion, 38, 140 Continuum, 37, 140 Contraindications, ii, 140 Controlled clinical trial, 64, 141 Controlled study, 31, 36, 141 Coordination, 9, 141 Cor, 12, 141, 149 Coronary, 41, 141, 159, 161 Coronary Thrombosis, 141, 159, 161 Corticosteroid, 60, 141 Cranial, 141, 164, 177 Crossing-over, 141, 169 Curative, 60, 70, 141, 174 Cyclic, 141, 150, 162, 174 Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors, 15, 25, 141 Cysteine, 138, 142 Cysteinyl, 9, 142 Cytokine, 10, 142, 154 Cytomegalovirus, 16, 24, 38, 58, 142 Cytoplasm, 133, 134, 137, 142, 145, 150, 160, 170 D Deamination, 142, 176 Decarboxylation, 142, 151, 162, 168

Deletion, 133, 142 Denaturation, 142, 166 Dendrites, 142, 161 Density, 142, 147, 157 Dermatitis, 79, 142 Desipramine, 13, 142 Deuterium, 142, 152 Diagnostic procedure, 77, 98, 142 Diaper Rash, 79, 80, 142 Diaphragm, 142, 151 Diarrhea, 71, 130, 135, 142, 155 Diastolic, 142, 152 Diclofenac, 6, 142 Diclofenac Sodium, 142 Dicyclomine, 132, 142 Diffusion, 143, 154, 155 Digestion, 18, 31, 37, 55, 134, 136, 143, 153, 155, 157, 163, 164, 173 Digestive system, 143, 148, 160 Digestive tract, 114, 132, 135, 143, 172 Direct, iii, 12, 101, 138, 143, 149, 152, 169, 174 Disinfectant, 143, 146 Dissection, 143, 176 Distal, 143, 148 Diuresis, 143, 174 Dopamine, 67, 87, 143, 160, 161, 165 Double-blind, 13, 23, 26, 28, 31, 36, 46, 53, 55, 143 Drive, ii, vi, 59, 91, 93, 95, 115, 116, 143, 155 Drug Interactions, 102, 143 Duct, 131, 143, 146, 170, 173 Duodenogastric Reflux, 48, 51, 52, 143 Duodenum, 79, 88, 114, 115, 116, 134, 143, 144, 148, 155, 163, 164, 173 Dyspepsia, 27, 49, 79, 83, 143, 153 Dysplasia, 7, 11, 40, 143 E Efficacy, 4, 15, 143 Eicosanoids, 141, 144 Elective, 57, 58, 144 Electrolysis, 132, 137, 144 Electrolyte, 141, 144, 156, 159, 162, 166, 172, 176 Electromagnetic Fields, 79, 144 Electrons, 133, 137, 144, 155, 163, 169 Elementary Particles, 144, 168 Emboli, 53, 57, 144 Embolization, 53, 57, 144 Embolus, 144, 153 Embryo, 131, 137, 144, 153

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Gastric Ulcer

Encephalopathy, 80, 144 Endemic, 7, 144 Endogenous, 64, 78, 143, 144, 145 Endorphins, 144, 161 Endoscope, 144 Endoscopic, 13, 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 39, 43, 45, 51, 56, 144 Endoscopy, 8, 16, 18, 19, 20, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 51, 56, 92, 114, 115, 144 Endostatin, 15, 50, 145 Endothelial cell, 29, 145, 147, 151, 154 Endothelium, 145, 161, 166 Endothelium-derived, 145, 161 Enhancer, 10, 145 Enkephalins, 145, 161 Enterocytes, 6, 81, 145 Environmental Health, 108, 110, 145 Enzymatic, 131, 136, 137, 139, 145, 151, 166 Eosinophilic, 132, 145 Eosinophilic Granuloma, 132, 145 Eosinophils, 41, 45, 145, 150, 156 Epidermal, 29, 60, 66, 80, 145, 155 Epidermal Growth Factor, 60, 66, 80, 145 Epidermis, 129, 135, 145, 155, 164, 168 Epigastric, 145, 163 Epinephrine, 13, 130, 143, 145, 161, 162, 176 Epithelial, 6, 11, 37, 80, 129, 145, 146, 150, 151 Epithelial Cells, 145, 146, 151 Epithelium, 10, 13, 145, 146, 148 Erythrocytes, 131, 136, 146 Erythromycin, 138, 146 Esophageal, 21, 29, 45, 46, 146, 149 Esophagitis, 47, 50, 92, 146, 149, 174 Esophagus, 143, 146, 148, 149, 150, 157, 162, 164, 165, 169, 173 Ethanol, 12, 29, 33, 61, 65, 67, 146 Eukaryotic Cells, 146, 153, 162 Evacuation, 140, 146, 148, 156, 163 Evoke, 146, 173 Excipient, 146, 175 Excitation, 146, 147, 161 Excrete, 146, 156 Exocrine, 146, 163 Exogenous, 78, 144, 146 Exon, 10, 146 Extracellular, 5, 87, 133, 140, 146, 147, 158, 159, 172 Extracellular Matrix, 140, 146, 147, 158 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 146, 158

Extracellular Space, 146, 147, 159 Extrapyramidal, 143, 147 Exudate, 147, 175 F Family Planning, 109, 147 Famotidine, 27, 31, 38, 47, 147 Fat, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141, 144, 147, 149, 155, 157, 170, 172 Feces, 80, 140, 142, 147, 173 Fibrinogen, 147, 165 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 27, 81, 84, 147 Fibroblasts, 140, 147, 154 Fistula, 16, 23, 34, 35, 53, 67, 147, 148 Flow Cytometry, 10, 147 Fluorescence, 14, 147, 148 Fluorescent Dyes, 147 Fold, 148, 158, 162 Free Radicals, 133, 148 Fungi, 148, 159, 178 G Gallbladder, 129, 135, 143, 148 Gap Junctions, 32, 140, 148 Gas, 131, 136, 143, 148, 152, 153, 155, 161 Gastrectomy, 19, 20, 39, 41, 42, 43, 46, 57, 126, 148 Gastric Acid, 54, 70, 79, 83, 89, 90, 92, 131, 148, 160, 162 Gastric Emptying, 40, 148 Gastric Juices, 148, 164 Gastric Mucosa, 8, 11, 14, 16, 21, 28, 30, 32, 35, 39, 45, 52, 60, 65, 79, 90, 93, 145, 148 Gastric Outlet Obstruction, 92, 148 Gastrin, 22, 34, 55, 148, 152 Gastroduodenal, 24, 148 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 34, 72, 79, 148 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 72, 79, 148 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, 17, 56, 149 Gastrointestinal tract, 17, 79, 146, 149, 171, 172, 176 Gastrostomy, 20, 45, 56, 149 Gene, 9, 14, 18, 28, 45, 51, 55, 87, 97, 135, 140, 149, 162, 171 Gene Dosage, 10, 149 Gene Expression, 14, 28, 45, 149 Genetic Code, 149, 162 Genetic testing, 149, 166 Genetics, 79, 149 Genotype, 149, 165 Geriatric, 115, 149 Giardiasis, 149, 159 Ginseng, 73, 74, 149

183

Gland, 129, 149, 163, 165, 167, 171, 173, 175 Glomeruli, 149, 168 Glucocorticoids, 129, 141, 149 Glucuronic Acid, 149, 151 Glutamate, 81, 149, 150 Glutamic Acid, 150, 161 Glutathione Peroxidase, 150, 171 Glycine, 131, 134, 150, 161 Glycoproteins, 137, 150, 155, 168 Goblet Cells, 145, 150 Governing Board, 150, 167 Gp120, 150, 164 Grade, 24, 115, 150 Gram-negative, 14, 90, 150 Granule, 150, 170 Granulocytes, 54, 150, 178 Growth factors, 11, 22, 52, 80, 81, 84, 87, 150, 159 Guanylate Cyclase, 150, 162 H Habitat, 150, 161 Haematoma, 150 Haemorrhage, 42, 56, 60, 150 Hair follicles, 150, 178 Heartburn, 135, 150, 151, 153 Hemodialysis, 151, 156 Hemoglobin, 146, 151, 156 Hemorrhage, 13, 19, 52, 57, 151, 168 Hemostasis, 13, 29, 151, 171 Heparin, 81, 84, 86, 151, 166 Heparin-binding, 86, 151 Hepatic, 80, 151, 157 Hepatocellular, 33, 151 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 33, 151 Hepatocyte, 30, 151 Hepatocyte Growth Factor, 30, 151 Hereditary, 49, 151, 165 Heredity, 114, 149, 151 Hernia, 35, 42, 49, 151 Hiatal Hernia, 48, 151 Histamine, 12, 47, 86, 102, 147, 151, 152, 169 Histidine, 151, 152 Histology, 16, 152 Homeostasis, 14, 152 Homogeneous, 140, 152 Homologous, 10, 87, 140, 141, 152, 171, 174 Hormonal, 141, 152 Hormone, 12, 141, 144, 145, 148, 152, 170, 172, 175

Hospital Charges, 152 Hospital Costs, 13, 152 Hybrid, 5, 138, 152 Hybridomas, 152, 154 Hydration, 116, 152 Hydrochloric Acid, 85, 152 Hydrogen, 88, 129, 130, 136, 142, 146, 150, 152, 157, 160, 163, 168 Hydrolysis, 133, 152, 155, 166 Hydroxyproline, 131, 139, 152 Hypercholesterolemia, 82, 152 Hypersensitivity, 10, 131, 152, 170 Hypertension, 5, 152, 166, 176 Hypertrophy, 141, 153, 176 Hypothalamic, 13, 153 Hypothalamus, 153, 165, 172 Hypoxic, 153, 159 I Ileostomy, 116, 153 Ileum, 153, 155 Imidazole, 151, 153, 169 Immersion, 70, 153 Immune response, 8, 11, 78, 132, 141, 153, 173, 178 Immune system, 87, 135, 153, 157, 178 Immunoglobulin, 22, 132, 153 Immunohistochemistry, 6, 10, 11, 153 Immunologic, 7, 153 In situ, 5, 8, 11, 153 In Situ Hybridization, 11, 153 In vitro, 8, 12, 14, 55, 153, 166, 171 In vivo, 10, 12, 14, 151, 153, 159, 175 Incision, 153, 155 Incompetence, 148, 153 Indigestion, 125, 135, 153 Indomethacin, 12, 61, 70, 71, 153 Induction, 14, 131, 153 Infarction, 17, 153 Infiltration, 11, 18, 145, 154 Inflammatory bowel disease, 116, 154 Infusion, 6, 154 Ingestion, 13, 154, 159, 166 Inhalation, 130, 154, 159, 166 Inorganic, 154, 160 Inotropic, 143, 154 Interferon, 56, 154 Interferon-alpha, 154 Interleukin-1, 18, 154 Interleukin-2, 51, 154 Interleukin-6, 29, 154 Interleukin-8, 29, 154 Interstitial, 78, 147, 154

184

Gastric Ulcer

Intestinal, 6, 27, 40, 57, 80, 116, 136, 137, 145, 150, 155 Intestine, 6, 81, 116, 132, 134, 136, 155, 156, 168 Intoxication, 17, 155 Intracellular, 5, 87, 154, 155, 162, 166, 169, 171 Intravenous, 116, 154, 155 Invasive, 9, 40, 155 Ion Channels, 134, 155 Ion Transport, 4, 14, 155, 159 Ions, 5, 14, 79, 89, 129, 144, 152, 155, 170 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 116, 155 Ischemia, 81, 82, 84, 155 J Jejunum, 6, 155 K Kb, 10, 108, 155 Keratinocytes, 154, 155 Ketoacidosis, 129, 155 Ketone Bodies, 129, 155 Kidney Failure, 116, 156 Kidney Failure, Acute, 156 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 156 Kinetic, 14, 156 L Lactation, 139, 156 Large Intestine, 143, 155, 156, 169, 172 Latent, 156, 167 Laxative, 156, 159, 175 Least-Squares Analysis, 156, 169 Lesion, 31, 156, 157, 176 Lethal, 17, 134, 156 Leucine, 81, 156, 164 Leukemia, 37, 38, 156 Leukocytes, 8, 78, 134, 136, 138, 145, 150, 153, 154, 156, 160, 165 Ligaments, 141, 156 Ligands, 137, 156 Ligation, 20, 28, 86, 156 Likelihood Functions, 156, 169 Linear Models, 156, 169 Linkage, 6, 157, 164 Lipid, 6, 9, 43, 157, 163 Lipid Peroxidation, 157, 163 Lipopolysaccharide, 150, 157 Lipoprotein, 150, 157 Liver Cirrhosis, 25, 157 Localization, 82, 153, 157 Localized, 82, 142, 145, 150, 154, 157, 165, 176, 177 Logistic Models, 157, 169

Loop, 151, 153, 157 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 148, 149, 157 Lymph, 145, 157, 173 Lymphatic, 145, 154, 157, 158, 172, 173 Lymphocyte, 132, 157, 158 Lymphoid, 132, 157 Lymphoma, 38, 115, 157 Lytic, 157, 178 M Macrophage, 154, 157 Malignancy, 11, 44, 93, 157 Malignant, 4, 31, 32, 43, 44, 45, 129, 133, 158, 161 Mammary, 139, 158 Matrix metalloproteinase, 36, 45, 158 Mediate, 13, 137, 143, 158, 169 Mediator, 9, 154, 158, 166, 171 MEDLINE, 109, 158 Melanin, 158, 165, 176 Membrane, 5, 89, 90, 115, 131, 133, 137, 139, 146, 150, 155, 158, 159, 160, 162, 164, 170 Memory, 87, 158 Meninges, 138, 158 Mental, iv, 4, 108, 110, 153, 158, 176, 177 Mercury, 147, 158 Mesenchymal, 145, 158 Mesenteric, 58, 158 Mesentery, 158 Mesolimbic, 87, 158 Meta-Analysis, 48, 158 Metaplasia, 40, 57, 158 Metastasis, 44, 45, 137, 158, 159 Metastatic, 51, 159, 171 Methanol, 66, 159 Methylcellulose, 80, 159 Methylene Chloride, 66, 159 Metronidazole, 8, 115, 159 MI, 57, 127, 159 Microcirculation, 157, 159, 166 Microdialysis, 12, 159 Microglia, 134, 159, 160 Microorganism, 139, 159, 163, 178 Micro-organism, 151 Micro-organism, 159 Microspheres, 60, 159 Microvilli, 81, 159 Migration, 78, 87, 159 Mineralocorticoids, 129, 141, 159 Misoprostol, 34, 46, 160 Mitochondrial Swelling, 160, 161 Mitosis, 81, 84, 133, 160

185

Modification, 131, 160 Molecular, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 109, 111, 135, 140, 147, 151, 160, 165, 166, 167, 169, 175, 176 Molecule, 132, 135, 139, 145, 146, 150, 152, 160, 163, 166, 169, 177 Monoamine, 86, 87, 160 Monocytes, 154, 156, 160 Morphology, 90, 160 Motility, 24, 28, 34, 51, 153, 160, 171 Motion Sickness, 160, 161 Mucins, 145, 150, 160, 170 Mucosa, 11, 14, 79, 86, 93, 145, 148, 160, 174 Mucositis, 160, 175 Mucus, 12, 79, 86, 115, 116, 160 Multicenter study, 22, 53, 160 Muscle Contraction, 160, 170 Mutagenesis, 14, 160 Mutagenic, 10, 160, 162 Mutagens, 160 Myelogenous, 160 Myocardial infarction, 78, 134, 141, 159, 161 Myocardium, 159, 161 N Narcotic, 159, 161 Nausea, 14, 88, 125, 132, 135, 153, 161, 176, 177 Necrosis, 29, 42, 133, 153, 159, 161 Neomycin, 10, 161 Neoplasia, 161 Neoplasm, 161 Neoplastic, 6, 152, 157, 161 Nerve, 130, 131, 142, 158, 161, 170, 173, 176, 177 Nervous System, 138, 158, 161, 164, 174 Neural, 81, 84, 87, 142, 159, 161 Neurons, 87, 142, 161, 174 Neurotransmitter, 13, 129, 131, 136, 143, 149, 150, 151, 155, 161, 162, 172, 173 Neutrophil, 10, 78, 161 Niche, 14, 161 Nickel, 14, 161 Nitric Oxide, 12, 22, 39, 161 Nitrosamines, 47, 162 Norepinephrine, 13, 130, 142, 143, 161, 162 Nuclear, 144, 146, 161, 162 Nuclei, 144, 160, 162, 168 Nucleic acid, 81, 84, 88, 149, 153, 160, 162, 173 Nucleolus, 162, 170

Nucleus, 133, 134, 138, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 149, 160, 162, 168, 173 Nutritional Support, 149, 162 O Oesophagitis, 48, 162 Oliguria, 156, 162 Omentum, 132, 162, 173 Omeprazole, 3, 15, 23, 26, 27, 45, 48, 54, 55, 85, 102, 162, 168 Oncogene, 151, 162 Ornithine, 39, 162, 168 Ornithine Decarboxylase, 39, 162 Osteoporosis, 130, 162 Oxidation, 129, 133, 150, 157, 163 Oxidative Stress, 6, 163 Oxytocic, 160, 163 P Palliative, 163, 174 Pancreas, 116, 129, 135, 143, 148, 163, 172, 173, 176 Pancreatic, 17, 27, 52, 72, 79, 83, 148, 163 Pancreatic enzymes, 79, 163 Pancreatic Juice, 52, 148, 163 Pancreatitis, 18, 27, 163 Parietal, 5, 162, 163 Parietal Lobe, 163 Paroxetine, 13, 163 Particle, 163, 175 Pathogen, 150, 163 Pathogenesis, 6, 7, 25, 30, 47, 79, 83, 92, 163 Pathologic, 133, 135, 141, 152, 163, 177 Pathologic Processes, 133, 163 Pathologies, 5, 163 Patient Education, 114, 116, 120, 122, 127, 163 Patient Selection, 115, 164 Peer Review, 8, 59, 164 Pelvis, 129, 164, 168 Pemphigus, 24, 129, 164 Pepsin, 79, 83, 85, 88, 160, 164 Pepsin A, 79, 83, 164 Peptic, 4, 10, 13, 14, 21, 24, 72, 80, 83, 90, 91, 93, 95, 114, 115, 116, 148, 150, 164, 174 Peptic Ulcer, 4, 10, 13, 14, 72, 80, 83, 90, 91, 93, 95, 114, 115, 116, 148, 150, 164 Peptide, 80, 88, 131, 138, 147, 164, 166, 168 Peptide Chain Elongation, 138, 164 Peptide T, 80, 164 Percutaneous, 28, 33, 45, 56, 164

186

Gastric Ulcer

Perforation, 4, 6, 34, 42, 45, 48, 50, 92, 115, 116, 164 Peripheral blood, 11, 154, 164 Peripheral Nervous System, 145, 161, 164, 172, 173 Peripheral Vascular Disease, 81, 84, 164 Peroxidase, 64, 157, 165 Peroxide, 6, 150, 157, 165 Petechiae, 150, 165 Pharmacodynamic, 147, 165 Pharmacologic, 131, 165, 175 Pharynx, 148, 165, 177 Phenotype, 11, 165 Phenylalanine, 164, 165, 176 Phosphorus, 136, 165 Phosphorylation, 5, 50, 87, 165 Physiologic, 10, 130, 135, 165, 169 Physiology, 4, 36, 38, 43, 46, 71, 82, 137, 148, 165 Pilot study, 48, 165 Pituitary Gland, 141, 147, 165 Plants, 129, 136, 149, 160, 162, 165, 175 Plasma, 18, 55, 132, 134, 137, 147, 151, 156, 160, 165 Plasma cells, 132, 165 Plasmin, 165, 166 Plasminogen, 55, 165 Plasminogen Activators, 165 Platelet Aggregation, 161, 166, 175 Platelet Factor 4, 154, 166 Platelets, 15, 50, 134, 162, 166, 175 Pneumonia, 141, 166 Poisoning, 155, 158, 161, 166 Polymerase, 28, 166 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 28, 166 Polymorphism, 16, 55, 166 Polypeptide, 131, 139, 145, 147, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172 Polysaccharide, 65, 66, 132, 138, 166, 168 Portal Hypertension, 20, 25, 42, 166 Posterior, 163, 166 Postmenopausal, 130, 162, 166 Potassium, 159, 166 Potentiates, 142, 154, 166 Practice Guidelines, 110, 167 Precancerous, 8, 167 Precursor, 133, 134, 143, 144, 145, 162, 165, 167, 173, 176 Predisposition, 49, 167 Premalignant, 167 Preoperative, 53, 167 Presynaptic, 161, 167

Probe, 159, 167 Progression, 8, 11, 51, 132, 167 Progressive, 37, 138, 156, 161, 167 Projection, 162, 167 Promoter, 10, 86, 167 Prone, 6, 167 Prophylaxis, 80, 82, 83, 167 Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase, 141, 167 Prostaglandins, 3, 12, 133, 141, 144, 153, 167 Prostaglandins A, 153, 167 Prostate, 135, 167, 176 Protective Agents, 69, 83, 167 Protein C, 131, 134, 139, 157, 168, 176 Protein Conformation, 131, 168 Protein Kinases, 5, 168 Protein S, 10, 135, 138, 146, 149, 161, 168, 170, 174 Proteoglycans, 82, 147, 168 Protocol, 14, 168 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 92, 114, 168 Protons, 5, 152, 168, 169 Public Policy, 109, 168 Publishing, 15, 92, 168 Pulmonary, 135, 141, 145, 156, 168, 177 Pulmonary Artery, 135, 168, 177 Pulmonary Edema, 156, 168 Pulmonary hypertension, 141, 168 Purpura, 150, 168 Putrescine, 162, 168, 173 Pyelonephritis, 80, 168 Pyloroplasty, 19, 43, 44, 56, 57, 168 Pylorus, 26, 43, 168 Pyridoxal, 162, 169 Q Quality of Health Care, 164, 169 R Race, 85, 159, 169 Radiation, 144, 147, 148, 159, 169, 178 Radioactive, 152, 162, 169 Radiological, 164, 169 Radiology, 33, 44, 53, 92, 169 Randomized, 13, 22, 23, 28, 29, 44, 46, 53, 55, 143, 169 Ranitidine, 16, 27, 34, 49, 53, 55, 64, 80, 83, 115, 169 Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate, 116, 169 Reagent, 152, 169 Receptors, Serotonin, 169, 171 Recombination, 10, 87, 169

187

Rectum, 133, 136, 139, 143, 148, 154, 156, 167, 169 Recurrence, 4, 13, 20, 27, 36, 44, 49, 51, 68, 86, 138, 169 Refer, 1, 139, 144, 148, 157, 169, 175 Reflux, 19, 21, 26, 47, 48, 50, 60, 93, 135, 143, 148, 149, 169, 174 Refraction, 169, 173 Refractory, 17, 39, 93, 169 Regeneration, 46, 147, 169 Regimen, 8, 47, 49, 143, 169 Regression Analysis, 16, 169 Regurgitation, 148, 150, 170 Reinfection, 7, 170 Relapse, 27, 41, 47, 52, 64, 170 Remission, 169, 170 Renal cell carcinoma, 51, 170 Resection, 3, 81, 115, 170 Respiration, 133, 136, 170 Restitution, 6, 170 Retina, 170 Rheumatism, 170 Rheumatoid, 78, 170 Rheumatoid arthritis, 78, 170 Ribosome, 90, 170, 176 Risk factor, 16, 28, 79, 116, 157, 170 Rod, 86, 90, 134, 170 S Salicylate, 85, 170 Saliva, 170 Salivary, 80, 142, 143, 170, 173 Salivary glands, 142, 143, 170 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 5, 170 Screening, 86, 87, 138, 170 Sebaceous, 171, 178 Secondary tumor, 158, 171 Secretory, 86, 162, 171 Segmental, 46, 171 Segmentation, 171 Segregation, 169, 171 Selenium, 17, 171 Self Care, 116, 171 Semisynthetic, 131, 138, 171 Sensor, 5, 171 Sequence Homology, 164, 171 Sequencing, 151, 166, 171 Serology, 23, 171 Serotonin, 13, 142, 161, 163, 169, 171, 176 Serous, 139, 145, 171 Serum, 22, 28, 45, 89, 131, 139, 156, 160, 171 Shock, 65, 131, 171, 176

Side effect, 85, 95, 101, 130, 135, 171, 175 Signs and Symptoms, 170, 172, 176 Skeletal, 78, 131, 170, 172 Skeleton, 78, 172 Skull, 172, 174 Small intestine, 6, 81, 116, 143, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 168, 172, 177 Smoking Cessation, 116, 172 Smooth muscle, 140, 151, 172, 173 Sodium, 22, 62, 142, 159, 172 Soft tissue, 136, 172 Solid tumor, 132, 145, 172 Solvent, 129, 138, 146, 159, 172 Somatic, 160, 164, 172, 177 Somatic cells, 160, 172 Somatostatin, 18, 172 Spasmolytic, 172, 176 Spastic, 155, 172 Specialist, 117, 172 Species, 14, 65, 67, 81, 84, 136, 145, 152, 159, 160, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178 Spectrum, 82, 159, 172 Spermidine, 162, 173 Spinal cord, 133, 138, 158, 161, 164, 173 Spleen, 142, 157, 173 Splenic Artery, 39, 173 Stasis, 93, 173 Stenosis, 4, 173 Steroids, 49, 141, 173 Stimulant, 87, 151, 173 Stimulus, 87, 143, 146, 154, 155, 173, 174 Stoma, 116, 173 Stool, 115, 139, 155, 156, 173 Strand, 166, 173 Stress, 6, 12, 33, 60, 69, 70, 78, 79, 83, 86, 87, 91, 114, 137, 155, 161, 163, 167, 170, 173, 177 Stricture, 173 Subacute, 154, 173 Subclinical, 7, 154, 173 Submaxillary, 145, 173 Subspecies, 172, 173 Substance P, 146, 171, 173 Substrate, 4, 88, 141, 174 Sucralfate, 44, 46, 47, 53, 85, 102, 174 Suppression, 54, 141, 174 Sympathomimetic, 143, 145, 162, 174 Symptomatic, 68, 163, 174 Synapse, 130, 142, 167, 174, 176 Synaptic, 161, 174 Synergistic, 86, 174

188

Gastric Ulcer

Systemic, 10, 102, 131, 133, 135, 145, 154, 174, 176 Systolic, 152, 174 T Temporal, 6, 174 Tetracycline, 115, 174 Theophylline, 49, 174 Therapeutics, 17, 23, 28, 29, 36, 44, 46, 47, 49, 54, 55, 56, 64, 103, 174 Thermal, 13, 166, 174 Thoracic, 29, 41, 50, 142, 174 Thorax, 129, 174, 177 Threonine, 164, 174 Threshold, 152, 174 Thrombolytic, 165, 174 Thrombosis, 58, 60, 82, 134, 168, 175 Thromboxanes, 133, 142, 144, 175 Thrombus, 141, 153, 166, 174, 175 Thymidine, 10, 175 Thymidine Kinase, 10, 175 Thyroid, 175, 176 Tome, 73, 175 Tomography, 23, 175 Topical, 81, 146, 175 Torsion, 153, 175 Toxic, iv, 80, 159, 168, 171, 175 Toxicity, 143, 158, 174, 175 Toxicology, 65, 110, 175 Toxin, 87, 175 Trace element, 161, 175 Tragacanth, 80, 175 Transduction, 11, 82, 175 Transfection, 135, 175 Translation, 131, 146, 161, 175 Translocation, 138, 146, 176 Transmitter, 129, 134, 143, 155, 158, 162, 176 Transplantation, 16, 156, 176 Trauma, 35, 146, 161, 163, 176 Trichomoniasis, 159, 176 Tricuspid Atresia, 141, 176 Tricyclic, 142, 176 Trimebutine, 28, 34, 176 Truncal, 19, 43, 176 Tryptophan, 139, 171, 176 Tumor marker, 135, 176 Tunica, 160, 176 Tyrosine, 87, 143, 176 U Ulceration, 6, 12, 25, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 92, 115, 164, 176

Ulcerogenic, 65, 70, 176 Ultrasonography, 51, 176 Uraemia, 163, 176 Urea, 79, 133, 156, 162, 176, 177 Urease, 14, 51, 79, 86, 90, 150, 161, 177 Uremia, 156, 177 Urethra, 167, 177 Urinary, 80, 142, 162, 176, 177 Urine, 88, 135, 142, 143, 145, 155, 156, 162, 177 Urticaria, 131, 177 V Vagotomy, 3, 19, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, 56, 57, 177 Vagus Nerve, 176, 177 Vascular, 15, 50, 55, 131, 145, 153, 154, 157, 159, 161, 166, 175, 177 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 15, 50, 55, 177 Vasculitis, 163, 177 Vasoactive, 22, 177 Vasoconstriction, 145, 177 Vasodilator, 136, 143, 151, 177 Vector, 175, 177 Vein, 155, 162, 166, 177 Venous, 58, 134, 168, 176, 177 Ventricle, 49, 134, 141, 153, 168, 174, 176, 177 Ventricular, 141, 176, 177 Veterinary Medicine, 60, 109, 177 Villi, 6, 177 Viral, 175, 177 Virulence, 8, 14, 175, 177 Virulent, 8, 178 Virus, 134, 145, 150, 154, 175, 177, 178 Vitro, 12, 14, 151, 178 Vivo, 178 Vulgaris, 24, 129, 178 W White blood cell, 132, 139, 156, 157, 160, 161, 165, 178 Wound Healing, 81, 137, 147, 158, 178 X Xenograft, 132, 178 X-ray, 114, 137, 140, 147, 162, 169, 178 Y

Yeasts, 90, 148, 165, 178

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