ROTAVIRUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Rotavirus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84070-9 1. Rotavirus-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on rotavirus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ROTAVIRUS................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Rotavirus....................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 30 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 62 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ROTAVIRUS .................................................................................... 109 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 109 Finding Nutrition Studies on Rotavirus ................................................................................... 109 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 117 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ROTAVIRUS ............................................................. 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 119 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 127 General References ..................................................................................................................... 128 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ROTAVIRUS ............................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Dissertations on Rotavirus ........................................................................................................ 129 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 130 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ROTAVIRUS .......................................................................................... 131 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 131 Patents on Rotavirus.................................................................................................................. 131 Patent Applications on Rotavirus.............................................................................................. 155 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 164 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ROTAVIRUS .............................................................................................. 165 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 165 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 165 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 166 Chapters on Rotavirus ............................................................................................................... 166 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ROTAVIRUS ................................................................ 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 169 Academic Periodicals covering Rotavirus.................................................................................. 174 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 177 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 177 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 177 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 179 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 181 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 183 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 183 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 183 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 187 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 189 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 189 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 189 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 189 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 189 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 195
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Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 195 ROTAVIRUS DICTIONARY ...................................................................................................... 197 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 249
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with rotavirus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about rotavirus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to rotavirus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on rotavirus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to rotavirus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on rotavirus. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ROTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on rotavirus.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and rotavirus, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Rotavirus Vaccine for the Prevention of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Among Children: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 48(RR-2): 1-23. March 19, 1999. Contact: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC 20402. (202) 512-1800. Available for free in electronic format on the World Wide Web at www.cdc.gov or from CDC's file transfer protocol server at ftp.cdc.gov. Summary: This document offers the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of an oral, live rotavirus vaccine licensed by the Food and Drug Administration on August 31, 1998, for use among infants. The
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Rotavirus
report reviews the epidemiology of rotavirus, describes the licensed rotavirus vaccine, and makes recommendations regarding its use for the routine immunization of infants in the United States. The recommendations are based on estimates of the disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis among children in the United States and on the results of clinical trials of the vaccine. In the United States, rotavirus is a common cause of hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and outpatient clinic visits, and is responsible for considerable health care costs. The vaccine is an oral, live preparation that should be administered to infants between the ages of 6 weeks and 1 year. The recommended schedule is a three dose series, with doses to be administered at ages 2, 4, and 6 months. Other topics covered in the report include routine administration, contraindications, precautions and special situations, managing adverse events after rotavirus vaccination, future needs, surveillance, education of health care providers and parents, and implementation. Implementation of these recommendations in the United States should prevent most physician visits for rotavirus gastroenteritis and at least two thirds of hospitalizations and deaths related to rotavirus. The report includes an inserted continuing education activity with which readers can earn 1.0 hour of Continuing Medical Education (CME) credit. 2 figures. 3 tables. 86 references.
Federally Funded Research on Rotavirus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to rotavirus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to rotavirus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore rotavirus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for rotavirus: •
Project Title: (HVTN) HIV VACCINE TRIAL UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Burke, Donald S.; Professor; International Health; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: This proposal describes a plan for an HIV Vaccine Trial Unit (HVTU) at Johns Hopkins University. The HVTU will be a consortium with its core at the Johns Hopkins Center for Immunization Research (CIR) in Baltimore, Maryland. There will be a local urban sub-site at Morgan State University and international sub-sites in China, India, and Thailand. The HVTU will contribute to the scientific research agenda of the NIH HIV Vaccine Trials Network, will enroll 60 volunteers into Phase I trials per year and 40
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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volunteers into Phase II per year, and will prepare to rapidly enroll 1000 volunteers into a Phase III efficacy trial. The HVTU also will increase participation of minorities in HIV vaccine research, establish international HIV vaccine trial sites, and provide training opportunities to affiliated researchers. The experienced Hopkins CIR team is already proven to be highly proficient in vaccine trials. As an NIH AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Unit, the Johns Hopkins CIR has conducted 35 HIV vaccine trials, administered 1,817 immunizations of investigational HIV vaccines, and collected over 13,000 clinical specimens for research analyses. 95% of volunteers in Johns Hopkins CIR HIV vaccine Phase I and II trials, and 100% of volunteers in Phase III HIV vaccine trials, have completed all scheduled vaccinations. In the past 5 years the Hopkins CIR has also conducted successful Phase I/Il trials of investigational vaccines for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, papillomavirus, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and rotavirus, involving over 1600 volunteer subjects and 20,000 study visits. The planned HVTU will build on this extensive experience. A new collaboration with Morgan State University, a historically black university, will explore methods to improve community understanding about HIV and vaccines among urban African-Americans. International collaborations will examine the effects of differing viral strains, human immunogenetics, routes of infection, cultural practices, and other factors on HIV vaccine safety and immunogenicity. All of the scientific expertise at Johns Hopkins on HIV/AIDS, vaccinology, ethics, and other relevant disciplines will be coordinated through the proposed HVTU. Training opportunities will be available to HVTU-affiliated researchers through the Fogarty AIDS program at Johns Hopkins and through internetbased courses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF HUMAN LACTOFERRIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Motley, Milwood A.; Morehouse School of Medicine Atlanta, Ga 30310 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ASSEMBLY OF INFECTIOUS BLUETONGUE VIRION FROM CDNA CLONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Roy, Polly; Professor; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The generation of infectious virus particles depends on a number of specific events during the infectious processes in the host cells. Members of the Reoviridae family consist of 10-12 discrete segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA genome that are encapsidated by multi-layered protein components. The precise packaging of single copies of each RNA segment within each particle is a key step in the virus replication cycle and subsequent generation of infectious virus particles. Unlike other RNA viruses, very little advance has been made to date in understanding the replication processes of dsRNA viruses, despite extensive knowledge of virus structure and assembly. This is mainly due to the lack of a suitable system which allows genetic manipulation of these viruses. This proposal concerns establishment of such systems for a dsRNA virus, in particular, a model virus system, bluetongue virus (BTV), for which much is known, both at the structural and molecular genetic levels. Thus, the aims of the proposed
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Rotavirus
research are to establish a suitable reverse genetics system. This will be achieved exploring systematically, four different approaches (including both established and novel systems) as it is not possible at this time to envisage which systems would be most efficient for BTV. Two of these will use established T7 RNA polymerase systems in mammalian cells and a third is a unique approach that uses insect cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The last system will exploit the native cellular RNA polymerase 1. The studies will take advantage of the extensive reagents and assay systems that are available in my laboratory, and exploit the versatile replication capabilities of BTV (virions for mammalian cultures and cores for insect cell cultures). Once established, the system will not only allow manipulation of BTV genomes and thus, to address important biological questions pertinent to BTV replication but will also give a way to establish similar systems for other members of the family including human rotavirus and reovirus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASSEMBY AND RECOMBINATION OF DSRNA BACTERIOPHAGE PHI8 Principal Investigator & Institution: Mindich, Leonard E.; Member; Public Health Research Institute 225 Warren St Newark, Nj 07103 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1982; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): the primary goals of this work are to define the mechanisms of recombination of the double-stranded (ds)RNA bacteriophage phi 8 and its relatives in the cystoviridae. Comparison of the properties of phi8 and its previously isolated relative phi6 indicate that the viruses differ markedly in abilities to acquire foreign RNA into their genomes both in terms of uptake and recombination. Whereas phi6 and its close relatives are capable of heterologous recombination, phi8 is capable of both heterologous and homologous recombination. The differences in promotion of heterologous and homologous recombination are not well understood in any RNA virus system; this is the first demonstration of homologous recombination in the dsRNA viruses. The greater versatility in recombination of phi8 will make it possible to elucidate mechanisms of recombination in the cystoviridae by genetic and biochemical approaches. The phi8 system is a powerful tool to investigate these mechanisms through the use of reverse genetics, in vitro replication and recombination experiments and manipulation of the RNA polymerases of phi8 and its relatives. Phi8 and its relatives are models for the replication and assembly of the eukaryotic dsRNA viruses. Several members of the reoviridae, e.g. rotavirus and blue tongue virus, are the etiologic agents of important human and animal diseases. Since reverse genetic techniques and in vitro genomic packaging are not available for these viruses, the cystoviridae (dsRNA bacteriophages) offer a valuable model for system for the study of the eukaryotic systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CCR9 AND TECK IN INTESTINAL LYMPHOCYTE TRAFFICKING Principal Investigator & Institution: Butcher, Eugene C.; Associate Professor of Pathology; Pathology; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): Chemokines have been implicated in the control of lymphocyte trafficking and microenvironmental positioning during normal lymphocyte recirculation, and during immune responses. This proposal focuses on understanding
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the role of the novel chemokine receptor CCR9 and its chemoattractant ligand TECK in the intestinal immunity. The investigator has shown that CCR9 is expressed by a discrete subset of circulating a4J37 + "intestinal" memory T cells, and by almost all lamina propria and intraepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestines; and that its ligand TECK is preferentially expressed by epithelial cells of the small intestines. Here, the investigator shall explore the hypothesis that this receptor-ligand pair plays a fundamental role in targeting small intestinal immune cells, helping to segregate mucosal from systemic immune response modalities (and potentially even small from large intestinal immune responses). 1) The phenotype and functional properties of CCR9+ lymphocyte subsets in man will be characterized by flow cytometric and cytokine assays; and the involvement of CCR9 and TECK in the chemotactic responses of intestinal vs. systemic lymphocytes in mice will be assessed in transwell chemotaxis assays. 2) The cellular sites of TECK mRNA expression will be defined by in situ hybridization, and the distribution of TECK at the protein level will be explored by immunohistochemistry in intestines and other tissues. 3) The investigator shall determine whether CCR9+ cells comprise circulating memory and/or effector cells for intestinal recall antigens, using the immune response to rotavirus, a well characterized small intestinal pathogen, as a model. In vitro assays of T cell memory responses, antigen-binding assays of B cells, and in vivo assays of immunity in the mouse, will be used to characterize rotavirus-specific B and T lymphocytes and assess their expression of CCR9. 4) Finally, the role of CCR9 and TECK in physiologic lymphocyte trafficking to the intestines will be evaluated by in situ videomicroscopy, focusing on their hypothesized involvement in transendothelial diapedesis. The studies proposed will define critically the importance of CCR9 and its ligand TECK for homing of lymphocytes to the small intestinal lamina propria, their role in segregating intestinal immune responses, and their potential as therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF A NON-LIVING SUBUNIT ROTAVIRUS VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Choi, Anthony H.; Emerging Concepts, Inc. 3130 Highland Ave, Ste 3115 Cincinnati, Oh 45219 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): Rotavirus disease in infants causes nearly one million deaths worldwide and costs the United States 1.5 billion dollars annually. In 1999, the only FDA-approved live-oral rotavirus vaccine, which was implicated in causing bowel obstruction, was withdrawn from the market. We have developed a prototype subunit vaccine based on a mouse rotavirus protein. Extensive proof-ofprinciple studies in the adult mouse model demonstrated that the vaccine almost completely prevented rotavirus shedding following challenge. We are developing a similar vaccine from a human rotavirus strain for eventual oral delivery in humans. Because the vaccine yield and quality needs improvement, studies are proposed here to enhance both. In this proposal, we will: (1) modify the gene encoding the subunit vaccine, (2) produce and quantify the vaccine protein to prove that its yield can be enhanced, and (3) use the mouse model to establish that the protective efficacy of the modified vaccine remained unchanged, to determine the lowest vaccine dose, and to evaluate the vaccine in outbred mice. In Phase II SBIR studies, we will refine the vaccine formulation, administration and production process for safety and immunogenicity trials. In Phase III SBIR studies, we will conduct efficacy trials in humans and seek FDA
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Rotavirus
approval. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Globally nearly 1 million infants die annually from rotavirus-induced dehydration. In the U.S. there are about 100 deaths per year with more than 1/2 million physician visits & 50,000 hospital admissions. Therefore, rotavirus causes both morbidity & mortality worldwide. WHO has recommended the development of a vaccine to present the rotavirus-caused disease. Currently there are no vaccines available that are safe and effective. The worldwide need is significant and the commercial opportunity exists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTRANASAL ROTAVIRUS SUBUNIT VACCINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Andrianov, Alexander K.; Parallel Solutions, Inc. 763 Concord Ave, Bldg D Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-JUL-2002; Project End 14-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rotavirus disease causes nearly 1 million infant deaths annually worldwide. The only approved rotavirus vaccine, a live vaccine, was withdrawn from the market in 1999 because of association with intussusception. The safety concerns associated with live vaccines currently in development can be remedied by the development of an efficacious and safe subunit mucosal vaccine. The rotavirus VP6 protein delivered intranasally with enterotoxin adjuvants induces a long lasting immune response that protects mice from oral challenge with a virulent mouse rotavirus. However, attenuated enterotoxin adjuvants in human vaccines pose valid safety concerns that lead to the evaluation of other adjuvants. Parallel Solutions Inc. has developed a powerful polyphosphazene immunoadjuvant platform capable of controlled modulation and optimization. It has been demonstrated that VP6 vaccine adjuvanted with the lead polyphosphazene compound, PCPP, induced 80% immune protection when delivered intranasally in mice. Preliminary results indicate that chemical derivatives of PCPP can enhance immunoadjuvant activity up to 500 times. Polyphosphazenes can also be formulated as microspheres and their structural characteristics can be optimized for mucosal uptake. Consequently, a modulated and optimized polyphosphazene-VP6 formulation offers the potential to develop a safe, clinically and economically effective vaccine to a patient population with high unmet medical need. This proposal outlines experiments that will optimize the formulation of VP6 within polyphosphazene adjuvants. In Phase II SBIR studies, we will further optimize vaccine formulation, administration and production processes in safety and immunogencity trials. In Phase III SBIR studies, we will conduct safety, immunogencity and efficacy trials in humans and seek FDA approval. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF ROTAVIRUS DNA VACCINES Principal Investigator & Institution: Herrmann, John E.; Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) The goal of our studies is to develop and test rotavirus DNA vaccines in mice and gnotobiotic pigs that will provide the basis for development of human rotavirus DNA vaccines. Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe acute diarrhea in children, resulting in an estimated 870,000 deaths per year, and current vaccines have not been effective in developing countries where the need is the greatest. We have shown that protective immunity in mice was obtained by parenteral
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inoculation of DNA vaccines encoding rotavirus proteins and by oral administration of rotavirus DNA vaccines encapsulated in poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles. We will evaluate protection generated by DNA vaccines in mice and in gnotobiotic or rotavirus antibody-free conventional pigs, the only animal models that can be clinically infected with human rotaviruses. Immunization will be by oral administration or by intramuscular inoculation with VP2, VP4, VP6 and VP7 DNA vaccines. VP7 is the major neutralization antigen of the outer capsid and the VP7 (G) serotypes 1-4 are the basis of the live, attenuated rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine. To test the possibility of preparing VP7 DNA vaccines derived from human and simian rotaviruses, we will prepare one VP7 DNA vaccine from simian SA11 rotavirus (for testing against EDIM rotavirus in the mouse model; EDIM and SA-11 are both G serotype 3 viruses), and one VP7 DNA vaccine from human Wa rotavirus (G serotype 1) for testing against Wa rotavirus challenge in gnotobiotic pigs. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to DNA vaccines will be examined in an adult mouse model and in gnotobiotic pigs or rotavirus antibody-free conventional pigs. The antibodies and specific isotypes induced by each DNA vaccine will be examined for virus neutralizing activity and epitope specificity. Cell-mediated immune responses to be examined in the mouse model include cytotoxic T cell responses and specific T helper cell subsets induced. Studies in pigs will include quantitating lymphoproliferative (T cell) and antibody secreting cell (B cell) responses from mucosal and systemic tissues. The need for improved rotavirus vaccines is a continuing one. Immunization with DNA vaccines that express specific rotaviral proteins offers a new approach to vaccination against rotaviruses and may provide the next generation of rotavirus vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ENHANCING MICROENCAPSULATION
MUCOSAL
IMMUNE
RESPONSES
BY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Offit, Paul A.; Chief; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1990; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Whereas protection following natural infection with systemic viruses (such as measles, mumps, rubella, or varicella) is usually life-long and complete (1), protection following infection with mucosal viruses (such as rotavirus, influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus) is usually short-lived and incomplete (2). Two observations might explain these differences. First, antibodysecreting cells (ASC) at mucosal surfaces after natural infection or immunization (primary ASC) are short-lived (3). Second, the time required for generation of secondary ASC derived from memory B cells is often longer than the incubation periods of most mucosal pathogens. Therefore, development of vaccines that provide long-lived and complete protection against mucosal pathogens will depend upon either prolonging primary ASC after immunization or hastening the onset of secondary ASC after challenge. To enhance virus-specific mucosal immune responses, we recently developed a system of microencapsulation based on the ionic linkage of aqueous polymers and aqueous amines (10). We found that microcapsules enhance the magnitude of primary and secondary rotavirus-specific ASC and enhance protection against rotavirus challenge. Although the mechanism by which microcapsules enhance protective virusspecific immune responses remains unclear, we found that microcapsules containing rotavirus might select for antigen-presenting cells (APC) different from and perhaps more efficient that those involved during natural infection. Using microencapsulated and unencapsulated preparations of rotavirus, we will determine whether APC type
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Rotavirus
(i.e. dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, or intestinal epithelial cells) alters primary or secondary ASC responses. In addition, by biologically or chemically modifying microcapsules, we will determine whether alteration in the type of APC recruited during mucosal infection, or alteration in the kinetics of antigen presentation, modifies protective immune responses. The availability of microencapsulated virus provides a unique opportunity to understand the relationship between APC and protective mucosal immune responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETICS OF T HE ROTAVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Ramig, Robert F.; Professor; Molecular Virology & Microbiol; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: This proposal continues to use genetic, biochemical and molecular biological approaches to study the fundamental genetics, biology, and pathogenesis of the rotaviruses; a group of viruses that are the major cause of gastroenteritis in children and the young of other species. The studies focus on three broad areas: [i] fundamental genetics of the rotaviruses, [ii] studies relating to virus structure including visualization of protein interactions in reconstructions of virus particles and studies to identify specific domains of viral proteins that interact in virus particles, and [iii] studies of pathogenesis with special emphasis on infection at peripheral sites. The results of these studies will enhance the understanding of mechanisms of interaction between enteric viruses and the host, may reveal unique pathways characteristic of rotavirus infection, and will provide information potentially useful in development of vaccine control strategies and antiviral drugs. Three specific aims are proposed: (1) Genetic analysis of rotaviruses. Mutants will be mapped by complementation of unmapped ts mutant groups in cells expressing wild type proteins, mutations in structural genes will be finemapped by sequencing, and the biochemistry of infection with the mutants will be characterized. (2) Studies on assembly and morphology of infectious virus particles. Cryoelectron microscopy and computer-assisted reconstructions will be used to understand structural changes associated with activation of viral infectivity by protease cleavage of VP4, structural changes in reassortants with altered interactions among structural proteins, and to visualize actively replicating template RNA in replicase particles. Domains of structural proteins that interact in the virion will be further characterized by a combination of genetic, biochemical, and functional assays. (3) Studies of rotavirus pathogenesis and virulence. Studies will be continued to examine rotavirus infection of the liver including, identification of the block to replication of some virus strains in liver cells, identification of genes governing escape of virus from the gut to infect peripheral sites, and identify mutant genes and specific mutations in viruses adapted to grow in liver cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERFACES
GLYCOLIPID
TRANSFER--REGULATION
BY
MEMBRANE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Rhoderick E.; Professor; Hormel Institute; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1992; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: The ability of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) to organize into microdomains, i.e.'rafts', in biomembranes is proposed to be a key feature in the lateral organization of
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many lipid-anchored signaling proteins. The processes by which GSL-enriched domains are formed and maintained are not well defined and may involve specific proteins that can bind and transfer GSLs between membrane surfaces. Our long- range goal is to understand how the structural features of GSLs govern their mixing behavior with other membrane lipids and the impact of GSL organization on the functional regulation of soluble lipid transfer proteins that selectively accelerate glycolipid transfer between membranes (GLTPs). The objective of this application is to directly assess GLTP interaction witty model membranes of differing composition and to determine how GLTP functions mechanistically during the GSL transfer process. The central hypothesis is that the physical environment produced by lipid compositional changes and the resulting changes in lateral organizational state of GSL 'substrates' regulates GLTP translocation on and off the membrane, thereby controlling GLTP activity. The hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of strong preliminary data produced by the applicants. The rationale for the research is that, once it is known how GLTP transfers GSLs between membrane surfaces and how the physical environment and GSL organizational state in the membrane modulates GLTP activity, then this protein can be used in innovative ways to manipulate GSL composition in cell surfaces by introducing new GSL antigens into the cell surface to immunotherapeutically target diseased cells. We are uniquely prepared to undertake the proposed research, because we recently cloned and expressed fully-active GLTP; to our knowledge, this has been accomplished by no one else. The central hypothesis will be tested and the objectives of this application accomplished by pursuing three specific aims:1) Determine how GSL-lipid packing interactions within and across the bilayer regulate GLTP translocation on and off membranes; 2) Ascertain GLTP's functional relationship with two related GLTP-like proteins and identify essential structural features in GLTP by site-directed mutagenesis; and 3) Identify the structural features of GSLs that modulate their mixing interactions with phospholipids and sterols, and define the physical nature of the lamellar environment that is produced by GSL-lipid interactions within and across the bilayer. The proposed work is innovative because it capitalizes on the first-ever cloning and expression of GLTP and the approaches will provide novel insights into 'raft' and caveolar lipid interactions. It is our expectation that the resultant approach will define membrane physiochemical features that regulate the function of GLTP and related GLTP-like proteins. The outcomes will be significant because using and controlling proteins with the ability to alter the glycosphingolipid composition of cell membranes and their microdomains is likely to be of therapeutic value due to the established roles of GSLs in oncogenesis and infectious diseases (HIV, N. gonorrhea, cholera, rotavirus, H. pylori). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HOSPITAL BASED ASSMT OF ROTAVIRUS INFECT IN U S BEFORE & AFTER IMMUNI Principal Investigator & Institution: Azimi, Parvin; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Rotavirus
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Project Title: IMMUNE MECHANSIMS OF ROTAVIRUS PROTECTION & CLEARANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Blutt, Sarah E.; Molecular Virology & Microbiol; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-FEB-2001 Summary: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. A vaccine to prevent a rotavirus infection would prevent over 500,000 deaths/year in developing countries and save the United States over $1 billion a year in health care costs, but recently, the only licensed vaccine was withdrawn due to associated side effects. Protection from rotavirus infection and resulting disease is dependent on the initiation and maintenance of an immunological response. The goal of this application is to understand and compare the difference in protective immunological responses induced by a live rotavirus infection and by a non-replicating subunit vaccine (VLPs). The immunological response to both live rotavirus infection and a VLP vaccine will be differentiated by many factors including the time of response, the type of cells that control the response, and establishment of immunological memory. In mice, rotavirus infection and VLP vaccination can induce sterilizing immunity. The exact mechanisms through which rotavirus and VLPs induce sterilizing immunity in the mouse have not been elicited. I hypothesize that (i) clearance of and sterilizing immunity established by a primary rotavirus infection occurs predominately as a result of T cell independent B lymphocyte activation, and (ii) VLP vaccination will cause sterilizing immunity through T cell dependent B lymphocyte activation. To test this hypothesis, flow cytometry will be used to identify, quantitate, and functionally characterize activated lymphocyte subsets during clearance of a primary rotavirus infection, after vaccination with VLPs, and after a rotavirus challenge of previously infected or VLP vaccinated mice. These will be the first studies to systematically identify and compare subsets of activated lymphocytes between a live infected and VLP vaccinated animal and correlating these responses with protection from infection. Understanding the mechanisms of how rotavirus and vaccination with VLPs activate the immune system to induce sterilizing immunity will aid in better vaccine design and may identify benchmarks for testing potential vaccine effectiveness in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ROTAVIRUS-- ROLE MATERNAL ANTIBODIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Saif, Linda J.; Professor; Food Animal Hlth Research Prog; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Rotaviruses (RV) are the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and young children in developed and developing countries. Live oral human RV (HRV) vaccines have reduced efficacy in developing countries, in part due to the suppressive effects of maternal antibodies (Ab). Maternal Ab may also interfere with other infant vaccines (measles, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.). We have previously documented suppression by maternal Ab of cellular and humoral immune responses to live HRV in intestinal tissues of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. It is unresolved whether suppression is due to reduction in antigenic mass through interference with viral replication, or due to immune regulatory effects of passive antibodies, or both. The mechanism(s) of suppression and means to overcome them will be investigated, using as a model HRV and the following approaches: 1) Intranasal (IN)
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delivery of non-replicating rotavirus-like-particles (VLP) will be used to analyze the effects of maternal Ab and T cell responses and cytotoxic activity in mucosal tissues, in a Gn pig model of HRV disease. Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), (reputed to induce active immunity in the face of maternal Ab) and mutant heat-labile toxin of E. coli will be used as adjuvants. 2) Microencapsulation will be used to deliver live HRV directly to intestinal cells, without binding by maternal Ab. 3) Sequential IN VLP/oral live microencapsulated HRV vaccination will be examined as a combined prime/boost strategy to further evade the suppressive effects of maternal Ab. 4) The potential of IgA regulatory cytokines to enhance mucosal IgA responses in the face of maternal Ab will be investigated by incorporating recombinant cytokine(s) into the optimal vaccine delineated in 1), 2) or 3). 5) The effect of non-neutralizing antibodies to VP2/6 on virus neutralizing antibody responses induced by VP4 and VP7 on live Wa HRV and 2/6/4/7-VLP will be assessed using passive Ab to 2/6-VLP. Immune responses to Wa HRV will be monitored in serum and intestinal secretions by virus neutralization and viral protein-specific ELISA assays, and by quantifying RV antibody secreting cells (total and protein specific) in tonsillar, intestinal, and systemic tissues by ELISPOT. T cell responses will be assessed by a lymphoproliferative assay and analysis of cytokine responses by ELISA, ELISPOT, and RT-PCR. Clarification of the mechanisms of suppression by maternal Ab and means to overcome them will lead to more efficacious vaccines for both RV and other pathogens infecting neonates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOLOGIC DYSFUNCTION IN BILIARY ATRESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Bezerra, Jorge A.; Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Biliary atresia is the most common cause of chronic cholestasis in children and the leading indication for pediatric liver transplantation worldwide. The disease is multifactorial and results from an inflammatory and fibrosing obstruction of the bile ducts that begins within the first two months of life. Using functional genomics to search for underlying pathogenic mechanisms of disease, we found a unique transcriptional program in affected livers, with a coordinate activation of genes regulating lymphocyte differentiation. Based on these data, we hypothesize that biliary atresia results from an immune-mediated destruction of the biliary cells. We will address this hypothesis in three related specific aims using complimentary humanand animal-based approaches. In Aim 1: "To establish the functional polarization of lymphocytes during disease progression", we will quantify the expression of TH1 and TH2 cytokines in the liver, the phenotype of circulating T lymphocytes, and the activation of dendritic (antigen-presenting) cells in children with biliary atresia at different stages of disease. In Aim 2: "To identify the cellular effectors and molecular pathways of inflammatory injury to bile ducts", we will use a novel model of rotavirusinduced inflammation and obstruction of bile ducts in neonatal mice recently established in our laboratory. In these mice, we will define the cellular target of rotavirus in the biliary system in vivo and in a cell culture system, and determine the temporo-spatial regulation of virus-induced inflammation of the bile ducts. We will also establish the functional differentiation of hepatic lymphocytes to a proinflammatory phenotype within the biliary system in response to viral infection, and dissect the coexisting inflammatory pathways that work in synergism with T cells to induce biliary injury. And through mechanistic studies in Aim 3: "To directly establish the regulatory role of T cells in biliary injury after neonatal viral infection", we will determine whether
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the wholesale loss of T and/or B lymphocytes renders bile ducts resistant to rotavirusinduced injury. Then, we will explore the key role of specific molecular mechanisms used by lymphocytes to target the bile ducts via viral challenge of mice genetically engineered to lack or overproduce a TH1 response. Together, the combined (human and mouse) approaches will provide novel insight into mechanisms of biliary injury, and uncover molecular targets for potential therapeutic strategies to inhibit disease progression in children with biliary atresia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISM/DESTRUCTION/BILIARY ATRESIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mack, Cara L.; Children's Memorial Hospital (Chicago) Chicago, Il 606143394 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 14-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant) My career goals are to become a physician scientist, caring for children with liver disease and making significant research contributions to the field of Pediatric Hepatology. I have been intrigued with biliary atresia (BA) and its possible mechanisms of pathogenesis since my exposure to this disease in pediatric residency. For the past year, I have been studying immunology in the laboratory of Dr. Stephen Miller, PhD, Northwestern University. I plan to remain in the academic setting long-term as a research scientist with the goal of defining clearly the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of biliary atresia and other pediatric liver diseases. Biliary atresia is a progressive, inflammatory cholangiopathy of infancy that leads to fibrosis and obliteration of both the extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts. The immune response appears to be the key player in the ongoing destruction of the bile ducts. The hypothesis herein is that the pathogenesis of BA involves a viral induced, progressive autoreactive CD4+ Th1 cell mediated destruction of bile ducts. The group A rotavirus murine model will be used to test this hypothesis and entails a virally induced, progressive inflammatory destruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts leading to extrahepatic ductal fibrosis and obliteration. Limited studies on human liver tissue obtained at the time of diagnosis of BA will also be performed. Specific Aim 1 will be to characterize the inflammatory immune response in this murine model through the use of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric studies. Characterization of the cytokine profile will also be performed. Specific Aim 2 will determine the principal mediator of ductal destruction (virus versus immune response) in the murine model by comparing infected BALB/c pups with infected SCID (immunodeficient) pups. Specific Aim 3 will determine if autoreactive lymphocytes to bile duct antigens are present in the murine model by performing in-vitro T-cell proliferation studies. Specific Aim 4 will characterize the inflammatory immune response in human liver tissue obtained at the time of diagnosis of BA with immunohistochemistry studies. Cytokine profiles will be characterized by cytokine mRNA expression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VACCINES
INDO-US
COLLABORATION
TO
DEVELOP
ROTAVIRUS
Principal Investigator & Institution: Bhan, Maharaj K.; All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Ansari Nagar New Delhi, Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAR-2003; Project End 29-FEB-2008 Summary: Rotavirus infects all children by 5 years of life, and is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide. In the US, rotavirus is a common cause of
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morbidity, accounting for considerable health-care costs. However, morbidity and mortality are most serious in developing countries. Disease burden studies have established rotavirus as an important cause of diarrhea and death in Indian children. In India, rotavirus is responsible for about 20% of diarrhea related hospitalizations and 100,000 deaths; the annual number ofrotavirus specific hospitalizations is approximately 500,000. First rotavirus infections are associated with the most severe diarrhea, but natural immunity protects against severe diarrhea upon reinfection. Live, oral vaccines protect against severe rotavirus diarrhea of infancy, and several rotavirus vaccines have been developed. The only rotavirus vaccine licensed to date - an oral, live, tetravalent, rhesus-based vaccine -was found to be safe and efficacious in clinical trials. However, it was subsequently withdrawn from the US market because of an increased incidence of intussusception among vaccine recipients. A rotavirus vaccine program is still needed to prevent the global burden of rotavirus associated morbidity and mortality. This is a high priority in developing countries leading to investigation of other vaccines. The proposed study will investigate two live, oral rotavirus candidate vaccines, strains 116E and I321, for prevention of severe rotavirus diarrhea in Indian children. Development of the vaccine strains is based on molecular and epidemiologic evidence that they are naturally occurring human bovine reassortants, circulating in India, with favorable clinical and immunologic profiles. Each of the Indian strains is genotypically distinct and there is no way to determine to superiority of either without conducting the proposed clinical trials. Both will be tested in parallel to define the most viable vaccine candidate (e.g., higher cactogenicity, poor immunogenicity, low efficacy, low yield). Collaborative efforts by investigators at AIIMS (India), IISc (India), Stanford University and CDC are proposed to conduct Phase I, II and [II clinical studies of the Indian strains among Indian infants. This collaboration will provide capacity-building for a vaccine testing and evaluation center at AIIMS. The opportunity to understand host and pathogen-associated factors related to pathogenesis of intussusception is also available through this collaboration. The proposed studies will support future efforts towards vaccine development in India as well as to understanding of adverse events associated with live, oral vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MECHANISTIC STUDIES AT THE HOST-PATHOGEN INTERFACE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcmurray, David N.; Regents Professor; Medical Microbiol & Immunology; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The never-ending struggle between humans and infectious diseases will be won at the interface between the host and the pathogen. This is precisely the research emphasis of the faculty members who are participating in this training grant. The faculty consists of an outstanding group of extramurally funded investigators with a cumulative wealth of experience in training predoctoral students. Faculty members are drawn from components of the Texas A&M University System Health Science Center and the College of Veterinary Medicine. Research training opportunities exist in several important human bacterial and viral pathogens, including Salmonella species, papillomavirus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella abortus, Bartonella species, influenza virus, Borrelia burgdorferi, rotavirus, Coxiella burnetii, and hepatitis virus. Other research projects focus upon pathogen-host interactions mediated by microbial toxins, such as Shiga-like and C. perfringens toxins. Another large project will give trainees the opportunity to learn about microbial surface
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Rotavirus
components which facilitate the binding of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and B. burgdorferi to host cell adhesive matrix molecules. These discrete projects are organized into three distinct themes: (1) Microbe-host cell interactions: intracelluar pathogens, microbial adhesion, and agents of bioterrorism; (2) Enteric diseases; and (3) Vaccine development and evaluation. Extensive collaboration already exists between many of the participating faculty members, and the research training environment will be seamless from the trainee's perspective. The faculty have access to extensive animal care facilities (both conventional and BL-3) for small and large animal models, cutting edge technologies, and core facilities on the main campus. An excellent interdisciplinary curriculum, enriched by an outstanding, seminar series and plentiful opportunities for trainees to attend and present their findings at regional and national meetings will guarantee the ultimate success of our trainees as independent scientists. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: METHODS FOR EVALUATING VACCINE EFFICACY Principal Investigator & Institution: Halloran, M Elizabeth.; Professor; Biostatistics; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The overall objective of this research is to develop methods for estimating efficacy and effectiveness in the field and for characterizing complex and long-term properties of vaccines in individuals and populations. The specific aims are: (1) To develop methods for community trials of vaccines that estimate the indirect, total, and overall effects of vaccination strategies as well as the direct protective effects of vaccination, VE/S. (2) To continue development of methods for evaluating the vaccine efficacy for infectiousness, VE/1. In particular, we will develop the augmented vaccine trial design for acute and directly transmitted infectious diseases. (3) To develop methods for using exposure to infection data that may available on some individuals to improve estimation of vaccine efficacy for susceptibility, VE/5. (4) To develop designs and methods of analysis for using validation samples to correct for misclassified outcomes in vaccine studies. The goal is improved estimates of vaccine efficacy and of indirect, total, and overall effectiveness of vaccination strategies as well as designs for efficient, cost-effective studies. (5) To explore interpretation of the protective effects of vaccination, VE/5, when combining results across studies in different populations, taking into account different levels of baseline transmission and pre- existing immunity. Statistical approaches include likelihood inference, generalized estimating equations, semi-parametric methods for missing and mismeasured data, hierarchical models, and survival methods. The methods are motivated by studies of vaccines against influenza, cholera, rotavirus and tuberculosis, as well as other acute and childhood diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MICRONUTRIENTS AND ENTERIC INFECTION IN AFRICAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bennish, Michael L.; Director; New England Medical Center Hospitals 750 Washington St Boston, Ma 021111533 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Enteric infections remain a leading cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. In regions where HIV infection is prevalent, enteric infections and persistent diarrhea have even greater public health importance. Little is known,
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however, about the pattern of enteric infection in children in regions where HIV infection is common, and how infection is related to HIV activity as measured by plasma HIV RNA, or host immunocompetence, as determined by CD4 counts. Although micronutrient supplementation, including provision of vitamin A and zinc, are being promoted as effective means of reducing infectious diarrhea morbidity and prevalence, little is know about their efficacy in achieving these goals in African children, or in children who are HIV infected. This study had the following specific aims: 1) To determine the pathogen-specific pattern of enteric infections in HIV-infected and uninfected children living in rural South Africa, with a particular focus on infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and other protozoan pathogens. 2) To determine if infection with specific pathogens is associated with the development of persistent diarrhea lasting greater than 14 days; 3) To determine the efficacy of two micronutrient supplements; a) a mixture containing Vitamins A, C, E, and selenium; and b) the same micronutrient supplement with the addition of zinc, on the prevalent days of diarrhea in both HIVinfected and HIV- uninfected children.; 4) To determine if micronutrient supplementation improves gut integrity as measured by the mannitol-lactulose permeability test. 5) Based upon these findings to develop recommendations for use of micronutrient supplements in Africa and other regions with a high HIV- seroprevalence. To answer these questions we propose enrolling and studying three cohorts of children living in a rural region of South Africa over a three-year period; 1) 78 HIV-infected children; 2) 120 HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers; 3) 120 HIVuninfected children born to mothers without HIV infection. Children will be ascertained at three months of age and followed until age 2 years. Micronutrient supplementation will be given from enrollment until age 12 months. Children will be visited weekly by field staff, and diarrhea and other morbidity recorded. Stool for detection of enteric pathogens, including Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, diarrheagenic E. coli (determined using probes for virulence genes), rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses 40/41, astroviruses and Norwalk virus, and the protozoan pathogens C. parvum (including genotyping of strains), Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi will be obtained from children when they have diarrhea, and from a subset of well children. Anthropometry will be measured regularly, and bioimpedance will be performed to determine body composition. A non-invasive test of gut permeability (the lactulosemannitol test) will be performed on all children while they are receiving micronutrient supplementation. The study sample size is calculated to allow a determination of a 20 percent difference in prevalent days of diarrhea between the placebo treated group and the two micronutrient supplemented groups. This study will also allow us to determine risk factors for persistent diarrhea, and to develop algorithms for the management of infectious diarrhea in a region where HIV infection is common. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE ROTAVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Estes, Mary; Professor; Molecular Virology & Microbiol; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1981; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: Rotaviruses are the major cause of life-threatening diarrheal disease in infants and animals worldwide. The long-term research objective of this laboratory is to understand the molecular biology of rotavirus protein function as it relates to mechanisms of pathogenesis and virus assembly. These complex viruses, which lack an envelope, have a unique morphogenetic pathway involving immature particle budding through membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recent studies of the role of
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Rotavirus
nonstructural protein NSP4 in viral morphogenesis led to the discovery that this protein affects calcium homeostasis and functions as an enterotoxin. These studies suggest that NSP4 plays a key role in rotavirus pathogenesis by triggering a cell-signaling pathway that results in diarrhea. A cleavage product of NSP4 that is secreted into the medium of virus-infected cells retains enterotoxin activity. Intracellular NSP4 triggers a distinct signaling pathway that remains to be characterized. Antibody to NSP4 induces broadly cross-protective immunity against rotavirus-induced diarrhea in mice. Thus, NSP4 is clearly an important virulence factor, and virus-induced signaling plays a previously unrecognized role in rotavirus pathogenesis. This grant application proposes studies to understand the molecular details of viral and cellular functions critical for rotavirus pathogenesis. The specific aims of the proposed work are: (1) to dissect the pleiotropic properties of NSP4 by examining the effect of extracellular NSP4 on uninfected epithelial cells; (2) to examine the effects of intracellular NSP4 expression on epithelial cell function; and (3) to understand the role of NSP4 in the morphogenetic process in which virus particles bud through the ER membrane and acquire outer-capsid proteins VP4 and VP7. These studies will provide a molecular foundation to understand rotavirus pathogenesis and viral budding through ER membranes. Understanding these unique aspects of rotavirus pathogenesis offers opportunities to develop new strategies to prevent and control rotavirus disease in children and animals and understand fundamental exocytic processes of eukaryotic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES Principal Investigator & Institution: Omary, M Bishr.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: OVERALL (Adapted from the application) The Digestive Disease Center at Stanford University was established in 1987 and has two major areas of focus. The first deals with studying host-pathogen interactions, and the mechanism and signals that target leukocytes to specific digestive organs and pathogens. Infections under study include hepatitis A-D, H. pylori, and the diarrheal agents rotavirus, salmonella, E-coli, cholera and astrovirus. It also addresses mucosal immunity and targeting of immunocytes to the intestine and liver in normal and disease states including inflammatory bowel disease, viral hepatitis, and H. pylori-induced gastritis. The second focus addresses the cell and molecular biology of digestive epithelia with emphasis on normal and abnormal cell growth, differentiation, development, polarity, and the nature and role of signaling pathways and the cytoskeleton in facilitating these processes. This focus targets several digestive diseases including esophageal, pancreatic and colorectal cancer; cryptogenic liver disease; pancreatitis and Barrett?s esophagus. The Center consists of 29 established investigators who blend several clinical and basic science departments. Five core facilities are administered by the Center and they provide several important technologies and services. The Administrative Core offers the Pilot and Feasibility Program which provides one year funding ($20,000/year) to junior investigators or those with a collaborative project, the Named Investigator Program which provides a two year 20-25% effort/year support to a promising junior faculty, and a Collaborative Trainee Program that specifically funds trainees who work with two or more Center investigators. The Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting/Immunoprobe Core offers an array of services that allow studying single cells. The Cell Imaging Core offers state of the art imaging tools including confocal and electron microscopy. The Microarray/DNA Sequencing Core offers the ability to identify disease-associated
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regulatory changes in multiple genes, and as such provides potential means to develop diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Cell Biology & Signaling Core offers expertise and services in cell culture methods, characterizing protein-protein interaction, dissecting signaling pathway and characterizing regulatory modifications such as phosphorylation. In the aggregate, this Center brings together an accomplished group of investigators, creates a highly interactive environment, and makes available state of the art technologies to address important digestive diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NSP4 STIMULATED ION CHANNELS AND AGE-DEPENDENT DIARRHEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Morris, Andrew P.; Integr Biol/Pharm/Physiology; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rotaviruses are a major cause of life-threatening diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. Following viral infection, diarrhea is seen associated with pathophysiological changes in mucosal fluid and electrolyte balance. My group has focused on defining a new pathophysiological component to diarrhea. We have shown that a rotaviral non-structural protein called NSP4 induces diarrhea in both normal and cystic fibrosis mouse pups accompanied by calcium-sensitive chloride secretory current generation by gastrointestinal mucosa. Neither diarrhea nor anion secretion occur in adult mice. At the sub-cellular level, NSP4 causes phospholipase C sensitive intracellular calcium (Ca2+)i mobilization and calcium-sensitive halide influx into mucosal crypts. NSP4-induced (Ca2+)i mobilization (our assay for receptor occupancy) is not age-dependent. Thus, we hypothesize that NSP4 activates and agedependent calcium-sensitive chloride channel in pup mucosa causing chloride secretion, and secretory diarrhea. We propose studies in native cells to identify and characterize the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the chloride channel, and thus unequivocally demonstrate a role for this conductance in NSP4 mediated agedependent cellular halide influx. We intend to identify the cellular signaling mechanisms coupling NSP4 mediated changes in (Ca2+)i to this conductance. These mechanistic studies may identify novel targets for pharmacological intervention with clear clinical relevance. These goals will provide the cellular basis for the age-dependent secretory diarrhea and may identify a molecular target for rotaviral-induced transepithelial anion secretion. They will also translate facts established for the biophysics of calcium-activated chloride channel expression in cultured epithelial celllines into the fields of clinical medicine and disease. In doing so, our results will provide an excellent possibility for development of new therapies for rotaviral gastroenteritis, and for other infectious diseases in children where altered mucosal (Ca2+)i homeostasis occurs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PHENOTYPE OF B CELLS INDUCED BY ROTAVIRUS INFECTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Greenberg, Harry B.; Senior Associate Dean for Research; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Rotaviruses (RVs) are the most important cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in children in both developed and less developed countries. It is estimated that RV are responsible for the death of approximately 2000
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Rotavirus
children daily worldwide principally in developing countries. Studies in animals and in humans indicate that humoral immune mechanisms appear to be the primary determinants of protection from reinfection following wild-type disease or vaccination. Better methods are needed to characterize the qualitative and quantitative nature of the humoral immune response in children from developed and less developed countries. The proposed studies will be done primarily in Colombia- South America as an extension of NIH Grant: (R37 AI21362). Using B cell ELISPOTS and a novel flow cytometry assay we plan to quantify and study the phenotype of rotavirus specific B cells induced after natural rotavirus infection in children and adults in Colombia, and in children after natural rotavirus infection and after administration of a rotavirus vaccine. We will study these lymphocytes for the presence of molecules implicated in lymphocyte homing to the intestinal mucosa and B cell maturation markers that will aide in differentiating effector vs. memory B cells. A practical long-term goal of this project is to find parameters that correlate with protection induced by rotavirus vaccines. Since rotaviruses replicate almost exclusively in the intestinal mucosa, another long-term goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of the molecular determinants of the immune response to rotavirus in particular, as well as a deeper understanding of the humoral mucosal immune response in general with specific emphasis on B cell memory and homing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EPITHELIUM
PHYSIOLOGY
OF
NF-KB
SIGNALING
IN
INTESTINAL
Principal Investigator & Institution: Kagnoff, Martin F.; Professor of Medicine and Director; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Intestinal epithelial cells are a major site of contact between the host and microbes, microbial products, and other environmental agents that cause epithelial cell injury. Our long-term objective is to define the mechanisms by which intestinal epithelial cells play a role in host mucosal defense by signaling the onset of innate and adaptive immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa. In vitro studies indicate the importance of the transcription factor NF-kappaB as a central regulator of the intestinal epithelial cell response to microbial infection, yet little is known regarding the functional importance in vivo of epithelial cell NF-kappaB for mucosal innate immunity and epithelial cell survival. Studies in Specific Aim 1 will determine the functional importance of intestinal epithelial cell NF-kappaB in vivo by testing the hypothesis that activation of NF-kappaB in intestinal epithelial cells has a key role in signaling the onset of the mucosal inflammation in response to microbial and chemical injury, and in protecting epithelial cells from undergoing apoptosis in response to gamma radiation. These in vivo studies will use mice in which Cre recombinase under the control of the villin promoter was used to generate progeny with a conditional intestinal epithelial cell knockout of the beta subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) that is essential for signal induced activation of NF-kappaB. Specific Aim 2 will study the importance of epithelial cell NF-kappaB for epithelial cell migration in an in vitro model of epithelial cell restitution. Epithelial cell restitution is the process wherebyintestinal epithelial cells migrate to seal a superficial wound in the early period following epithelial cell injury. In preliminary studies we discovered that NF-kappaB is activated at the wound edge and that NF-kappaB is essential for subsequent epithelial cell migration. Studies in Aim 2 will further test the hypothesis that NF-kappaB plays a
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central role in regulating epithelial cell migration following epithelial cell wound injury. The proposed studies focus on the proximal signaling mechanisms that lead to NFkappaB activation following epithelial cell wound injury and the NF-kappaB responsive genes that play a central role in this model of epithelial cell injury. The proposed studies have marked significance for understanding the mechanisms that initiate and regulate intestinal mucosal inflammation and epithelial cell survival, and for elucidating mechanisms that are important for re-epithelialization of mucosal surfaces during microbial or toxic intestinal injuries and in inflammatory bowel diseases and celiac disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: REGULATION OF HIK1 IN SECRETORY DIARRHEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Devor, Daniel C.; Cell Biology and Physiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Calcium-mediated agonists are important modulators of intestinal secretory diarrhea acting alone (e.g., rotavirus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus) or in synergism with cAMP-mediated agonists. Indeed, medical costs are estimated at $23 billion annually in the United States. A critical step in the Clsecretory process is the activation of a basolateral membrane Ca2+-activated K+ channel, hlK1. As transepithelial Cl- secretion is vectorial in nature it is critical that the ion transporters and channels be correctly targeted to either the apical or basolateral membrane. To date, there is no information regarding the mechanisms by which hlK1 is assembled and trafficked to the plasma membrane in general and to the basolateral membrane in particular. Our long-term goals are to define the molecular motifs responsible for the correct assembly, trafficking, basolateral localization and regulation of hIK1. In Specific Aim A, we will define the mechanism by which the C-terminal leucine zipper regulates folding and trafficking and regulation of hlK1. Also, we demonstrate that following mutation of the N-terminal leucine zipper, hIK1 fails to traffic to the plasma membrane. In Specific Aim B we will determine whether the Nterminus acts as a tetramerization domain, whether the N-terminus interacts with the Cterminus and whether mutations affect channel regulation. Also, we will determine whether hlK1 assembles into heterotetramers with other members of the KCNN gene family as well as determine the physiological and pharmacological consequences of this co-assembly. In Specific Aim C we will define the molecular motifs required for basolateral membrane localization of hIK1 in differentiated epithelia. For these studies we will utilize the MDCK cell line. We will determine the role of adaptors in the localization of hlK1 in general and the epithelial specific mu1B in particular. Finally, we will define the rate of hIK1 endocytosis and determine whether carbachol, insulin and EGF regulate this process. All of our studies will involve a combination of patch-clamp, protein biochemical and immunofluorescence techniques on HEK293, LLC-PK1 and MDCK cells heterologously expressing hIK1. In total, our studies will define, for the first time, the molecular motifs required for the correct assembly, trafficking and localization of a member of the KCNN gene family. As hIK1 plays a critical role in Ca2+-mediated secretory diarrhea and may be a modifier gene of the CF phenotype an understanding of the trafficking and regulation of hIK1 would be expected to be clinically useful Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Rotavirus
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Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING IN VIRUS RNA LOCALIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Cathy L.; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Reoviruses are prototypical members of the Reoviridae family of segmented dsRNA viruses that include important human (rotavirus) and veterinary (blue tongue disease) pathogens. The mechanisms by which 10 unique positive-sense viral RNAs are localized to viral factories for packaging into progeny core particles is poorly understood and will be addressed by the experiments in this proposal. The paths taken by reovirus positive-sense RNAs after they are transcribed will be examined by both in situ hybridization and immunostaining of bromouridine labeled viral positive-sense RNAs in infected cells. The mechanism for localization of viral RNAs to viral factories will be examined by microinjection studies of viral or control RNAs into reovirus infected cells, or transfected cells expressing reovirus RNA-binding proteins. If viral RNAs are specifically localized to viral factories, transand cis-acting factors involved in localization will be identified. Mechanisms for nonspecific localization of RNA to factories will also be examined. Understanding the RNA localization process may lead to the development of new anti-viral strategies, and will aid in the development of a robust reverse genetics system for dsRNA viruses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RESPIRATORY VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION BY INTRACELLULAR AB Principal Investigator & Institution: Crowe, James E.; Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and children. The immune mediators of resistance to infection with RSV are still under investigation. In previous work the Principal Investigator generated large panels of live attenuated RSV viruses and performed the preclinical testing of these viruses in rodents and chimpanzees. New data from the applicant s clinical trials with these vaccines suggest that an IgA response correlates with protection against reinfection even in the absence of an IgG or neutralizing antibody response in the nasopharyngeal secretions or serum. The investigator's observations led to the hypothesis that IgA is indeed the principal mediator of protection against RSV reinfection in neonates. The question is: how do IgA antibodies that do not exhibit neutralizing activity protect against RSV? The hypothesis to be tested is that polymeric IgA (pIgAs) antibodies mediate intracellular neutralization of RSV. IgA transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) was thought to be simply a mechanism for delivering high concentrations of antibodies to repertory secretions. Recent studies with several viruses, including Sendai virus, influenza virus, murine rotavirus, and HIV-1 suggest that IgA antibodies may neutralize viruses inside infected cells as the antibodies traverse the cell. The Principal Investigator will test this hypothesis using polarized epithelial cell cultures that express human or mouse pIgR. The Principal Investigator has developed panels of murine hybridoma lines secreting anti-RSV antibodies to either surface or internal proteins. The panels contain matched pairs of hybridoma lines that are identical except they are of the IgG or IgA isotype. The Principal Investigator will determine if murine PIgA binds to RSV inside polarized epithelial cells expressing the mouse pIgR and neutralizes RSV inside the cell. The applicants also will demonstrate this mechanism of virus inhibition
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in a cell line expressing human pIgR using pIgA purified from secretions of RSV vaccinees. Next, they will test the hypothesis that the compartment in which IgA complexes with RSV surface proteins is the apical recycling endosome, a site in which 80% of the intracellular IgA normally resides. Finally, the investigators will develop novel recombinant bi- specific antibodies that bind to both RSV and human pIgR. The Principal Investigator proposes that such novel antibody fragments will mimic the ability of IgA to enter cells and neutralize RSV, but will be vastly more potent in vivo due to their smaller size and hence better ability to exit the intravascular space following parenteral administration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ROTAVIRUS VP4: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Dormitzer, Philip R.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Each year, rotavirus gastroenteritis kills an estimated 600,000 children, worldwide, and hospitalizes approximately 60,000 children, in the U.S. Since the withdrawal of a rotavirus vaccine, it is again a major childhood illness for which no immunization is available. The process of cell entry by rotavirus is a major target for intervention against disease. To initiate infection, rotavirus translocates a large, transcriptionally active particle across a membrane and into the cytoplasm. The outer layer of the non-enveloped rotavirus particle is the delivery apparatus that accomplishes this poorly understood translocation. The outer capsid contains two proteins, VP7 and VP4, both of which participate actively in entry and are targets of neutralizing antibodies. VP7 causes uncoating on loss of calcium. VP4, a spike protein, is cleaved by trypsin to prime the virus for infection. VP4 is central to the mechanism of membrane penetration. It contains a head domain and a membrane interaction domain. We have purified uncleaved VP4, primed the purified protein with protease, determined the structure of the head domain, and crystallized the primed form of the membrane interaction domain. Using these crystals, we will solve the structure of the primed conformation of the membrane interaction domain. This structure will be used to refine strategies for the structural analysis of the uncleaved conformation of VP4. We will also determine the structures of functionally important VP4 variants. We have developed a "recoating genetics" system for rotavirus by recoating subviral particles with purified, recombinant VP4 and VP7, boosting infectivity by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude. This system will allow analysis of the effect of engineered mutations, including structure-based mutations, on the function of VP4 during cell entry. Mutational studies will clarify the determinants of sialic acid-dependence, protease priming, and membrane penetration. Cell culture-based assays using recoated particles will focus on separating carbohydrate, lipid, and protein binding during entry using structure-based mutations and on blocking entry-associated conformational changes by introducing reversible disulfide cross-links. These structural and functional studies will clarify the rotavirus entry pathway, provide a model for entry by non-enveloped viruses, and define the structural basis for rotavirus neutralization by antibodies against VP4. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ROTAVIRUS VP5 PERMEABILIZES MEMBRANES Principal Investigator & Institution: Mackow, Erich R.; Associate Professor; Medicine; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794
24
Rotavirus
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Rotaviruses are icosahedral viruses with a triple-layered protein capsid. The outer capsid is comprised of a calcium binding glycoprotein, VP7, and a spike protein, VP4. Rotaviruses bind to cells by sialic acid (VP4) or integrin binding domains in VP4 and VP4. Rotaviruses enter cells at neutral pH by direct membrane penetration. Proteolytic cleavage of the VP4 spike into VP8 and VP5 proteins is required for infectivity and for virus permeabilization of membranes. However, little is known about the interactions of rotavirus proteins with membranes during entry. Dr. Mackow has found that purified recombinant VP5 from rhesus rotavirus (RRV) permeabilizes liposomes and that membrane permeabilization is inhibited by VP5-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. He has also shown that intracellularly expressed VP5 permeabilizes cells and that VP5 forms size selective pores (~10 angstroms) within lipid bilayers. These findings suggest that VP5 permeabilization of plasma membranes is required for rotavirus entry. The mechanism by which rotaviruses and other non-enveloped viruses cross plasma membranes and enter cells is poorly understood. Dr. Mackow's findings demonstrate that purified VP5 and expressed VP5 N-terminal fragments are capable of permeabilizing membranes and cells in the absence of other viral proteins. VP5 forms pores in membranes which permit the translocation of carboxyfluorescein (CF) but not 4kDa dextrans. Permeabilizing VP5 polypeptides contain one long hydrophobic domain (HD) which shares homology with the fusion region of the alphavirus E1 protein. Residues required for E1 membrane fusion are shared by the VP5-HD and are conserved in all rotavirus strains. Further, VP5-induced CF release is blocked by neutralizing mAbs suggesting that preventing VP5 membrane permeability is a viable mechanism for neutralizing rotavirus. Dr. Mackow hypothesizes that VP5 induces pores in early endosomes which permit Ca efflux and the transition from a triple-layered particle to a transcriptionally active double-layered particle. Dr. Mackow proposes to investigate interactions of the rotavirus VP5 protein with membranes and define requirements for VP5-induced pore formation. These studies address an essential step in the rotavirus entry process and basic mechanisms by which non-enveloped viral proteins permeabilize cellular membranes during entry. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STATISTICAL CENTER FOR ROTAVIRUS VACCINE IN INDIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Maldonado, Yvonne A.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: NO ABSTRACT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON ROTAVIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Prasad, Bidadi V.; Professor; Biochemistry; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-1988; Project End 31-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rotavirus is the major cause of severe, lifethreatening gastroenteritis in young children and animals. Rotaviruses are large (1000 Angstroms), complex, icosahedral assemblies. This virus has been the subject of extensive biochemical, genetic and structural studies because of its medical relevance, intriguing structural complexity, and unique strategies of replication and
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morphogenesis. Rotaviruses contain 11 segments of double-stranded RNA encapsidated within three concentric capsid layers. Of the 12 proteins encoded by the genome, six are structural (VP 1-7), and six are non-structural (NSP 1-6). In the last four years, we have made exciting new discoveries that have provided a better characterization of the rotavirus structure and a deeper insight into the structural basis of various virus functions such as trypsin-enhanced infectivity, virus assembly, endogenous transcription, and genome replication and packaging. These recent developments, together with other developments in the molecular biology of rotaviruses, have allowed us to plan more in-depth dissection of structure-function correlations in rotavirus using a combination of high-resolution cryo-EM and X-ray crystallographic techniques. The specific objectives of the proposed project are: 1) To further investigate the mechanism of protease-enhanced infectivity and spike assembly, and structural basis of receptormediated cell entry of rotavirus. 2) To further our understanding of the structural basis of endogenous transcription in rotavirus by characterizing the structural alterations in response to transcriptional activation using high-resolution cryo-EM techniques. 3) To dissect the structural mechanisms of rotavirus genome replication/packaging using Xray crystallographic techniques. Our structural information in conjunction with continued advances in the molecular virology of rotavirus would have the potential to enhance the development of more effective methods of disease prevention and control. More importantly, we expect to continue to discover new fundamental structural information to help understand how these complex viruses gain entry into host cells, assemble, transcribe, replicate, and package their genomes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY OF VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, Stephen C.; Professor; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1975; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-range goal of this project is a mechanistic picture of viral entry, uncoating, replication, and assembly, derived from structurebased "molecular movies" of these processes. A large part of our research during the coming five-year period will concentrate on the molecular rearrangements that accompany penetration across a cell membrane of non-enveloped viruses - in particular, reoviruses and rotaviruses. We propose X-ray crystallographic studies of viral outershell proteins (u1, the reovirus penetration protein; VP4, the rotavirus binding and penetration protein; VP7, the rotavirus glycoprotein), crystallographic studies of rotavirus inner capsid particles, and biochemical studies of the reovirus u1 conformational changes that accompany penetration. We will combine structures of proteins and protein complexes with images from electron cryomicroscopy of intact virus particles, to obtain "hybrid" models of structures and intermediates that do not crystallize. We anticipate that studies of the rotavirus outer-shell proteins will facilitate design of recombinant vaccines. We will also expand our studies of the reovirus and rotavirus polymerase complexes. We can obtain a direct picture of transcription and replication, because multiple rounds of nucleotide addition can occur within crystals of the reovirus polymerase, lambda3. Finally, we will extend our structural studies of the human papillomavirus capsid protein to analyze full-sized virus-like particles, which are candidate immunogens in current vaccine trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Rotavirus
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Project Title: SUBUNIT ROTAVIRUS VACCINES AND MUCOSAL IMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Conner, Margaret; Assistant Professor of Molecular Virolog; Molecular Virology & Microbiol; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1987; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: Although 80% of infectious diseases are initiated at mucosal surfaces, our knowledge of the mechanisms of induction and regulation of mucosal immunity and our ability to exploit the mucosal immune system to prevent infections at or across mucosal surfaces is limited. We have proposed a novel model for regulation of intestinal immunity to enteric viruses by TH1 and TH3, but not TH2 cytokines. We propose that TGF- beta (TH3) regulates the antigen-specific IgA response. Studies proposed in this renewal grant application seek to determine the validity of our model. Rotavirus and VLPs will be used to probe the responses to infection or immunization to define the mechanisms and molecules necessary to induce protective intestinal immune responses. It is hypothesized that VLPs and live rotavirus induce protective immunity by different mechanisms since they induce different IgG subclasses and widely divergent IgA responses. It is further hypothesized that VLPs administered intranasally can overcome the compartmentalized immune responses reported to occur in the common mucosal immune system. The specific aims are to determine how differences in protective efficacy of virus and VLPs are regulated by differences in (1) inductive or effector cytokine responses, (2) B cell responses, or (3) homing of memory lymphocytes. Quantitative analysis of the B cell responses and cytokine profiles induced following a variety of mucosal immunization protocols and virus challenge will be performed in normal, specifically-- depleted, -upregulated or knockout mice. The results from these basic studies will be relevant to understanding immune regulation and functions at mucosal surfaces and may confirm a novel regulatory mechanism. Further, they will facilitate the design of more effective vaccines for rotavirus and other enteric viruses. The knowledge gained from these basic studies also will be useful in development of new effective vaccine strategies for viral pathogens such as HIV that infect at or invade across mucosal surfaces. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: THE ROLE OF HUMAN MILK IN INFANT NUTRITION AND HEALTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrow, Ardythe L.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1979; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: This application for competitive renewal is submitted by a multi-disciplinary team of senior investigators who propose to continue their studies on bioactive factors in human milk. Our program project is unique in its focus on human milk and the mechanisms by which human milk protects infants against infectious disease. The respective projects of this renewal consider the role of human milk in protection against human caliciviruses; rotavirus; campylobacter and related pathogens; enteropathogenic E. coil and related pathogens; and stable toxin (ST) of E. coil. The project protocols utilize in vitro assays, animal models, and human subjects, and are supported by interaction with cores that address epidemiology, biostatistics and translational research; glycobiology and synthetic chemistry; and molecular biology. In this application for renewal, we propose to examine protection against multiple pathogens through fundamental mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity that are expressed
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in human milk, specifically, oligosaccharides and related glycoconjugates, and secretory antibody. This overall theme will be addressed by studying the extent to which these human milk factors inhibit pathogen-cell surface binding and provide cross-protection against multiple pathogens. We also will examine the genetic basis for variability in expression of oligosaccharide protective factors in human milk and infant susceptibility to diarrheal diseases. Based on results of studies conducted in the current grant cycle, this renewal will involve synthesis of oligosaccharides found in human milk and translational research that tests their protective efficacy in pre-clinical studies that lead to carefully designed phase I and II trials in young children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSPORT AND LIPID INTERACTIONS OF A NOVEL ENTEROTOXIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Ball, Judith M.; Veterinary Pathobiology; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Rotaviruses cause severe, life-threatening diarrheal disease in young children resulting in over a million deaths worldwide. In 1996, we identified the first viral enterotoxin, rotavirus NSP4, and introduced a new mechanism of rotavirus-induced diarrhea. NSP4-induced diarrhea is mediated by a phophoinositide signal transduction pathway that results in inositol triphosphate production, increased intracellular calcium, and chloride secretion. Yet, discrete lipid interactions and intracellular targeting of NSP4 in mammalian cells are unknown. Nor have structural studies been completed with defined model membranes. Our goals to define the intracellular transport and discrete cholesterol- and caveolin-1-interacting domains of NSP4 will be accomplished by combining innovative biophysical measurements, laser imaging, fluorescent spectroscopy and resonance energy transfer studies, with classical genetic and biochemical techniques. Our hypothesis is the enterotoxin-containing, cytoplasmic domain of NSP4 (cNSP4) is cleaved from the ER, transported to the cell surface in association with caveolin-1 and/or caveolar vesicles, and targeted to plasma membrane caveolae to interact with the signaling machinery of the cell. Our preliminary data show NSP4 and its active peptide, NSP4114-135, preferentially bind highly curved, anionic, cholesterol-rich membrane vesicles that mimic the plasma membrane microdomain, caveolae. Moreover, a cytoplasmic, C-terminal region of NSP4 is released from the ER when expressed in mammalian cells. We have shown cNSP4 colocalizes with caveolin-1, verifying that NSP4 and caveolin-1 are sorted to the same intracellular location. We now propose an in depth study of the mechanism of NSP4 transport in intestinal cells. The specific aims are to: 1. Characterize the intracellular location of the cleaved NSP4 fragment (cNSP4) and cNSP4-caveolin-1 interaction(s) in mammalian cells. 2. Determine the role of caveolin-1/caveolae in the intracellular transport of cNSP4. 3. Delineate the domains of NSP4 that influence cNSP4 transport in mammalian cells. This investigation will contribute new insights into our understanding of the newly discovered plasma membrane microdomains (such as caveolae); broaden our knowledge of intracellular protein-membrane/lipid interactions; contribute to our understanding of enterotoxin function; and disclose basic intracellular processes whereby othcr toxins may interact with the cell. Further, this study may reveal new intracellular protein transport pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Rotavirus
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Project Title: VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Jiang, Xi; Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Va 23507 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Significant progress has been made in the identification of host receptors for calciviruses (CVs) and rotaviruses (RVs). CVs recognize human histo-blood group antigens as receptors and different strains of CVs target different blood types. RVs utilize sialic residues and/or antigens on cell surface for attachment and/or penetration. Protective factors that block virus-host interactions have been identified in human milk, including homologs of cell surface glycoconjugate receptors, such as the Lewis and secretor antigens, and cell surface adhering molecules, such as lactadherin. Further studies to characterize these factors will facilitate development of strategies to control and prevent gastrointestinal tract infection and illness in children. This hypothesis will be addressed by the following specific aims. 1. Characterize the phenotypic expression of histo-blood group antigens in children that are associated with risk of calcivirus infection and relate this association to histo-blood group genotypes. 2. Characterize factors in human milk that block calcivirus binding to histo-blood group antigens and examine the association between concentration of such factors in human milk and prevention of childhood infection with calciviruses. 3. Isolate native lactadherin from human milk and determine the mechanisms by which this molecule protects infants from rotavirus infection. 4. Perform in vitro and in vivo experiments to test naturally occurring factors and synthetic compounds in preventing calcivirus and rotavirus binding to cell surface receptor(s). 5. Determine the relative contributions of antibody vs. non-antibody factors in human milk in protection in protection of infants from calcivirus and rotavirus infections. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Matson, David O.; Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Va 23507 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Rotaviruses and caliciviruses account for 10 to 50% of gastroenteritis episodes in children worldwide. This project will define further the relevant antibodies and glycoconjugates that protect infants from RV diarrhea with the overall goal of preventing infection and illness despite antigenic diversity. Recent breakthroughs in the molecular characterization of CVs have permitted development of new assays and genetic comparisons that have superseded previous diagnostic methods and classifications of CVs. The new assays have not been applied to longitudinal studies of closely monitored children and assessment of infection, correlates of protection, and non-immunoglobulin protective factors in such studies are likely to yield new information of seminal importance to our understanding of CVs. Our hypothesis is that antibody and non-antibody factors bind viral gastroenteritis pathogens and protect breast-fed infants from disease. The hypothesis will be addressed by the following specific aims: 1. To measure antibody levels in the cohort and associate those antibodies with protection against rotavirus and calicivirus infection and illness. 2. To examine non-antibody factors in human milk that are associated with protect against rotavirus and calicivirus infection and illness in the suckling. 3. To determine whether maternal immunization with rotavirus vaccine results in enhanced protection against rotavirus diarrhea in breast-fed infants. 4. To determine whether antibody to rotavirus non-
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structural protein 4 (NSP4), a potential viral enterotoxin, is a correlate of protection against rotavirus infection, and illness and whether human milk contains antibody or non-antibody factors that bind to NSP4. 5. To assess the immunomodulating effect of human milk on response to rotavirus vaccination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS--BASIS OF PROTECTION AND VIRULENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Arvin, Ann M.; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology; Medicine; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1984; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Group A Rotaviruses are highly important human pathogens. Estimates of their impact on man include worldwide mortality rates of 800,000 to 1 million infant deaths annually. Despite substantial progress over the past two decades in determining rotavirus gene structure and function, we still do not have a clear understanding of the basis of rotavirus immunity, virulence or host tropism. It is the purpose of this proposal to continue our investigation of several aspects of rotavirus pathogenesis, including host range restriction, virulence and immunity. The specific aims of this application are: 1) To identify the viral and immunologic determinants of protective immunity in vivo. We will carry out a series of experiments in a mouse model to correlate the quantity and specificity of the local and systemic humoral immune response with protection. In order to determine why homologous infection induces local IgA responses more efficiently than heterologous infection, we will characterize the T helper cell response in the gut and spleen after murine and non-murine rotavirus infection of suckling mice. We further propose to identify and characterize the viral targets of protective immunity. Protection studies will be carried out in the adult mouse challenge model with homologous, heterologous and ressortant viruses that vary serologically. Immunization studies will also be carried out using specific recombinant viral gene products or killed virion delivered to various mucosal or systemic sites. We plan to determine which specific arm of the immune system mediates protective immunity. Passive transfer studies will be carried out employing isolated populations of immune effectors cells (CD4+, and/or CD8+T cells and/or B cells derived from various tissues) from immune MHC-matched donors. We will also study the cellular determinants of protective immunity using mice deficient in specific components of the immune system. 2) To identify the viral and immunologic determinants for the resolution of rotavirus infection. We will determine if CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells or local IgA antibody are capable of mediating resolution of infection by themselves when passively transferred into chronically infected SCID mice. Mice deficient in specific immune functions will be also be examined to determine if they ar fully or partially deficient in their ability to resolve infection and/or if immune cells taken from such animals can eliminate rotavirus infection in chronically infected SCID mice. 3) To determine the target of and mechanism by which IgA and other monoclonal antirotavirus antibodies prevent, and possibly resolve, rotarvirus infection in vitro and in vivo. In order to study the role of IgA directly we will carry out challenge studies in mice bearing transplanted rotavirusspecific IgA secreting hybridomas. Finally, we will investigate the mechanism by which IgA and IgG neutralizing monoclonals directed at VP7 or VP4 inhibit viral replication. 4) To determine the genetic and molecular basis of host range restriction and virulence. It is our hypothesis that the surface proteins of rotavirus are important but not exclusive determinants of virulence; that virulence and host range determinants vary depending on the genetic and physiological context of the analysis and that genes encoding non-
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Rotavirus
structural as well as structural proteins may be important determinants of host range restriction. In order to determine the genetic basic of host range restrictions and virulence, we will carry out genotypic and phenotypic analyses of rotavirus reassortants in the infant mouse model. In order to better understand the molecular and virologic basis of virulence and/or host tropism, we will identify relevant steps in the viral replication cycle in vivo that are restricted on the basis of host range. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for rotavirus in the PubMed Central database: •
1998-1999 Rotavirus Seasons in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Detection of an Unusual G3P[4] Epidemic Strain. by Rosa e Silva ML, Pires de Carvalho I, Gouvea V.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120661
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A Functional NSP4 Enterotoxin Peptide Secreted from Rotavirus-Infected Cells. by Zhang M, Zeng CQ, Morris AP, Estes MK.; 2000 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112448
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A Human Rotavirus with Rearranged Genes 7 and 11 Encodes a Modified NSP3 Protein and Suggests an Additional Mechanism for Gene Rearrangement. by Gault E, Schnepf N, Poncet D, Servant A, Teran S, Garbarg-Chenon A.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114965
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A murine model for oral infection with a primate rotavirus (simian SA11). by Offit PA, Clark HF, Kornstein MJ, Plotkin SA.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254422
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A Zinc Ion Controls Assembly and Stability of the Major Capsid Protein of Rotavirus. by Erk I, Huet JC, Duarte M, Duquerroy S, Rey F, Cohen J, Lepault J.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149495
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Adherence of Probiotic Bacteria to Human Intestinal Mucus in Healthy Infants and during Rotavirus Infection. by Juntunen M, Kirjavainen PV, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96052
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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Amino Acid Substitution within the VP7 Protein of G2 Rotavirus Strains Associated with Failure To Serotype. by Gomara MI, Cubitt D, Desselberger U, Gray J.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88438
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Analysis of a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Rotavirus Indicates that NSP2 Octamers Are the Functional Form of the Protein. by Taraporewala ZF, Schuck P, Ramig RF, Silvestri L, Patton JT.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136338
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Analysis of Host Range Restriction Determinants in the Rabbit Model: Comparison of Homologous and Heterologous Rotavirus Infections. by Ciarlet M, Estes MK, Barone C, Ramig RF, Conner ME.; 1998 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109534
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Analysis of Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP5 Phosphorylation. by Blackhall J, Munoz M, Fuentes A, Magnusson G.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109791
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Antibodies to Rotavirus Outer Capsid Glycoprotein VP7 Neutralize Infectivity by Inhibiting Virion Decapsidation. by Ludert JE, Ruiz MC, Hidalgo C, Liprandi F.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136269
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Antibody-Dependent and -Independent Protection following Intranasal Immunization of Mice with Rotavirus Particles. by McNeal MM, Rae MN, Bean JA, Ward RL.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104283
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Antibody-Independent Protection against Rotavirus Infection of Mice Stimulated by Intranasal Immunization with Chimeric VP4 or VP6 Protein. by Choi AH, Basu M, McNeal MM, Clements JD, Ward RL.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104284
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Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses and Protective Immunity Assessed in Gnotobiotic Pigs Inoculated Orally or Intramuscularly with Inactivated Human Rotavirus. by Yuan L, Kang SY, Ward LA, To TL, Saif LJ.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109380
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Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses to Rotavirus Proteins in Gnotobiotic Pigs Inoculated with Attenuated or Virulent Human Rotavirus. by Chang KO, Vandal OH, Yuan L, Hodgins DC, Saif LJ.; 2001 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88243
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Antigenic and Genomic Diversity of Human Rotavirus VP4 in Two Consecutive Epidemic Seasons in Mexico. by Padilla-Noriega L, Mendez-Toss M, Menchaca G, Contreras JF, Romero-Guido P, Puerto FI, Guiscafre H, Mota F, Herrera I, Cedillo R, Munoz O, Calva J, Guerrero MD, Coulson BS, Greenberg HB, Lopez S, Arias CF.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104901
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Antigenic Relationships Among Human Rotaviruses as Determined by Outer Capsid Protein VP4. by Gorziglia M, Larralde G, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.; 1990 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54702
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Antirotavirus Immunoglobulin A Neutralizes Virus In Vitro after Transcytosis through Epithelial Cells and Protects Infant Mice from Diarrhea. by Ruggeri FM, Johansen K, Basile G, Kraehenbuhl JP, Svensson L.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109713
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Application of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of VP7Encoding Genes: Fine Comparison of Irish and Global Rotavirus Isolates. by O'Halloran F, Lynch M, Cryan B, Fanning S.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153395
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Assay for evaluation of rotavirus-cell interactions: identification of an enterocyte ganglioside fraction that mediates group A porcine rotavirus recognition. by Rolsma MD, Gelberg HB, Kuhlenschmidt MS.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236285
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Assembly of double-shelled rotaviruslike particles by simultaneous expression of recombinant VP6 and VP7 proteins. by Sabara M, Parker M, Aha P, Cosco C, Gibbons E, Parsons S, Babiuk LA.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250814
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Atomic structure of the major capsid protein of rotavirus: implications for the architecture of the virion. by Mathieu M, Petitpas I, Navaza J, Lepault J, Kohli E, Pothier P, Prasad BV, Cohen J, Rey FA.; 2001 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145492
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ATP Is Required for Correct Folding and Disulfide Bond Formation of Rotavirus VP7. by Mirazimi A, Svensson L.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112337
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Attachment and Growth of Human Rotaviruses RV-3 and S12/85 in Caco-2 Cells Depend on VP4. by Kirkwood CD, Bishop RF, Coulson BS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110359
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Attenuation of a human rotavirus vaccine candidate did not correlate with mutations in the NSP4 protein gene. by Ward RL, Mason BB, Bernstein DI, Sander DS, Smith VE, Zandle GA, Rappaport RS.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191897
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B2 but Not B1 Cells Can Contribute to CD4 + T-Cell-Mediated Clearance of Rotavirus in SCID Mice. by Kushnir N, Bos NA, Zuercher AW, Coffin SE, Moser CA, Offit PA, Cebra JJ.; 2001 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114260
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Biochemical Characterization of Rotavirus Receptors in MA104 Cells. by Guerrero CA, Zarate S, Corkidi G, Lopez S, Arias CF.; 2000 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112364
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Biochemical characterization of the structural and nonstructural polypeptides of a porcine group C rotavirus. by Jiang BM, Saif LJ, Kang SY, Kim JH.; 1990 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249521
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Biochemical mapping of the simian rotavirus SA11 genome. by Mason BB, Graham DY, Estes MK.; 1983 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255143
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BiP (GRP78) and Endoplasmin (GRP94) Are Induced following Rotavirus Infection and Bind Transiently to an Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Virion Component. by Xu A, Bellamy AR, Taylor JA.; 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110498
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Bovine Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein 4 Produced by Lactococcus lactis Is Antigenic and Immunogenic. by Enouf V, Langella P, Commissaire J, Cohen J, Corthier G.; 2001 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92750
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Carbohydrates Facilitate Correct Disulfide Bond Formation and Folding of Rotavirus VP7. by Mirazimi A, Svensson L.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109613
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CD4 T Cells Are the Only Lymphocytes Needed To Protect Mice against Rotavirus Shedding after Intranasal Immunization with a Chimeric VP6 Protein and the Adjuvant LT(R192G). by McNeal MM, VanCott JL, Choi AH, Basu M, Flint JA, Stone SC, Clements JD, Ward RL.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136815
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CD8+ T cells can mediate almost complete short-term and partial long-term immunity to rotavirus in mice. by Franco MA, Tin C, Greenberg HB.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191577
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Changing Patterns of Rotavirus Genotypes in Ghana: Emergence of Human Rotavirus G9 as a Major Cause of Diarrhea in Children. by Armah GE, Steele AD, Binka FN, Esona MD, Asmah RH, Anto F, Brown D, Green J, Cutts F, Hall A.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156506
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Characterization and replicase activity of double-layered and single-layered rotavirus-like particles expressed from baculovirus recombinants. by Zeng CQ, Wentz MJ, Cohen J, Estes MK, Ramig RF.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190130
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Characterization of a Membrane Calcium Pathway Induced by Rotavirus Infection in Cultured Cells. by Perez JF, Ruiz MC, Chemello ME, Michelangeli F.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104495
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Characterization of Group C Rotaviruses Associated with Diarrhea Outbreaks in Feeder Pigs. by Kim Y, Chang KO, Straw B, Saif LJ.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84810
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Characterization of RNA polymerase products of Nebraska calf diarrhea virus and SA11 rotavirus. by Bernstein JM, Hruska JF.; 1981 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171105
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Characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants of simian rotavirus SA11: protein synthesis and morphogenesis. by Ramig RF, Petrie BL.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255522
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Characterization of the bovine group A rotavirus strain neonatal calf diarrhea virusCody (NCDV-Cody). by Lu W, Duhamel GE, Hoshino Y, Benfield DA, Nelson EA, Hesse RA.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228082
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Characterization of virus-like particles produced by the expression of rotavirus capsid proteins in insect cells. by Crawford SE, Labbe M, Cohen J, Burroughs MH, Zhou YJ, Estes MK.; 1994 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237000
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cis-Acting signals that promote genome replication in rotavirus mRNA. by Patton JT, Wentz M, Xiaobo J, Ramig RF.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190274
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Classification of rotavirus into G and P types with specimens from children with acute diarrhea in New Delhi, India. by Husain M, Seth P, Dar L, Broor S.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229074
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Cleavage of Rhesus Rotavirus VP4 after Arginine 247 Is Essential for Rotavirus-Like Particle-Induced Fusion from Without. by Gilbert JM, Greenberg HB.; 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116396
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Cloning of noncultivatable human rotavirus by single primer amplification. by Lambden PR, Cooke SJ, Caul EO, Clarke IN.; 1992 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240952
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Comparative sequence analysis of rotavirus genomic segment 6--the gene specifying viral subgroups 1 and 2. by Both GW, Siegman LJ, Bellamy AR, Ikegami N, Shatkin AJ, Furuichi Y.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254405
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Comparative structural analysis of transcriptionally competent and incompetent rotavirus-antibody complexes. by Lawton JA, Estes MK, Prasad BV.; 1999 May 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21876
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Comparison of Enzyme Immunoassay and Reverse Transcriptase PCR for Identification of Serotype G9 Rotaviruses. by Coulson BS, Gentsch JR, Das BK, Bhan MK, Glass RI.; 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85524
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Comparison of enzyme immunoassay, PCR, and type-specific cDNA probe techniques for identification of group A rotavirus gene 4 types (P types). by Masendycz PJ, Palombo EA, Gorrell RJ, Bishop RF.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230130
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Comparison of mucosal and systemic humoral immune responses and subsequent protection in mice orally inoculated with a homologous or a heterologous rotavirus. by Feng N, Burns JW, Bracy L, Greenberg HB.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237238
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Comparisons of rotavirus polypeptides by limited proteolysis: close similarity of certain polypeptides of different strains. by Dyall-Smith ML, Holmes IH.; 1981 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256683
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Concentration of Simian Rotavirus SA-11 from Tap Water by Membrane Filtration and Organic Flocculation. by Guttman-Bass N, Armon R.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242382
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Crystallization and Preliminary X-Ray Analysis of Rotavirus Protein VP6. by Petitpas I, Lepault J, Vachette P, Charpilienne A, Mathieu M, Kohli E, Pothier P, Cohen J, Rey FA.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110019
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Demonstration of a lack of synergistic effect of rotavirus with other diarrheal pathogens on severity of diarrhea in children. by Unicomb LE, Faruque SM, Malek MA, Faruque AS, Albert MJ.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229016
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Demonstration of an immunodominant neutralization site by analysis of antigenic variants of SA11 rotavirus. by Lazdins I, Sonza S, Dyall-Smith ML, Coulson BS, Holmes IH.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252539
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Derivation of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Against Rotavirus. by Sonza S, Breschkin AM, Holmes IH.; 1983 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256522
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Detection and Characterization of Novel Rotavirus Strains in the United States. by Ramachandran M, Gentsch JR, Parashar UD, Jin S, Woods PA, Holmes JL, Kirkwood CD, Bishop RF, Greenberg HB, Urasawa S, Gerna G, Coulson BS, Taniguchi K, Bresee JS, Glass RI.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105305
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Detection and Characterization of Novel Rotavirus Strains in the United States. by Gouvea V, Santos N.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85178
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Detection and Characterization of Rotaviruses in Hospitalized Neonates in Blantyre, Malawi. by Cunliffe NA, Rogerson S, Dove W, Thindwa BD, Greensill J, Kirkwood CD, Broadhead RL, Hart CA.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140349
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Detection and distribution of rotavirus in raw sewage and creeks in Sao Paulo, Brazil. by Mehnert DU, Stewien KE.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=202068
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Detection and Genotyping of Human Group A Rotaviruses by Oligonucleotide Microarray Hybridization. by Chizhikov V, Wagner M, Ivshina A, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Chumakov K.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120567
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Detection of a Human Rotavirus with G12 and P[9] Specificity in Thailand. by Pongsuwanna Y, Guntapong R, Chiwakul M, Tacharoenmuang R, Onvimala N, Wakuda M, Kobayashi N, Taniguchi K.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140366
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Detection of group B rotaviruses in fecal samples from diarrheic calves and adult cows and characterization of their VP7 genes. by Chang KO, Parwani AV, Smith D, Saif LJ.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229912
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Detection of Human and Animal Rotavirus Sequences in Drinking Water. by Gratacap-Cavallier B, Genoulaz O, Brengel-Pesce K, Soule H, Innocenti-Francillard P, Bost M, Gofti L, Zmirou D, Seigneurin JM.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110603
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Detection of poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, and rotavirus from sewage and ocean water by triplex reverse transcriptase PCR. by Tsai YL, Tran B, Sangermano LR, Palmer CJ.; 1994 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=201663
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Detection of Porcine Rotavirus Type G9 and of a Mixture of Types G1 and G5 Associated with Wa-Like VP4 Specificity: Evidence for Natural Human-Porcine Genetic Reassortment. by Santos N, Lima RC, Nozawa CM, Linhares RE, Gouvea V.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85332
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Detection of Rotavirus in Sewage. by Steinmann J.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243854
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Detection of Rotavirus Types G8 and G10 among Brazilian Children with Diarrhea. by Santos N, Lima RC, Pereira CF, Gouvea V.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105192
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Detection, Subgroup Specificity, and Genotype Diversity of Rotavirus Strains in Children with Acute Diarrhea in Paraguay. by Coluchi N, Munford V, Manzur J, Vazquez C, Escobar M, Weber E, Marmol P, Racz ML.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130658
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Determination of Bovine Rotavirus G and P Serotypes in Italy by PCR. by Falcone E, Tarantino M, Di Trani L, Cordioli P, Lavazza A, Tollis M.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85835
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Development of a Fluorescent Focus Identification Assay Using Serotype-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies for Detection and Quantitation of Rotaviruses in a Tetravalent Rotavirus Vaccine. by Yang DP, Goldberg KM, Ma XD, Magargle W, Rappaport R.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96201
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Development of a Heterologous Model in Germfree Suckling Rats for Studies of Rotavirus Diarrhea. by Guerin-Danan C, Meslin JC, Lambre F, Charpilienne A, Serezat M, Bouley C, Cohen J, Andrieux C.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110350
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Development of a method for detection of human rotavirus in water and sewage. by Smith EM, Gerba CP.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244252
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Development of mucosal and systemic lymphoproliferative responses and protective immunity to human group A rotaviruses in a gnotobiotic pig model. by Ward LA, Yuan L, Rosen BI, To TL, Saif LJ.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170344
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Development, Characterization, and Diagnostic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies against Bovine Rotavirus. by Al-Yousif Y, Al-Majhdi F, Chard-Bergstrom C, Anderson J, Kapil S.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95862
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Development, Evaluation, and Application of Lateral-Flow Immunoassay (Immunochromatography) for Detection of Rotavirus in Bovine Fecal Samples. by AlYousif Y, Anderson J, Chard-Bergstrom C, Kapil S.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120004
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Diagnosis of rotavirus infection with cloned cDNA copies of viral genome segments. by Lin M, Imai M, Bellamy AR, Ikegami N, Furuichi Y, Summers D, Nuss DL, Deibel R.; 1985 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254963
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Diarrhea-Inducing Activity of Avian Rotavirus NSP4 Glycoproteins, Which Differ Greatly from Mammalian Rotavirus NSP4 Glycoproteins in Deduced Amino Acid Sequence, in Suckling Mice. by Mori Y, Borgan MA, Ito N, Sugiyama M, Minamoto N.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137017
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Differential Infection of Polarized Epithelial Cell Lines by Sialic Acid-Dependent and Sialic Acid-Independent Rotavirus Strains. by Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Estes MK.; 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114770
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Direct Inhibitory Effect of Rotavirus NSP4(114-135) Peptide on the Na +-d-Glucose Symporter of Rabbit Intestinal Brush Border Membrane. by Halaihel N, Lievin V, Ball JM, Estes MK, Alvarado F, Vasseur M.; 2000 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112375
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Distribution of both rotavirus VP4 genotypes and VP7 serotypes among hospitalized and nonhospitalized Israeli children. by Silberstein I, Shulman LM, Mendelson E, Shif I.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228184
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Distribution of Human Rotavirus G Types Circulating in Paris, France, during the 1997 --1998 Epidemic: High Prevalence of Type G4. by Gault E, Chikhi-Brachet R, Delon S, Schnepf N, Albiges L, Grimprel E, Girardet JP, Begue P, Garbarg-Chenon A.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85171
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Distribution of Rotavirus VP4 Genotypes and VP7 Serotypes among Nonhospitalized and Hospitalized Patients with Gastroenteritis and Patients with Nosocomially
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Acquired Gastroenteritis in Austria. by Fruhwirth M, Brosl S, Ellemunter H, MollSchuler I, Rohwedder A, Mutz I.; 2000 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86593 •
Distribution of Rotavirus VP7 Serotypes and VP4 Genotypes Circulating in Sousse, Tunisia, from 1995 to 1999: Emergence of Natural Human Reassortants. by Trabelsi A, Peenze I, Pager C, Jeddi M, Steele D.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87397
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Diversity of Rotavirus Strains among Children with Acute Diarrhea in China: 19982000 Surveillance Study. by Fang ZY, Yang H, Qi J, Zhang J, Sun LW, Tang JY, Ma L, Du ZQ, He AH, Xie JP, Lu YY, Ji ZZ, Zhu BQ, Wu HY, Lin SE, Xie HP, Griffin DD, Ivanoff B, Glass RI, Gentsch JR.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130922
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Diversity within the VP4 Gene of Rotavirus P[8] Strains: Implications for Reverse Transcription-PCR Genotyping. by Iturriza-Gomara M, Green J, Brown DW, Desselberger U, Gray JJ.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86240
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DNA Amplification-Restricted Transcription-Translation: Rapid Analysis of Rhesus Rotavirus Neutralization Sites. by Mackow ER, Yamanaka MY, Dang MN, Greenberg HB.; 1990 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53296
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Dual Infection of Gnotobiotic Calves with Bovine Strains of Group A and PorcineLike Group C Rotaviruses Influences Pathogenesis of the Group C Rotavirus. by Chang KO, Nielsen PR, Ward LA, Saif LJ.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112963
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Effect of Intragenic Rearrangement and Changes in the 3[prime prime or minute] Consensus Sequence on NSP1 Expression and Rotavirus Replication. by Patton JT, Taraporewala Z, Chen D, Chizhikov V, Jones M, Elhelu A, Collins M, Kearney K, Wagner M, Hoshino Y, Gouvea V.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114792
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Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rotavirus SA11. by Sattar SA, Ijaz MK, Johnson-Lussenburg CM, Springthorpe VS.; 1984 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239782
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Effect of S-adenosylmethionine on human rotavirus RNA synthesis. by Spencer E, Garcia BI.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254505
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Effect of Water-Based Microencapsulation on Protection against EDIM Rotavirus Challenge in Mice. by Moser CA, Speaker TJ, Offit PA.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109610
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Effects of Maternal Antibodies on Protection and Development of Antibody Responses to Human Rotavirus in Gnotobiotic Pigs. by Hodgins DC, Kang SY, deArriba L, Parreno V, Ward LA, Yuan L, To T, Saif LJ.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103822
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Effects of Tunicamycin on Rotavirus Morphogenesis and Infectivity. by Petrie BL, Estes MK, Graham DY.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255116
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Efficient Translation of Rotavirus mRNA Requires Simultaneous Interaction of NSP3 with the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor eIF4G and the mRNA 3[prime prime or minute] End. by Vende P, Piron M, Castagne N, Poncet D.; 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112224
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Emergence of G9 P[6] Human Rotaviruses in Argentina: Phylogenetic Relationships among G9 Strains. by Bok K, Palacios G, Sijvarger K, Matson D, Gomez J.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88481
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Emergence of Novel Human Group A Rotavirus G12 Strains in India. by Das S, Varghese V, Chaudhury S, Barman P, Mahapatra S, Kojima K, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T, Ratho RK, Chhotray GP, Phukan AC, Kobayashi N, Naik TN.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156500
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Emergence of Serotype G9 Human Rotaviruses in Australia. by Palombo EA.; 2000 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88614
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Recombinant Human Group C Rotavirus Inner Capsid Protein (VP6) To Detect Human Group C Rotaviruses in Fecal Samples. by James VL, Lambden PR, Caul EO, Clarke ,A.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=105297
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Epidemiological Patterns of Rotaviruses Causing Severe Gastroenteritis in Young Children throughout Australia from 1993 to 1996. by Bishop RF, Masendycz PJ, Bugg HC, Carlin JB, Barnes GL.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87877
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Epidemiology of group C rotavirus infection in Western New York women of childbearing age. by Riepenhoff-Talty M, Morse K, Wang CH, Shapiro C, Roberts J, Welter M, Allen M, Evans MJ, Flanagan TD.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229607
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Evaluation of a Human Group A Rotavirus Assay for On-Site Detection of Bovine Rotavirus. by Maes RK, Grooms DL, Wise AG, Han C, Ciesicki V, Hanson L, Vickers ML, Kanitz C, Holland R.; 2003 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149593
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Evaluation of a Latex Agglutination Kit (Virogen Rotatest) for Detection of Bovine Rotavirus in Fecal Samples. by Al-Yousif Y, Anderson J, Chard-Bergstrom C, Bustamante A, Muenzenberger M, Austin K, Kapil S.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96089
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Evaluation of the ImmunoCardSTAT! Rotavirus Assay for Detection of Group A Rotavirus in Fecal Specimens. by Dennehy PH, Hartin M, Nelson SM, Reising SF.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85001
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Evaluation of Two Enzyme Immunoassays for Detection of Human Rotaviruses in Fecal Specimens. by Eing BR, May G, Baumeister HG, Kuhn JE.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88581
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Evidence for CD8+ T-cell immunity to murine rotavirus in the absence of perforin, fas, and gamma interferon. by Franco MA, Tin C, Rott LS, VanCott JL, McGhee JR, Greenberg HB.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191075
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Evidence of High-Frequency Genomic Reassortment of Group A Rotavirus Strains in Bangladesh: Emergence of Type G9 in 1995. by Unicomb LE, Podder G, Gentsch JR, Woods PA, Hasan KZ, Faruque AS, Albert MJ, Glass RI.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84977
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Evidence that resolution of rotavirus infection in mice is due to both CD4 and CD8 cell-dependent activities. by McNeal MM, Rae MN, Ward RL.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192338
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Expression of rotavirus VP2 produces empty corelike particles. by Labbe M, Charpilienne A, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Cohen J.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240932
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Expression of the Mucosal Homing Receptor [alpha]4[beta]7 Correlates with the Ability of CD8 + Memory T Cells To Clear Rotavirus Infection. by Rose JR, Williams MB, Rott LS, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109428
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Expression of the OSU rotavirus outer capsid protein VP4 by an adenovirus recombinant. by Gorziglia M, Kapikian AZ.; 1992 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241248
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Expression of the rotavirus SA11 protein VP7 in the simple eukaryote Dictyostelium discoideum. by Emslie KR, Miller JM, Slade MB, Dormitzer PR, Greenberg HB, Williams KL.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188780
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Extramucosal spread and development of hepatitis in immunodeficient and normal mice infected with rhesus rotavirus. by Uhnoo I, Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dharakul T, Chegas P, Fisher JE, Greenberg HB, Ogra PL.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249110
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Flow Cytometry Detection of Infectious Rotaviruses in Environmental and Clinical Samples. by Abad FX, Pinto RM, Bosch A.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106401
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Frequencies of Virus-Specific CD4 + and CD8 + T Lymphocytes Secreting Gamma Interferon after Acute Natural Rotavirus Infection in Children and Adults. by Jaimes MC, Rojas OL, Gonzalez AM, Cajiao I, Charpilienne A, Pothier P, Kohli E, Greenberg HB, Franco MA, Angel J.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136136
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Frequent Reassortments May Explain the Genetic Heterogeneity of Rotaviruses: Analysis of Finnish Rotavirus Strains. by Maunula L, von Bonsdorff CH.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136853
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Functional and structural analysis of the sialic acid-binding domain of rotaviruses. by Isa P, Lopez S, Segovia L, Arias CF.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191955
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Functional Mapping of Protective Domains and Epitopes in the Rotavirus VP6 Protein. by Choi AH, Basu M, McNeal MM, Flint J, VanCott JL, Clements JD, Ward RL.; 2000 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112438
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G and P Genotyping of Rotavirus Strains Circulating in France over a Three-Year Period: Detection of G9 and P[6] Strains at Low Frequencies. by Bon F, Fromantin C, Aho S, Pothier P, Kohli E.; 2000 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86526
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Gene Expression Pattern in Caco-2 Cells following Rotavirus Infection. by Cuadras MA, Feigelstock DA, An S, Greenberg HB.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155077
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Gene Mapping of Rotavirus Double-Stranded RNA Segments by Northern Blot Hybridization: Application to Segments 7, 8, and 9. by Dyall-Smith ML, Azad AA, Holmes IH.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255126
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Gene protein products of SA11 simian rotavirus genome. by Arias CF, Lopez S, Espejo RT.; 1982 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256724
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Gene-Coding Assignments of Rotavirus Double-Stranded RNA Segments 10 and 11. by Dyall-Smith ML, Holmes IH.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171252
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Genetic Characterization of a Novel, Naturally Occurring Recombinant Human G6P[6] Rotavirus. by Rahman M, De Leener K, Goegebuer T, Wollants E, Van der Donck I, Hoovels LV, Van Ranst M.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154672
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Genetic heterogeneity within individual bovine rotavirus isolates. by Sabara M, Deregt D, Babiuk LA, Misra V.; 1982 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256338
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Genetic mapping indicates that VP4 is the rotavirus cell attachment protein in vitro and in vivo. by Ludert JE, Feng N, Yu JH, Broome RL, Hoshino Y, Greenberg HB.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189837
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Genetic Variation of Capsid Protein VP7 in Genotype G4 Human Rotavirus Strains: Simultaneous Emergence and Spread of Different Lineages in Argentina. by Bok K, Matson DO, Gomez JA.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=130721
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Rotavirus
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Genomic Characterization of Porcine Rotaviruses in Italy. by Martella V, Pratelli A, Greco G, Tempesta M, Ferrari M, Losio MN, Buonavoglia C.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96021
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Genomic Diversity of Group A Rotavirus Strains Infecting Humans in Eastern India. by Das S, Sen A, Uma G, Varghese V, Chaudhuri S, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T, Dutta P, Dutta D, Bhattacharya MK, Mitra U, Kobayashi N, Naik TN.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120101
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Genotype Profiles of Rotavirus Strains from Children in a Suburban Community in Guinea-Bissau, Western Africa. by Fischer TK, Steinsland H, Molbak K, Ca R, Gentsch JR, Valentiner-Branth P, Aaby P, Sommerfelt H.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88706
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Genotyping of Rotaviruses in Environmental Water and Stool Samples in Southern Switzerland by Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of 189 Base Pairs at the 5[prime prime or minute] End of the VP7 Gene. by Baggi F, Peduzzi R.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87456
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Genotyping of rotaviruses isolated from sewage. by Gajardo R, Bouchriti N, Pinto RM, Bosch A.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=167622
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Geographic distribution of human rotavirus VP4 genotypes and VP7 serotypes in five South African regions. by Steele AD, van Niekerk MC, Mphahlele MJ.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228206
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Glycosphingolipid Binding Specificities of Rotavirus: Identification of a Sialic AcidBinding Epitope. by Delorme C, Brussow H, Sidoti J, Roche N, Karlsson KA, Neeser JR, Teneberg S.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114811
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Great Diversity of Group A Rotavirus Strains and High Prevalence of Mixed Rotavirus Infections in India. by Jain V, Das BK, Bhan MK, Glass RI, Gentsch JR.; 2001 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88383
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Group A Rotavirus Infection and Age-Dependent Diarrheal Disease in Rats: a New Animal Model To Study the Pathophysiology of Rotavirus Infection. by Ciarlet M, Conner ME, Finegold MJ, Estes MK.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135688
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Growth of Rotaviruses in Primary Pancreatic Cells. by Coulson BS, Witterick PD, Tan Y, Hewish MJ, Mountford JN, Harrison LC, Honeyman MC.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136474
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Heat Shock Cognate Protein 70 Is Involved in Rotavirus Cell Entry. by Guerrero CA, Bouyssounade D, Zarate S, Isa P, Lopez T, Espinosa R, Romero P, Mendez E, Lopez S, Arias CF.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136078
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Heterogeneity in base sequence among different DNA clones containing equivalent sequences of rotavirus double-stranded RNA. by Arias CF, Lopez S, Espejo RT.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252863
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Heterogeneity of genome rearrangements in rotaviruses isolated from a chronically infected immunodeficient child. by Hundley F, McIntyre M, Clark B, Beards G, Wood D, Chrystie I, Desselberger U.; 1987 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255930
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Heterogeneity of VP4 neutralization epitopes among serotype P1A human rotavirus strains. by Contreras JF, Menchaca GE, Padilla-Noriega L, Tamez RS, Greenberg HB, Lopez S, Arias CF.; 1995 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170191
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Heterologous Protection Induced by the Inner Capsid Proteins of Rotavirus Requires Transcytosis of Mucosal Immunoglobulins. by Schwartz-Cornil I, Benureau Y, Greenberg H, Hendrickson BA, Cohen J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155125
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Heterotypic passive protection induced by synthetic peptides corresponding to VP7 and VP4 of bovine rotavirus. by Ijaz MK, Attah-Poku SK, Redmond MJ, Parker MD, Sabara MI, Frenchick P, Babiuk LA.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240966
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Heterotypic Protection and Induction of a Broad Heterotypic Neutralization Response by Rotavirus-Like Particles. by Crawford SE, Estes MK, Ciarlet M, Barone C, O'Neal CM, Cohen J, Conner ME.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112524
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Human Group B Rotavirus Infections Cause Severe Diarrhea in Children and Adults in Bangladesh. by Sanekata T, Ahmed MU, Kader A, Taniguchi K, Kobayashi N.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154663
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Identification and baculovirus expression of the VP4 protein of the human group B rotavirus ADRV. by Mackow ER, Werner-Eckert R, Fay ME, Tao H, Chen G.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237596
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Identification and Characterization of a Transcription Pause Site in Rotavirus. by Lawton JA, Estes MK, Prasad BV.; 2001 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114072
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Identification and Characterization of the Helix-Destabilizing Activity of Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP2. by Taraporewala ZF, Patton JT.; 2001 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114205
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Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Bovine G3 Rotavirus Which Causes Age-Independent Diarrhea in Cattle. by El-Attar L, Dhaliwal W, IturrizaGomara M, Bridger JC.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=120263
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Identification of a bovine rotavirus gene and gene product influencing cellular attachment. by Sabara M, Babiuk LA.; 1984 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254464
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Rotavirus
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Identification of a T-helper cell epitope on the rotavirus VP6 protein. by Banos DM, Lopez S, Arias CF, Esquivel FR.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191067
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Identification of group B rotaviruses with short genome electropherotypes from adult cows with diarrhea. by Parwani AV, Lucchelli A, Saif LJ.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229005
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Identification of Human Rotavirus Strains with the P[14] Genotype by PCR. by Arista S, Vizzi E, Alaimo C, Palermo D, Cascio A.; 1999 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85321
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Identification of Rotavirus VP6 Residues Located at the Interface with VP2 That Are Essential for Capsid Assembly and Transcriptase Activity. by Charpilienne A, Lepault J, Rey F, Cohen J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136406
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Identification of the RNA-Binding, Dimerization, and eIF4GI-Binding Domains of Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP3. by Piron M, Delaunay T, Grosclaude J, Poncet D.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112597
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Identification of the two rotavirus genes determining neutralization specificities. by Offit PA, Blavat G.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252740
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Identification of VP7 epitopes associated with protection against human rotavirus illness or shedding in volunteers. by Green KY, Kapikian AZ.; 1992 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238315
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Identification, synthesis, and modifications of simian rotavirus SA11 polypeptides in infected cells. by Ericson BL, Graham DY, Mason BB, Estes MK.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256916
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Immune Response of Children Who Develop Persistent Diarrhea following Rotavirus Infection. by Azim T, Ahmad SM, Khuda SE, Sarker MS, Unicomb LE, De S, Hamadani JD, Salam MA, Wahed MA, Albert MJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95756
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Immunization with baculovirus-expressed recombinant rotavirus proteins VP1, VP4, VP6, and VP7 induces CD8+ T lymphocytes that mediate clearance of chronic rotavirus infection in SCID mice. by Dharakul T, Labbe M, Cohen J, Bellamy AR, Street JE, Mackow ER, Fiore L, Rott L, Greenberg HB.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250256
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Immunodominance of the VP4 neutralization protein of rotavirus in protective natural infections of young children. by Ward RL, McNeal MM, Sander DS, Greenberg HB, Bernstein DI.; 1993 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237383
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Immunologic correlates of protection against rotavirus challenge after intramuscular immunization of mice. by Coffin SE, Moser CA, Cohen S, Clark HF, Offit PA.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192140
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In vitro transcription catalyzed by heat-treated human rotavirus. by Spencer E, Arias ML.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256590
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In vitro transcription of human pararotavirus. by Jashes M, Sandino AM, Faundez G, Avendano LF, Spencer E.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252713
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In vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of rotavirus NSP5 correlates with its localization in viroplasms. by Poncet D, Lindenbaum P, L'Haridon R, Cohen J.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191021
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In vivo role of lymphocyte subpopulations in the control of virus excretion and mucosal antibody responses of cattle infected with rotavirus. by Oldham G, Bridger JC, Howard CJ, Parsons KR.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237889
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Increased Prevalence of G1P[4] Genotype among Children with Rotavirus-Associated Gastroenteritis in Metropolitan Detroit. by Abdel-Haq NM, Thomas RA, Asmar BI, Zacharova V, Lyman WD.; 2003 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=156486
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Induction of Mucosal B-Cell Memory by Intramuscular Inoculation of Mice with Rotavirus. by Coffin SE, Offit PA.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109862
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Infectious diarrhea of infant rats produced by a rotavirus-like agent. by Vonderfecht SL, Huber AC, Eiden J, Mader LC, Yolken RH.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254494
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Infectious rotavirus enters cells by direct cell membrane penetration, not by endocytosis. by Kaljot KT, Shaw RD, Rubin DH, Greenberg HB.; 1988 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253121
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Inhibition of rotavirus replication by a non-neutralizing, rotavirus VP6 --specific IgA mAb. by Feng N, Lawton JA, Gilbert J, Kuklin N, Vo P, Prasad BV, Greenberg HB.; 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150959
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Initial Interaction of Rotavirus Strains with N-Acetylneuraminic (Sialic) Acid Residues on the Cell Surface Correlates with VP4 Genotype, Not Species of Origin. by Ciarlet M, Ludert JE, Iturriza-Gomara M, Liprandi F, Gray JJ, Desselberger U, Estes MK.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136071
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Integrin [alpha]v[beta]3 mediates rotavirus cell entry. by Guerrero CA, Mendez E, Zarate S, Isa P, Lopez S, Arias CF.; 2000 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18972
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Integrins [alpha]2[beta]1 and [alpha]4[beta]1 Can Mediate SA11 Rotavirus Attachment and Entry into Cells. by Hewish MJ, Takada Y, Coulson BS.; 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111532
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Interaction of rotavirus particles with liposomes. by Nandi P, Charpilienne A, Cohen J.; 1992 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241115
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Interactions between the two surface proteins of rotavirus may alter the receptorbinding specificity of the virus. by Mendez E, Arias CF, Lopez S.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189931
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Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Is a Cellular Partner of Rotavirus NSP1. by Graff JW, Mitzel DN, Weisend CM, Flenniken ML, Hardy ME.; 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136439
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Interspecies sharing of two distinct nonstructural protein 1 alleles among human and animal rotaviruses as revealed by dot blot hybridization. by Fujiwara Y, Nakagomi O.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230045
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Intracellular Amplification and Expression of a Synthetic Analog of Rotavirus Genomic RNA Bearing a Foreign Marker Gene: Mapping Cis-Acting Nucleotides in the 3'-Noncoding Region. by Gorziglia MI, Collins PL.; 1992 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49381
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Intracellular manipulation of disulfide bond formation in rotavirus proteins during assembly. by Svensson L, Dormitzer PR, von Bonsdorff CH, Maunula L, Greenberg HB.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236464
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Intranasal Administration of 2/6-Rotavirus-Like Particles with Mutant Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin (LT-R192G) Induces Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses but Not Protective Immunity in Gnotobiotic Pigs. by Yuan L, Geyer A, Hodgins DC, Fan Z, Qian Y, Chang KO, Crawford SE, Parreno V, Ward LA, Estes MK, Conner ME, Saif LJ.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102078
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Ionic Strength- and Temperature-Induced KCa Shifts in the Uncoating Reaction of Rotavirus Strains RF and SA11: Correlation with Membrane Permeabilization. by Martin S, Lorrot M, El Azher MA, Vasseur M.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136821
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Isolation from diarrheal and asymptomatic kittens of three rotavirus strains that belong to the AU-1 genogroup of human rotaviruses. by Mochizuki M, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232746
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Isolation of a Human Rotavirus Strain with a Super-Short RNA Pattern and a New P2 Subtype. by Nakagomi T, Horie Y, Koshimura Y, Greenberg HB, Nakagomi O.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88680
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Isolation of group B porcine rotavirus in cell culture. by Sanekata T, Kuwamoto Y, Akamatsu S, Sakon N, Oseto M, Taniguchi K, Nakata S, Estes MK.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228888
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Isolation of serotype G8, P6[1] bovine rotavirus from adult cattle with diarrhea. by Sato M, Nakagomi T, Tajima K, Ezura K, Akashi H, Nakagomi O.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232744
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Kinetics of viral replication and local and systemic immune responses in experimental rotavirus infection. by Eydelloth RS, Vonderfecht SL, Sheridan JF, Enders LD, Yolken RH.; 1984 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255758
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Lack of Maternal Antibodies to P Serotypes May Predispose Neonates to Infections with Unusual Rotavirus Strains. by Ramachandran M, Vij A, Kumar R, Das BK, Gentsch JR, Bhan MK, Glass RI.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95612
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Location of intrachain disulfide bonds in the VP5* and VP8* trypsin cleavage fragments of the rhesus rotavirus spike protein VP4. by Patton JT, Hua J, Mansell EA.; 1993 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237872
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Longitudinal Studies of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Rotavirus in Stools and Sera of Children following Severe Rotavirus Gastroenteritis. by Coulson BS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96221
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Mapping the hemagglutination domain of rotaviruses. by Fuentes-Panana EM, Lopez S, Gorziglia M, Arias CF.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188943
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Membrane binding and endoplasmic reticulum retention sequences of rotavirus VP7 are distinct: role of carboxy-terminal and other residues in membrane binding. by Clarke ML, Lockett LJ, Both GW.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189548
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Molecular analysis of outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7) genes from two isolates of human group C rotavirus with different genome electropherotypes. by Kuzuya M, Fujii R, Hamano M, Nakamura J, Yamada M, Nii S, Mori T.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229480
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Rotavirus
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Molecular and antigenic characterization of porcine rotavirus YM, a possible new rotavirus serotype. by Ruiz AM, Lopez IV, Lopez S, Espejo RT, Arias CF.; 1988 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253868
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Molecular basis of rotavirus virulence: role of gene segment 4. by Offit PA, Blavat G, Greenberg HB, Clark HF.; 1986 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252697
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Molecular biology of rotaviruses. I. Characterization of basic growth parameters and pattern of macromolecular synthesis. by McCrae MA, Faulkner-Valle GP.; 1981 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171359
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Molecular biology of rotaviruses. VIII. Quantitative analysis of regulation of gene expression during virus replication. by Johnson MA, McCrae MA.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250620
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Molecular Characterization of Porcine Rotaviruses from the Southern Region of Brazil: Characterization of an Atypical Genotype G[9] Strain. by Racz ML, Kroeff SS, Munford V, Caruzo TA, Durigon EL, Hayashi Y, Gouvea V, Palombo EA.; 2000 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86839
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Molecular Characterization of Rotavirus in Ireland: Detection of Novel Strains Circulating in the Population. by O'Halloran F, Lynch M, Cryan B, O'Shea H, Fanning S.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87388
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Molecular Characterization of VP6 Genes of Human Rotavirus Isolates: Correlation of Genogroups with Subgroups and Evidence of Independent Segregation. by Iturriza Gomara M, Wong C, Blome S, Desselberger U, Gray J.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136279
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Molecular epidemiological survey of rotaviruses in sewage by reverse transcriptase seminested PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. by Dubois E, Le Guyader F, Haugarreau L, Kopecka H, Cormier M, Pommepuy M.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168473
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Group A Rotavirus Infections in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998. by Iturriza-Gomara M, Green J, Brown DW, Ramsay M, Desselberger U, Gray JJ.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87611
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Molecular Epidemiology of Rotaviruses in Nigeria: Detection of Unusual Strains with G2P[6] and G8P[1] Specificities. by Adah MI, Wade A, Taniguchi K.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88473
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Molecular Epidemiology of Rotaviruses in Nigeria: Detection of Unusual Strains with G2P[6] and G8P[1] Specificities. by Salu OB, Audu R.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149677
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Multimers Formed by the Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP2 Bind to RNA and Have Nucleoside Triphosphatase Activity. by Taraporewala Z, Chen D, Patton JT.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113043
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Murine rotavirus genes encoding outer capsid proteins VP4 and VP7 are not major determinants of host range restriction and virulence. by Broome RL, Vo PT, Ward RL, Clark HF, Greenberg HB.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237563
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Mutations in Rotavirus Nonstructural Glycoprotein NSP4 Are Associated with Altered Virus Virulence. by Zhang M, Zeng CQ, Dong Y, Ball JM, Saif LJ, Morris AP, Estes MK.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109587
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Nasal Immunization of Mice with Virus-Like Particles Protects Offspring against Rotavirus Diarrhea. by Coste A, Sirard JC, Johansen K, Cohen J, Kraehenbuhl JP.; 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102092
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Neutralization Assay for Human Group C Rotaviruses Using a Reverse Passive Hemagglutination Test for Endpoint Determination. by Fujii R, Kuzuya M, Hamano M, Ogura H, Yamada M, Mori T.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=86016
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Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against three serotypes of porcine rotavirus. by Nagesha HS, Brown LE, Holmes IH.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250936
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Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to human rotavirus and indications of antigenic drift among strains from neonates. by Coulson BS, Fowler KJ, Bishop RF, Cotton RG.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254754
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Nondefective rotavirus mutants with an NSP1 gene which has a deletion of 500 nucleotides, including a cysteine-rich zinc finger motif-encoding region (nucleotides 156 to 248), or which has a nonsense codon at nucleotides 153-155. by Taniguchi K, Kojima K, Urasawa S.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190301
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NS35 and not vp7 is the soluble rotavirus protein which binds to target cells. by Bass DM, Mackow ER, Greenberg HB.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249105
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NSP4 Enterotoxin of Rotavirus Induces Paracellular Leakage in Polarized Epithelial Cells. by Tafazoli F, Zeng CQ, Estes MK, Magnusson KE, Svensson L.; 2001 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114059
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NSP4 Gene Analysis of Rotaviruses Recovered from Infected Children with and without Diarrhea. by Lee CN, Wang YL, Kao CL, Zao CL, Lee CY, Chen HN.; 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87623
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Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus infection associated with transfer of serum antibody into the intestinal lumen. by Besser TE, Gay CC, McGuire TC, Evermann JF.; 1988 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253361
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Rotavirus
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Passive protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhea by monoclonal antibodies to surface proteins vp3 and vp7. by Offit PA, Shaw RD, Greenberg HB.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252967
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Persistent rotavirus infection in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. by Riepenhoff-Talty M, Dharakul T, Kowalski E, Michalak S, Ogra PL.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255923
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Photoaffinity labeling of rotavirus VP1 with 8-azido-ATP: identification of the viral RNA polymerase. by Valenzuela S, Pizarro J, Sandino AM, Vasquez M, Fernandez J, Hernandez O, Patton J, Spencer E.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241438
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Polypeptide composition of rotavirus empty capsids and their possible use as a subunit vaccine. by Brussow H, Bruttin A, Marc-Martin S.; 1990 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249656
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Preliminary characterization of an epitope involved in neutralization and cell attachment that is located on the major bovine rotavirus glycoprotein. by Sabara M, Gilchrist JE, Hudson GR, Babiuk LA.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254978
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Prevalence of Group A Rotavirus, Human Calicivirus, Astrovirus, and Adenovirus Type 40 and 41 Infections among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Dijon, France. by Bon F, Fascia P, Dauvergne M, Tenenbaum D, Planson H, Petion AM, Pothier P, Kohli E.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85457
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Primary Murine Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Maintained in Long-Term Culture, Are Susceptible to Rotavirus Infection. by Macartney KK, Baumgart DC, Carding SR, Brubaker JO, Offit PA.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112047
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Primary structure of the neutralization antigen of simian rotavirus SA11 as deduced from cDNA sequence. by Arias CF, Lopez S, Bell JR, Strauss JH.; 1984 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255701
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Probing the Structure of Rotavirus NSP4: a Short Sequence at the Extreme C Terminus Mediates Binding to the Inner Capsid Particle. by O'Brien JA, Taylor JA, Bellamy AR.; 2000 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110899
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Production and preliminary characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed at two surface proteins of rhesus rotavirus. by Greenberg HB, Valdesuso J, van Wyke K, Midthun K, Walsh M, McAuliffe V, Wyatt RG, Kalica AR, Flores J, Hoshino Y.; 1983 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255258
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Production of reassortant viruses containing human rotavirus VP4 and SA11 VP7 for measuring neutralizing antibody following natural infection. by Gorrell RJ, Bishop RF.; 1997 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170582
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Protection against rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a murine model by passively acquired gastrointestinal but not circulating antibodies. by Offit PA, Clark HF.; 1985 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254760
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Protection of the Villus Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine from Rotavirus Infection Does Not Require Immunoglobulin A. by O'Neal CM, Harriman GR, Conner ME.; 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111924
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Protective Efficacy of a Sulfated Sialyl Lipid (NMSO3) against Human RotavirusInduced Diarrhea in a Mouse Model. by Takahashi K, Ohashi K, Abe Y, Mori S, Taniguchi K, Ebina T, Nakagomi O, Terada M, Shigeta S.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127020
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Protective Immunity and Antibody-Secreting Cell Responses Elicited by Combined Oral Attenuated Wa Human Rotavirus and Intranasal Wa 2/6-VLPs with Mutant Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin in Gnotobiotic Pigs. by Yuan L, Iosef C, Azevedo MS, Kim Y, Qian Y, Geyer A, Nguyen TV, Chang KO, Saif LJ.; 2001 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114490
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Protective Immunity Induced by Oral Immunization with a Rotavirus DNA Vaccine Encapsulated in Microparticles. by Chen SC, Jones DH, Fynan EF, Farrar GH, Clegg JC, Greenberg HB, Herrmann JE.; 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110376
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Protective Immunity to Rotavirus Shedding in the Absence of Interleukin-6: Th1 Cells and Immunoglobulin A Develop Normally. by VanCott JL, Franco MA, Greenberg HB, Sabbaj S, Tang B, Murray R, McGhee JR.; 2000 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110879
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Proteolysis of Monomeric Recombinant Rotavirus VP4 Yields an Oligomeric VP5* Core. by Dormitzer PR, Greenberg HB, Harrison SC.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114969
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Proteolytic enhancement of rotavirus infectivity: molecular mechanisms. by Estes MK, Graham DY, Mason BB.; 1981 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171321
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Purification and characterization of adult diarrhea rotavirus: identification of viral structural proteins. by Fang ZY, Glass RI, Penaranda M, Dong H, Monroe SS, Wen L, Estes MK, Eiden J, Yolken RH, Saif L, et al.; 1989 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250636
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Purification and characterization of bovine rotavirus cores. by Bican P, Cohen J, Charpilienne A, Scherrer R.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256223
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Rotavirus
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Quantification of systemic and local immune responses to individual rotavirus proteins during rotavirus infection in mice. by Ishida S, Feng N, Tang B, Gilbert JM, Greenberg HB.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=229097
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Rafts Promote Assembly and Atypical Targeting of a Nonenveloped Virus, Rotavirus, in Caco-2 Cells. by Sapin C, Colard O, Delmas O, Tessier C, Breton M, Enouf V, Chwetzoff S, Ouanich J, Cohen J, Wolf C, Trugnan G.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155075
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Reassortant rotaviruses as potential live rotavirus vaccine candidates. by Midthun K, Greenberg HB, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Chanock RM.; 1985 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254731
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Reassortment In Vivo: Driving Force for Diversity of Human Rotavirus Strains Isolated in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1999. by Iturriza-Gomara M, Isherwood B, Desselberger U, Gray J.; 2001 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114861
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Receptor activity of rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NS28. by Au KS, Chan WK, Burns JW, Estes MK.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251088
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Recovery and characterization of a replicase complex in rotavirus-infected cells by using a monoclonal antibody against NSP2. by Aponte C, Poncet D, Cohen J.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189903
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Recovery from chronic rotavirus infection in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency: virus clearance mediated by adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ T lymphocytes. by Dharakul T, Rott L, Greenberg HB.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247905
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Relation of VP7 amino acid sequence to monoclonal antibody neutralization of rotavirus and rotavirus monotype. by Coulson BS, Kirkwood C.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250261
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Relative concentrations of serum neutralizing antibody to VP3 and VP7 proteins in adults infected with a human rotavirus. by Ward RL, Knowlton DR, Schiff GM, Hoshino Y, Greenberg HB.; 1988 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253180
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Relative Frequencies of G and P Types among Rotaviruses from Indian Diarrheic Cow and Buffalo Calves. by Gulati BR, Nakagomi O, Koshimura Y, Nakagomi T, Pandey R.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85038
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Relative Importance of Rotavirus-Specific Effector and Memory B Cells in Protection against Challenge. by Moser CA, Cookinham S, Coffin SE, Clark HF, Offit PA.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124584
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Reply to "Detection and Characterization of Novel Rotavirus Strains in the United States". by Gentsch JR, Glass RI.; 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116925
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Requirement for Vacuolar H +-ATPase Activity and Ca2 + Gradient during Entry of Rotavirus into MA104 Cells. by Chemello ME, Aristimuno OC, Michelangeli F, Ruiz MC.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136671
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RNA of rotavirus: comparison of RNAs of human and animal rotaviruses. by Matsuno S, Nakajima K.; 1982 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256801
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RNA-Binding Activity of the Rotavirus Phosphoprotein NSP5 Includes Affinity for Double-Stranded RNA. by Vende P, Taraporewala ZF, Patton JT.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136158
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RNA-Binding and Capping Activities of Proteins in Rotavirus Open Cores. by Patton JT, Chen D.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103962
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RNA-binding proteins of bovine rotavirus. by Boyle JF, Holmes KV.; 1986 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252945
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RNA-RNA hybridization identifies a human rotavirus that is genetically related to feline rotavirus. by Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247846
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Role of B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in clearance of and immunity to rotavirus infection in mice. by Franco MA, Greenberg HB.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189723
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Rotavirus 2/6 Virus-Like Particles Administered Intranasally in Mice, with or without the Mucosal Adjuvants Cholera Toxin and Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin, Induce a Th1/Th2-Like Immune Response. by Fromantin C, Jamot B, Cohen J, Piroth L, Pothier P, Kohli E.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114681
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Rotavirus 2/6 Viruslike Particles Administered Intranasally with Cholera Toxin, Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Toxin (LT), and LT-R192G Induce Protection from Rotavirus Challenge. by O'Neal CM, Clements JD, Estes MK, Conner ME.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109829
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Rotavirus Capsid Protein VP5* Permeabilizes Membranes. by Denisova E, Dowling W, LaMonica R, Shaw R, Scarlata S, Ruggeri F, Mackow ER.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104076
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Rotavirus contains integrin ligand sequences and a disintegrin-like domain that are implicated in virus entry into cells. by Coulson BS, Londrigan SL, Lee DJ.; 1997 May 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24688
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Rotavirus diarrhea is caused by nonreplicating viral particles. by Shaw RD, Hempson SJ, Mackow ER.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189489
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Rotavirus G and P Genotypes in Rural Ghana. by Asmah RH, Green J, Armah GE, Gallimore CI, Gray JJ, Iturriza-Gomara M, Anto F, Oduro A, Binka FN, Brown DW, Cutts F.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88064
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Rotavirus Gastroenteritis and Central Nervous System (CNS) Infection: Characterization of the VP7 and VP4 Genes of Rotavirus Strains Isolated from Paired Fecal and Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from a Child with CNS Disease. by IturrizaGomara M, Auchterlonie IA, Zaw W, Molyneaux P, Desselberger U, Gray J.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154599
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Rotavirus genome segment 4 determines viral replication phenotype in cultured liver cells (HepG2). by Ramig RF, Galle KL.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249215
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Rotavirus Genome Segment 7 (NSP3) Is a Determinant of Extraintestinal Spread in the Neonatal Mouse. by Mossel EC, Ramig RF.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136252
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Rotavirus Genotypes P[4]G9, P[6]G9, and P[8]G9 in Hospitalized Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. by Araujo IT, Ferreira MS, Fialho AM, Assis RM, Cruz CM, Rocha M, Leite JP.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88069
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Rotavirus G-Type Restriction, Persistence, and Herd Type Specificity in Swedish Cattle Herds. by de Verdier Klingenberg K, Nilsson M, Svensson L.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=95684
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Rotavirus Infection Induces an Increase in Intracellular Calcium Concentration in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Role in Microvillar Actin Alteration. by Brunet JP, Cotte-Laffitte J, Linxe C, Quero AM, Geniteau-Legendre M, Servin A.; 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111714
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Rotavirus Infection Induces Cytoskeleton Disorganization in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Implication of an Increase in Intracellular Calcium Concentration. by Brunet JP, Jourdan N, Cotte-Laffitte J, Linxe C, Geniteau-Legendre M, Servin A, Quero AM.; 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110956
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Rotavirus Infection Reduces Sucrase-Isomaltase Expression in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Perturbing Protein Targeting and Organization of Microvillar Cytoskeleton. by Jourdan N, Brunet JP, Sapin C, Blais A, Cotte-Laffitte J, Forestier F, Quero AM, Trugnan G, Servin AL.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109945
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Rotavirus interaction with isolated membrane vesicles. by Ruiz MC, Alonso-Torre SR, Charpilienne A, Vasseur M, Michelangeli F, Cohen J, Alvarado F.; 1994 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236907
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Rotavirus is released from the apical surface of cultured human intestinal cells through nonconventional vesicular transport that bypasses the Golgi apparatus. by Jourdan N, Maurice M, Delautier D, Quero AM, Servin AL, Trugnan G.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192285
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Rotavirus neutralizing protein VP7: antigenic determinants investigated by sequence analysis and peptide synthesis. by Gunn PR, Sato F, Powell KF, Bellamy AR, Napier JR, Harding DR, Hancock WS, Siegman LJ, Both GW.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254866
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Rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 alters plasma membrane permeability in mammalian cells. by Newton K, Meyer JC, Bellamy AR, Taylor JA.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230251
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Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein NSP5 Interacts with Major Core Protein VP2. by Berois M, Sapin C, Erk I, Poncet D, Cohen J.; 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140918
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Rotavirus NSP5: Mapping Phosphorylation Sites and Kinase Activation and Viroplasm Localization Domains. by Eichwald C, Vascotto F, Fabbretti E, Burrone OR.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136013
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Rotavirus Particles Can Survive Storage in Ambient Tropical Temperatures for More than 2 Months. by Fischer TK, Steinsland H, Valentiner-Branth P.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154585
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Rotavirus protein NSP3 (NS34) is bound to the 3' end consensus sequence of viral mRNAs in infected cells. by Poncet D, Aponte C, Cohen J.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237654
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Rotavirus protein rearrangements in purified membrane-enveloped intermediate particles. by Poruchynsky MS, Atkinson PH.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248928
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Rotavirus proteins VP7, NS28, and VP4 form oligomeric structures. by Maass DR, Atkinson PH.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249441
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Rotavirus RNA polymerase requires the core shell protein to synthesize the doublestranded RNA genome. by Patton JT, Jones MT, Kalbach AN, He YW, Xiaobo J.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230270
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Rotavirus RNA Replication Requires a Single-Stranded 3[prime prime or minute] End for Efficient Minus-Strand Synthesis. by Chen D, Patton JT.; 1998 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109963
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Rotavirus RNA replication: VP2, but not VP6, is necessary for viral replicase activity. by Mansell EA, Patton JT.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247990
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Rotavirus SA11 genome segment 11 protein is a nonstructural phosphoprotein. by Welch SK, Crawford SE, Estes MK.; 1989 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250994
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Rotavirus Spike Protein VP4 Is Present at the Plasma Membrane and Is Associated with Microtubules in Infected Cells. by Nejmeddine M, Trugnan G, Sapin C, Kohli E, Svensson L, Lopez S, Cohen J.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111832
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Rotavirus spike structure and polypeptide composition. by Anthony ID, Bullivant S, Dayal S, Bellamy AR, Berriman JA.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248872
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Rotavirus Strain Diversity in Blantyre, Malawi, from 1997 to 1999. by Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Graham SM, Thindwa BD, Dove W, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Hart CA.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87838
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Rotavirus Strains Bearing Genotype G9 or P[9] Recovered from Brazilian Children with Diarrhea from 1997 to 1999. by Santos N, Volotao EM, Soares CC, Albuquerque MC, da Silva FM, de Carvalho TR, Pereira CF, Chizhikov V, Hoshino Y.; 2001 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87894
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Rotavirus vaccine administered parenterally induces protective immunity. by Conner ME, Crawford SE, Barone C, Estes MK.; 1993 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238101
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Rotavirus vaccines: an overview. by Midthun K, Kapikian AZ.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=172902
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Rotavirus virus-like particles administered mucosally induce protective immunity. by O'Neal CM, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Conner ME.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192335
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Rotavirus VP1 alone specifically binds to the 3' end of viral mRNA, but the interaction is not sufficient to initiate minus-strand synthesis. by Patton JT.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190866
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Rotavirus YM gene 4: analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence and prediction of the secondary structure of the VP4 protein. by Lopez S, Lopez I, Romero P, Mendez E, Soberon X, Arias CF.; 1991 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241399
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Rotaviruses induce an early membrane permeabilization of MA104 cells and do not require a low intracellular Ca2+ concentration to initiate their replication cycle. by Cuadras MA, Arias CF, Lopez S.; 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230207
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Rotaviruses specifically bind to the neutral glycosphingolipid asialo-GM1. by Willoughby RE, Yolken RH, Schnaar RL.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247971
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Rotavirus-induced fusion from without in tissue culture cells. by Falconer MM, Gilbert JM, Roper AM, Greenberg HB, Gavora JS.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189413
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Rotavirus-Induced Structural and Functional Alterations in Tight Junctions of Polarized Intestinal Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. by Obert G, Peiffer I, Servin AL.; 2000 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111984
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Rotavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes appear at the intestinal mucosal surface after rotavirus infection. by Offit PA, Dudzik KI.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250928
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Rotavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes cross-react with target cells infected with different rotavirus serotypes. by Offit PA, Dudzik KI.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250510
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Rotavirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes passively protect against gastroenteritis in suckling mice. by Offit PA, Dudzik KI.; 1990 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248814
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Rotavirus-specific protein synthesis is not necessary for recognition of infected cells by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. by Offit PA, Greenberg HB, Dudzik KI.; 1989 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250899
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Selection of cold-adapted mutants of human rotaviruses that exhibit various degrees of growth restriction in vitro. by Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237209
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Selective depletion of stored calcium by thapsigargin blocks rotavirus maturation but not the cytopathic effect. by Michelangeli F, Liprandi F, Chemello ME, Ciarlet M, Ruiz MC.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189102
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Selective Membrane Permeabilization by the Rotavirus VP5* Protein Is Abrogated by Mutations in an Internal Hydrophobic Domain. by Dowling W, Denisova E, LaMonica R, Mackow ER.; 2000 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112143
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Sequence diversity of human rotavirus strains investigated by northern blot hybridization analysis. by Street JE, Croxson MC, Chadderton WF, Bellamy AR.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256138
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Sequence relationships between the genome segments of human and animal rotavirus strains. by Schroeder BA, Street JE, Kalmakoff J, Bellamy AR.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256139
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Serine protein kinase activity associated with rotavirus phosphoprotein NSP5. by Blackhall J, Fuentes A, Hansen K, Magnusson G.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191033
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Seroepidemiology of Human Group C Rotavirus in Japan Based on a Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. by Kuzuya M, Fujii R, Hamano M, Ohata R, Ogura H, Yamada M.; 2001 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=96026
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Seroepidemiology of Human Group C Rotavirus in South Africa. by Steele AD, James VL.; 1999 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=85903
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Serological and genomic characterization of porcine rotaviruses in Thailand: detection of a G10 porcine rotavirus. by Pongsuwanna Y, Taniguchi K, Chiwakul M, Urasawa T, Wakasugi F, Jayavasu C, Urasawa S.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228953
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Serotype Specificity of the Neutralizing-Antibody Response Induced by the Individual Surface Proteins of Rotavirus in Natural Infections of Young Children. by Menchaca G, Padilla-Noriega L, Mendez-Toss M, Contreras JF, Puerto FI, Guiscafre H, Mota F, Herrera I, Cedillo R, Munoz O, Ward R, Hoshino Y, Lopez S, Arias CF.; 1998 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104520
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Serotype-specific epitope(s) present on the VP8 subunit of rotavirus VP4 protein. by Larralde G, Li BG, Kapikian AZ, Gorziglia M.; 1991 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240978
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Serotyping of group A rotaviruses in Egyptian neonates and infants less than 1 year old with acute diarrhea. by Radwan SF, Gabr MK, El-Maraghi S, El-Saifi AF.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230106
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Serum rotavirus neutralizing-antibody titers compared by plaque reduction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based neutralization assays. by Ward RL, Kapikian AZ, Goldberg KM, Knowlton DR, Watson MW, Rappaport R.; 1996 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228933
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Serum-neutralizing antibody to VP4 and VP7 proteins in infants following vaccination with WC3 bovine rotavirus. by Ward RL, Knowlton DR, Greenberg HB, Schiff GM, Bernstein DI.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249447
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Similarity of the outer capsid protein VP4 of the Gottfried strain of porcine rotavirus to that of asymptomatic human rotavirus strains. by Gorziglia M, Nishikawa K, Hoshino Y, Taniguchi K.; 1990 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249118
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Single point mutations may affect the serotype reactivity of serotype G11 porcine rotavirus strains: a widening spectrum? by Ciarlet M, Hoshino Y, Liprandi F.; 1997 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192278
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Specificity and Affinity of Sialic Acid Binding by the Rhesus Rotavirus VP8* Core. by Dormitzer PR, Sun ZY, Blixt O, Paulson JC, Wagner G, Harrison SC.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136543
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Structural polymorphism of the major capsid protein of rotavirus. by Lepault J, Petitpas I, Erk I, Navaza J, Bigot D, Dona M, Vachette P, Cohen J, Rey FA.; 2001 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145494
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Structural polypeptides of simian rotavirus SA11 and the effect of trypsin. by Espejo RT, Lopez S, Arias C.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170992
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Structure and Function of a Ganglioside Receptor for Porcine Rotavirus. by Rolsma MD, Kuhlenschmidt TB, Gelberg HB, Kuhlenschmidt MS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110325
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Structures of Rotavirus Reassortants Demonstrate Correlation of Altered Conformation of the VP4 Spike and Expression of Unexpected VP4-Associated Phenotypes. by Pesavento JB, Billingsley AM, Roberts EJ, Ramig RF, Prasad BV.; 2003 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149743
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Subunit Rotavirus Vaccine Administered Parenterally to Rabbits Induces Active Protective Immunity. by Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Barone C, Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Ramig RF, Estes MK, Conner ME.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110343
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Surveillance of Rotavirus Strains in the United States: Identification of Unusual Strains. by Griffin DD, Kirkwood CD, Parashar UD, Woods PA, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Gentsch JR.; 2000 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87033
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Survey of Human Group C Rotaviruses in Japan during the Winter of 1992 to 1993. by Kuzuya M, Fujii R, Hamano M, Yamada M, Shinozaki K, Sasagawa A, Hasegawa S, Kawamoto H, Matsumoto K, Kawamoto A, Itagaki A, Funatsumaru S, Urasawa S.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124797
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Survey of rotavirus G and P types associated with human gastroenteritis in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1986 to 1992. by Shif I.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=228379
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Survival and detection of rotaviruses on environmental surfaces in day care centers. by Keswick BH, Pickering LK, DuPont HL, Woodward WE.; 1983 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239472
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Symmetric infection of rotavirus on polarized human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. by Svensson L, Finlay BB, Bass D, von Bonsdorff CH, Greenberg HB.; 1991 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248854
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Synthesis and immunogenicity of the rotavirus major capsid antigen using a baculovirus expression system. by Estes MK, Crawford SE, Penaranda ME, Petrie BL, Burns JW, Chan WK, Ericson B, Smith GE, Summers MD.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254127
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Systematic and intestinal antibody-secreting cell responses and correlates of protective immunity to human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of disease. by Yuan L, Ward LA, Rosen BI, To TL, Saif LJ.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190169
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T-cell-deficient mice display normal recovery from experimental rotavirus infection. by Eiden J, Lederman HM, Vonderfecht S, Yolken R.; 1986 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252790
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Template-dependent, in vitro replication of rotavirus RNA. by Chen D, Zeng CQ, Wentz MJ, Gorziglia M, Estes MK, Ramig RF.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237140
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The 3'-terminal consensus sequence of rotavirus mRNA is the minimal promoter of negative-strand RNA synthesis. by Wentz MJ, Patton JT, Ramig RF.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190854
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The concentration of Ca2+ that solubilizes outer capsid proteins from rotavirus particles is dependent on the strain. by Ruiz MC, Charpilienne A, Liprandi F, Gajardo R, Michelangeli F, Cohen J.; 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190437
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The Molecular Chaperone Calnexin Interacts with the NSP4 Enterotoxin of Rotavirus In Vivo and In Vitro. by Mirazimi A, Nilsson M, Svensson L.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110284
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The N Terminus of Rotavirus VP2 Is Necessary for Encapsidation of VP1 and VP3. by Zeng CQ, Estes MK, Charpilienne A, Cohen J.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109365
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The nonstructural glycoprotein of rotavirus affects intracellular calcium levels. by Tian P, Hu Y, Schilling WP, Lindsay DA, Eiden J, Estes MK.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236284
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The reversible condensation and expansion of the rotavirus genome. by Pesavento JB, Lawton JA, Estes MK, Prasad BV.; 2001 Feb 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29265
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The rhesus rotavirus VP4 sialic acid binding domain has a galectin fold with a novel carbohydrate binding site. by Dormitzer PR, Sun ZY, Wagner G, Harrison SC.; 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125907
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The rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 mobilizes intracellular calcium in human intestinal cells by stimulating phospholipase C-mediated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. by Dong Y, Zeng CQ, Ball JM, Estes MK, Morris AP.; 1997 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20550
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The rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 mobilizes Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. by Tian P, Estes MK, Hu Y, Ball JM, Zeng CQ, Schilling WP.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189437
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The rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 possesses membrane destabilization activity. by Tian P, Ball JM, Zeng CQ, Estes MK.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190747
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The VP5 Domain of VP4 Can Mediate Attachment of Rotaviruses to Cells. by Zarate S, Espinosa R, Romero P, Mendez E, Arias CF, Lopez S.; 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111578
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Three-dimensional structural analysis of recombinant rotavirus-like particles with intact and amino-terminal-deleted VP2: implications for the architecture of the VP2 capsid layer. by Lawton JA, Zeng CQ, Mukherjee SK, Cohen J, Estes MK, Prasad BV.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192080
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Trypsin activation pathway of rotavirus infectivity. by Arias CF, Romero P, Alvarez V, Lopez S.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190599
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Trypsin Cleavage Stabilizes the Rotavirus VP4 Spike. by Crawford SE, Mukherjee SK, Estes MK, Lawton JA, Shaw AL, Ramig RF, Prasad BV.; 2001 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114321
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Trypsin enhancement of rotavirus infectivity: mechanism of enhancement. by Clark SM, Roth JR, Clark ML, Barnett BB, Spendlove RS.; 1981 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171314
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Two proline residues are essential in the calcium-binding activity of rotavirus VP7 outer capsid protein. by Gajardo R, Vende P, Poncet D, Cohen J.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191328
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Unusual diversity of human rotavirus G and P genotypes in India. by Ramachandran M, Das BK, Vij A, Kumar R, Bhambal SS, Kesari N, Rawat H, Bahl L, Thakur S, Woods PA, Glass RI, Bhan MK, Gentsch JR.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=228815
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Viral Determinants of Rotavirus Pathogenicity in Pigs: Evidence that the Fourth Gene of a Porcine Rotavirus Confers Diarrhea in the Homologous Host. by Bridger JC, Tauscher GI, Desselberger U.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109908
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Viral determinants of rotavirus pathogenicity in pigs: production of reassortants by asynchronous coinfection. by Tauscher GI, Desselberger U.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191131
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Viruses and Cells with Mutations Affecting Viral Entry Are Selected during Persistent Rotavirus Infections of MA104 Cells. by Mrukowicz JZ, Wetzel JD, Goral MI, Fogo AB, Wright PF, Dermody TS.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109759
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VLA-2 ([alpha]2[beta]1) Integrin Promotes Rotavirus Entry into Cells but Is Not Necessary for Rotavirus Attachment. by Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Cheng E, Blutt SE, Rice DA, Bergelson JM, Estes MK.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135817
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VP4 and VP7 Genotyping by Reverse Transcription-PCR of Human Rotavirus in Mexican Children with Acute Diarrhea. by Rodriguez Castillo A, Villa AV, Ramirez Gonzalez JE, Mayen Pimentel E, Melo Munguia M, Diaz de Jesus B, Olivera Diaz H, Garcia Lozano H.; 2000 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=87499
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VP4 and VP7 Genotyping of Rotavirus Samples Recovered from Infected Children in Ireland over a 3-Year Period. by O'Mahony J, Foley B, Morgan S, Morgan JG, Hill C.; 1999 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=84927
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VP7 and VP4 Genotyping of Human Group A Rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina. by Arguelles MH, Villegas GA, Castello A, Abrami A, Ghiringhelli PD, Semorile L, Glikmann G.; 2000 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88704
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with rotavirus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “rotavirus” (or
6
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for rotavirus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A case of rapid recovery of rotavirus gastro-enteritis with donor's milk. Author(s): Verd S, Artigues C. Source: Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association. 2002 August; 18(3): 217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192955&dopt=Abstract
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A different perspective on a rotavirus vaccine. Author(s): Matson DO. Source: Vaccine. 2001 April 6; 19(20-22): 2763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345945&dopt=Abstract
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A human rotavirus with rearranged genes 7 and 11 encodes a modified NSP3 protein and suggests an additional mechanism for gene rearrangement. Author(s): Gault E, Schnepf N, Poncet D, Servant A, Teran S, Garbarg-Chenon A. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 August; 75(16): 7305-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11462002&dopt=Abstract
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A human vaccine strain of lamb rotavirus (Chinese) NSP4 gene: complete nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analyses. Author(s): Mohan KV, Kulkarni S, Glass RI, Zhisheng B, Atreya CD. Source: Virus Genes. 2003; 26(2): 185-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803470&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective evaluation of community acquired gastroenteritis in paediatric practices: impact and disease burden of rotavirus infection. Author(s): Fruhwirth M, Karmaus W, Moll-Schuler I, Brosl S, Mutz I. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2001 May; 84(5): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316680&dopt=Abstract
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A review of rotavirus diarrhea in Pakistan: how much do we know? Author(s): Ali NK, Bhutta ZA. Source: J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2003 May; 13(5): 297-301. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757686&dopt=Abstract
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A rotavirus vaccine for prevention of severe diarrhoea of infants and young children: development, utilization and withdrawal. Author(s): Kapikian AZ. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2001; 238: 153-71; Discussion 171-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444025&dopt=Abstract
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A study of infectious intestinal disease in England: risk factors associated with group A rotavirus in children. Author(s): Sethi D, Cumberland P, Hudson MJ, Rodrigues LC, Wheeler JG, Roberts JA, Tompkins DS, Cowden JM, Roderick PJ. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2001 February; 126(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293683&dopt=Abstract
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Acute gastroenteritis associated with rotavirus in adults. Author(s): del Refugio Gonzalez-Losa M, Polanco-Marin GG, Manzano-Cabrera L, Puerto-Solis M. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 March-April; 32(2): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11343816&dopt=Abstract
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Adherence of probiotic bacteria to human intestinal mucus in healthy infants and during rotavirus infection. Author(s): Juntunen M, Kirjavainen PV, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 March; 8(2): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238211&dopt=Abstract
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Amino acid substitution within the VP7 protein of G2 rotavirus strains associated with failure to serotype. Author(s): Gomara MI, Cubitt D, Desselberger U, Gray J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574622&dopt=Abstract
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An estimate of the costs of cases of rotavirus infection admitted to hospital in Scotland, 1997. Author(s): Cowden JM. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2001 May; 59(3): 188-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664759&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of diarrhea in a neonatal medium care unit caused by a novel strain of rotavirus: investigation using both epidemiologic and microbiological methods. Author(s): Widdowson MA, van Doornum GJ, van der Poel WH, de Boer AS, van de Heide R, Mahdi U, Haanen P, Kool JL, Koopmans M. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2002 November; 23(11): 665-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452294&dopt=Abstract
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An outbreak of group C rotavirus gastroenteritis among adults living in Valentim Gentil, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Author(s): Souza DF, Kisielius JJ, Ueda M, Gabbay YB, Carmona RC, St Timenetsky Mdo C, Mascarenhas JD, Takimoto S, Tanaka H. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1998 June; 16(2): 59-65. Erratum In: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1998 September; 16(3): Following X. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9805410&dopt=Abstract
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Antibody-secreting cell responses to rotavirus proteins in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with attenuated or virulent human rotavirus. Author(s): Chang KO, Vandal OH, Yuan L, Hodgins DC, Saif LJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 August; 39(8): 2807-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11473996&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipating rotavirus vaccines: epidemiology and surveillance of rotavirus in South Africa. Author(s): Steele AD, Peenze I, de Beer MC, Pager CT, Yeats J, Potgieter N, Ramsaroop U, Page NA, Mitchell JO, Geyer A, Bos P, Alexander JJ. Source: Vaccine. 2003 January 17; 21(5-6): 354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531632&dopt=Abstract
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Application of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of VP7-encoding genes: fine comparison of Irish and global rotavirus isolates. Author(s): O'Halloran F, Lynch M, Cryan B, Fanning S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 February; 40(2): 524-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825967&dopt=Abstract
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Astrovirus, adenovirus, and rotavirus in hospitalized children: prevalence and association with gastroenteritis. Author(s): Rodriguez-Baez N, O'Brien R, Qiu SQ, Bass DM. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 July; 35(1): 64-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142812&dopt=Abstract
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Atypical rotavirus identified from young children with diarrhoea in South Africa. Author(s): Sebata T, Steele AD. Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2001 September; 19(3): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761774&dopt=Abstract
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Autoimmune uveitis induced by molecular mimicry of peptides from rotavirus, bovine casein and retinal S-antigen. Author(s): Wildner G, Diedrichs-Mohring M. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2003 September; 33(9): 2577-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12938234&dopt=Abstract
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B2 but not B1 cells can contribute to CD4+ T-cell-mediated clearance of rotavirus in SCID mice. Author(s): Kushnir N, Bos NA, Zuercher AW, Coffin SE, Moser CA, Offit PA, Cebra JJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 June; 75(12): 5482-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356955&dopt=Abstract
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Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Author(s): Shornikova AV, Casas IA, Mykkanen H, Salo E, Vesikari T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1997 December; 16(12): 1103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427453&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical characterization of rotavirus receptors in MA104 cells. Author(s): Guerrero CA, Zarate S, Corkidi G, Lopez S, Arias CF. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 October; 74(20): 9362-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000204&dopt=Abstract
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Bovine rotavirus 993/83 shows a third subtype of avian VP7 protein. Author(s): Rohwedder A, Hotop H, Minamoto N, Ito H, Nakagomi O, Brussow H. Source: Virus Genes. 1997; 14(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237354&dopt=Abstract
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Burden of human rotavirus-associated hospitalizations in three geographic regions of Hungary. Author(s): Szucs G, Uj M, Mihaly I, Deak J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1999 January; 88(426): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088914&dopt=Abstract
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Changing patterns of rotavirus genotypes in ghana: emergence of human rotavirus G9 as a major cause of diarrhea in children. Author(s): Armah GE, Steele AD, Binka FN, Esona MD, Asmah RH, Anto F, Brown D, Green J, Cutts F, Hall A. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 June; 41(6): 2317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791843&dopt=Abstract
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Characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 proteins of serotype G6 and G8 human rotaviruses. Author(s): Cooney MA, Gorrell RJ, Palombo EA. Source: Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2001 May; 50(5): 462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339255&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of human rotavirus serotype G9 isolated in Japan and Thailand from 1995 to 1997. Author(s): Zhou Y, Supawadee J, Khamwan C, Tonusin S, Peerakome S, Kim B, Kaneshi K, Ueda Y, Nakaya S, Akatani K, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 November; 65(3): 619-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596102&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of incompletely typed rotavirus strains from Guinea-Bissau: identification of G8 and G9 types and a high frequency of mixed infections. Author(s): Fischer TK, Page NA, Griffin DD, Eugen-Olsen J, Pedersen AG, ValentinerBranth P, Molbak K, Sommerfelt H, Nielsen NM. Source: Virology. 2003 June 20; 311(1): 125-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832210&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of neutralization specificities of outer capsid spike protein VP4 of selected murine, lapine, and human rotavirus strains. Author(s): Hoshino Y, Jones RW, Kapikian AZ. Source: Virology. 2002 July 20; 299(1): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167342&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of rotavirus infection in a hospital neonatal unit in Pretoria, South Africa. Author(s): Steele D, Reynecke E, de Beer M, Bos P, Smuts I. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2002 June; 48(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164601&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of rotaviruses causing diarrhoea in Vietnamese children. Author(s): Landaeta ME, Dove W, Vinh H, Cunliffe NA, Campbell J, Parry CM, Farrar JJ, Hart CA. Source: Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2003 January; 97(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662422&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of serotype G9 rotavirus strains isolated in the United States and India from 1993 to 2001. Author(s): Laird AR, Gentsch JR, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Glass RI. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3100-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843049&dopt=Abstract
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Circulation of the novel G9 and G8 rotavirus strains in Nigeria in 1998/1999. Author(s): Steele AD, Nimzing L, Peenze I, De Beer MC, Geyer A, Angyo I, Gomwalk NE. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 August; 67(4): 608-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12116012&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical manifestations of rotavirus infection in the neonatal intensive care unit. Author(s): Sharma R, Hudak ML, Premachandra BR, Stevens G, Monteiro CB, Bradshaw JA, Kaunitz AM, Hollister RA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 December; 21(12): 1099-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488657&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical manifestations of the rotavirus infection and his relation with the electropherotypes and serotypes detected during 1998 and 1999 in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Author(s): Polanco-Marin G, Gonzalez-Losa Mdel R, Rodriguez-Angulo E, ManzanoCabrera L, Camara-Mejia J, Puerto-Solis M. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 August; 27(3): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12878087&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical presentations of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children. Author(s): Staat MA, Azimi PH, Berke T, Roberts N, Bernstein DI, Ward RL, Pickering LK, Matson DO. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 March; 21(3): 221-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005086&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical utility of nested multiplex RT-PCR for group F adenovirus, rotavirus and norwalk-like viruses in acute viral gastroenteritis in children and adults. Author(s): O'Neill HJ, McCaughey C, Coyle PV, Wyatt DE, Mitchell F. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2002 December; 25(3): 335-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423697&dopt=Abstract
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Close relationship between G8-serotype bovine and human rotaviruses isolated in Nigeria. Author(s): Adah MI, Nagashima S, Wakuda M, Taniguchi K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3945-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904426&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of a rotavirus latex agglutination test with two rapid immunochromatographic test devices for detection of rotavirus in human feces. Author(s): Buser J, Risch L, Rutz T, Manang S, Munzinger J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 April; 20(4): 295-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11399027&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of latex agglutination with enzyme immunoassay for detection of rotavirus in fecal specimens. Author(s): Raboni SM, Nogueira MB, Hakim VM, Torrecilha VT, Lerner H, Tsuchiya LR. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 March; 117(3): 392-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11892724&dopt=Abstract
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Complete nucleotide sequence of a group A avian rotavirus genome and a comparison with its counterparts of mammalian rotaviruses. Author(s): Ito H, Sugiyama M, Masubuchi K, Mori Y, Minamoto N. Source: Virus Research. 2001 June; 75(2): 123-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11325467&dopt=Abstract
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Concentrating rotavirus and recombinant-enhanced green fluorescent protein from E. coli using a pH-sensitive hydrogel. Author(s): Chang KH, Chung IS, Park CH. Source: Biotechnology Letters. 2003 February; 25(4): 335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12882548&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of protection against rotavirus infection and disease. Author(s): Offit PA. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2001; 238: 106-13; Discussion 114-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444023&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-reactivity between the major Parietaria allergen and rotavirus VP4 protein. Author(s): di Somma C, Fiore L, Di Lonardo A, Ridolfi B, Garzillo C, Chersi A, Buono C, Menna T, Ruffilli A. Source: Allergy. 2003 June; 58(6): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12757452&dopt=Abstract
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Detailed computational analysis of a comprehensive set of group A rotavirus NSP4 proteins. Author(s): Lin SL, Tian P. Source: Virus Genes. 2003 May; 26(3): 271-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876455&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and characterization of rotavirus G and P types from children participating in a rotavirus vaccine trial in Belem, Brazil. Author(s): Mascarenhas JD, Linhares AC, Gabbay YB, Leite JP. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2002 January; 97(1): 113-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992160&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and characterization of rotaviruses in hospitalized neonates in Blantyre, Malawi. Author(s): Cunliffe NA, Rogerson S, Dove W, Thindwa BD, Greensill J, Kirkwood CD, Broadhead RL, Hart CA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1534-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923390&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and genotyping of human group A rotaviruses by oligonucleotide microarray hybridization. Author(s): Chizhikov V, Wagner M, Ivshina A, Hoshino Y, Kapikian AZ, Chumakov K. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 July; 40(7): 2398-407. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12089254&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and quantitation of group A rotaviruses by competitive and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Author(s): Schwarz BA, Bange R, Vahlenkamp TW, Johne R, Muller H. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2002 September; 105(2): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270660&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of group C rotavirus antigen in bile duct and liver tissues of an infant with extrahepatic biliary atresia. Author(s): Qiao H, Zhaori G, Jiang Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Hou D. Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 1999 January; 112(1): 93-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593653&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of group C rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Blantyre, Malawi. Author(s): Cunliffe NA, Dove W, Jiang B, Thinwda Cert BD, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Hart CA. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 November; 20(11): 1088-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11734719&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human group C rotaviruses in Nigeria and sequence analysis of their genes encoding VP4, VP6, and VP7 proteins. Author(s): Adah MI, Wade A, Oseto M, Kuzuya M, Taniguchi K. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 February; 66(2): 269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782939&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human rotavirus in faeces from diarrhoeic calves in north-east Nigeria. Author(s): Adah MI, Jaji Z, Agwazim BF, el-Yuguda AD, Mani AU. Source: Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2002 February; 34(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887417&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of human rotavirus serotype G6 in Hungary. Author(s): Banyai K, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Szucs G. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 February; 130(1): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613752&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of the emerging rotavirus G9 serotype at high frequency in Italy. Author(s): Martella V, Terio V, Del Gaudio G, Gentile M, Fiorente P, Barbuti S, Buonavoglia C. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3960-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904429&dopt=Abstract
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Detection, subgroup specificity, and genotype diversity of rotavirus strains in children with acute diarrhea in Paraguay. Author(s): Coluchi N, Munford V, Manzur J, Vazquez C, Escobar M, Weber E, Marmol P, Racz ML. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 40(5): 1709-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980947&dopt=Abstract
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Differential infection of polarized epithelial cell lines by sialic acid-dependent and sialic acid-independent rotavirus strains. Author(s): Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Estes MK. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 December; 75(23): 11834-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11689665&dopt=Abstract
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Direct evidence for genome segment reassortment between concurrently-circulating human rotavirus strains. Author(s): Watanabe M, Nakagomi T, Koshimura Y, Nakagomi O. Source: Archives of Virology. 2001; 146(3): 557-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11338390&dopt=Abstract
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Disease burden and risk factors for hospitalizations associated with rotavirus infection among children in New York State, 1989 through 2000. Author(s): Chang HG, Glass RI, Smith PF, Cicirello HG, Holman RC, Morse DL. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 September; 22(9): 808-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506373&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of human group a rotavirus VP7 and VP4 types circulating in Seoul, Korea between 1998 and 2000. Author(s): Song MO, Kim KJ, Chung SI, Lim I, Kang SY, An CN, Kim W. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 June; 70(2): 324-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696125&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of rotavirus G and P types in north and south Indian children with acute diarrhoea in 1998-99. Author(s): Kang G, Raman T, Green J, Gallimore CI, Brown DW. Source: Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001 September-October; 95(5): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11706656&dopt=Abstract
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Distribution of rotavirus VP7 genotypes among children suffering from watery diarrhea in Kolkata, India. Author(s): Khetawat D, Dutta P, Bhattacharya SK, Chakrabarti S. Source: Virus Research. 2002 July; 87(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12135787&dopt=Abstract
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Diversity of human rotavirus VP6, VP7, and VP4 in Lagos State, Nigeria. Author(s): Audu R, Omilabu SA, de Beer M, Peenze I, Steele AD. Source: J Health Popul Nutr. 2002 March; 20(1): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022161&dopt=Abstract
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Diversity of rotavirus strains among children with acute diarrhea in China: 1998-2000 surveillance study. Author(s): Fang ZY, Yang H, Qi J, Zhang J, Sun LW, Tang JY, Ma L, Du ZQ, He AH, Xie JP, Lu YY, Ji ZZ, Zhu BQ, Wu HY, Lin SE, Xie HP, Griffin DD, Ivanoff B, Glass RI, Gentsch JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 May; 40(5): 1875-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11980983&dopt=Abstract
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Early phase II trial of human rotavirus vaccine candidate RV3. Author(s): Barnes GL, Lund JS, Mitchell SV, De Bruyn L, Piggford L, Smith AL, Furmedge J, Masendycz PJ, Bugg HC, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Carlin JB, Bishop RF. Source: Vaccine. 2002 July 26; 20(23-24): 2950-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126907&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological studies, rotavirus vaccination, and intussusception. Author(s): Simonsen L, Morens DM, Blackwelder WC. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 23; 359(9311): 1066-7; Author Reply 1066. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937210&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological studies, rotavirus vaccination, and intussusception. Author(s): Kapikian AZ. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 23; 359(9311): 1065-6; Author Reply 1066. Erratum In: Lancet 2002 August 10; 360(9331): 494. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937208&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. Author(s): Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R, Mazzaccara A, Gianino P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 October; 35(4): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394379&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of oral administration of tormentil root extract (Potentilla tormentilla) on rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Author(s): Subbotina MD, Timchenko VN, Vorobyov MM, Konunova YS, Aleksandrovih YS, Shushunov S. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 August; 22(8): 706-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913771&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of rotavirus vaccine on Sapporo virus gastroenteritis in Finnish infants. Author(s): Pang XL, Zeng SQ, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 March; 20(3): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303833&dopt=Abstract
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Emergence of novel human group A rotavirus G12 strains in India. Author(s): Das S, Varghese V, Chaudhury S, Barman P, Mahapatra S, Kojima K, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T, Ratho RK, Chhotray GP, Phukan AC, Kobayashi N, Naik TN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 June; 41(6): 2760-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791925&dopt=Abstract
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Emergence of rotavirus G4P8 strain among children suffering from watery diarrhea in Calcutta, India. Author(s): Khetawat D, Dutta P, Gupta S, Chakrabarti S. Source: Intervirology. 2001; 44(5): 306-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684892&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancing vaccine safety surveillance: a capture-recapture analysis of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination. Author(s): Verstraeten T, Baughman AL, Cadwell B, Zanardi L, Haber P, Chen RT; Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Team. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 December 1; 154(11): 1006-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724716&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiologic patterns of diarrheal disease in Argentina: estimation of rotavirus disease burden. Author(s): Gomez JA, Sordo ME, Gentile A. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 September; 21(9): 843-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352807&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus infections in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Author(s): da Rosa e Silva ML, Naveca FG, Pires de Carvalho I. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2001 August; 5(4): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712966&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological features of rotavirus infection among hospitalized children with gastroenteristis in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Author(s): Doan LT, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Pham DT, Nguyen DH, Ushijima H. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 April; 69(4): 588-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601768&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological features of rotavirus infection in Goiania, Goias, Brazil, from 1986 to 2000. Author(s): Cardoso DD, Soares CM, Dias e Souza MB, de Azevedo Mda S, Martins RM, Queiroz DA, de Brito WM, Munford V, Racz ML. Source: Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2003 January; 98(1): 25-9. Epub 2003 April 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700858&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of a human group a rotavirus assay for on-site detection of bovine rotavirus. Author(s): Maes RK, Grooms DL, Wise AG, Han C, Ciesicki V, Hanson L, Vickers ML, Kanitz C, Holland R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 January; 41(1): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517863&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in a pediatric group practice. Author(s): Perez Mato S, Perrin K, Scardino D, Begue RE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 December 1; 156(11): 1049-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12446262&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of two enzyme immunoassays for detection of human rotaviruses in fecal specimens. Author(s): Eing BR, May G, Baumeister HG, Kuhn JE. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 December; 39(12): 4532-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724877&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for genetic linkage between the gene segments encoding NSP4 and VP6 proteins in common and reassortant human rotavirus strains. Author(s): Iturriza-Gomara M, Anderton E, Kang G, Gallimore C, Phillips W, Desselberger U, Gray J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3566-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904356&dopt=Abstract
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Excretion of serotype G1 rotavirus strains by asymptomatic staff: a possible source of nosocomial infection. Author(s): Barnes GL, Callaghan SL, Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Johnston LJ, Bishop RF. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 June; 142(6): 722-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838204&dopt=Abstract
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Expanding distribution of human serotype G6 rotaviruses in Australia. Author(s): Diwakarla S, Clark R, Palombo EA. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(7): 499-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222938&dopt=Abstract
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Expanding global distribution of rotavirus serotype G9: detection in Libya, Kenya, and Cuba. Author(s): Cunliffe NA, Dove W, Bunn JE, Ben Ramadam M, Nyangao JW, Riveron RL, Cuevas LE, Hart CA. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2001 September-October; 7(5): 890-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747706&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal, rotavirus-associated myocarditis and pneumonitis in a 2-year-old boy. Author(s): Grech V, Calvagna V, Falzon A, Mifsud A. Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2001 June; 21(2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471258&dopt=Abstract
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Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Author(s): Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Source: Lancet. 1994 October 15; 344(8929): 1046-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7934445&dopt=Abstract
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First case of confirmed rotavirus meningoencephalitis in Germany. Author(s): Kehle J, Metzger-Boddien C, Tewald F, Wald M, Schuurmann J, Enders G. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 May; 22(5): 468-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797316&dopt=Abstract
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First detection of bovine group B rotavirus in Japan and sequence of its VP7 gene. Author(s): Tsunemitsu H, Morita D, Takaku H, Nishimori T, Imai K, Saif LJ. Source: Archives of Virology. 1999; 144(4): 805-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10365171&dopt=Abstract
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First detection of group C rotavirus in children with acute diarrhea in Spain. Author(s): Sanchez-Fauquier A, Roman E, Colomina J, Wilhelmi I, Glass RI, Jiang B. Source: Archives of Virology. 2003 February; 148(2): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12557002&dopt=Abstract
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First detection of group C rotavirus in fecal specimens of children with diarrhea in the United States. Author(s): Jiang B, Dennehy PH, Spangenberger S, Gentsch JR, Glass RI. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1995 July; 172(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7797945&dopt=Abstract
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First report of Guillain-Barre syndrome after rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a very young infant. Author(s): Smeets CC, Brussel W, Leyten QH, Brus F. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2000 March; 159(3): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664242&dopt=Abstract
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First rotavirus vaccine licensed: is there really a need? Author(s): Glass RI, Bresee JS, Parashar UD, Holman RC, Gentsch JR. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1999 January; 88(426): 2-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088904&dopt=Abstract
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First rotavirus, now astrovirus: the evolving benefits of RT-PCR. Author(s): Gunson RN, Mackie P, Leanord A, Carman WF. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 April; 6(1): 66-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736977&dopt=Abstract
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Flow cytometry detection of infectious rotaviruses in environmental and clinical samples. Author(s): Abad FX, Pinto RM, Bosch A. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998 July; 64(7): 2392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9647805&dopt=Abstract
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Frequencies of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes secreting gamma interferon after acute natural rotavirus infection in children and adults. Author(s): Jaimes MC, Rojas OL, Gonzalez AM, Cajiao I, Charpilienne A, Pothier P, Kohli E, Greenberg HB, Franco MA, Angel J. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 May; 76(10): 4741-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967291&dopt=Abstract
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Frequent reassortments may explain the genetic heterogeneity of rotaviruses: analysis of Finnish rotavirus strains. Author(s): Maunula L, Von Bonsdorff CH. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 December; 76(23): 11793-800. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414921&dopt=Abstract
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Functional analysis of the heterologous NSP1 genes in the genetic background of simian rotavirus SA11. Author(s): Okada J, Kobayashi N, Taniguchi K, Shiomi H. Source: Archives of Virology. 1999; 144(7): 1439-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10481750&dopt=Abstract
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Further characterization of field strains of rotavirus from Nigeria VP4 genotype P6 most frequently identified among symptomatically infected children. Author(s): Adah MI, Rohwedder A, Olaleye OD, Durojaiye OA, Werchau H. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 1997 October; 43(5): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9364123&dopt=Abstract
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Future of research into rotavirus vaccine. Cost effectiveness of vaccine is being assessed. Author(s): Walker D, Akramuzzaman SM, Lanata CF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154636&dopt=Abstract
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Future of research into rotavirus vaccine. Developing countries must apply mathematics to take their own decisions. Author(s): Perez-Schael I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 January 13; 322(7278): 106-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154637&dopt=Abstract
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Gene expression pattern in Caco-2 cells following rotavirus infection. Author(s): Cuadras MA, Feigelstock DA, An S, Greenberg HB. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 May; 76(9): 4467-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932413&dopt=Abstract
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Generation of recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to rotavirus from single antigen-specific B cells selected with fluorescent virus-like particles. Author(s): Weitkamp JH, Kallewaard N, Kusuhara K, Feigelstock D, Feng N, Greenberg HB, Crowe JE Jr. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2003 April 1; 275(1-2): 223-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12667686&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic analysis of Group A rotaviruses: evidence for interspecies transmission of rotavirus genes. Author(s): Palombo EA. Source: Virus Genes. 2002; 24(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928984&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic and antigenic characterization of rotavirus serotype G9 strains isolated in Australia between 1997 and 2001. Author(s): Kirkwood C, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Palombo E, Masendycz P, Bugg H, Barnes G, Bishop R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904370&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic characterization of the rotaviruses associated with a nursery outbreak. Author(s): Lee CN, Lin CC, Kao CL, Zao CL, Shih MC, Chen HN. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 April; 63(4): 311-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11241463&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic relatedness of VP1 genes of Australian and Taiwanese rotavirus isolates. Author(s): Masendycz PJ, Palombo EA. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 2001 May 1; 198(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430406&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variability among serotype G6 human rotaviruses: identification of a novel lineage isolated in Hungary. Author(s): Banyai K, Gentsch JR, Griffin DD, Holmes JL, Glass RI, Szucs G. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 September; 71(1): 124-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858418&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variation of capsid protein VP7 in genotype g4 human rotavirus strains: simultaneous emergence and spread of different lineages in Argentina. Author(s): Bok K, Matson DO, Gomez JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 June; 40(6): 2016-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12037057&dopt=Abstract
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Genogroup characterization of reemerging serotype G9 human rotavirus strain 95H115 in comparison with earlier G9 and other human prototype strains. Author(s): Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2002; 46(8): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363022&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic and antigenic variation among rotavirus strains circulating in a large city of Argentina. Author(s): Espul C, Cuello H, Martinez N, Centorbi O, O'Ryan M, Jackson L, Campos F, Matson DO. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2000 August; 61(4): 504-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10897070&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic characterization of porcine rotaviruses in Italy. Author(s): Martella V, Pratelli A, Greco G, Tempesta M, Ferrari M, Losio MN, Buonavoglia C. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 January; 8(1): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11139206&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic diversity of group A rotavirus strains infecting humans in eastern India. Author(s): Das S, Sen A, Uma G, Varghese V, Chaudhuri S, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T, Dutta P, Dutta D, Bhattacharya MK, Mitra U, Kobayashi N, Naik TN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 January; 40(1): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773108&dopt=Abstract
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Genomic relationships among rotaviruses recovered from various animal species as revealed by RNA-RNA hybridization assays. Author(s): Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 2002 December; 73(3): 207-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12443676&dopt=Abstract
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Genotyping of group A rotavirus samples from Brazilian children by probe hybridization. Author(s): Cardoso DD, Racz ML, Azevedo MS, Martins RM, Soares CM. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2001 April; 34(4): 471-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285457&dopt=Abstract
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Genotyping of rotaviruses in environmental water and stool samples in Southern Switzerland by nucleotide sequence analysis of 189 base pairs at the 5' end of the VP7 gene. Author(s): Baggi F, Peduzzi R. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(10): 3681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015383&dopt=Abstract
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Gianotti-Crosti syndrome related to rotavirus infection. Author(s): Di Lernia V. Source: Pediatric Dermatology. 1998 November-December; 15(6): 485-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875979&dopt=Abstract
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Global illness and deaths caused by rotavirus disease in children. Author(s): Parashar UD, Hummelman EG, Bresee JS, Miller MA, Glass RI. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2003 May; 9(5): 565-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737740&dopt=Abstract
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Great diversity of group A rotavirus strains and high prevalence of mixed rotavirus infections in India. Author(s): Jain V, Das BK, Bhan MK, Glass RI, Gentsch JR; Indian Strain Surveillance Collaborating Laboratories. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 39(10): 3524-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574567&dopt=Abstract
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Group A rotavirus in sewage samples from Barcelona and Cairo: emergence of unusual genotypes. Author(s): Villena C, El-Senousy WM, Abad FX, Pinto RM, Bosch A. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2003 July; 69(7): 3919-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839761&dopt=Abstract
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Growth of rotaviruses in primary pancreatic cells. Author(s): Coulson BS, Witterick PD, Tan Y, Hewish MJ, Mountford JN, Harrison LC, Honeyman MC. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 September; 76(18): 9537-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186936&dopt=Abstract
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Heat shock cognate protein 70 is involved in rotavirus cell entry. Author(s): Guerrero CA, Bouyssounade D, Zarate S, Isa P, Lopez T, Espinosa R, Romero P, Mendez E, Lopez S, Arias CF. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 April; 76(8): 4096-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907249&dopt=Abstract
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High incidence of G9P181 rotavirus infections in Italian children during the winter season 1999-2000. Author(s): Arista S, Vizzi E, Migliore MC, Di Rosa E, Cascio A. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(7): 711-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12952148&dopt=Abstract
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HIV, fatal rotavirus infection, and treatment options. Author(s): Guarino A, Albano F, Canani RB, Bruzzese E. Source: Lancet. 2002 January 5; 359(9300): 74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11809208&dopt=Abstract
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Homotypic and heterotypic serum neutralizing antibody response to rotavirus proteins following natural primary infection and reinfection in children. Author(s): Gorrell RJ, Bishop RF. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1999 February; 57(2): 204-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9892409&dopt=Abstract
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Horizontal transmission of rhesus monkey rotavirus-based quadrivalent vaccine during a phase 3 clinical trial in Caracas, Venezuela. Author(s): Hoshino Y, Wagner M, Yan XY, Perez-Schael I, Kapikian AZ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 March 1; 187(5): 791-800. Epub 2003 February 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12599053&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital admissions attributable to rotavirus infection in England and Wales. Author(s): Ryan MJ, Ramsay M, Brown D, Gay NJ, Farrington CP, Wall PG. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174 Suppl 1: S12-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752285&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital admissions for rotavirus infection in the Netherlands. Author(s): de Wit MA, Koopmans MP, van der Blij JF, van Duynhoven YT. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2000 September; 31(3): 698-704. Epub 2000 October 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017818&dopt=Abstract
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Hospitalization for community-acquired, rotavirus-associated diarrhea: a prospective, longitudinal, population-based study during the seasonal outbreak. The Greater Toronto Area/Peel Region PRESI Study Group. Pediatric Rotavirus Epidemiology Study for Immunization. Author(s): Ford-Jones EL, Wang E, Petric M, Corey P, Moineddin R, Fearon M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2000 June; 154(6): 578-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850504&dopt=Abstract
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Hospitalizations for rotavirus gastroenteritis in Gipuzkoa (Basque country), Spain. Author(s): Cilla G, Perez-Trallero GE, Pineiro LD, Iturzaeta A, Vicente D. Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999 November-December; 5(6): 834-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10603224&dopt=Abstract
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Host factors associated with protection against rotavirus disease: the skies are clearing. Author(s): Offit PA. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174 Suppl 1: S59-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752292&dopt=Abstract
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How a rotavirus hijacks the human protein synthesis machinery. Author(s): Varani G, Allain FH. Source: Nature Structural Biology. 2002 March; 9(3): 158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11875511&dopt=Abstract
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Human astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis in children under 2 years of age followed prospectively during a rotavirus vaccine trial. Author(s): Pang XL, Vesikari T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 May; 88(5): 532-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10426176&dopt=Abstract
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Human group B rotavirus infections cause severe diarrhea in children and adults in Bangladesh. Author(s): Sanekata T, Ahmed MU, Kader A, Taniguchi K, Kobayashi N. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 May; 41(5): 2187-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734276&dopt=Abstract
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Human group C rotavirus identified in South Africa. Author(s): Sebata T, Steele AD. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1999 October; 89(10): 1073-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10582061&dopt=Abstract
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Human group C rotavirus in children with diarrhea in the Federal District, Brazil. Author(s): Teixeira JM, Camara GN, Pimentel PF, Ferreira MN, Ferreira MS, Alfieri AA, Gentsch JR, Leite JP. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 1998 November; 31(11): 1397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9921274&dopt=Abstract
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Human rotavirus HCR3 possesses a genomic RNA constellation indistinguishable from that of feline and canine rotaviruses. Author(s): Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O. Source: Archives of Virology. 2000; 145(11): 2403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11205126&dopt=Abstract
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Human rotavirus specific T cells: quantification by ELISPOT and expression of homing receptors on CD4+ T cells. Author(s): Rojas OL, Gonzalez AM, Gonzalez R, Perez-Schael I, Greenberg HB, Franco MA, Angel J. Source: Virology. 2003 September 30; 314(2): 671-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14554094&dopt=Abstract
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Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in humans to the NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus. Author(s): Johansen K, Hinkula J, Espinoza F, Levi M, Zeng C, Ruden U, Vesikari T, Estes M, Svensson L. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1999 November; 59(3): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10502271&dopt=Abstract
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Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and infectious virus in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of mice after oral inoculation with simian-human or bovine-human reassortant rotaviruses. Author(s): Moser CA, Dolfi DV, Di Vietro ML, Heaton PA, Offit PA, Clark HF. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 April 1; 183(7): 1108-11. Epub 2001 March 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237837&dopt=Abstract
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Immunochemiluminescent focus assays for the quantitation of hepatitis A virus and rotavirus in cell cultures. Author(s): Richards GP, Watson MA. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2001 May; 94(1-2): 69-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337041&dopt=Abstract
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Importance of PCR in the diagnosis and understanding of rotavirus illness in the community. Author(s): Gunson RN, Miller J, Leonard A, Carman WF. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2003 April; 6(1): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736976&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and prevalence of human group C rotavirus infections in Argentina. Author(s): Castello AA, Arguelles MH, Villegas GA, Olthoff A, Glikmann G. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 May; 67(1): 106-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11920824&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence and risk factors of paediatric rotavirus diarrhoea in northern Ghana. Author(s): Binka FN, Anto FK, Oduro AR, Awini EA, Nazzar AK, Armah GE, Asmah RH, Hall AJ, Cutts F, Alexander N, Brown D, Green J, Gray J, Iturriza-Gomara M; The Navrongo Rotavirus Research Group. Source: Tropical Medicine & International Health : Tm & Ih. 2003 September; 8(9): 840-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12950670&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of Norwalk-like viruses, rotavirus and adenovirus infection in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Jakarta, Indonesia. Author(s): Subekti D, Lesmana M, Tjaniadi P, Safari N, Frazier E, Simanjuntak C, Komalarini S, Taslim J, Campbell JR, Oyofo BA. Source: Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 2002 March 25; 33(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985965&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of nosocomial rotavirus infections, symptomatic and asymptomatic, in breast-fed and non-breast-fed infants. Author(s): Gianino P, Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Sartore M, Russo R, Mazzaccara A. Source: The Journal of Hospital Infection. 2002 January; 50(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825046&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of rotavirus diarrhea and intussusception in Hong Kong using standardized hospital discharge data. Author(s): Nelson EA, Tam JS, Glass RI, Parashar UD, Fok TF. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 July; 21(7): 701-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237607&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of calcium on the early steps of rotavirus infection. Author(s): Pando V, Isa P, Arias CF, Lopez S. Source: Virology. 2002 March 30; 295(1): 190-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12033777&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of rotavirus replication by a non-neutralizing, rotavirus VP6-specific IgA mAb. Author(s): Feng N, Lawton JA, Gilbert J, Kuklin N, Vo P, Prasad BV, Greenberg HB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2002 May; 109(9): 1203-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994409&dopt=Abstract
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Initial interaction of rotavirus strains with N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid residues on the cell surface correlates with VP4 genotype, not species of origin. Author(s): Ciarlet M, Ludert JE, Iturriza-Gomara M, Liprandi F, Gray JJ, Desselberger U, Estes MK. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 April; 76(8): 4087-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11907248&dopt=Abstract
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Integrin-using rotaviruses bind alpha2beta1 integrin alpha2 I domain via VP4 DGE sequence and recognize alphaXbeta2 and alphaVbeta3 by using VP7 during cell entry. Author(s): Graham KL, Halasz P, Tan Y, Hewish MJ, Takada Y, Mackow ER, Robinson MK, Coulson BS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 September; 77(18): 9969-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941907&dopt=Abstract
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Interferon regulatory factor 3 is a cellular partner of rotavirus NSP1. Author(s): Graff JW, Mitzel DN, Weisend CM, Flenniken ML, Hardy ME. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 September; 76(18): 9545-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12186937&dopt=Abstract
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Interleukin-8 gene regulation in intestinal epithelial cells infected with rotavirus: role of viral-induced IkappaB kinase activation. Author(s): Casola A, Garofalo RP, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Mercurio F, Crowe SE, Brasier AR. Source: Virology. 2002 June 20; 298(1): 8-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12093168&dopt=Abstract
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Intranasal or oral immunization of inbred and outbred mice with murine or human rotavirus VP6 proteins protects against viral shedding after challenge with murine rotaviruses. Author(s): Choi AH, McNeal MM, Basu M, Flint JA, Stone SC, Clements JD, Bean JA, Poe SA, VanCott JL, Ward RL. Source: Vaccine. 2002 September 10; 20(27-28): 3310-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12213401&dopt=Abstract
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Intussusception among recipients of rotavirus vaccine: reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system. Author(s): Zanardi LR, Haber P, Mootrey GT, Niu MT, Wharton M. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 June; 107(6): E97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389295&dopt=Abstract
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Intussusception and an oral rotavirus vaccine. Author(s): Nakagomi T. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 June 14; 344(24): 1866; Author Reply 1866-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407353&dopt=Abstract
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Intussusception and an oral rotavirus vaccine. Author(s): DeWolfe Miller F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 June 14; 344(24): 1866; Author Reply 1866-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407352&dopt=Abstract
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Intussusception, rotavirus diarrhea, and rotavirus vaccine use among children in New York state. Author(s): Chang HG, Smith PF, Ackelsberg J, Morse DL, Glass RI. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 July; 108(1): 54-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11433054&dopt=Abstract
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Intussusception, rotavirus, and oral vaccines: summary of a workshop. Author(s): Peter G, Myers MG; National Vaccine Advisory Committee; National Vaccine Program Office. Source: Pediatrics. 2002 December; 110(6): E67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12456934&dopt=Abstract
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Intussusception-associated hospitalization among Venezuelan infants during 1998 through 2001: anticipating rotavirus vaccines. Author(s): Perez-Schael I, Escalona M, Salinas B, Materan M, Perez ME, Gonzalez G. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 March; 22(3): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12634584&dopt=Abstract
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Jennerian and modified Jennerian approach to vaccination against rotavirus diarrhea using a quadrivalent rhesus rotavirus (RRV) and human-RRV reassortant vaccine. Author(s): Kapikian AZ, Hoshino Y, Chanock RM, Perez-Schael I. Source: Arch Virol Suppl. 1996; 12: 163-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9015113&dopt=Abstract
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Laboratory policies on testing for rotavirus affect surveillance data. PHLS East Epidemiology and Virology Subcommittees. Author(s): Willocks LJ, Wreghitt TG. Source: Commun Dis Public Health. 2000 June; 3(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10902254&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of an apparent association between intussusception and wild or vaccine rotavirus infection. Author(s): Rennels MB, Parashar UD, Holman RC, Le CT, Chang HG, Glass RI. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 October; 17(10): 924-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802640&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association between rotavirus infection and intussusception: implications for use of attenuated rotavirus vaccines. Author(s): Chang EJ, Zangwill KM, Lee H, Ward JI. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 February; 21(2): 97-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840074&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of correlation between serum rotavirus antibody titers and protection following vaccination with reassortant RRV vaccines. US Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group. Author(s): Ward RL, Bernstein DI. Source: Vaccine. 1995 September; 13(13): 1226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8578808&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of evidence for rotavirus by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay of hepatobiliary samples from children with biliary atresia. Author(s): Bobo L, Ojeh C, Chiu D, Machado A, Colombani P, Schwarz K. Source: Pediatric Research. 1997 February; 41(2): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029644&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of maternal antibodies to P serotypes may predispose neonates to infections with unusual rotavirus strains. Author(s): Ramachandran M, Vij A, Kumar R, Das BK, Gentsch JR, Bhan MK, Glass RI. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1998 July; 5(4): 527-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9665961&dopt=Abstract
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Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. Author(s): Majamaa H, Isolauri E, Saxelin M, Vesikari T. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1995 April; 20(3): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7608829&dopt=Abstract
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Lactulose-mannitol intestinal permeability test in children with diarrhea caused by rotavirus and cryptosporidium. Diarrhea Working Group, Peru. Author(s): Zhang Y, Lee B, Thompson M, Glass R, Cama RI, Figueroa D, Gilman R, Taylor D, Stephenson C. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2000 July; 31(1): 16-21. Erratum In: J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000 November; 31(5): 578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896065&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal studies of neutralizing antibody responses to rotavirus in stools and sera of children following severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Author(s): Coulson BS. Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 1998 November; 5(6): 897-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9801354&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal study of rotavirus infection in child-care centres. Author(s): Ferson MJ, Stringfellow S, McPhie K, McIver CJ, Simos A. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 April; 33(2): 157-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9145361&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanisms of protection against rotavirus in humans and mice. Author(s): Ward RL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174 Suppl 1: S51-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752291&dopt=Abstract
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Microbes and microbial toxins: paradigms for microbial-mucosal interactions. VIII. Pathological consequences of rotavirus infection and its enterotoxin. Author(s): Morris AP, Estes MK. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2001 August; 281(2): G303-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11447008&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and immunological methods to detect rotavirus in formalin-fixed tissue. Author(s): Tatti KM, Gentsch J, Shieh WJ, Ferebee-Harris T, Lynch M, Bresee J, Jiang B, Zaki SR, Glass R. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2002 September; 105(2): 305-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270663&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and serologic characterization of novel serotype G8 human rotavirus strains detected in Blantyre, Malawi. Author(s): Cunliffe NA, Gentsch JR, Kirkwood CD, Gondwe JS, Dove W, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T, Hoshino Y, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Molyneux ME, Hart CA. Source: Virology. 2000 September 1; 274(2): 309-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964774&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular and serological characterization of group a rotavirus isolates obtained from hospitalized children in Goiania, Brazil, 1998-2000. Author(s): Souza MB, Racz ML, Leite JP, Soares CM, Martins RM, Munford V, Cardoso DD. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 22(7): 441-3. Epub 2003 June 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884075&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular biology of rotavirus cell entry. Author(s): Arias CF, Isa P, Guerrero CA, Mendez E, Zarate S, Lopez T, Espinosa R, Romero P, Lopez S. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2002 July-August; 33(4): 356-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12234525&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization in the VP7, VP4 and NSP4 genes of human rotavirus serotype 4 (G4) isolated in Japan and Kenya. Author(s): Kudo S, Zhou Y, Cao XR, Yamanishi S, Nakata S, Ushijima H. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 2001; 45(2): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11293484&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of rotavirus in Ireland: detection of novel strains circulating in the population. Author(s): O'Halloran F, Lynch M, Cryan B, O'Shea H, Fanning S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 September; 38(9): 3370-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970385&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of rotavirus strains from children in Toronto, Canada. Author(s): Kostouros E, Siu K, Ford-Jones EL, Petric M, Tellier R. Source: Journal of Clinical Virology : the Official Publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2003 September; 28(1): 77-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927754&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of serotype G2 and G3 human rotavirus strains that have an apparently identical electropherotype of the short RNA pattern. Author(s): Nakagomi T, Gentsch JR, Das BK, Kumar R, Bhan MK, Glass RI, Nakagomi O. Source: Archives of Virology. 2002 November; 147(11): 2187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417952&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of serotype G9 rotavirus strains from a global collection. Author(s): Ramachandran M, Kirkwood CD, Unicomb L, Cunliffe NA, Ward RL, Bhan MK, Clark HF, Glass RI, Gentsch JR. Source: Virology. 2000 December 20; 278(2): 436-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11118366&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of the VP7 gene of Rotavirus isolated from a clinical sample of Calcutta, India. Author(s): Khetawat D, Ghosh T, Bhattacharya MK, Bhattacharya SK, Chakrabarti S. Source: Virus Research. 2001 April; 74(1-2): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226574&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of VP6 genes of human rotavirus isolates: correlation of genogroups with subgroups and evidence of independent segregation. Author(s): Iturriza Gomara M, Wong C, Blome S, Desselberger U, Gray J. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 July; 76(13): 6596-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050372&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular determinants of immunity and pathogenicity of rotavirus infection in the mouse model. Author(s): Franco MA, Feng N, Greenberg HB. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174 Suppl 1: S47-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752290&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus causing acute diarrhea in infants and young children hospitalized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1995-1996. Author(s): da Silva Domingues AL, da Silva Vaz MG, Moreno M, Camara FP. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 4(3): 119-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10934494&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of human group A rotavirus infections in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998. Author(s): Iturriza-Gomara M, Green J, Brown DW, Ramsay M, Desselberger U, Gray JJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 December; 38(12): 4394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101570&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infection in Western Cameroon. Author(s): Esona MD, Armah GE, Steele AD. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2003 June; 49(3): 160-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12848206&dopt=Abstract
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Monkey rotavirus binding to alpha2beta1 integrin requires the alpha2 I domain and is facilitated by the homologous beta1 subunit. Author(s): Londrigan SL, Graham KL, Takada Y, Halasz P, Coulson BS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 September; 77(17): 9486-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915563&dopt=Abstract
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More on rotavirus vaccination and intussusception. Author(s): Murphy TV, Gargiullo PM, Wharton M. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 January 17; 346(3): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796862&dopt=Abstract
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Mutations selected in rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 depend on the context of its expression. Author(s): Mohan KV, Dermody TS, Atreya CD. Source: Virology. 2000 September 15; 275(1): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11017794&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal hypocalcaemia associated with rotavirus diarrhoea. Author(s): Foldenauer A, Vossbeck S, Pohlandt F. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 October; 157(10): 838-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809825&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal rotavirus infection in Bangladesh: strain characterization and risk factors for nosocomial infection. Author(s): Kilgore PE, Unicomb LE, Gentsch JR, Albert MJ, McElroy CA, Glass RI. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1996 August; 15(8): 672-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8858670&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal rotavirus infection: possible effect on prevalence of severe diarrhoea in a community. Author(s): Bishop RF, Barnes GL. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 1997 February; 33(1): 80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9069052&dopt=Abstract
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Nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of group A rotaviruses. Author(s): Elschner M, Prudlo J, Hotzel H, Otto P, Sachse K. Source: Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 2002 March; 49(2): 77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002423&dopt=Abstract
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Neutralization assay for human group C rotaviruses using a reverse passive hemagglutination test for endpoint determination. Author(s): Fujii R, Kuzuya M, Hamano M, Ogura H, Yamada M, Mori T. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 January; 38(1): 50-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618062&dopt=Abstract
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Neutralization of rotavirus and recognition of immunologically important epitopes on VP4 and VP7 by human IgA. Author(s): Johansen K, Svensson L. Source: Archives of Virology. 1997; 142(7): 1491-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9267458&dopt=Abstract
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New immunochromatographic method for rapid detection of rotaviruses in stool samples compared with standard enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination techniques. Author(s): Wilhelmi I, Colomina J, Martin-Rodrigo D, Roman E, Sanchez-Fauquier A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 October; 20(10): 7413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757978&dopt=Abstract
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New lessons for rotavirus vaccines. Author(s): Glass RI, Gentsch JR, Ivanoff B. Source: Science. 1996 April 5; 272(5258): 46-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8600533&dopt=Abstract
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New P serotype of group A human rotavirus closely related to that of a porcine rotavirus. Author(s): Okada J, Urasawa T, Kobayashi N, Taniguchi K, Hasegawa A, Mise K, Urasawa S. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2000 January; 60(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568765&dopt=Abstract
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New vaccines against mucosal pathogens: rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Author(s): Coffin SE, Offit PA. Source: Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 1997; 13: 333-48. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9544318&dopt=Abstract
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Nigerian rotavirus serotype G8 could not be typed by PCR due to nucleotide mutation at the 3' end of the primer binding site. Author(s): Adah MI, Rohwedder A, Olaleyle OD, Werchau H. Source: Archives of Virology. 1997; 142(9): 1881-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9672646&dopt=Abstract
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Non-lytic extraction and characterisation of receptors for multiple strains of rotavirus. Author(s): Jolly CL, Beisner BM, Ozser E, Holmes IH. Source: Archives of Virology. 2001 July; 146(7): 1307-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556708&dopt=Abstract
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Nosocomial rotavirus in a pediatric hospital. Author(s): Ratner AJ, Neu N, Jakob K, Grumet S, Adachi N, Della-Latta P, Marvel E, Saiman L. Source: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology : the Official Journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2001 May; 22(5): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11428441&dopt=Abstract
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Nosocomial rotavirus infection in newborns. Author(s): Omoigberale AI, Abiodun PO. Source: East Afr Med J. 1995 April; 72(4): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7621755&dopt=Abstract
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NSP4 gene analysis of rotaviruses recovered from infected children with and without diarrhea. Author(s): Lee CN, Wang YL, Kao CL, Zao CL, Lee CY, Chen HN. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 December; 38(12): 4471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11101582&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence and expression in E. coli of the complete P4 type VP4 from a G2 serotype human rotavirus. Author(s): Mahajan NP, Rao CD. Source: Archives of Virology. 1996; 141(2): 315-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8634023&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence of the VP7 gene of human rotavirus isolated in Calcutta, India: possible emergence of a new subtype of serotype I. Author(s): Chakladar A, Chakrabarti S. Source: Intervirology. 1998; 41(2-3): 127-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9820847&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence variation of the VP7 gene of two G3-type rotaviruses isolated from dogs. Author(s): Martella V, Pratelli A, Greco G, Gentile M, Fiorente P, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Source: Virus Research. 2001 April; 74(1-2): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11226570&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional status in relation to the efficacy of the rhesus-human reassortant, tetravalent rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) in infants from Belem, para state, Brazil. Author(s): Linhares AC, Carmo KB, Oliveira KK, Oliveira CS, Freitas RB, Bellesi N, Monteiro TA, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD. Source: Revista Do Instituto De Medicina Tropical De Sao Paulo. 2002 January-February; 44(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896407&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence and impact of community-acquired and nosocomial rotavirus infections-a hospital-based study over 10 y. Author(s): Berner R, Schumacher RF, Hameister S, Forster J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement. 1999 January; 88(426): 4852. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088912&dopt=Abstract
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Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants. Author(s): Mohan P, Haque K. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd003740. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917985&dopt=Abstract
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Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants. Author(s): Mohan P, Haque K. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd003742. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535484&dopt=Abstract
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Oral rehydration solution therapy in the management of children with rotavirus diarrhea. Author(s): Nappert G, Barrios JM, Zello GA, Naylor JM. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2000 March; 58(3 Pt 1): 80-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812923&dopt=Abstract
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Oral tetravalent rotavirus vaccine can be successfully coadministered with oral poliovirus vaccine and a combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. US Rhesus Rotavirus Vaccine Study Group. Author(s): Markwick AJ, Rennels MB, Zito ET, Wade MS, Mack ME. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1998 October; 17(10): 913-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9802635&dopt=Abstract
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Oral transforming growth factor-alpha enhances jejunal mucosal recovery and electrical resistance in piglet rotavirus enteritis. Author(s): Rhoads JM, Ulshen MH, Keku EO, Chen W, Kandil HM, Woodard JP, Liu SC, Fuller CR, Leary HL Jr, Lecce JG. Source: Pediatric Research. 1995 August; 38(2): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7478812&dopt=Abstract
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Oscillatory fluctuations in the incidence of rotavirus infections by serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4. Author(s): Jose MV, Bobadilla JR, Bishop RF. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1996 September; 14(3): 194-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9019014&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of acute gastroenteritis caused by human group C rotavirus in a primary school. Author(s): Hamano M, Kuzuya M, Fujii R, Ogura H, Mori T, Nakayama T, Yuen E, Katayama K, Mitsunobu Y, Inoue K. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999 August; 52(4): 170-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592901&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of severe gastroenteritis in adults and children associated with type G2 rotavirus. Study Group on Diarrhea of the Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Author(s): Timenetsky MC, Gouvea V, Santos N, Alge ME, Kisiellius JJ, Carmona RC. Source: J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1996 June; 14(2): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8870397&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreak of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis among children--Jamaica, 2003. Author(s): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Source: Mmwr. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 November 14; 52(45): 1103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14614409&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreaks of adult gastroenteritis traced to a single genotype of rotavirus. Author(s): Griffin DD, Fletcher M, Levy ME, Ching-Lee M, Nogami R, Edwards L, Peters H, Montague L, Gentsch JR, Glass RI. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 May 15; 185(10): 1502-5. Epub 2002 April 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992287&dopt=Abstract
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Outbreaks of nosocomial rotavirus gastro-enteritis in a paediatric ward. Author(s): Nakata S, Adachi N, Ukae S, Kogawa K, Numata K, Urasawa S, Chiba S. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 November; 155(11): 954-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8911896&dopt=Abstract
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Overview of rotavirus infections in Korea. Author(s): Seo JK, Sim JG. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2000 August; 42(4): 406-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986878&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of rotavirus diarrhea. Author(s): Lundgren O, Svensson L. Source: Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur. 2001 November; 3(13): 1145-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11709295&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Author(s): Estes MK, Kang G, Zeng CQ, Crawford SE, Ciarlet M. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2001; 238: 82-96; Discussion 96-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444037&dopt=Abstract
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Phorbol dibutyrate-induced megakaryocytic differentiation increases susceptibility of K562 cells to SA11 rotavirus infection. Author(s): Sanders GM, Hewish MJ, Coulson BS. Source: Archives of Virology. 2001; 146(9): 1831-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11699968&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma HIV burden in Malawian children co-infected with rotavirus. Author(s): Jere C, Cunliffe NA, Hoffman IF, Stewart PW, Kilaru R, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Hart CA, Fiscus SA. Source: Aids (London, England). 2001 July 27; 15(11): 1439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11504968&dopt=Abstract
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Population-based study of rotavirus vaccination and intussusception. Author(s): Kramarz P, France EK, Destefano F, Black SB, Shinefield H, Ward JI, Chang EJ, Chen RT, Shatin D, Hill J, Lieu T, Ogren JM. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2001 April; 20(4): 410-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332666&dopt=Abstract
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Portal vein gas associated with rotavirus infection. Author(s): Morrison SC, Czinn SJ. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 November; 33(5): 6268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740243&dopt=Abstract
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Possible mechanisms of protection elicited by candidate rotavirus vaccines as determined with the adult mouse model. Author(s): Ward RL. Source: Viral Immunology. 2003; 16(1): 17-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12725685&dopt=Abstract
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Predominance of G3B and G14 equine group A rotaviruses of a single VP4 serotype in Japan. Author(s): Tsunemitsu H, Imagawa H, Togo M, Shouji T, Kawashima K, Horino R, Imai K, Nishimori T, Takagi M, Higuchi T. Source: Archives of Virology. 2001 October; 146(10): 1949-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722016&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus among children from Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Author(s): Rodrigues J, Acosta VC, Candeias JM, Souza LO, Filho FJ. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2002 November; 35(11): 1311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426630&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea among outpatients and hospitalized patients: a comparison. Author(s): Kelkar SD, Purohit SG, Boralkar AN, Verma SP. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 September; 32(3): 494-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944705&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of unusual human rotavirus strains in Ghanaian children. Author(s): Armah GE, Pager CT, Asmah RH, Anto FR, Oduro AR, Binka F, Steele D. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2001 January; 63(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11130890&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of, and antigenic variation in, serotype G10 rotaviruses and detection of serotype G3 strains in diarrheic calves: implications for the origin of G10P11 or P11 type reassortant asymptomatic strains in newborn children in India. Author(s): Varshney B, Jagannath MR, Vethanayagam RR, Kodhandharaman S, Jagannath HV, Gowda K, Singh DK, Rao CD. Source: Archives of Virology. 2002; 147(1): 143-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855628&dopt=Abstract
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Production of hybrid double- or triple-layered virus-like particles of group A and C rotaviruses using a baculovirus expression system. Author(s): Kim Y, Chang KO, Kim WY, Saif LJ. Source: Virology. 2002 October 10; 302(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429511&dopt=Abstract
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Project seeks to “fast track” rotavirus vaccine. Author(s): McCarthy M. Source: Lancet. 2003 February 15; 361(9357): 582. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598149&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged shedding of rotavirus in a geriatric inpatient. Author(s): Mori I, Matsumoto K, Sugimoto K, Kimura M, Daimon N, Yokochi T, Kimura Y. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 August; 67(4): 613-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12116013&dopt=Abstract
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Prospective population-based study on rotavirus disease in Germany. Author(s): Ehlken B, Laubereau B, Karmaus W, Petersen G, Rohwedder A, Forster J; RoMoD Study Group. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(7): 769-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200901&dopt=Abstract
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Protective efficacy of a sulfated sialyl lipid (NMSO3) against human rotavirusinduced diarrhea in a mouse model. Author(s): Takahashi K, Ohashi K, Abe Y, Mori S, Taniguchi K, Ebina T, Nakagomi O, Terada M, Shigeta S. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2002 February; 46(2): 420-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11796352&dopt=Abstract
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Protective efficacy of rotavirus 2/6-virus-like particles combined with CT-E29H, a detoxified cholera toxin adjuvant. Author(s): Siadat-Pajouh M, Cai L. Source: Viral Immunology. 2001; 14(1): 31-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11270595&dopt=Abstract
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Protective immunity after natural rotavirus infection: a community cohort study of newborn children in Guinea-Bissau, west Africa. Author(s): Fischer TK, Valentiner-Branth P, Steinsland H, Perch M, Santos G, Aaby P, Molbak K, Sommerfelt H. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 September 1; 186(5): 593-7. Epub 2002 August 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195345&dopt=Abstract
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Protective immunity and antibody-secreting cell responses elicited by combined oral attenuated Wa human rotavirus and intranasal Wa 2/6-VLPs with mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in gnotobiotic pigs. Author(s): Yuan L, Iosef C, Azevedo MS, Kim Y, Qian Y, Geyer A, Nguyen TV, Chang KO, Saif LJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 October; 75(19): 9229-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533185&dopt=Abstract
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Reappraisal of the association of intussusception with the licensed live rotavirus vaccine challenges initial conclusions. Author(s): Murphy BR, Morens DM, Simonsen L, Chanock RM, La Montagne JR, Kapikian AZ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April 15; 187(8): 1301-8. Epub 2003 Apr 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696010&dopt=Abstract
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Report of the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program, 2001/2002. Author(s): Kirkwood C, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Clark R, Masendycz P, Bishop R, Barnes G. Source: Commun Dis Intell. 2002; 26(4): 537-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549519&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus diarrhea severity is related to the VP4 type in Mexican children. Author(s): Mota-Hernandez F, Calva JJ, Gutierrez-Camacho C, Villa-Contreras S, Arias CF, Padilla-Noriega L, Guiscafre-Gallardo H, de Lourdes Guerrero M, Lopez S, Munoz O, Contreras JF, Cedillo R, Herrera I, Puerto FI. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843057&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus encephalopathy: pathogenesis reviewed. Author(s): Goldwater PN, Rowland K, Thesinger M, Abbott K, Grieve A, Palombo EA, Masendycz PJ, Wilkinson I, Bear J. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2001 April; 37(2): 206-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328483&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus epidemiology and surveillance. Author(s): Desselberger U, Iturriza-Gomara M, Gray JJ. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2001; 238: 125-47; Discussion 147-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444024&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus G and P genotypes in rural Ghana. Author(s): Asmah RH, Green J, Armah GE, Gallimore CI, Gray JJ, Iturriza-Gomara M, Anto F, Oduro A, Binka FN, Brown DW, Cutts F. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001 May; 39(5): 1981-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326029&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus gastroenteritis and central nervous system (CNS) infection: characterization of the VP7 and VP4 genes of rotavirus strains isolated from paired fecal and cerebrospinal fluid samples from a child with CNS disease. Author(s): Iturriza-Gomara M, Auchterlonie IA, Zaw W, Molyneaux P, Desselberger U, Gray J. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4797-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454200&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus infection as cause of tacrolimus elevation in solid-organ-transplanted children. Author(s): Fruhwirth M, Fischer H, Simma B, Hochleitner B, Konigsrainer A, Margreiter R, Ellemunter H. Source: Pediatric Transplantation. 2001 April; 5(2): 88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11328545&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus infection in hospitalised children: incidence and impact on healthcare resources. Author(s): Harrington M, Butler K, Cafferkey M. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 2003 January-March; 172(1): 33-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760462&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus infection stimulates the Cl- reabsorption process across the intestinal brush-border membrane of young rabbits. Author(s): Lorrot M, Martin S, Vasseur M. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 September; 77(17): 9305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915546&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus infections. Author(s): Sampayo EM. Source: Pediatrics in Review / American Academy of Pediatrics. 2003 September; 24(9): 322-3; Discussion 322-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949271&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus infectious particles use lipid rafts during replication for transport to the cell surface in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Cuadras MA, Greenberg HB. Source: Virology. 2003 August 15; 313(1): 308-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12951042&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP4 induces heterotypic antibody responses during natural infection in children. Author(s): Ray P, Malik J, Singh RK, Bhatnagar S, Bahl R, Kumar R, Bhan MK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 June 1; 187(11): 1786-93. Epub 2003 May 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751037&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus particles can survive storage in ambient tropical temperatures for more than 2 months. Author(s): Fischer TK, Steinsland H, Valentiner-Branth P. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 December; 40(12): 4763-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454190&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus type A and other enteric pathogens in stool samples from children with acute diarrhea on the Colombian northern coast. Author(s): Urbina D, Arzuza O, Young G, Parra E, Castro R, Puello M. Source: International Microbiology : the Official Journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 2003 March; 6(1): 27-32. Epub 2003 April 08. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12687410&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. Where do we go from here? Author(s): Dennehy PH, Bresee JS. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 2001 March; 15(1): 189-207, X-Xi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11301815&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus vaccine shows promise. Author(s): Orellana C. Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2003 July; 3(7): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837332&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus-specific B cells induced by recent infection in adults and children predominantly express the intestinal homing receptor alpha4beta7. Author(s): Gonzalez AM, Jaimes MC, Cajiao I, Rojas OL, Cohen J, Pothier P, Kohli E, Butcher EC, Greenberg HB, Angel J, Franco MA. Source: Virology. 2003 January 5; 305(1): 93-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504544&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus-specific subclass antibody and cytokine responses in Bangladeshi children with rotavirus diarrhoea. Author(s): Azim T, Zaki MH, Podder G, Sultana N, Salam MA, Rahman SM, Sefat-eKhuda, Sack DA. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2003 February; 69(2): 286-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12683420&dopt=Abstract
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Second-year follow-up evaluation of live, attenuated human rotavirus vaccine 89-12 in healthy infants. Author(s): Bernstein DI, Sack DA, Reisinger K, Rothstein E, Ward RL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2002 November 15; 186(10): 1487-9. Epub 2002 October 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404166&dopt=Abstract
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Sequential analysis of nonstructural protein NSP4s derived from Group A avian rotaviruses. Author(s): Mori Y, Borgan MA, Ito N, Sugiyama M, Minamoto N. Source: Virus Research. 2002 October; 89(1): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12367757&dopt=Abstract
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Serological survey of anti-group A rotavirus IgM in UK adults. Author(s): Cox MJ, Medley GF. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 2003 August; 131(1): 719-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948372&dopt=Abstract
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Serotyping of human group A rotaviruses in Nara Prefecture, Japan. Author(s): Kitahori Y, Inoue Y, Takebe H, Imai S. Source: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February; 56(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711829&dopt=Abstract
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Short-term immunoglobulin A B-cell memory resides in intestinal lymphoid tissues but not in bone marrow of gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with Wa human rotavirus. Author(s): Yuan L, Geyer A, Saif LJ. Source: Immunology. 2001 June; 103(2): 188-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11412306&dopt=Abstract
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Structural polymorphism of the major capsid protein of rotavirus. Author(s): Lepault J, Petitpas I, Erk I, Navaza J, Bigot D, Dona M, Vachette P, Cohen J, Rey FA. Source: The Embo Journal. 2001 April 2; 20(7): 1498-507. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285214&dopt=Abstract
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Surveillance of rotavirus strains in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1997 to 1999. Author(s): Santos N, Soares CC, Volotao EM, Albuquerque MC, Hoshino Y. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 July; 41(7): 3399-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12843103&dopt=Abstract
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Survival of rotavirus antibody activity derived from bovine colostrum after passage through the human gastrointestinal tract. Author(s): Pacyna J, Siwek K, Terry SJ, Roberton ES, Johnson RB, Davidson GP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 February; 32(2): 162-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11321386&dopt=Abstract
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Susceptibility of human rotavirus to ozone, high pressure, and pulsed electric field. Author(s): Khadre MA, Yousef AE. Source: J Food Prot. 2002 September; 65(9): 1441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12233855&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic and intestinal antibody responses to NSP4 enterotoxin of Wa human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease. Author(s): Iosef C, Chang KO, Azevedo MS, Saif LJ. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 September; 68(1): 119-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210439&dopt=Abstract
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Tetravalent rhesus-human rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) in Belem, Brazil: efficacy against prevailing P and G genotypes. Author(s): Mascarenhas JD, Leite JP, Gabbay YB, Almeida ML, Linhares AC. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2002 October; 48(5): 300-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405173&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus in Vietnam: sentinel surveillance at 6 hospitals. Author(s): Nguyen VM, Nguyen VT, Huynh PL, Dang DT, Nguyen TH, Phan VT, Nguyen TL, Le TL, Ivanoff B, Gentsch JR, Glass RI; Vietnam Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2001 June 15; 183(12): 1707-12. Epub 2001 May 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372022&dopt=Abstract
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The first oral rotavirus vaccine, 1998-1999: estimates of uptake from the National Immunization Survey. Author(s): Smith PJ, Schwartz B, Mokdad A, Bloch AB, McCauley M, Murphy TV. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 2003 March-April; 118(2): 13443. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690067&dopt=Abstract
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The first rotavirus vaccine and intussusception: epidemiological studies and policy decisions. Author(s): Murphy TV, Smith PJ, Gargiullo PM, Schwartz B. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 April 15; 187(8): 1309-13. Epub 2003 Apr 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12696011&dopt=Abstract
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The future of rotavirus vaccines. Author(s): Offit PA. Source: Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2002 July; 13(3): 190-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199615&dopt=Abstract
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The link between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception: implications for vaccine strategies. Author(s): Cale CM, Klein NJ. Source: Gut. 2002 January; 50(1): 11-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772959&dopt=Abstract
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The role of serum antibodies in the protection against rotavirus disease: an overview. Author(s): Jiang B, Gentsch JR, Glass RI. Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2002 May 15; 34(10): 1351-61. Epub 2002 April 22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981731&dopt=Abstract
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The Rotavirus vaccine story. Author(s): White Gobel J. Source: Pediatrics. 2001 July; 108(1): 220. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11452968&dopt=Abstract
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The rotavirus vaccine's withdrawal and physicians' trust in vaccine safety mechanisms. Author(s): McPhillips HA, Davis RL, Marcuse EK, Taylor JA. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 September; 155(9): 1051-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529808&dopt=Abstract
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Transient MR signal changes in the splenium of the corpus callosum in rotavirus encephalopathy: value of diffusion-weighted imaging. Author(s): Kobata R, Tsukahara H, Nakai A, Tanizawa A, Ishimori Y, Kawamura Y, Ushijima H, Mayumi M. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 8258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439323&dopt=Abstract
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Unexpected detection of animal VP7 genes among common rotavirus strains isolated from children in Mexico. Author(s): Laird AR, Ibarra V, Ruiz-Palacios G, Guerrero ML, Glass RI, Gentsch JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 September; 41(9): 4400-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12958276&dopt=Abstract
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Universal rotavirus immunizations: should rotavirus vaccine be recommended for universal use? An affirmative view. Author(s): Zimmerman RK. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 February; 48(2): 146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10037547&dopt=Abstract
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Universal rotavirus immunizations: should rotavirus vaccine be recommended for universal use? An opposing view. Author(s): Ganiats TG. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1999 February; 48(2): 147-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094613&dopt=Abstract
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Unusual diversity of human rotavirus G and P genotypes in India. Author(s): Ramachandran M, Das BK, Vij A, Kumar R, Bhambal SS, Kesari N, Rawat H, Bahl L, Thakur S, Woods PA, Glass RI, Bhan MK, Gentsch JR. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996 February; 34(2): 436-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8789033&dopt=Abstract
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Use of non-radioactive probes for VP4 typing of human rotaviruses. Author(s): Gorrell RJ, Palombo EA. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1996 September; 61(1-2): 59-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8882937&dopt=Abstract
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Use of state hospital discharge data to assess the morbidity from rotavirus diarrhea and to monitor the impact of a rotavirus immunization program: A pilot study in Connecticut. Author(s): Parashar UD, Chung MA, Holman RC, Ryder RW, Hadler JL, Glass RI. Source: Pediatrics. 1999 September; 104(3 Pt 1): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10469774&dopt=Abstract
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Viral proteins VP2, VP6, and NSP2 are strongly precipitated by serum and fecal antibodies from children with rotavirus symptomatic infection. Author(s): Colomina J, Gil MT, Codoner P, Buesa J. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1998 September; 56(1): 58-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9700634&dopt=Abstract
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Virus-like particles as a rotavirus subunit vaccine. Author(s): Conner ME, Zarley CD, Hu B, Parsons S, Drabinski D, Greiner S, Smith R, Jiang B, Corsaro B, Barniak V, Madore HP, Crawford S, Estes MK. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996 September; 174 Suppl 1: S88-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8752296&dopt=Abstract
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VLA-2 (alpha2beta1) integrin promotes rotavirus entry into cells but is not necessary for rotavirus attachment. Author(s): Ciarlet M, Crawford SE, Cheng E, Blutt SE, Rice DA, Bergelson JM, Estes MK. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 February; 76(3): 1109-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773387&dopt=Abstract
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VP4 and VP7 genotyping by reverse transcription-PCR of human rotavirus in mexican children with acute diarrhea. Author(s): Rodriguez Castillo A, Villa AV, Ramirez Gonzalez JE, Mayen Pimentel E, Melo Munguia M, Diaz De Jesus B, Olivera Diaz H, Garcia Lozano H. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 October; 38(10): 3876-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015426&dopt=Abstract
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VP4 and VP7 genotyping of rotavirus samples recovered from infected children in Ireland over a 3-year period. Author(s): O'Mahony J, Foley B, Morgan S, Morgan JG, Hill C. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1999 June; 37(6): 1699-703. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10325310&dopt=Abstract
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VP6 subgroup and VP7 serotype of human rotavirus in Zaria, northern Nigeria. Author(s): Pennap G, Peenze, De Beer M, Pager CT, Kwaga JKP, Ogalla WN, Umoh JU, Steele AD. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2000 December; 46(6): 344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11191145&dopt=Abstract
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VP7 and VP4 genotypes among rotavirus strains recovered from children with gastroenteritis over a 3-year period in Valencia, Spain. Author(s): Buesa J, de Souza CO, Asensi M, Martinez C, Prat J, Gil MT. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2000 June; 16(6): 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11049091&dopt=Abstract
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VP7 and VP4 genotyping of human group A rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Author(s): Arguelles MH, Villegas GA, Castello A, Abrami A, Ghiringhelli PD, Semorile L, Glikmann G. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2000 January; 38(1): 252-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618096&dopt=Abstract
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VP7 gene polymorphism of serotype G9 rotavirus strains and its impact on G genotype determination by PCR. Author(s): Santos N, Volotao EM, Soares CC, Albuquerque MC, da Silva FM, Chizhikov V, Hoshino Y. Source: Virus Research. 2003 May; 93(1): 127-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727352&dopt=Abstract
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VP7 gene polymorphism of serotype G9 rotavirus strains and its impact on G genotype determination by PCR. Author(s): Santos N, Volotao EM, Soares CC, Albuquerque MC, da Silva FM, Chizhikov V, Hoshino Y. Source: Virus Research. 2002 December; 90(1-2): 1-14. Corrected and Republished In: Virus Res 2003 May; 93(1): 127-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457958&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ROTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and rotavirus.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Rotavirus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “rotavirus” (or a synonym): •
Effect of heat treatment on anti-rotavirus activity of bovine colostrum. Author(s): Tecnologia y Bioquimica de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, E-50013 Zaragoza (Spain) Source: Mainer, G. Dominguez, E. Randrup, M. Sanchez, L. Calvo, M. Journal-of-DairyResearch (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 66(1) page 131-137.
Additional physician-oriented references include: •
A comparison of the VP7 gene sequences of human and bovine rotaviruses. Source: Gerna, G. Steele, A.D. Hoshino, Y. Sereno, M. Garcia, D. Sarasini, A. Flores, J. Jgen-virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. July 1994. volume 75 (pt.7) page 1781-1784. 0022-1317
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A hypothesis about the mechanism of assembly of double-shelled rotavirus particles. Source: Suzuki, H. Viral gastroenteritis /. Wien; New York : Springer, c1996. page 79-85. ISBN: 3211828753 (cloth : alk paper)
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A rapid method to produce high yields of purified rotavirus particles. Author(s): Centro de Virologia Animal (CEVAN), Serrano 669, (1414) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Source: Villegas, Guillermo Adolfo Arguelles, Marcelo Horacio Castello, Alejandro Andres Mas, Neus Jimenez Glikmann, Graciela J-Virol-Methods. 2002 June; 104(1): 9-19 0166-0934
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A VP4 sequence highly conserved in human rotavirus strain AU-1 and feline rotavirus strain FRV-1. Source: Isegawa, Y. Nakagomi, O. Nakagomi, T. Ueda, S. J-Gen-Virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. August 1992. volume 78 (pt.8) page 1939-1946. 0022-1317
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An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4467, USA. Source: Clark, K J Grant, P G Sarr, A B Belakere, J R Swaggerty, C L Phillips, T D Woode, G N Vet-Microbiol. 1998 October; 63(2-4): 147-57 0378-1135
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Analysis of rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP5 phosphorylation. Author(s): Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Blackhall, J Munoz, M Fuentes, A Magnusson, G J-Virol. 1998 August; 72(8): 6398-405 0022-538X
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Antibodies to rotavirus outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 neutralize infectivity by inhibiting virion decapsidation. Author(s): Centro de Microbiologia. Centro de Biofisica y Bioquimica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
[email protected] Source: Ludert, Juan Ernesto Ruiz, Marie Christine Hidalgo, Carlos Liprandi, Ferdinando J-Virol. 2002 July; 76(13): 6643-51 0022-538X
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Antirotaviral activity of milk proteins: lactoferrin prevents rotavirus infection in the enterocyte-like cell line HT-29. Author(s): Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Superti, F Ammendolia, M G Valenti, P Seganti, L Med-Microbiol-Immunol(Berl). 1997 October; 186(2-3): 83-91 0300-8584
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Antiviral activity of bovine collectins against rotaviruses. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. Source: Reading, P C Holmskov, U Anders, E M J-Gen-Virol. 1998 September; 79 ( Pt 9)2255-63 0022-1317
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Atomic structure of the major capsid protein of rotavirus: implications for the architecture of the virion. Author(s): Laboratoire de Genetique des Virus, CNRS-UPR 9053 1, Avenue de la Terrasse Batiment 14C, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. Source: Mathieu, M Petitpas, I Navaza, J Lepault, J Kohli, E Pothier, P Prasad, B V Cohen, J Rey, F A EMBO-J. 2001 April 2; 20(7): 1485-97 0261-4189
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Bovine rotavirus segment 5 protein expressed in the baculovirus system interacts with zinc and RNA. Source: Brottier, P. Nandi, P. Bremont, M. Cohen, J. J-Gen-Virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. August 1992. volume 78 (pt.8) page 1931-1938. 0022-1317
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Characterization of a membrane calcium pathway induced by rotavirus infection in cultured cells. Author(s): Laboratorio de Fisiologia Gastrointestinal, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Source: Perez, J F Ruiz, M C Chemello, M E Michelangeli, F J-Virol. 1999 March; 73(3): 2481-90 0022-538X
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Comparative amino acid sequence of the major outer capsid protein (VP7) of porcine rotaviruses with G3 and G5 serotype specificities isolated in Venezuela and Argentina. Source: Ciarlet, M. Ludert, J.E. Liprandi, F. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag. 1995. volume 140 (3) page 437-451. 0304-8608
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Comparative analysis of the VP3 gene of divergent strains of the rotaviruses simian SA11 and bovine Nebraska calf diarrhea virus. Source: Nishikawa, K. Taniguchi, K. Torres, A. Hoshino, Y. Green, K. Kapikian, A.Z. Chanock, R.M. Gorziglia, M. J-Virol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. November 1988. volume 62 (11) page 4022-4026. ill. 0022-538X
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Comparative nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analysis of VP7 gene of the NCDV Cody (I-801) strain of group A bovine rotavirus. Source: Chang, K.O. Parwani, A.V. Saif, L.J. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag. 1995. volume 140 (7) page 1279-1283. 0304-8608
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Comparison of poly(acryl starch) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres as drug delivery system for a rotavirus vaccine. Author(s): Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden. Source: Sturesson, C Degling Wikingsson, L J-Control-Release. 2000 September 3; 68(3): 441-50 0168-3659
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Development of antirotavirus agents in Asia. Author(s): Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International, Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. Source: Gu, Y Gu, Q Kodama, H Mueller, W E Ushijima, H Pediatr-Int. 2000 August; 42(4): 440-7 1328-8067
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Effect of breast-feeding on morbidity in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Source: Weinberg, Robert J. Tipton, Gary Klish, William J. Brown, Marilyn R. Pediatrics. Elk Grove Village, Ill. : American Academy of Pediatrics. August 1984. volume 74 (2) page 250-253. ill. 0031-4005
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Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Italy. Source: Mastretta, E Longo, P Laccisaglia, A Balbo, L Russo, R Mazzaccara, A Gianino, P J-Pediatr-Gastroenterol-Nutr. 2002 October; 35(4): 527-31 0277-2116
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Effects of environmental and dietary factors on human rotavirus infection in gnotobiotic piglets. Source: Steel, R.B. Torres Medina, A. Infect-Immun. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. March 1984. volume 43 (3) page 906-911. ill. 0019-9567
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Effects of maternal antibodies on protection and development of antibody responses to human rotavirus in gnotobiotic pigs. Author(s): Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691-4096, USA. Source: Hodgins, D C Kang, S Y deArriba, L Parreno, V Ward, L A Yuan, L To, T Saif, L J J-Virol. 1999 January; 73(1): 186-97 0022-538X
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Enhancement of rotavirus infectivity by saturated fatty acids. Author(s): Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. Source: Superti, F Marziano, M L Donelli, G Marchetti, M Seganti, L Comp-ImmunolMicrobiol-Infect-Dis. 1995 February; 18(2): 129-35 0147-9571
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Experimental rotavirus diarrhoea in colostrum-deprived newborn calves: assay to treatment by administration of bacterially produced human interferon (Hu-IFN alpha 2). Source: Schwers, A. Broecke, C. vanden Maenhoudt, M. Beduin, J.M. Werenne, J. Pastoret, P.P. Ann-Rech-Vet-Ann-Vet-Res. Paris : Un Periodique de L'institue national de la recherche agronomique. 1985. volume 16 (3) page 213-218. 0003-4193
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Functional analysis of the heterologous NSP1 genes in the genetic background of simian rotavirus SA11. Source: Okada, J. Kobayashi, N. Taniguchi, K. Shiomi, H. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag. 1999. volume 144 (7) page 1439-1449. 0304-8608
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Human and most animal rotavirus strains do not require the presence of sialic acid on the cell surface for efficient infectivity. Author(s): Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Mailstop 739E, Houston, TX 77030 (USA) Source: Ciarlet, M. Estes, M.K. Journal-of-General-Virology (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 80(4) page 943-948. pathogenicity rotavirus animals mankind amino sugars adsorption
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Immune responses in rhesus rotavirus-challenged BALB/c mice treated with bifidobacteria and prebiotic supplements. Author(s): Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, Kaleida Health, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14222, USA. Source: Qiao, haiping Duffy, L C Griffiths, E Dryja, D Leavens, A Rossman, J Rich, G Riepenhoff Talty, M Locniskar, M Pediatr-Res. 2002 June; 51(6): 750-5 0031-3998
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Immunogenicity, antigenicity, and protection efficacy of baculovirus expressed VP4 trypsin cleavage products, VP5(1)* and VP8* from rhesus rotavirus. Source: Dunn, S.J. Fiore, L. Werner, R.L. Cross, T.L. Broome, R.L. Ruggeri, F.M. Greenberg, H.B. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag. 1995. volume 140 (11) page 1969-1978. 0304-8608
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Influence of calcium on the early steps of rotavirus infection. Author(s): Departamento de Genetica y Fisiologia Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca, 62250, Mexico. Source: Pando, Victoria Isa, Pavel Arias, Carlos F Lopez, Susana Virology. 2002 March 30; 295(1): 190-200 0042-6822
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Influence of soybean trypsin inhibitor on small bowel enzyme activities during rotavirus infection in malnourished infant mice. Source: Katyal, R. Rana, S. Vaiphei, K. Ojha, S. Singh, K. Singh, V. Ann-nutr-metab. Basel; New York : Karger, 1981-. Sept/December 2000. volume 44 (5/6) page 198-206. 0250-6807
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Inhibition of rotavirus and enterovirus infections by tea extracts. Author(s): Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Mukoyama, A Ushijima, H Nishimura, S Koike, H Toda, M Hara, Y Shimamura, T Jpn-J-Med-Sci-Biol. 1991 August; 44(4): 181-6 0021-5112
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Inhibitory effect of herbal medicines on rotavirus infectivity. Author(s): College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. Source: Kim, D H Song, M J Bae, E A Han, M J Biol-Pharm-Bull. 2000 March; 23(3): 356-8 0918-6158
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Integrins alpha2beta1 and alpha4beta1 can mediate SA11 rotavirus attachment and entry into cells. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia. Source: Hewish, M J Takada, Y Coulson, B S J-Virol. 2000 January; 74(1): 228-36 0022538X
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International variation in disease burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children with community- and nosocomially acquired infection. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
[email protected] Source: Fruhwirth, M Heininger, U Ehlken, B Petersen, G Laubereau, B Moll Schuler, I Mutz, I Forster, J Pediatr-Infect-Dis-J. 2001 August; 20(8): 784-91 0891-3668
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Involvement of bovine lactoferrin metal saturation, sialic acid and protein fragments in the inhibition of rotavirus infection. Author(s): Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. Source: Superti, F Siciliano, R Rega, B Giansanti, F Valenti, P Antonini, G BiochimBiophys-Acta. 2001 October 3; 1528(2-3): 107-15 0006-3002
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Mapping of the target antigens of the rotavirus-specific cytotoxic T cell response. Source: Heath, R.R. Stagg, S. Xu, F. McCrae, M.A. J-gen-virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. May 1997. volume 78 (pt. 5) page 1065-1075. 0022-1317
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Minimal infective dose of the OSU strain of porcine rotavirus. Source: Payment, P. Morin, E. Arch-Virol. Wien : Springer-Verlag. 1990. volume 112 (3/4) page 277-282. 0304-8608
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Molecular and antigenic analyses of serotypes 8 and 10 of bovine rotaviruses in Thailand. Source: Taniguchi, K. Urasawa, T. Pongsuwanna, Y. Choonthanom, M. Jayavasu, C. Urasawa, S. J-Gen-Virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. December 1991. volume 72 (pt.12) page 2929-2937. 0022-1317
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Molecular biology of rotaviruses. IX. Conservation and divergence in genome segment 5. Source: Xu, L. Tian, Y. Tarlow, O. Harbour, D. McCrae, M.A. J-gen-virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. December 1994. volume 75 (pt.12) page 3413-3421. 0022-1317
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Neonatal hypocalcaemia associated with rotavirus diarrhoea. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, University of Ulm, Germany. Source: Foldenauer, A Vossbeck, S Pohlandt, F Eur-J-Pediatr. 1998 October; 157(10): 83842 0340-6199
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NSP4 enterotoxin of rotavirus induces paracellular leakage in polarized epithelial cells. Author(s): Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Health and Environment, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden. Source: Tafazoli, F Zeng, C Q Estes, M K Magnusson, K E Svensson, L J-Virol. 2001 February; 75(3): 1540-6 0022-538X
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Phorbol dibutyrate-induced megakaryocytic differentiation increases susceptibility of K562 cells to SA11 rotavirus infection. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Source: Sanders, G M Hewish, M J Coulson, B S Arch-Virol. 2001; 146(9): 1831-40 03048608
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Preliminary characterization of an inhibitory activity of fetal bovine serum on the infectivity of rotavirus strain SA-11. Source: Debiaggi, M Cereda, P M Pagani, L Romero, E Microbiologica. 1987 July; 10(3): 257-63 0391-5352
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Prevalence of, and antigenic variation in, serotype G10 rotaviruses and detection of serotype G3 strains in diarrheic calves: implications for the origin G10p11 or P11 type reassortant asymptomatic strains in newborn children in India. Source: Varshney, B. Jagannath, M.R. Vethanayagam, R.R. Kodhandharaman, S. Jagannath, H.V. Gowda, K. Singh, D.K. Rao, C.D. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : SpringerVerlag. 2002. volume 147 (1) page 143-165. 0304-8608
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Probiotic treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces weanling diarrhea associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli infection in a piglet model. Author(s): Milk & Health Research Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Source: Shu, Q Qu, F Gill, H S J-Pediatr-Gastroenterol-Nutr. 2001 August; 33(2): 171-7 0277-2116
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Production of immunogenic VP6 protein of bovine group A rotavirus in transgenic potato plants. Author(s): National Institute of Advanced Industrial and Science Technology, Sapporo, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Matsumura, T Itchoda, N Tsunemitsu, H Arch-Virol. 2002 June; 147(6): 1263-70 0304-8608
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Prophylaxis of rotavirus gastroenteritis using immunoglobulin. Author(s): Division of Immunology, Research Institute Miyagi Cancer Center, Japan. Source: Ebina, T Arch-Virol-Suppl. 1996; 12217-23 0939-1983
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Protective efficacy of a sulfated sialyl lipid (NMSO3) against human rotavirusinduced diarrhea in a mouse model. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
[email protected] Source: Takahashi, Kazuo Ohashi, Kazutaka Abe, Yurika Mori, Shuichi Taniguchi, Koki Ebina, Takusaburo Nakagomi, Osamu Terada, Masaki Shigeta, Shiro AntimicrobAgents-Chemother. 2002 February; 46(2): 420-4 0066-4804
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Reduction of rotavirus infection in children receiving bifidobacteria-supplemented formula. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Phuapradit, P Varavithya, W Vathanophas, K Sangchai, R Podhipak, A Suthutvoravut, U Nopchinda, S Chantraruksa, V Haschke, F J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 1999 November; 82 Suppl 1S43-8 0125-2208
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Rotavirus gene detection with biotinylated single-stranded RNA probes. Author(s): Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030. Source: Bellinzoni, R Xi, J A Tanaka, T N Scodeller, E Estes, M K Mol-Cell-Probes. 1989 September; 3(3): 233-44 0890-8508
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Rotavirus interaction with isolated membrane vesicles. Author(s): Centre de Recherche sur l'Endocrinologie Moleculaire et le Developpement, Centre Nationale de le Recherche Schientifique, Meudon, France. Source: Ruiz, M C Alonso Torre, S R Charpilienne, A Vasseur, M Michelangeli, F Cohen, J Alvarado, F J-Virol. 1994 June; 68(6): 4009-16 0022-538X
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Rotavirus-specific protein synthesis is not necessary for recognition of infected cells by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Author(s): Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104. Source: Offit, P A Greenberg, H B Dudzik, K I J-Virol. 1989 August; 63(8): 3279-83 0022538X
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Selective depletion of stored calcium by thapsigargin blocks rotavirus maturation but not the cytopathic effect. Author(s): Laboratorio de Fisiologia Gastrointestinal, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas, Caracas, Venezuela. Source: Michelangeli, F Liprandi, F Chemello, M E Ciarlet, M Ruiz, M C J-Virol. 1995 June; 69(6): 3838-47 0022-538X
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Sequence comparison of the VP7 gene encoding the outer capsid glycoprotein among animal and human group C rotaviruses. Source: Tsunemitsu, H. Jiang, B. Saif, L.J. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : Springer-Verlag. 1996. volume 141 (3/4) page 705-713. 0304-8608
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Serotypic differentiation of rotaviruses in field samples from diarrheic pigs by using nucleic acid probes specific for porcine VP4 and human and porcine VP7 genes. Source: Rosen, B.I. Parwani, A.V. Lopez, S. Flores, J. Saif, L.J. J-clin-microbiol. Washington : American Society for Microbiology,. February 1994. volume 32 (2) page 311-317. 0095-1137
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Similarity of the outer capsid protein VP4 of the Gottfried strain of porcine rotavirus to that of asymptomatic human rotavirus strains. Source: Gorziglia, M. Nishikawa, K. Hoshino, Y. Taniguchi, K. J-Virol. Washington, D.C. : American Society for Microbiology. January 1990. volume 64 (1) page 414-418. ill. 0022538X
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Species-specific and interspecies relatedness of NSP1 sequences in human, porcine, bovine, feline, and equine rotavirus strains. Source: Kojima, K. Taniguchi, K. Kobayashi, N. Arch-virol. Wien, Austria : SpringerVerlag. 1996. volume 141 (1) page 1-12. 0304-8608
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Subunit rotavirus vaccine administered parenterally to rabbits induces active protective immunity. Author(s): Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Ciarlet, M Crawford, S E Barone, C Bertolotti Ciarlet, A Ramig, R F Estes, M K Conner, M E J-Virol. 1998 November; 72(11): 9233-46 0022-538X
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T-cell epitopes in type 1 diabetes autoantigen tyrosine phosphatase IA-2: potential for mimicry with rotavirus and other environmental agents. Author(s): Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Honeyman, M C Stone, N L Harrison, L C Mol-Med. 1998 April; 4(4): 231-9 10761551
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The authentic sequence of rotavirus SA11 nonstructural protein NSP4. Author(s): Viral Vaccine Research, Wyeth-Lederle Vaccines, Building 180/216-16, 401 North Middleton Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
[email protected] Source: Tian, P Ottaiano, A Reilly, P A Udem, S Zamb, T Virus-Res. 2000 February; 66(2): 117-22 0168-1702
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The rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein NSP4 mobilizes Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. Author(s): Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Tian, P Estes, M K Hu, Y Ball, J M Zeng, C Q Schilling, W P J-Virol. 1995 September; 69(9): 5763-72 0022-538X
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Three-step isolation method for sensitive detection of enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and small round structured viruses in water samples. Source: Gilgen, M. Germann, D. Luthy, J. Hubner, P. Int-j-food-microbiol. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science B.V. July 22, 1997. volume 37 (2/3) page 189-199. 0168-1605
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Treatment of rotavirus infection in neonate and weanling pigs using natural human interferon alpha. Author(s): Department of Animal Science and Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Source: Lecce, J G Cummins, J M Richards, A B Mol-Biother. 1990 December; 2(4): 211-6 0952-8172
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Two proline residues are essential in the calcium-binding activity of rotavirus VP7 outer capsid protein. Author(s): Laboratoire de Virologie et Immunologie Moleculaires, INRA, C.R.J., Domaine de Vilvert, France. Source: Gajardo, R Vende, P Poncet, D Cohen, J J-Virol. 1997 March; 71(3): 2211-6 0022538X
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VP6 from porcine rotavirus strain CN86: amino acid sequence divergence with conservation of subgroup II specificity. Source: Gonzalez, S.A. Tomasini, L. Tortorici, M.A. Affranchino, J.L. J-gen-virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. January 1995. volume 76 (pt.1) page 221224. 0022-1317
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ROTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to rotavirus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to rotavirus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to rotavirus: •
A new immune complex dot assay for detection of rotavirus antigen in faeces. Author(s): Wu BR, Mahony JB, Chernesky MA. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1990 August; 29(2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2176662&dopt=Abstract
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Activation of rotavirus RNA polymerase by calcium chelation. Author(s): Cohen J, Laporte J, Charpilienne A, Scherrer R. Source: Archives of Virology. 1979; 60(3-4): 177-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=41504&dopt=Abstract
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Adherence of probiotic bacteria to human intestinal mucus in healthy infants and during rotavirus infection. Author(s): Juntunen M, Kirjavainen PV, Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Isolauri E.
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Source: Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 2001 March; 8(2): 293-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11238211&dopt=Abstract •
An improved enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rotavirus in faeces of neonates. Author(s): Coulson BS, Holmes IH. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1984 May; 8(3): 165-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6086688&dopt=Abstract
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An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections. Author(s): Clark KJ, Grant PG, Sarr AB, Belakere JR, Swaggerty CL, Phillips TD, Woode GN. Source: Veterinary Microbiology. 1998 October; 63(2-4): 147-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850995&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of anti-rotavirus activity of extract from Stevia rebaudiana. Author(s): Takahashi K, Matsuda M, Ohashi K, Taniguchi K, Nakagomi O, Abe Y, Mori S, Sato N, Okutani K, Shigeta S. Source: Antiviral Research. 2001 January; 49(1): 15-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166857&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of the structural polypeptides of a porcine group C rotavirus. Author(s): Bremont M, Cohen J, McCrae MA. Source: Journal of Virology. 1988 June; 62(6): 2183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2835518&dopt=Abstract
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Antibodies to rotavirus outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 neutralize infectivity by inhibiting virion decapsidation. Author(s): Ludert JE, Ruiz MC, Hidalgo C, Liprandi F. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 July; 76(13): 6643-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050377&dopt=Abstract
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Antiviral activity of bovine collectins against rotaviruses. Author(s): Reading PC, Holmskov U, Anders EM. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1998 September; 79 ( Pt 9): 2255-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9747736&dopt=Abstract
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Biochemical characterization of the structural and nonstructural polypeptides of a porcine group C rotavirus. Author(s): Jiang BM, Saif LJ, Kang SY, Kim JH.
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Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 July; 64(7): 3171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2161936&dopt=Abstract •
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human group B rotavirus and their use in an antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Burns JW, Welch SK, Nakata S, Estes MK. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989 February; 27(2): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2536755&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of rotavirus VP2 particles. Author(s): Zeng CQ, Labbe M, Cohen J, Prasad BV, Chen D, Ramig RF, Estes MK. Source: Virology. 1994 May 15; 201(1): 55-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178489&dopt=Abstract
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Cloning sequencing and expression of the gene encoding the VP2 protein of the human group B rotavirus, ADRV. Author(s): Mackow ER, Fay ME, Shaw R, Tao H, Chen G. Source: Virology. 1994 May 15; 201(1): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178482&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative study on the mechanisms of rotavirus inactivation by sodium dodecyl sulfate and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Author(s): Ward RL, Ashley CS. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1980 June; 39(6): 1148-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6250474&dopt=Abstract
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Development of antirotavirus agents in Asia. Author(s): Gu Y, Gu Q, Kodama H, Mueller WE, Ushijima H. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2000 August; 42(4): 440-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10986884&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of clioquinol, an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative, on rotavirus infection in mice. Author(s): Bednarz-Prashad AJ, John EI. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1983 September; 148(3): 613. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6225809&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of enzymes on rotavirus infectivity. Author(s): Barnett BB, Spendlove RS, Clark ML. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1979 July; 10(1): 111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=227917&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. Author(s): Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R, Mazzaccara A, Gianino P. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2002 October; 35(4): 527-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394379&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of oral administration of tormentil root extract (Potentilla tormentilla) on rotavirus diarrhea in children: a randomized, double blind, controlled trial. Author(s): Subbotina MD, Timchenko VN, Vorobyov MM, Konunova YS, Aleksandrovih YS, Shushunov S. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2003 August; 22(8): 706-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12913771&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of S-adenosylmethionine on human rotavirus RNA synthesis. Author(s): Spencer E, Garcia BI. Source: Journal of Virology. 1984 October; 52(1): 188-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6090696&dopt=Abstract
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays based on polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for rotavirus detection. Author(s): Beards GM, Campbell AD, Cottrell NR, Peiris JS, Rees N, Sanders RC, Shirley JA, Wood HC, Flewett TH. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1984 February; 19(2): 248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6321549&dopt=Abstract
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Expression of the major inner capsid protein of the group B rotavirus ADRV: primary characterization of genome segment 5. Author(s): Chen GM, Werner-Eckert R, Tao H, Mackow ER. Source: Virology. 1991 June; 182(2): 820-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1850929&dopt=Abstract
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Food supplementation with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 protects suckling rats from rotavirus-associated diarrhea. Author(s): Guerin-Danan C, Meslin JC, Chambard A, Charpilienne A, Relano P, Bouley C, Cohen J, Andrieux C. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2001 January; 131(1): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11208946&dopt=Abstract
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Further investigation on the mode of entry of human rotavirus into cells. Author(s): Suzuki H, Kitaoka S, Sato T, Konno T, Iwasaki Y, Numazaki Y, Ishida N.
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Source: Archives of Virology. 1986; 91(1-2): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3019279&dopt=Abstract •
Identification and baculovirus expression of the VP4 protein of the human group B rotavirus ADRV. Author(s): Mackow ER, Werner-Eckert R, Fay ME, Tao H, Chen G. Source: Journal of Virology. 1993 May; 67(5): 2730-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8386274&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro inhibitory effect of some flavonoids on rotavirus infectivity. Author(s): Bae EA, Han MJ, Lee M, Kim DH. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 September; 23(9): 1122-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10993220&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro transcription of human pararotavirus. Author(s): Jashes M, Sandino AM, Faundez G, Avendano LF, Spencer E. Source: Journal of Virology. 1986 January; 57(1): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3001343&dopt=Abstract
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Infantile rotavirus enteritis treated with herbal Valeriana jatamansi (VJ). Author(s): Chen SD, Xie XL, Du BN, Su QH, Wei QD, Wang YQ, Li HL, Wang ZG, Wang YH, Cheng SJ, et al. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 December; 4(4): 297-300. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6570505&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of soybean trypsin inhibitor on small bowel enzyme activities during rotavirus infection in malnourished infant mice. Author(s): Katyal R, Rana S, Vaiphei K, Ojha S, Singh K, Singh V. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2000; 44(5-6): 198-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146324&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of rotavirus and enterovirus infections by tea extracts. Author(s): Mukoyama A, Ushijima H, Nishimura S, Koike H, Toda M, Hara Y, Shimamura T. Source: Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1991 August; 44(4): 181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1668240&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory effect of herbal medicines on rotavirus infectivity. Author(s): Kim DH, Song MJ, Bae EA, Han MJ. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2000 March; 23(3): 356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10726895&dopt=Abstract
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Liquid diets fed hourly to pigs weaned at 19 days of age and exposed to rotavirus (weanling diarrhea). Author(s): Lecce JG, Dorsey WE, Armstrong WD, Jones EE, Linnerud AC. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1985 November; 61(5): 1043-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4077748&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of a rotaviruslike virus isolated from striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Author(s): Samal SK, Dopazo CP, McPhillips TH, Baya A, Mohanty SB, Hetrick FM. Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 November; 64(11): 5235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2170670&dopt=Abstract
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Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from cows immunized with recombinant SA11 rotavirus core-like particle (CLP) or virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Author(s): Fernandez FM, Conner ME, Hodgins DC, Parwani AV, Nielsen PR, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Saif LJ. Source: Vaccine. 1998 March; 16(5): 507-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491505&dopt=Abstract
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Probiotic treatment using Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 reduces weanling diarrhea associated with rotavirus and Escherichia coli infection in a piglet model. Author(s): Shu Q, Qu F, Gill HS. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2001 August; 33(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568519&dopt=Abstract
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Prophylaxis of rotavirus gastroenteritis using immunoglobulin. Author(s): Ebina T. Source: Arch Virol Suppl. 1996; 12: 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9015118&dopt=Abstract
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Protease inhibitors prevent the development of human rotavirus-induced diarrhea in suckling mice. Author(s): Ebina T, Tsukada K. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1991; 35(7): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1723785&dopt=Abstract
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Protection of agammaglobulinemic piglets from porcine rotavirus infection by antibody against simian rotavirus SA-11. Author(s): Lecce JG, Leary HL Jr, Clarke DA, Batema RP. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991 July; 29(7): 1382-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1653265&dopt=Abstract
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Protective efficacy of trypsin inhibitor on the the gut following rotavirus infection in malnourished infant mice. Author(s): Katyal R, Ojha S, Rana SV, Vaiphie K, Singh K, Singh V. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1999; 43(5): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10749032&dopt=Abstract
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Purification and characterization of adult diarrhea rotavirus: identification of viral structural proteins. Author(s): Fang ZY, Glass RI, Penaranda M, Dong H, Monroe SS, Wen L, Estes MK, Eiden J, Yolken RH, Saif L, et al. Source: Journal of Virology. 1989 May; 63(5): 2191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2539512&dopt=Abstract
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Purification of the IDIR strain of group B rotavirus and identification of viral structural proteins. Author(s): Vonderfecht SL, Schemmer JK. Source: Virology. 1993 May; 194(1): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8386876&dopt=Abstract
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Purified recombinant rotavirus VP7 forms soluble, calcium-dependent trimers. Author(s): Dormitzer PR, Greenberg HB, Harrison SC. Source: Virology. 2000 November 25; 277(2): 420-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11080489&dopt=Abstract
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Reduction of rotavirus infection in children receiving bifidobacteria-supplemented formula. Author(s): Phuapradit P, Varavithya W, Vathanophas K, Sangchai R, Podhipak A, Suthutvoravut U, Nopchinda S, Chantraruksa V, Haschke F. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1999 November; 82 Suppl 1: S43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10730517&dopt=Abstract
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Rescue of infectivity by in vitro transcapsidation of rotavirus single-shelled particles. Author(s): Chen D, Ramig RF. Source: Virology. 1993 February; 192(2): 422-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8380659&dopt=Abstract
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Rescue of infectivity by sequential in vitro transcapsidation of rotavirus core particles with inner capsid and outer capsid proteins. Author(s): Chen D, Ramig RF. Source: Virology. 1993 June; 194(2): 743-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8389080&dopt=Abstract
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Ribonucleic acid polymerase activity associated with purified calf rotavirus. Author(s): Cohen J. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1977 September; 36(3): 395-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=21225&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus 993/83, isolated from calf faeces, closely resembles an avian rotavirus. Author(s): Brussow H, Nakagomi O, Minamoto N, Eichhorn W. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1992 July; 73 ( Pt 7): 1873-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1321221&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus encephalitis mimicking afebrile benign convulsions in infants. Author(s): Hongou K, Konishi T, Yagi S, Araki K, Miyawaki T. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 1998 April; 18(4): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588535&dopt=Abstract
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Rotavirus-induced fusion from without in tissue culture cells. Author(s): Falconer MM, Gilbert JM, Roper AM, Greenberg HB, Gavora JS. Source: Journal of Virology. 1995 September; 69(9): 5582-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7637004&dopt=Abstract
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Sialic acid dependence and independence of group A rotaviruses. Author(s): Kuhlenschmidt TB, Hanafin WP, Gelberg HB, Kuhlenschmidt MS. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1999; 473: 309-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659372&dopt=Abstract
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Soybean trypsin inhibitor confers protection against rotavirus infection in infant mice. Author(s): Katyal R, Rana SV, Ojha S, Vaiphei K, Singh V, Singh K. Source: Trop Gastroenterol. 2001 October-December; 22(4): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963327&dopt=Abstract
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Take of rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent rotavirus vaccine in breast-fed infants. Author(s): Ceyhan M, Kanra G, Secmeer G, Midthun K, Davidson BL, Zito ET, Vesikari T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1993 March; 82(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8388275&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of divalent cations on the stability of human rotavirus. Author(s): Shirley JA, Beards GM, Thouless ME, Flewett TH. Source: Archives of Virology. 1981; 67(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6263223&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of rotavirus infection in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri yunalis) with herbal Valeriana jatamansi (VJ). Author(s): Pang QF, Wan XB, Chen SD, Xie XL. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 1984 December; 4(4): 301-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6570506&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to rotavirus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Herbs and Supplements Acidophilus and Other Probiotics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Bovine Colostrum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colostrum Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ROTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to rotavirus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “rotavirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on rotavirus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Rotavirus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to rotavirus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Bovine Rotavirus Cell Interaction by Carpio, Manuel M; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK49156
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Induction and Characterization of Specific Immunoglobulins in Hens' Egg Yolk against Recombinant Human Rotavirus Subunit Protein Vp8* by Kovacs-Nolan, Jennifer Angela; MSC from University of Guelph (Canada), 2002, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ65948
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Structural Studies of Rotavirus Nonstructural Protein 3: Recognition Ofeif4g and Viralmrna by Groft, Caroline Margaret; PhD from The Rockefeller University, 2003, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078507
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The Rotavirus of Neonatal Calf Diarrhea: Some Parameters of Pathogenesis and Diagnosis by Mohammed, Khalid A; PhD from The University of Saskatchewan (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK36933
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Viral Infection and Primate Evolution with Special Reference to the Reoviridae (Reovirus, Rotavirus) by Hrdy, Daniel Bruce, PhD from Harvard University, 1984, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419448
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ROTAVIRUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “rotavirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on rotavirus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Rotavirus By performing a patent search focusing on rotavirus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on rotavirus: •
Acid-functionalized saccharides as polyvalent anti-infectives Inventor(s): Garigapati; Venkata R. (Waltham, MA), Mandeville, III; W. Harry (Lynnfield, MA) Assignee(s): GelTex Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Waltham, MA) Patent Number: 5,700,458 Date filed: September 20, 1996 Abstract: The present invention includes polymerizable monomers comprising an acidfunctionalized glycoside moiety. In one embodiment, the monomer has a polymerizable functional group, such as an olefinic bond, to which the acid-functionalized glycoside moiety is attached by a spacer group, for example, an alkylene group, or an alkylene group wherein one or more carbon atoms are substituted by heteroatoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atoms.The present invention also includes polymers comprising one or more acid-functionalized glycoside moieties, such as pendant acidfunctionalized glycoside moieties, which can inhibit or prevent rotavirus infection in a mammal. Such a polymer can comprise, for example, a monomer of the present invention. The polymer can be a homopolymer or a copolymer, and can have, for example, a polyacrylamide, polyacrylate or polystyrene backbone.In another embodiment, the present invention comprises a method for treating a rotaviral infection in a mammal, for example, a human, by administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a polymer comprising one or more glycoside moieties, such as pendant glycoside moieties. The polymer can be a homopolymer or a copolymer. In one embodiment, the polymer is a copolymer which comprises an acid-functionalized glycoside-bearing monomer and acrylamide. Excerpt(s): The infection of a host cell by a microbe, such as a virus, a bacterium or a protozoan, proceeds via initial attachment of the microbe to the host cell surface. This process is mediated by relatively weak attractive interactions between adhesion molecules on the surfaces of the microbe and the host cell. In general, microbe-host cell attachment is the product of a multiplicity of such interactions, via what has been referred to as the polyvalent effect. One well-studied example of such a process is the attachment of the influenza A virus to mammalian epithelial cells, which results from interaction of terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid groups of glycolipids and glycoproteins on the host cell surface with the attachment glycoprotein hemagglutinin on the viral surface. The growing problem of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics and the paucity of effective antiviral agents both point to the need for new approaches to the treatment of microbial infections. The attachment step is an attractive target for such a treatment, and much activity has focused on the development of N-acetylneuraminic acid-containing compounds capable of binding to viral hemagglutinin, thus inhibiting vital attachment to host cells. Studies have demonstrated that polyvalent compounds, such as polymers bearing pendant N-acetylneuraminic acid groups, bind influenza virus with association constants which are several orders of magnitude higher than those of monomeric N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives. To date, no polyvalent Nacetylneuraminic acid containing compounds are in clinical use for treatment or prevention of influenza. A disadvantage of N-acetylneuraminic acid-functionalized compounds as therapeutic agents for the treatment of infection by influenza A virus and, possibly, other microbes, is the great expense of this sugar. In addition, the
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influenza virus has at its surface the enzyme neuramidinase, which cleaves Nacetylneuraminic acid moieties from such molecules, eventually destroying their ability to bind the virus. There is, thus, a need for inhibitors of microbial attachment to mammalian cells which have an improved effective lifetime, are readily prepared from inexpensive starting materials and have a broad spectrum of activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05700458__ •
Anti-diarrheic product and method of treating rotavirus-associated infection Inventor(s): Newburg; David S. (Newtonville, MA), Peterson; Jerry A. (Lafayette, CA), Yolken; Robert H. (Baltimore, MD) Assignee(s): Cancer Research Fund of Contra Costa (Walnut Creek, CA), Senomed, Inc. (Walnut Creek, CA), The Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 5,505,955 Date filed: January 23, 1995 Abstract: An anti-diarrheic product comprises a foodstuff and an anti-rotaviral agent such as human defatted fat globule membranes, the human milk macromolecular fraction, the milk mucin complex, the 46 Kd apparent MW glycoprotein, a polypeptide having the rotavirus-binding specificity of the 46 Kd apparent MW HMFG glycoprotein, mixtures thereof, or mixtures thereof, and optionally skim milk, curd, and/or whey. They product of the invention is provided also as an anti-diarrheal kit, with instructions for its use. The product of the invention has therapeutic and prophylactic application for inhibiting the onset of, or countering, rotavirus infection and/or diarrhea, in a subject, such as for example, infants and children (infantile gasteroenteritis), travellers, and immunodeficient persons, including HIV positive and transplant patients. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a prophylactic and therapeutic composition for inhibiting rotavirus infection, and more particularly to a method of preventing and treating diseases or conditions associated with, or requiring, rotavirus infection, using defatted human milk globules (HMFGs), milk macromolecular fraction, curd, whey, the human milk mucin complex or a polypeptide having the rotavirus-binding specificity of the 46 Kdalton (Kd) app. MW HMFG glycoprotein. The present method finds its application in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as infantile gastroenteritis, and diarrheal conditions that afflict immunodeficient patients, the elderly and travelers. Gastroenteritis and diarrhea have been linked to rotavirus infection in a variety of clinical settings. In many cases the population afflicted by these diseases are the very young, the elderly and the immunocompromised. Acute infectious gastrointestinal diseases, for example, are a major cause of illness and death in infants and young children throughout the world. In the developing countries, infectious gastrointestinal diseases are estimated to cause up to 12,000 deaths per day. Diarrheal disease is also an important health problem in the developed countries. In the U.S., over 200,000 children under 5 years of age are hospitalized each year with acute diarrheal disease. This results in nearly 880,000 in-patient hospital days, over 500 deaths, and almost one billion dollars of in-patient costs per year. Although various viral, bacterial, and parasitic agents are suspected of causing acute infectious gastroenteritis, rotaviruses have been identified as the most important viral agent of gastroenteritis, e.g., in children living in both developed and developing countries. Prospective studies indicate that in the U.S. rotaviruses account for around 2.9 million yearly episodes of diarrhea leading to 22,000 annual hospitalizations of children less than 5 years old. Rotaviruses have also been implicated as the causative agent of diarrheal outbreaks occurring in nursing homes,
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day care centers and during travel, and resulting from adult contacts with sick children. Additionally, rotaviruses have been linked with the occurrence of diarrhea in patients undergoing bone marrow transplants and suffering from various immunodeficient conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05505955__ •
Assembled viral particles and their use in a vaccine to rotaviral disease Inventor(s): Ijaz; Mohammed K. (Saskatoon, CA), Parker; Michael D. (Saskatoon, CA), Redmond; Mark J. (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, CA) Patent Number: 5,298,244 Date filed: October 25, 1990 Abstract: Assembled viral particles derived from rotavirus proteins are disclosed. The assembled particles include the inner capsid protein, VP6, in combination with either or both of the outer capsid proteins, VP4 and VP7. These assemblies can be used in vaccine compositions for the treatment and prevention of rotaviral disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to virus-like particles which are useful as vaccines and immunogens. In particular, the instant invention concerns assembled rotaviral structural proteins and the use of the assembly in preventing and ameliorating rotaviral infection. Rotaviruses cause gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhea in a wide variety of avian and mammalian species, including man. Several serotypes of rotavirus have been identified, four of which (serotypes 1 to 4) are found in humans and five of which (serotypes 3 to 7) are found in other animals. Recent studies indicate that cross protection among strains belonging to different serotypes may occur in animals including man. Ijaz et al., J Virol (1990) (In Press); Flores et al., J Clin Microbiol (1989) 27:512-518. The rotavirus genome is thought to consist of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA. The eleven genes encode the production of at least six structural proteins of the virus. In complete virus particles, these six proteins occur in a double-shelled arrangement. The outer shell or capsid is comprised of three proteins-virus protein 7 (VP7), virus protein 4 (VP4), and a third protein which has not yet been well characterized. There are three inner shell proteins designated virus protein 1 (VP1), virus protein 2 (VP2), and virus protein 6 (VP6). A second outer capsid protein, VP4 (formerly designated VP3), is composed of 776 amino acids and has an approximate molecular mass of 82 kD in its unreduced form and 84 kD in its reduced form. The sequence of bovine VP4 has been determined (Potter, A. A. et al., Nucl Acid Res (1987) 15:4361) as has the partial amino acid sequence for simian VP4 (Mackow, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1988) 85:645-649. VP4 possesses hemagglutinating activity, and induces the production of neutralizing antibodies which provide heterotypic passive protection in vivo (Offit, P. A. et al., J Virol (1986) 58:700-703). VP4 is responsible, in combination with VP7, in determining virus serotype. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05298244__
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Bovine rotavirus genes Inventor(s): Chang; Kyeong-Ok (Wooster, OH), Gadfield; Kathy (Dalton, OH), Kim; Wonyong (Wooster, OH), Parwani; Anil (Cleveland Heights, OH), Saif; Linda J. (West Salem, OH) Assignee(s): The Ohio State University Research Foundation (Columbus, OH) Patent Number: 5,959,093 Date filed: June 28, 1996 Abstract: The present invention provides the genes encoding the following BRV proteins: for group A, the VP4 and VP7 proteins of the Indiana (IND) strain, and the VP7 protein of the 2292B strain; for group B, the VP7 protein of the WD653 strain; for group C, the VP4 and VP7 proteins of the Shintoku strain. The genes are useful for producing nucleic acid probes which are complementary to the VP7 and VP4 genes. Such probes are useful for detecting the presence of group A,B, and C BRV in fecal samples from diarrheic calves and for determining the serotype of the BRV field isolates. The genes are also useful for producing partial length nucleic acid probes which are complementary to hypervariable regions of the VP4 and VP7 genes.The present invention also relates to partially purified VP2, VP4, VP6 and VP7 proteins of the IND strain and VP4 and VP7 of the 2292B strain, the partially purified VP7 protein of the WD653 strain, and partially purified VP2, VP4 and VP7 proteins of the Shintoku strain. The present invention also relates to recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) which comprise one or more of the VP2, VP4, VP6, and VP7 proteins of the BRV strains IND, 2292B, CR, WD653, and Shintoku. Excerpt(s): Bovine rotavirus (BRV) is a major cause of diarrhea in young calves. Infectious virions of BRV typically have a core protein designated VP2, an inner capsid protein designated VP6, and two outer capsid proteins designated VP4 and VP7. The BRV strains which infect both young and old animals are classified serologically into different groups and subgroups primarily on the basis of epitopes present on VP6. At present there are three BRV groups, designated A, B, and C, which are known to infect calves and adult cattle. The BRV groups are further classified into G serotypes on the basis of epitopes on VP7 and into P serotypes on the basis of epitopes present on VP4. This classification scheme provides important information about the strains of BRV infecting young calves. Unfortunately, conventional serotyping methods do not permit separate analysis of rotavirus G and P types, and fail to detect subtypes or monotypes of a particular G serotype, limiting their usefulness for field samples. Recently, a method for genotyping field isolates has been developed which is based on nucleic acid hybridization of probes to viral RNA. The genotyping permits the diagnosis of the strain infecting a particular animal. However the method is limited to diagnosing those strains for which certain genes sequences are known since the production of specific the probes requires knowledge of the gene sequence. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05959093__
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Cross-protective rotavirus vaccine Inventor(s): Herrmann; John E. (Northborough, MA), Lu; Shan (Northborough, MA) Assignee(s): University of Massachusetts (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,187,319 Date filed: June 1, 1998
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Abstract: A method of producing an effective immune response in an animal against a first rotavirus, by (1) identifying an animal susceptible to or having a first rotavirus infection; and (2) administering to the animal an isolated VP6 polypeptide of a second rotavirus sufficient to produce an effective immune response against the first rotavirus, the second rotavirus capable of infecting a different species than the first rotavirus. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to rotavirus vaccines. Rotavirus infections are ubiquitous throughout mammalian and avian species. The viruses typically appear to be species-specific in the wild. Infection occurs after ingestion of viral particles and is restricted to the mature absorptive epithelial cells on the villi of the small intestine. Multiplication of rotaviruses within these cells results in lysis, and eventual loss of normal villous structure. Copious acute watery diarrhea occurs as a result of intestinal damage and replacement of absorptive cells by secreting cells from the villous crypts in the intestine. Rotaviruses have a multi-shelled capsid and a segmented RNA genome. Among the rotavirus structural proteins are VP7, the most abundant outer capsid protein in the virus particle, and VP6, the major component of the inner capsid. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06187319__ •
DNA sequence and amino acid sequence encoding the human rotavirus major outer capsid glycoprotein Inventor(s): Dyall-Smith; Michael L. (Kew, AU), Holmes; Ian H. (Canterbury, AU) Assignee(s): The University of Melbourne (Victoria, AU) Patent Number: 5,395,759 Date filed: February 1, 1990 Abstract: A material being a dsRNA gene segment coding for the major outer capsid glycoprotein of a rotavirus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to rotavirus, genes, gene segments, cloned genes and segments and products obtained therefrom including diagnostic reagents and vaccines. Rotavirus is now recognized by the World Health Organization as a major cause of infantile gastroenteritis, and a high priority has been placed on control of this disease by the production of a suitable vaccine (1). Cross-neutralization tests indicate four (or possibly five) (2-4) serotypes of human rotavirus and animal studies appear to show little cross-protection between serotypes (5). Thus a potential vaccine may have to incorporate all the known human serotypes. The virus serotype has recently been shown to be determined by the major outer shell glycoprotein (6-10) (a virus surface protein), and the gene segments coding for this protein from a bovine (UK) and a simian (SA11) rotavirus have recently been sequenced (11, 12). To date however, no such gene from human rotavirus has been analysed. We therefor cloned and sequenced the gene encoding this protein from a human rotavirus. Hu/5 (isolated in Melbourne, Australia) belonging to serotype 2. The present invention provides a human rotavirus gene and a cloned human rotavirus gene, the use of such genes to obtain expression of antigenic viral proteins such as in bacterial/procaryotic or eucaryotic expression systems and the expression products obtained and further including vaccines and diagnostic reagents obtained therefrom. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05395759__
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DNA vaccines against rotavirus infections Inventor(s): Fynan; Ellen F. (Sterling, MA), Herrmann; John E. (Northborough, MA), Robinson; Harriet L. (Southborough, MA) Assignee(s): University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Worcester, MA) Patent Number: 5,620,896 Date filed: April 20, 1995 Abstract: This invention relates to methods of eliciting an immune response and/or protective immunity in a vertebrate by introducing into the vertebrate a DNA vaccine which consists essentially of DNA encoding an antigen or antigens, e.g., capsid proteins or polypeptides, of rotavirus. The uptake of the DNA vaccine by a host vertebrate results in the expression of the capsid protein, thereby eliciting humoral or cellmediated immune responses, or both, which can provide protection against infection and/or prevent clinically significant rotavirus-caused disease. In addition, the invention demonstrates that an internal vital antigen provides protective immunity in a host. The host can be any vertebrate, including birds, piglets, and humans. Excerpt(s): Rotavirus infections are ubiquitous throughout mammalian and avian species. The viruses appear to be species-specific although cross-species infections can be produced experimentally and may occur in nature to a limited extent. Infection occurs after ingestion of viral particles and is restricted to the mature absorptive epithelial cells on the villi of the small intestine. Multiplication of rotaviruses within these cells results in lysis, and eventual loss of normal villous structure. Copious acute watery diarrhea occurs as a result of intestinal damage and replacement of absorptive cells by secreting cells from the villous crypts. Viral gastroenteritis resulting from rotavirus infection is a common cause of epidemic diarrhea in infants from 6 to 24 months of age. Untreated rotavirus diarrhea in young children can be rapidly fatal. The recovery phase in some young children can be very protracted (involving villous atrophy associated with lactose intolerance) and can lead to or exacerbate existing malnutrition (Bishop, R.F. (1993) Vaccine 11:247-254). In fact, rotaviruses appear to be responsible for at least one half of the cases of infantile diarrhea that require hospitalization, and have been estimated to cause 500,000 to 1,000,000 human deaths worldwide each year. Rotavirus has occasionally been reported as a cause of disease in miliary populations, in hospital workers, and as a cause of travelers' diarrhea. The most common setting for adult disease is that associated with parenting infected infants. Approximately 50% of parents experience rotavirus infection at the time of infant rotavirus disease; one-third of these adult infections are symptomatic (Offit, P. A. and Clark, H. F. (1995) In: Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases, 4th ed., Mandell, G. L. et al., eds. pp. 1448-1455) and references cited therein). Moreover, rotaviruses are known to cause diarrhea in agriculturally valuable animals such piglets, lambs, and foals, as well as in other animals such as rabbits, deer, and monkeys. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620896__
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Filter media with germicidal properties Inventor(s): Dragnea; Felicia (Forest Hills, NY), Hansen; Christopher L. (Newbury, OH), Horowitz; Carl (Brooklyn, NY), Mason; Samuel (Wickliffe, OH), Sanduja; Mohan L. (Flushing, NY), Thottathil; Paul (New Hyde Park, NY) Assignee(s): Kinetico Incorporated (Newbury, OH) Patent Number: 6,471,876 Date filed: November 27, 2000 Abstract: Filtration media having germicidal properties for use in filtering particles and deactivating, removing and/or destroying microorganisms from a feed liquid passing therethrough. The filtration media includes an effective amount of a germicidal chemically grafted and covalently bonded to a surface of the media. The germicidal grafted filter media is prepared by contacting the media with a grafting solution comprising an anionic monomer, a catalyst, a graft initiator and a germicide and subsequently curing tile media at an elevated temperature to chemically graft a polymerized salt of the polymerizable anionic monomer and the cationic germicide onto a surface of the media. Filter media suitable for use in the present invention include ceramic spheroids, hollow glass spheres, polymeric type media and thermoset coated glass spheres. The germicidal grafted filter media is effective for deactivating, destroying and/or removing from a feed liquid, such as water, escherichia coli, salmonella choleraesuis, staphylococcus, aspergsillus, klebisiella, listeria clostridium, rotavirus, cysts and other microorganisms. Moreover, the filter media can be used repeatedly without a decrease in its germicidal effectiveness. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to filter media with germicidal properties. In particular, the present invention is directed to ceramic, polymeric and glass filter media to which is chemically grafted and bonded a polymerized salt of a polymerizable anionic monomer with a cationic germicide for use in water treatment. For close to a century, microorganism content, e.g., bacteria and viruses, in municipal water supplies has been controlled through the addition of oxidative chemicals such as chlorine. This has proven effective in control of most microorganisms and is readily simple to monitor. For example, a residual capable of being measured is carried throughout the municipal distribution system and periodically monitored to insure that the drinking water supply has been effectively treated. However, these systems are not always reliable or readily available to remote areas. Moreover, when an oxidizing agent is used at the source point, there can be contamination away from the source caused by pipeline problems that could allow the water to be unsafe at the time it arrives at the final point of use. In addition, there are also growing health concerns surrounding some of the compounds formed from the use of oxidative chemicals in the water supply. To address contamination away from the source, a variety of devices or methods can be utilized to remove, destroy or deactivate microorganisms at the point of use. These include boiling the water, exposing the water to ultraviolet light, use of ozone, addition of chemicals and others. Most, if not all, of the methods used to remove, destroy and/or deactivate microorganisms include the need for external energy or the addition of chemicals to the water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06471876__
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Human rotavirus HCR3A and method of growing said rotavirus Inventor(s): Clark; H. Fred (Philadelphia, PA) Assignee(s): The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,610,049 Date filed: May 1, 1991 Abstract: The present invention refers generally to a novel human cytopathic rotavirus of serotype 3 (HCR3A) and to its use as a vehicle for the expression of human rotavirus genes. The invention also relates to novel rotavirus reassortants, vaccines employing the novel rotavirus and its reassortants and methods for their preparation and administration. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers generally to a novel human cytopathic rotavirus and to its use as a vehicle for the expression of human rotavirus genes. More particularly, the invention involves a newly isolated human rotavirus of serotype 3 (HCR3), reassortants made from this virus, and vaccines containing the virus itself or reassortants thereof. The present invention also relates to a method for using the virus and its reassortants to express high titers of preferred human rotavirus antigens and to making vaccines using these antigens. Rotaviruses are the single most important etiologic agent of infectious gastroenteritis (diarrhea), which is the leading cause of infant death in the world. Of the estimated 5 to 10 million infant deaths caused by acute infectious gastroenteritis yearly [Walsh et al, New Engl. J. Med., 301:967 (1979)], rotaviruses cause between 10 and 40% of the total deaths [deZoysa and Feachem, Bull. WHO, 63:569 (1985)]. Rotavirus-induced infectious gastroenteritis is one of the ten leading causes of infant death, even in developed nations [Ho et al, 27th Interscience Conf. Antimicrobiol Agents Chemotherapy, p2 (1987)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05610049__
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Human rotaviruses, vaccines and methods Inventor(s): Ward; Richard L. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): Children's Hospital Medical Center (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,695,767 Date filed: June 5, 1995 Abstract: A Novel isolated human rotavirus is disclosed. The novel human rotavirus of the present invention has derived its genomic segments from parental strains of different genogroups and/or serotypes, and is designated as HRV 248. It has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, and has been assigned the ATCC accession no. VR 2274. Also disclosed are novel vaccines formulated with the human rotaviruses of the present invention, and methods of vaccinating humans against human rotaviruses of multiple serotypes with such vaccines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to isolated human rotaviruses, rotavirus vaccines which stimulate neutralizing antibody to multiple serotypes of human rotavirus, and methods for vaccinating humans against rotavirus illness caused by human rotaviruses of different serotypes and for expanding the titers of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies and memory of the cells producing the antibodies which are formed following primary vaccination against rotavirus disease. Acute, infectious
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diarrhea is a leading cause of disease and death in many areas of the world. In developing countries, the impact of diarrheal disease is staggering. For Asia, Africa and Latin America, it has been estimated that there are between 3-5 billion cases of diarrhea each year and of those cases, about 5-10 million result in death. Walsh, J. A. et al.: N. Engl. J. Med., 301:967-974 (1979). Rotaviruses have been recognized as one of the most important causes of severe diarrhea in infants and young children since their discovery in 1973. It is estimated that rotavirus disease is responsible for over one million deaths annually. Rotavirus-induced illness most commonly affects children between 6 and 24 months of age, and the peak prevalence of the disease generally occurs during the cooler months in temperate climates, and year-round in tropical areas. Rotaviruses are typically transmitted from person to person by the fecal-oral route with an incubation period of from about 1 to about 3 days. Unlike infection in the 6-month to 24-month age group, neonates are generally asymptomatic or have only mild disease. In contrast to the severe disease normally encountered in young children, most adult rotavirus infections are mild or asymptomatic because such episodes represent reinfection generally as a result of contact with children known to be excreting rotavirus. Offit, P. A. et al.: Comp. Ther., 8(8):21-26 (1982). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05695767__ •
In vitro replication system capable of rescuing cloned and manipulated rotavirus genes Inventor(s): Chen; Dayue (Evanston, IL), Ramig; Robert F. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 5,614,403 Date filed: June 1, 1994 Abstract: A method for template-dependent in vitro replication and transcapsidation of double stranded RNA from Reoviridae mRNA templates is described. This method provides an efficient means for isolating rotaviral mRNA, manipulating the mRNA, and expressing the new dsRNA species without the use of infected cells by constructing a new virus in the test tube without any cellular components. Viral protein complexes are prepared by test tube degradation of purified virus particles or by expression of a small subset of viral genes in insect cells, where the proteins form complexes. Viral mRNAs are made in the test tube by transcription of "native" viral mRNAs from viral transcriptase particles previously made in vitro, or by expression of viral mRNAs from transcription vectors in vitro. The resultant protein complexes and mRNAs are mixed with a combination of salts and substrates suitable for RNA synthesis, and the enzymatic activity inherent in the protein complexes results in the replication of the mRNA to produce dsRNA. Morphogenesis of the virus particle is completed by sequential transcapsidation with capsid proteins. Thus, the invention provides a method for building viruses with "custom made" genomes, allowing the practitioner to control and manipulate all components of the reaction, since the reaction contains only those components which the practitioner chooses to add. This constitutes the rescue of exogenous genes into rotavirus genomes. Rescue allows the powerful techniques of molecular biology to be applied to the study of viral gene function in the context of the virus-infected cell. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of a template-dependent in vitro system for the replication of double stranded genomic RNA on mRNA templates. This is a major advance that will allow the study and definition of replication signals on the template
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RNA, and packaging signals in viral packaging complexes and on the packaged mRNA. Second, since this system is template dependent, it allows the manipulation of the input mRNAs so that transcripts made from cDNA clones of double stranded RNA virus genes can be included in the system and replicated. Accordingly, this invention also relates to the rescue of exogenous genes into the genomes of double stranded RNA viruses. The double stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses are a large and diverse group, encompassing such dissimilar viruses as [i] the L-A virus of yeast which contains a single chromosome, [ii] the two segmented members of the Birnaviridae, [iii] the lipidcontaining bacteriophage.phi.6 which has a genome of three segments, and [iv] the members of the Reoviridae (reovirus, rotavirus, orbivirus, etc) which contain a genome of 10-12 segments. More recently, single chromosome dsRNA viruses of parasitic protozoans and the Chestnut blight fungus Cryhonectria parasitica have been characterized. Among the Reoviridae, rotaviruses are documented as the major cause of diarrheal disease in children and the young of mammalian and avian species. In the United States, acute viral gastroenteritis is a common illness affecting all age groups and is second in frequency only to respiratory illness. In the US, the disease is usually selflimiting although it can be lethal in elderly, debilitated, immunocompromised (including AIDS and transplant), or infant patients. In developing areas of the world, diarrhea disease ranks first in both disease incidence and severity, and it has been estimated that in these regions 3-5 billion cases of diarrhea account for 5-10 million diarrhea-associated deaths annually. Rotaviruses are also recognized as significant veterinary pathogens. Thus, the rotaviruses are important human and animal pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05614403__ •
Method and composition for treatment of infant diarrhea Inventor(s): Andrieux; Claude (Paris, FR), Bouley; Christine (Vaucresson, FR), GuerinDanan; Corinne (Paris, FR), Postaire; Eric (Vanves, FR) Assignee(s): Compagnie Gervais Danone (Levallois-Perret, FR) Patent Number: 6,399,055 Date filed: October 27, 1998 Abstract: L. casei DN 114-001 is a bacterial agent known for its utility in the fermentation of milk products. A fermented milk product comprising as the sole bacterial agent L. casei DN 114-001 is effective in reducing the number of rotavirus associated diarrhea episodes experienced by infants up to 24 months of age. In particular, the number of rotavirus associated diarrhea episodes, as well as their severity and duration is reduced in children receiving milk products fermented with L. casei DN 114-001, present in the fermented milk product in amounts of at least 10.sup.6 CFU/g. L. casei may be the sole bacterial agent present in the fermented milk product, and yet effective reduction of diarrhea episodes associated with rotavirus infection is obtained. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a composition comprising an effective amount of a publically available bacterial strain, Lactobacillus casei strain DN 114-001 as an aid to resisting rotavirus infection and diarrhea associated therewith, as well as reducing the severity and persistence of rotavirus diarrhea, in children up to 24 months of age. The invention also pertains to a method of supplementing the nutrition of infants up to 24 months of age with a fermented milk product fermented by L. casei DN 114-001 on a daily basis, as a diarrhea preventive, and in an effort to reduce frequency, severity and
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duration of diarrheal episodes. Importantly, L. casei DN 114-001 is effective, alone, as the sole bacterial agent in addressing diarrhea in infants up to 24 months of age. Group A rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea among children aged 6 to 24 months worldwide. Rotavirus associated diarrhea causes 870,000 deaths/year principally in developing countries (1). Symptoms are watery diarrhea, frequently associated with severe dehydration (2) and malabsorption of nutrients (3, 4). Limited investigations by mucosal biopsy of infected infants have shown that rotavirus principally infects the cells of the small intestine. Introduction of fermented milk products in infant diet has been proposed for the prevention or treatment of acute diarrhea (4, 5-10). These products contribute to a well balanced diet and contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which are known for their healthful influence, especially in infants (11). Clinical and experimental studies have reported preventive and protective effects of LAB consumption on rotavirus diarrhea. Incidence of diarrhea and rotavirus shedding have been reduced in infants receiving the bacterial association Streptococcus thermophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum (12). After oral rehydration, a significant reduction of diarrheal symptoms have been observed when infants consumed Lactobacillus casei strain GG (13-15), Lactobacillus reuteri (15) or a milk fermented by Bifidobacterium longum (16). The mechanisms involved in this protection remain poorly understood. In a previous study, we have developed a germ-free suckling rat model to study group A rotavirus associated diarrhea (17). In this model, 5-day old infected rats developed a 6-day diarrhea characterized by watery feces containing rotavirus antigens. Histological analyses have demonstrates that rotavirus infects enterocytes and induces cellular vacuolation in the small intestine. Clinical and histopathological analyses were assessed in infected suckling rats supplemented by a milk fermented by the Lactobacillus casei strain DN 114-001, which has been previously involved in a beneficial effect on diarrhea in children (18). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06399055__ •
Method for inhibition of rotavirus infection with carrageenan Inventor(s): Anderson; Steven Neal (Columbus, OH), Kirchner; Stephen John (Westerville, OH), Mazer; Terrence Bruce (Reynoldsburg, OH), Schaller; Joseph Paul (Columbus, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,658,893 Date filed: March 29, 1995 Abstract: A method is provided for inhibiting rotavirus infection of human cells by treating the rotavirus with a carrageenan. The most effective agent in inhibiting cellular rotavirus infection is lambda-carrageenan, which may be formulated in a liquid and ingested enterally. A composition containing lambda-carrageenan is an aspect of the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the use of carrageenan to inhibit infection of animal cells by rotavirus. More particularly, the invention relates to the use of lambda carrageenan to inhibit infection of animal cells by human rotavirus. Rotaviruses are the most important viral agents causing gastroenteritis in children living in both developing and developed countries (Yolken et al, "Human Milk Mucin Inhibits Rotavirus Replication and Prevents Experimental Gastroenteritis", Journal of Clinical Investigation 90, 1984-1991, 1992). Rotaviruses also cause diarrhea in nursing homes and day care centers, among travelers, in adults who have contact with children, and in
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immunocompromised patients. Rotaviruses cause 35-50% of severe diarrheal episodes in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries, and are the most important etiological agents of severe diarrhea in this age group. Rotaviruses infect over 90% of humans by age 3 in both developed and developing countries regardless of hygiene standards. In developing countries rotaviruses are estimated to cause 18 million cases of moderately severe or severe diarrhea and over 870,000 deaths annually in infants and young children under 5 years old (Hoshino et al., "Rotavirus Vaccine Development for the Prevention of Severe Diarrhea in Infants and Young Children", Trends in Microbiology 2:242-9, 1994). Thus, there is an urgent need to develop methods of preventing infection of humans, especially infants, from the consequences of infection by rotavirus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05658893__ •
Pharmaceutical product containing live, stabilized virus for the therapy of viral and malignant diseases and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Csatary; Laszlo K. (2100 S. Ocean La., #2503, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33316) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,602,023 Date filed: November 2, 1994 Abstract: A process for preparing a purified virus vaccine comprises the steps of purifying a fluid containing a virus by centrifugation, ultracentrifuging to pellet the supernatant, purifying the virus by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, rehydration and lyophilization. Desirably, a modified starch, such as hydroxyethyl starch having a molecular weight in the range 100,000-300,000, is added as a protective colloid prior to lyophilization. The virus is selected from the group consisting of avian paramyxovirus, avian herpesvirus, avian rotavirus, avian bronchitis, avian encephalitis, avian bursiris (Gumboro) virus, Marek's disease virus, parvovirus, Newcastle disease virus, human paramyxovirus, human parvovirus, human adenovirus, and mixtures thereof. A purified virus vaccine made by the foregoing method is useful for the treatment and control of mammalian disease of viral origin. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pharmaceutical products containing stabilized, live virus for the therapy of viral diseases and malignancies and to the process for the production of such products. The present invention also relates to a purified virus vaccine and the purification procedure therefor. Since the purity of veterinary vaccines do not meet human purity requirements, infections and complications may result as untoward side effects. Moreover, the stability of veterinary vaccines may also be poor. The present invention is intended to provide a process to obtain purified, apathogenic viruses suitable for human therapy as well as a lyophilized product which is stable for long periods without apparent loss of effectiveness. Recently, it has been found that other apathogenic viruses can also be used in the therapy of human diseases of vital origin. It has been proven, according to the present invention, that any attenuated virus apathogenic for humans can be used, alone or in combination, in the treatment of viral diseases. These may be veterinary, in particular, fowl viruses, or human viruses; e.g.; arian paramyxovirus, avian herpesvirus, avian rotavirus, avian bronchitis, avian encephalitis, avian bursitis (Gumboro) virus, Marek's disease virus, parvovirus, Newcastle disease virus as well as human paramyxovirus, human parvovirus and human adenovirus.
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Product for inhibition of human rotavirus infection Inventor(s): Baxter; Jeffrey Harris (Galena, OH), Cummings; Richard Dale (Edmond, OK), Mukerji; Pradip (Gahanna, OH), Prieto; Pedro Antonio (Columbus, OH), Seo; Amanda Eun-Yeong (Gahanna, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL), University of Oklahoma (Oklahoma City, OK) Patent Number: 5,712,250 Date filed: October 15, 1996 Abstract: An enteral nutritional product containing either bovine.kappa.-casein or human.kappa.-casein at a concentration greater than that found in human or bovine milk and sufficient to inhibit infection of mammalian cells by human rotavirus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a secretory protein, kappa-casein (.kappa.-casein, which inhibits the attachment of human rotavirus (HRV) to mammalian cells. Rotaviruses are the most important viral agents causing gastroehteritis in children living in both developing and developed countries (Yolken et al, "Human Milk Mucin Inhibits Rotavirus Replication and Prevents Experimental Gastroenteritis", Journal of Clinical Investigation 90, 1984-1991, 1992). Rotaviruses also cause diarrhea in nursing homes and day care centers, among travelers, in adults who have contact with children, and in immunocompromised patients. Breast feeding provides some protection against enteric infections by pathogens when breast-fed infants are compared with bottle-fed babies. Studies of children living in developing and developed countries have shown that breast-fed infants have fewer episodes of gastroenteritis than bottle-fed infants. Breast feeding can also lessen the severity of diarrhea and vomiting associated with enteric diseases. However, breast-feeding does not provide total protection against infection and rotavirus infection has been observed in breast-fed infants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05712250__
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Recombinant flagellin vaccines Inventor(s): Majarian; William R. (Mt. Royal, NJ), Newton; Salete M. C. (Mountain View, CA), Stocker; Bruce A. D. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (Madison, NJ), The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford, CA) Patent Number: 6,130,082 Date filed: February 14, 1992 Abstract: The present invention is directed to recombinant genes and their encoded proteins which are recombinant flagellin fusion proteins. Such fusion proteins comprise amino acid sequences specifying an epitope encoded by a flagellin structural gene and an epitope of a heterologous organism which is immunogenic upon introduction of the fusion protein into a vertebrate host. The recombinant genes and proteins of the present invention can be used in vaccine formulations, to provide protection against infection by the heterologous organism, or to provide protection against conditions or disorders caused by an antigen of the organism. In a specific embodiment, attenuated invasive
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bacteria expressing the recombinant flagellin genes of the invention can be used in live vaccine formulations. The invention is illustrated by way of examples in which epitopes of malaria circumsporozoite antigens, the B subunit of Cholera toxin, surface and presurface antigens of Hepatitis B. VP7 polypeptide of rotavirus, envelope glycoprotein of HIV, and M protein of Streptococcus, are expressed in recombinant flagellin fusion proteins which assemble into functional flagella, and which provoke an immune response directed against the heterologous epitope, in a vertebrate host. Excerpt(s): Recombinant DNA technology involves insertion of specific DNA sequences into a DNA vehicle (vector) to form a recombinant DNA molecule which is capable of replication in a host cell. Generally, the inserted DNA sequence is foreign to the recipient DNA vehicle, i.e., the inserted DNA sequence and the DNA vector are derived from organisms which do not exchange genetic information in nature, or the inserted DNA sequence may be wholly or partially synthetically made. Several general methods have been developed which enable construction of recombinant DNA molecules. Regardless of the method used for construction, the recombinant DNA molecule must be compatible with the host cell, i.e., capable of autonomous replication in the host cell or stably integrated into one or more of the host cell's chromosomes or plasmids. The recombinant DNA molecule should preferably also have a marker function which allows the selection of the desired recombinant DNA molecule(s). In addition, if all of the proper replication, transcription, and translation signals are correctly arranged on the recombinant vector, the foreign gene will be properly expressed in, e.g., the transformed bacterial cells, in the case of bacterial expression plasmids, or in permissive cell lines or hosts infected with a recombinant virus or carrying a recombinant plasmid having the appropriate origin of replication. Different genetic signals and processing events control levels of gene expression such as DNA transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Transcription of DNA is dependent upon the presence of a promoter, which is a DNA sequence that directs the binding of RNA polymerase and thereby promotes mRNA synthesis. The DNA sequences of eucaryotic promoters differ from those of procaryotic promoters. Furthermore, eucaryotic promoters and accompanying genetic signals may not be recognized in or may not function in a procaryotic system, and furthermore, procaryotic promoters are not recognized and do not function in eucaryotic cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06130082__ •
Recombinant human rotavirus VP7 serotype 4 Inventor(s): Dyall-Smith; Michael Leigh (Kew, AU), Holmes; Ian Hamilton (Canterbury, AU), Hum; Chris (Boronia, AU), Johnson; Michael Anthony (North Ryde, AU), Reeves; Peter Richard (Glebe, AU) Assignee(s): The University of Melbourne (Victoria, AU), The University of Sydney (New South Wales, AU) Patent Number: 5,672,684 Date filed: July 25, 1994 Abstract: An isolated gene encoding all or part of the VP7 protein of human rotavirus serotype 4 is claimed. Also claimed in a DNA transfer vector which contains the gene or a portion or sub-unit and a host cell contg. the DNA transfer vector. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a human rotavirus gene encoding the major outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7) of human rotavirus serotype 4. The invention further
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relates to sub-units of said gene, protein products thereof, diagnostic reagents and vaccines. Rotaviruses have been shown to be the single most important cause of infantile gastroenteritis (1) and are also important pathogens in many animal species, particularly calves and piglets. In many third world countries rotavirus infection causes significant infant mortality. The World Health Organization has recommended that a vaccine against human rotavirus be developed as soon as possible (2). At present, five serotypes of human rotavirus are known (3, 4) and it has previously been shown that the virus serotype is determined by the major outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 (also called gp34) (59). A vaccine effective against rotaviral infection may require representative viruses or VP7 protein antigens of all known serotypes in order to elicit protective immunity against all human serotypes (10) due to the poor cross reactivity of VP7 protein antigens. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05672684__ •
Rotavirus antigen, vaccine and diagnostic agent for rotavirus infections, and a method for producing the antigen Inventor(s): Nakagomi; Toyoko (Akita, JP), Imagawa; Tadashi (Kagawa, JP), Murakami; Shigeki (Kagawa, JP), Nakagomi; Osamu (Akita, JP) Assignee(s): The Research Foundation For Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,110,724 Date filed: July 28, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a rotavirus antigen which the mass culture is difficult, comprising cloning a cell highly permitting the proliferation of rotavirus from a cell culture; preparing a cloned cell adapted-rotavirus strain by passaging a rotavirus in the resulting cloned cell strain and adapting the rotavirus to the cloned cell strain; culturing as a seed virus the adapted rotavirus strain or a reassortant prepared by using the adapted rotavirus strain as a parent strain; and isolating and purifying the rotavirus antigen from the culture medium of the seed virus; and additionally provides an rotavirus antigen, a vaccine against rotavirus infections, and a diagnostic agent of the diseases, as produced by using the antigen. These antigen, vaccine and diagnostic agent can make great contributions to individual fields of the fundamental research works and clinical application, relating to rotavirus infections. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to rotavirus antigens of which the mass production via cell culture are difficult, a vaccine against rotavirus infections and a diagnostic agent of the diseases and methods for producing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a vaccine and a diagnostic agent useful for the prophylaxis and diagnosis of rotavirus infections, and rotavirus antigens as the effective ingredient thereof. The present invention makes contributions to the prophylaxis and diagnosis of rotavirus infections in humans, in particular. Rotavirus is a pathogenic microorganism causing diarrhea in humans, monkeys, dogs, cats, horses, cows, pigs, sheep, rabbits, rats, chickens, turkeys and the like, and is widely distributed all around the world. Rotavirus infections in humans in particular have been drawing attention, as vomiting and diarrhea in babies, winter-term diarrhea in babies, diarrhea with white feces, kid pseudo-cholera and the like. The prophylaxis and diagnosis thereof have been expected strongly at a worldwide scale. What will be described below has been known concerning rotavirus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06110724__
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Rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 and methods of using same Inventor(s): Ball; Judith (Conroe, TX), Estes; Mary K. (Friendswod, TX), Tien; Peng (West New York, NY) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,210,682 Date filed: May 26, 1998 Abstract: Methods of immunization against rotavirus infection or rotavirus disease by administering to a subject a peptide NSP4 114-135, a peptide NSP4 120-147, or a toxoid thereof are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the viral enterotoxin NSP4 and to methods for using it, or antibodies/antisera thereto, as diagnostic agents, vaccines and therapeutic agents for the detection, prevention and/or treatment of rotaviral disease, for the prevention of stunted growth in animals and children caused by rotaviral infection and for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. This invention also relates to methods and animal models for 1) the screening for viral enterotoxins, 2) the detection of viral enterotoxins and 3) the identification of viral enterotoxins. Rotaviruses are the leading cause of severe, lifethreatening viral gastroenteritis in infants and animals (1) and are associated with sporadic outbreaks of diarrhea in elderly (2) and immunocompromised patients (3). These viruses have a limited tissue tropism, with infection primarily being restricted to cells of the small intestine (4). Rotavirus infections also cause morbidity and mortality in many animal species. Moreover, the outcome of infection is age-related; although rotaviruses may infect individuals and animals of all ages, symptomatic infection (i.e., diarrhea) generally occurs in the young (6 months-2 years in children, and up to 14 days in mice), and the elderly. Age-related host factors which may influence the outcome of infection have been proposed to include 1) differences in the presence/quantity of virusbinding receptors on mature villus epithelial cells, 2) virus strains with a specific spike protein (VP4), 3) passive immunity acquired by maternal antibody or in colostrum, and 4) reduced levels of proteases in the young. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210682__
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Rotavirus nucleocapsid protein VP6 in vaccine compositions Inventor(s): Frenchick; Patrick J. (Saskatoon, CA), Mullin-Ready; Kerry F. (Saskatoon, CA), Sabara; Marta I. (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, CA) Patent Number: 5,374,426 Date filed: October 30, 1989 Abstract: Immunological carrier complexes are provided utilizing the VP6 polypeptide from rotavirus as the carrier molecule. Also provided are methods of binding epitopebearing molecules (e.g., haptens) to the VP6 carrier molecule through binding peptides. The VP6 carrier can be a VP6 monomer, oligomer, or a particle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to immunological carriers and vaccine compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to the use of rotavirus inner capsid protein VP6 as an immunologic carrier, as well as its use in a vaccine
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composition for use in stimulating immunity against rotavirus infections. Rotavirus is a genus of the family Reoviridae. This genus of viruses is widely recognized as the major cause of gastroenteritis of infants and young children in most areas of the world. In the lesser developed countries diarrheal diseases such as gastroenteritis constitute a major cause of mortality among infants and young children. For a general background on rotoviruses, see Kapikian et al., in Virology, pp. 863-906 (B. N. Fields et al., eds., 1985), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Immunity to rotavirus infections and illness has been poorly understood. Animal studies, however, have been conducted directed to the relative importance of systemic and local immunity. Bridger et al. (1981) Infect. Immun. 31:906-910; Lecce et al. (1982) J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:715-723; Little et al. (1982) Infect. Immun. 38:755-763. For example, it has been observed that calves develop a diarrheal illness despite the presence of serum rotavirus antibody at the time of infection. Calves which are fed colostrum-containing rotavirus antibodies immediately before and after infection with rotavirus, however, do not develop diarrhea within the normal incubation period. See, e.g., Bridger et al. (1975) Br. Vet. J. 131:528-535; Woode et al. (1975) Vet. Rec. 97:148-149. Similar results have been achieved with newborn lambs, who developed resistance when fed colostrum or serum containing rotavirus antibodies for several days during which period the lambs were challenged with rotavirus. Snodgrass et al. (1976) Arch. Virol. 52:201-205. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05374426__ •
Rotavirus peptide compositions and methods of use Inventor(s): Frenchick; Patrick John (Rochester, NY), Gilchrist; James Elton (Saskatoon, CA), Ijaz; Mohammad Khalid (Saskatoon, CA), Potter; Andrew Allan (Saskatoon, CA), Redmond; Mark J. (Saskatoon, CA), Sabara; Marta Iris Johanna (Rochester, NY) Assignee(s): The University of Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan, CA) Patent Number: 6,086,880 Date filed: July 7, 1993 Abstract: A number of subunits of various rotaviral proteins have been shown to be useful in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of rotaviral infection. Specifically, the subunits represented by positions 40-60 of VP6, 232-255 and 240-248 of VP4, and 247-259 and 275-295 of VP7 are thus useful. Furthermore, the VP4 subunits have therapeutic value in competing with the native viral protein in an essential step in infection. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to peptides which are useful as vaccines and immunogens capable of simulating neutralizing antibodies against rotavirus. In particular, the invention concerns the epitopic regions of rotavirus proteins VP7, VP6 and VP4 (VP3) which have been formulated into vaccines. Rotaviruses are important causes of gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhea in avian and animal species, including man. There are at least eleven known serotypes of rotavirus, some of which are found in humans and others found in various animals and birds. There appears to be some crossprotection among strains, but this is not complete. A number of the important capsid proteins have been sequenced and show considerable homology among serotypes. The rotavirus genome is thought to consist of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA regardless of the strain. A designation system for the proteins encoded by these segments and present in the intact virus has been proposed, but has not remained constant over the years. There appear to be three proteins associated with the inner shell (VP1, VP2, and VP6) and three associated with the outer capsid. Of interest herein are
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the inner capsid protein VP6 and two of the outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4 (designated VP3 in former nomenclature). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06086880__ •
Rotavirus reassortant vaccine Inventor(s): Clark; H. Fred (Philadelphia, PA), Offit; Paul (Philadelphia, PA), Plotkin; Stanley A. (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, PA), The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,626,851 Date filed: December 9, 1994 Abstract: The present invention provides novel rotavirus reassortants, vaccines employing the novel reassortants and methods for their preparation and administration. One such reassortant contains the gene encoding the v.p.7 neutralization antigen of a human rotavirus. Another reassortant contains the gene encoding the v.p.4 neutralization antigen of a human rotavirus. The remaining genes are provided solely from the bovine rotavirus WC3 strain, or from both the human and bovine strains. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers generally to novel rotavirus reassortants, vaccines employing the novel reassortants and methods for their preparation and administration. Rotaviruses are the single most important agent of acute gastroenteritis, a disease which requires hospitalization of infants and young children in developed countries, and a frequent cause of death in children less than 5 years of age in developing regions of the world. Studies in the United States, Australia, and Japan have demonstrated that between 34 and 63% of hospitalizations of children for acute diarrheal disease are associated with rotavirus infection [A. Z. Kapikian et al, Rev. Infect. Dis., 2:459-469 (1980)]. The incidence of hospitalization for rotavirus gastroenteritis in a health maintenance organization in the U.S. was estimated to be 222 per 100,000 in children from 13 to 24 months of age, and 362 per 100,000 in those less than one year [W. Rodriguez et al, Am. J. Dis. Child., 134:777-779 (1980)]. Infection with rotavirus was associated with 63% of all hospitalizations for acute diarrhea in this pediatric population [W. Rodriguez et al, cited above]. A recent review of mortality data in the U.S. from 1973 to 1983 indicated that 500 deaths per year occur in children less than 4 years old due to diarrheal diseases, and that 20 to 80% of excess winter deaths due to diarrhea in the U.S. are associated with rotavirus infections [M.-S. Ho et al, JAMA, 260:3281-3285 (1988)]. Rotaviruses are also responsible for a substantial proportion of the mortality associated with diarrheal diseases in third world countries. An effective rotavirus vaccine would therefore have a major impact on the health of children in both the developed and developing areas of the world. Rotaviruses have an inner and outer capsid with a double-stranded RNA genome formed by eleven gene segments. Multiple serotypes have been defined by plaque reduction neutralization tests, and studies of reassortant viruses have demonstrated that two outer capsid proteins, v.p.7 and v.p.4, are the determinants of virus serotype. The v.p.7 protein is coded for by either gene segment 7, gene segment 8 or gene segment 9 of the particular human rotavirus. The location of the v.p.7 encoding gene may be determined for each specific rotavirus by conventional experimental methods. The protein v.p.4 is an 88,000 dalton major surface structural protein product of gene 4 of a rotavirus. Like v.p.7, it functions as a major serotype-specific antigen, operative in serum neutralization (SN) tests, capable of inducing serotype-specific neutralizing antibody, and capable in a
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mouse system of inducing serotype specific immune protection against rotavirus disease. [See, Offit et al, (1986) supra]. In some earlier references, the v.p.4 was referred to as v.p.3. After 1988, a change in nomenclature, resulted in the more proper reference to this protein as v.p.4 [M. Liu et al, Virol., 163:26-32 (1988) and M. K. Estes et al, Immunol. Invest., 18:571-581 (1989)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05626851__ •
Rotavirus strain G9P11 Inventor(s): Bhan; M. K. (New Delhi, IN), Das; Bimal K. (New Delhi, IN), Gentsch; John R. (Atlanta, GA), Glass; Roger I. (Atlanta, GA) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,773,009 Date filed: February 19, 1997 Abstract: Provided is an isolated rotavirus of the strain G9P11, an isolated nucleic acid encoding the rotavirus of strain G9P11 and a purified antigen specific for the rotavirus. An isolated nucleic acid encoding the antigen of the rotavirus is also provided, as is an isolated nucleic acid that selectively hybridizes under high stringency conditions with the nucleic acid encoding te virus. A purified antibody which selectively binds the virus of strain G9P11 is provided. The G9P11 rotavirus in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for administration in an immunization protocol is provided. Also provided is an isolated rotavirus of strain G9P11, wherein the G9 gene is substituted. Further provided is an isolated rotavirus of strain G9P11, wherein the P11 gene is substituted. Excerpt(s): Rotaviruses are members of the family Reoviridae and contain 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) enclosed within a double-protein shell virion. Each segment encodes a single viral polypeptide, for a total of five nonstructural and six structural proteins (15). Three viral polypeptides, VP4, VP6, and VP7 induce antibodies used to serologically classify rotaviruses. The VP4 and VP7 outer-capsid proteins independently induce antibodies associated with type-specific neutralization and protection from infection (38,40,51,71,72). The dual serotype specificities defined by antibodies to the VP4 and VP7 proteins are designated P and G, respectively (15). Rotaviruses have also been classified by hybridization analysis into families of genes or genogroups, based on the number of gene segments that form stable hybrid bands between strains (16,64). At least three genogroups designated Wa, DS1 and AU1, have been recognized among human rotaviruses (64). Several genogroups have also been recognized in animal rotaviruses from cattle, pigs, and monkeys (63). A neonatal rotavirus strain from Bangalore, India has recently been described (89). The rotaviruses of this strain are serotype G10P11, and by hybridization analysis their genome showed homology to genes from both a bovine serotype G10 strain and moderate identity to several genes of the human Wa genogroup (13). Two additional reports have characterized human rotavirus strains with one to multiple genes related to bovine isolates as indicated by hybridization analyses, sequence analysis, or both (1,66). Rotaviruses are the single most important etiologic agents of severe diarrheal illness of infants and young children world-wide (Barnett, B. Med. Clin. North America 67:10311058, 1983), and cause 35-50% of hospitalization for this condition during the first 2 years of life. In developing countries, rotaviruses are usually the leading cause of lifethreatening disease in infants and young children.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05773009__ •
Rotavirus vaccine formulations Inventor(s): Burke; Carl J. (Pennsburg, PA), Volkin; David B. (Doylestown, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,616,931 Date filed: August 3, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides liquid and lyophilized formulations of vaccines against rotavirus infection and methods of their preparation. The formulations include buffering agents appropriate for oral administration of rotavirus vaccines. The formulations also include compounds to stabilize of the vaccine compositions against loss of potency. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. The present invention is related to novel liquid and lyophilized formulations of rotaviruses useful as vaccines and methods for their preparation. Rotaviruses (RV) cause acute gastroenteritis, a disease that requires hospitalization of infants and young children in developed countries, and a frequent cause of death in children less than 5 years of age in developing regions of the world. Studies in the United States, Australia, and Japan have demonstrated that between 34 and 63% of hospitalizations of children for acute diarrheal disease are associated with rotavirus infection. The incidence of hospitalization for rotavirus gastroenteritis in a health maintenance organization in the U.S. was estimated to be 222 per 100,000 in children from 13 to 24 months of age, and 362 per 100,000 in those less than one year. Infection with rotavirus was associated with 63% of all hospitalizations for acute diarrhea in this pediatric population. A review of mortality data in the U.S. from 1973 to 1983 indicated that 500 deaths per year occur in children less than 4 years old due to diarrheal diseases, and that 20 to 80% of excess winter deaths due to diarrhea in the U.S. are associated with rotavirus infections. Rotaviruses are also responsible for substantial proportion of the mortality associated with diarrheal diseases in third world countries. An effective rotavirus vaccine would therefore have a major impact on the health of children in both the developed and developing areas of the world. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616931__
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Rotavirus VP6 as a diagnostic and targeting agent Inventor(s): Campos; Manuel (Saskatoon, CA), Haines; Deborah M. (Saskatoon, CA), Matte; Gilbert G. (Saskatoon, CA), Redmond; Mark J. (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): University of Saskatchewan (Saskatchewan, CA) Patent Number: 5,431,899 Date filed: February 4, 1991 Abstract: Advantage is taken of the ability of rotaviral VP6 protein to home to macrophage and monocytes to provide label to these cells in either an in vitro or in vivo environment. Further, the ability to couple label to the VP6 protein and to couple VP6 to a targeting agent provides a mechanism for conducting label (or an effector moiety) to any desired target.
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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to in vivo diagnosis and labeling of specific tissues, as well as targeted drug delivery. More specifically, the invention concerns use of rotaviral VP6 protein in these applications. The inner capsid protein of rotavirus, designated VP6 and having a molecular weight of approximately 45 kd, has been disclosed as an immunogen for use in vaccines to prevent rotaviral infection and also, more importantly, as a carrier for an immunogenic complex generally. U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,651 filed 2 Mar. 1990 which is a file-wrapper continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 092,120 filed 2 Sep. 1987, describes in detail the advantageous properties of the VP6 rotaviral protein as an immunological carrier. The contents of the specification are incorporated herein by reference. As described in the above specification, VP6 is the most abundant structural protein in rotavirus and has an approximate molecular weight of 45 kd. The gene encoding this protein has been cloned and the protein has been produced by recombinant methods (Estes et al., Nucleic Acids Res (1984) 12:1875-1887; Estes et al., J Virol (1987) 61:1488-1494). The complete amino acid sequences as well as the sequences of the VP6-encoding DNA is known for at least nine strains of rotavirus. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05431899__ •
Serum-free, low-protein media for rotavirus vaccine production Inventor(s): Distefano; Daniel J. (Cranford, NJ), Gould; Sandra L. (Tinton Falls, NJ), Robinson; David K. (New York, NY), Seamans; T. Craig (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,656,719 Date filed: October 21, 1998 Abstract: Defined serum-free, low protein media (LPKM), that supports 1) Vero cell growth for up to 20 passages, 2) Vero cell growth on microcarriers and 3) rotavirus production is provided. Maximum cell densities attained are 60-100% of that in serumcontaining medium; the doubling time is equal to that for cells in serum containing medium. Rotavirus titers achieved in LPKM-1 are 50-100% of the serum-containing process. Finally, since LPKM-1 contains no animal-sourced proteins, the problems associated with the serum-containing rotavirus production process (i.e. lengthy wash steps before infection, potential introduction of adventitious agents and lot-to-lot variability) can be avoided; while maintaining nearly equivalent product titers. Excerpt(s): Not applicable. Rotavirus Vaccines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656719__
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Synthesis and immunogenicity of rotavirus genes using a baculovirus expression system Inventor(s): Estes; Mary K. (Friendswood, TX) Assignee(s): Baylor College of Medicine (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 5,827,696 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: A method to express rotavirus genes in a baculovirus system. Different clones are used to express rotavirus genes for all of the viral proteins. These proteins are isolated in their native conformation. Some of these proteins show antigenic properties
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and are used to vaccinate human, agricultural animals and pet animals against diarrheal disease. The antigenic proteins are also used to detect the presence of the viral infectious agent either by themselves or in conjunction with antibodies produced against the antigenic proteins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a method for expression of rotavirus genes in a baculovirus system. More specifically, the invention relates to the expression of rotavirus genes using a baculovirus vector for the production of antigens to be used in the detection of gastrointestinal disease caused by rotaviruses and in the development of vaccines against rotavirus infections. The recognition that rotavirus is an important etiologic agent of life-threatening infantile diarrheal disease has led to significant efforts to control the virus and to prevent the disease. Estes et al., "Rotavirus Antigens". In Atassi and Backrach eds., Immunobiology of proteins and peptides-III. Plenam New York p. 201-14 (1985); and Kapikian, A. Z., et al. In Fields, B. N., et al. (eds.), Virology, Raven Press, New York, p. 863-906 (1985). Although it is known that oral rehydration is an effective method for reducing diarrheal disease mortality, other interventions are needed to reduce morbidity and possibly eradicate this disease. Eradication of the disease would require immunization on a global population basis. This immunization could involve the live attenuated pathogens themselves or pathogen-specific antigenic proteins that induce neutralizing protection from disease (possibly mediated by antibodies). Elucidation and understanding of the rotavirus gene structure will greatly facilitate the efforts to eradicate the disease. (1) A vaccine that only produces a "mild" form of the disease may not provide safe and effective immunization in the gastrointestinal tract. Although viruses are relatively efficient in inducing resistance to subsequent infection, resistance induced by oral vaccination with attenuated virus strains may show more variability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05827696__ •
Treatment of diarrhea Inventor(s): Casas; Ivan A. (Raleigh, NC), Mollstam; Bo (Lerum, SE) Assignee(s): Biogaia Biologics AB (Stockholm, SE) Patent Number: 5,837,238 Date filed: June 5, 1996 Abstract: A therapeutic method of treating diarrhea of a patient, such as that caused by rotavirus in which a liquid suspension of one or more strains of Lactobacillus reuteni is administered to the patient. Preferably the L. reuteri is isolated from an animal of the same species as the animal to which the therapy is being given. Preferably at least about 10.sup.7 cells of L. reuteri, and most preferably, at least 10.sup.8 cells, are administrated per day, over a period of one to seven days, depending on the severity of the gastroenteritis. The result is a rapid, dramatic reduction in animal's diarrhea and vomiting, previously not found using other therapies. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to therapeutic treatment of infectious gastroenteritis. Normal microflora is important in the protection of the host against diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Fuller, R., Gut 1991;32:439-42; Salminen, S. et al., Dig Dis Sci 1992;10:227-38). During periods of acute diarrhea, the normal gastrointestinal microflora is radically changed. These changes include decreasing numbers of Lactobacilli, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria (Saiminen S. et al., Dig Dis Sci 1992;10:227-38; Tazume S. et al., Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(2 suppl):77-82S; Mitsuoka T., in Wood B J B,
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London:Elsevier Applied Science 1992, 1:69-114; Salminen S. et al., Chemotherapy, in press.). Lactobacillus reuteri is the most commonly occurring Lactobacillus species found in the GI tract of humans and animals (Kandler O. et al., Zbl Bakt Abt Orig 1980; C1:264-9). Like other Lactobacilli, L. reuteri produces acidic metabolic end-products (lactic and acetic acids) which have considerable antimicrobial activity (Axelson L. T. et al., Microb Ecology Health Dis 1989;2: 131-6). Use of L. reuteri cell therapy for other than probiotic purposes, i.e., benefitting the host by improving the indigenous microflora, or antibiotic purposes, is not known. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05837238__ •
VP6 encapsulated drug delivery Inventor(s): Campos; Manuel (Saskatoon, CA), Redmond; Mark J. (Saskatoon, CA) Assignee(s): University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, CA) Patent Number: 5,503,833 Date filed: September 6, 1994 Abstract: Compositions and methods for preparing and delivering encapsulated biologically active agents to specific cell types are disclosed. Substances can be encapsulated in the VP6 inner capsid protein of rotavirus and delivered to selected cells, tissues and organs. Targeting agents can be linked to the surface of the VP6 sphere so that appropriate agents can be delivered to preselected cells and tissue types. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to novel drug targeting and delivery methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to the application of rotavirus VP6 spheres to the delivery of drugs. Recent advances in biotechnology have permitted the development of new approaches for preparing and delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Of particular importance is the ability to target drugs and other agents to tissues, cells or subcellular organelles using carrier systems in order to improve drug selectivity and reduce toxicity. Systems currently in use employ macromolecules, synthetic polymers and particles to achieve this end. However, most systems are limited by the quantity and range of drugs that can be incorporated into the complex as well as the inability of the drug to target and act on selected cells. Furthermore, the carrier often includes toxic components and technical problems can be encountered in the preparation of the drug-carrier complex. One method of delivering therapeutic substances involves the use of a drug or cytotoxic agent conjugated to a cellspecific antibody to form an immunoconjugate. The conjugate binds cells having a surface antigen against which the antibody is directed. However, these delivery systems suffer from several drawbacks. Oftentimes, large quantities of drug must be delivered to the target cell in order to achieve the desired response. Such large amounts are often unobtainable due to the limited number of cell surface antigens and the number of drug molecules that can be attached to any given antibody. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of an immunoconjugate is often dependent on its uptake and internalization by the target cell. However, most immunoconjugates are not internalized and if internalized, the drug or cytotoxic agent is often degraded by the lysosome of the cell. Finally, cells, such as tumor cells, are often heterogeneous with respect to antigen expression and antigen-positive cells may give rise to antigen-negative progeny. Therefore, in a given population of tumor cells, there will be a certain number of cells that lack the antigen for which a particular immunoconjugate is specific. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05503833__
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Patent Applications on Rotavirus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to rotavirus: •
ATTENUATED HUMAN ROTAVIRUS VACCINE Inventor(s): CHANOCK, ROBERT M.; (BETHESDA, MD), HOSHINO, YASUTAKA; (WHEATON, MD), KAPIKIAN, ALBERT Z.; (ROCKVILLE, MD) Correspondence: Townsend And Townsend And Crew, Llp; Two Embarcadero Center; Eighth Floor; San Francisco; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20020058043 Date filed: July 11, 1995 Abstract: The present invention provides vaccine compositions of attenuated human rotavirus. More particularly, the attenuated human rotavirus is produced by cold passage and thus contains attenuating mutations which produce virus having a coldadapted (ca) and temperature sensitive (ts) phenotype. The attenuated strains are used in methods for stimulating the immune system of an individual to induce protection against human rotavirus by administration of the ca attenuated rotavirus. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No._______ , filed Jun. 7, 1995 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/273,056, filed Jul. 11, 1994, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. It is not generally appreciated that diarrheal diseases take an enormous toll in regard to morbidity and mortality in infants and young children in the developing countries of the world. Diarrheal diseases are ranked first among infectious diseases in the number of episodes and deaths in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is estimated that 5-10 million diarrhea-associated deaths occur annually in developing countries, predominantly in infants and young children. Walsh and Warren, N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 967 (1979). Up until the 1970s, the cause of a major portion of diarrheal illnesses was not known. The rotavirus, discovered in 1973, has since been established as the single most important etiologic agent of severe diarrhea in infants and young children in the developed as well as developing countries, being responsible for approximately 35-50% of such illnesses. In the United States, 90% of infants and young children have experienced a rotavirus infection by the end of their third year of life. Kapikian and Chanock, in "Virology," 2d ed., Fields et al., eds., Raven Press, New York, pp. 1353-1404 (1990). The disease burden annually in the United States for rotavirus diarrhea in the under-5 year age group is estimated to reach over 1 million cases of severe diarrhea, with approximately 110,00 children hospitalized annually with presumptive rotavirus gastroenteritis, resulting in 583,000 hospital days, and 150 deaths. Matson and Estes, J. Infect. Dis. 162: 598 (1990). In developing countries, rotaviruses are believed to be responsible for the death of over 870,000 infants and young children annually. Institute of Medicine, in "New Vaccine Development. Establishing Priorities. Diseases of Importance in Developing Countries," Nat'l Academy Press, Washington, D.C. , II: 308-318 (1986). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Complementing cell lines Inventor(s): Havenga, Menzo; (Alphen San Den Rijn, NL), Mehtali, Majid; (Plobsheim, FR), Vogels, Ronald; (Linschoten, NL) Correspondence: Trask Britt; P.O. Box 2550; Salt Lake City; UT; 84110; US Patent Application Number: 20030119192 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: A packaging cell line capable of complementing recombinant adenoviruses based on serotypes from subgroup B, preferably adenovirus type 35. The cell line is preferably derived from primary diploid human cells transformed by adenovirus E1 sequences either operatively linked on one or two DNA molecules, the sequences operatively linked to regulatory sequences enabling transcription and translation of encoded proteins. Also, a cell line derived from PER.C6 that expresses functional Ad35E1B sequences. The Ad35-E1B sequences are driven by the E1B promoter and terminated by a heterologous poly-adenylation signal. The new cell lines are useful for producing recombinant adenoviruses. The cell lines can be used to produce human recombinant therapeutic proteins such as human antibodies. In addition, the cell lines are useful for producing human viruses other than adenovirus such as influenza, herpes simplex, rotavirus, and measles. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/713,678, filed Nov. 15, 2000, pending (the contents of the entirety of which are incorporated by this reference), now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/573,740, filed May 18, 2000, pending, which claims benefit, under 35 U.S.C.sctn. 119(e), of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/134,764, filed May 18, 1999. The invention relates to the field of biotechnology generally and, more specifically, to adenoviral-based complementing cell lines. Typically, vector and packaging cells are adapted to one another so that they have all the necessary elements, but they do not have overlapping elements which lead to replication-competent virus by recombination. Therefore, the sequences necessary for proper transcription of the packaging construct may be heterologous regulatory sequences derived from, for example, other human adenovirus ("Ad") serotypes, nonhuman adenoviruses, other viruses including, but not limited to, SV40, hepatitis B virus ("HBV"), Rous Sarcoma Virus ("RSV"), cytomegalovirus ("CMV"), etc. or from higher eukaryotes such as mammals. In general, these sequences include a promoter, enhancer and polyadenylation sequences. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Expression cassetts and methods for delivery of animal vaccines Inventor(s): All, Benjamin P.; (Johnston, IA), Howard, John A.; (College Station, TX) Correspondence: Zarley Mckee Thomte Voorhees & Sease Plc; Suite 3200; 801 Grand Avenue; Des Moines; IA; 50309-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20020058312 Date filed: March 1, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an expression cassette for expressing vaccine antigens in a plant cell. The expression cassette includes a DNA sequence which encodes for at least one vaccine antigen which is operably linked to transcriptional and
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translational control regions functional in the plant cell. The vaccine antigens of the invention are useful for protection of an animal against mucosal diseases such as Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) and rotavirus. The invention also provides a transgenic plant and transgenic plant seed which has been stably transformed to express a vaccine antigen which is included in an expression cassette of the invention. The transformed plant and plant cells may be from monocot or dicot plants and include, for example, corn, soybeans, sunflower, canola or alfalfa.The transgenic plants and plant seeds of the invention may be used as a feed composition for animals. Alternatively, the transgenic plant and plant seeds of the invention may provide an immunogenic composition for protecting animals against mucosal diseases after oral administration. Excerpt(s): Diseases of the mucosal tissue, such as those affecting the enteric system, the respiratory tract, urogenital tract and mammary glands are of significant economic impact in domestic animals. These diseases include, for example, the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC), bovine and porcine rotavirus and coronavirus, bacterial pathogens such as Pasteurella spp. and Haemophilus spp., mastitis in dairy cattle and abortion-inducing pathogens such as Leptospira spp. and Campylobacter fetus. Mucosal immunity is of prime importance in protection against these diseases. Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the predominant immunoglobulin relevant to the prevention of infection of mucosal surfaces. The main protective function of SIgA antibodies is the "immune exclusion" of bacterial and viral pathogens, bacterial toxins and other antigens. The immune response generated at the surface of one mucosal tissue site can be disseminated to other mucosal sites due to the migration of lymphocytes to other mucosal tissue, thus providing immunity at all mucosal tissue sites. Once mucosal immunity is established in an animal it can be advantageously transferred to the offspring. Immunity in neonates may be passively acquired through colostrum and/or milk. This has been referred to as lactogenic immunity and is an efficient way to protect animals during early life. SIgA is the major immunoglobulin in milk and is most efficiently induced by mucosal immunization. It is now widely recognized that mucosal immunity is generally best induced by direct immunization of the mucosal tissue. In order to enhance efficacy against mucosal diseases, vaccines should stimulate the mucosal system and generate an SIgA immune response. One way of achieving this goal is by administering the vaccine orally and targeting the mucosal tissue lining the gastrointestinal tract. Studies support the potential of inducing SIgA antibody formation and immune protection in "distant" extra-intestinal mucosal sites after oral vaccination. Activated lymphocytes from the gut can disseminate immunity to other mucosal and glandular tissues. Therefore, oral vaccines can protect against infections at sites remote from the antigenic stimulation, for example in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Inactivated bovine scours vaccines, processes and method of preventing bovine scours Inventor(s): Dykstra, Stephanie; (Parker, SD), Knape, Kelly; (Larch Wood, IA), Tinant, Mary; (Brandon, SD) Correspondence: Dan Cleveland; Lathrop & Gage L.C.; 4845 Pearl East Circle; Suite 300; Bouldeer; CO; 80301; US Patent Application Number: 20020155128 Date filed: February 4, 2001
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Abstract: Inactivated scours vaccines for immunization and protection of bovine animals from disease caused by infection with bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus, which comprise and effective amount of at least one inactivated viral strain are described. Polyvalent inactivated vaccines further comprising an effective amount of an antigenic component which is protective against one or more additional pathogenic organisms or viruses are also disclosed. Said vaccines are prepared from one or more strains of rotaand coronavirus, C. perfringens Type C bacteria and E. coli bacteria, and combinations thereof. Preferably, a polyvalent inactivated vaccine is provided for parenteral administration. Passive immunity is achieved in neonatal calves via immunization of pregnant cows prior to birth. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the general field of immunology, and specifically to veterinary vaccines against viruses and/or bacteria that are the causative factors in scours. More particularly, the invention relates to the propagation of scourscausing microbial isolates and subsequent inactivation thereof, to polyvalent vaccines containing the inactivated scours-causing agents and to the use of such vaccines to vaccinate bovine animals. The inactivated vaccines of this invention are particularly useful for vaccinating pregnant cows. This application, thus, describes neonatal scours vaccines consisting of inactivated virus isolates and/or toxoid combinations. The principle of vaccination is based on two key elements of adaptive immunity, namely specificity and memory. Memory cells allow the immune system to mount a much stronger response on the second encounter with antigens. This secondary response is both faster to appear and more effective than the primary response. The aim in vaccine development is to alter a pathogen or its toxin in such a way that they become innocuous without losing antigenicity. This is possible because antibodies and T cells recognize particular parts of antigens, the epitopes, and not the whole organism or toxin. For example, a toxin produced from a bacterium may be modified, e.g. by formalin treatment, so that it retains its epitopes but loses its toxicity. The resulting toxoid is used as a vaccine. Viruses may be attenuated and/or inactivated so that they retain their antigenicity but lose their pathogenicity. Neonatal calf diarrhea, also known as calf scours and calf enteritis, is a serious, contagious disease caused by a variety of organisms, including Escherichia coli, Clostridium. perfringens, rotavirus and coronavirus, often in combination and/or with other bacteria, viruses and intestinal parasites. Although antibiotics given to scouring calves can help control bacteria, overrelying on them is ineffective, as they are ineffective against viral or parasitic infections. Moreover, antibiotics reduce the number of beneficial bacteria in the gut, and use over extended periods can lead to microorganisms becoming resistant to antimicrobial drugs used for treatment, e.g. antibiotic resistant bacteria--particularly E. coli. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and reagents to detect and characterize norwalk and related viruses Inventor(s): Estes, Mary K.; (Houston, TX), Graham, David Y.; (Houston, TX), Jiang, Xi; (Virginia Beach, VA) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski, Llp; 1301 Mckinney; Suite 5100; Houston; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20030129588 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: Double-stranded cDNA was synthesized from nucleic acid extracted from Norwalk virus purified from stool specimens of volunteers. One clone was isolated from
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a cDNA library constructed in a pUC-13 vector after amplification of the cDNA. The specificity of this cDNA (pUCNV-953) was shown by hybridization assays. The cDNA reacted with post (but not pre-) infection stool samples from Norwalk volunteers and with highly purified Norwalk virus, but not with other common enteric viruses such as hepatitis A virus and rotavirus. Finally, the probe detected virus in the same fractions of CsCl gradients in which viral antigen was detected using a specific Norwalk virus radioimmunoassay, and particles were detected by immune electron microscopy. Single-stranded RNA probes derived from the DNA clone after subcloning into an in vitro transcription vector were also used to show that the Norwalk virus contains a ssRNA genome of about 8 kb in size. The original clone was also used to detect additional cDNAs which represent at least 7 kb of nucleic acid of the Norwalk genome. The availability of a Norwalk-specific cDNA and the first partial genome sequence information allow rapid cloning of the entire genome and of establishment of sensitive diagnostic assays. Such assays can be based on detection of Norwalk virus nucleic acid or Norwalk viral antigen using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to proteins expressed from the cDNA or to synthetic peptides made based on the knowledge of the genome sequence. Assays using proteins deduced from the Norwlk virus genome and produced in expression systmes can measure antibody responses. Vaccines made by recombinant DNA technology are now feasible. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to synthesizing clones of Norwalk virus and to making probes to Norwalk and related viruses. It also relates to methods of detection and characterization of Norwalk and related viruses. Norwalk virus is one of the most important viral pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis, the second most common illness in the United States (Dingle et al., 1953; Kapikian and Chanock, 1985). Up to 42% of cases of viral gastroenteritis have been estimated to be caused by Norwalk or Norwalk-like viruses (Kaplan et al., 1982). Both water and foodborne transmission of Norwalk virus has been documented, and particularly large epidemic outbreaks of illness have occurred following consumption of contaminated shellfish including clams, cockles, and oysters (Murphy et al., 1979; Gunn et al., 1982; Wilson et al., 1982; Gill et al., 1983; DuPont 1986; Morse et al., 1986; Sekine et al., 1989). An increase in fish and shellfish-related food poisonings has recently been noted and attributed to increased recognition of these entities by clinicians as well as to increased consumption of seafood (Eastaugh and Shepherd, 1989). Norwalk virus was discovered in 1973. However, knowledge about the virus has remained limited because it has failed to grow in cell cultures and no suitable animal models have been found for virus cultivation. Human stool samples obtained from outbreaks and from human volunteer studies, therefore, are the only source of the virus. Still the concentration of the virus in stool is usually so low that virus detection with routine electron microscopy is not possible (Dolin et al., 1972; Kapikian et al., 1972; Thornhill et al., 1975). Current methods of Norwalk virus detection include immune electron microscopy and other immunologic methods such as radio immunoassays (RIAs) or a biotin-avidin enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISAs) which utilize acute and convalescent phase serum from humans. To date, no hyperimmune serum from animals has been successfully prepared due either to insufficient quantities or unusual properties of the viral antigen. Preliminary biophysical characterization of virions has indicated particles contain one polypeptide (Greenberg et al., 1981), but efforts to characterize the viral genome have failed. Therefore, these viruses have remained unclassified. 1. Dingle J, Badger G, Feller A et al. 1953. A study of illness in a group of Cleveland families: 1. Plan of study and certain general observations. Am. J. Hyg. 58:16-30. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods for diagnosing pervasive development disorders, dysautonomia and other neurological conditions Inventor(s): Fallon, Joan M.; (Yonkers, NY) Correspondence: F. Chau & Associates, Llp; Suite 501; 1900 Hempstead Turnpike; East Meadow; NY; 11554; US Patent Application Number: 20020081628 Date filed: November 16, 2001 Abstract: Methods for aiding in the diagnosis of disorders including, but not limited to, PDDs (Pervasive Development Disorders), Dysautonomic disorders, Parkinson's disease and SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). In one aspect, a diagnosis method comprises analyzing a stool sample of an individual for the presence of a biological marker (or marker compound) comprising one or more pathogens, which provides an indication of whether the invidual has, or can develop, a disorder including, but not limited to, a PDD, Dysautonomia, Parkinsons disease and SIDS. Preferably, the presence of one or more pathogens is determined using a stool immunoassay to determine the presence of antigens in a stool sample, wherein such antigens are associated with one or more pathogens including, but not limited to, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, E. histolytica, C. difficile, Adenovirus, Rotavirus or H.pylori. Excerpt(s): This application is based on, and claims the benefit of, United States Provisional Application No. 60/249,239, filed on Nov. 16, 2000, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. The present invention generally relates to methods for aiding in the diagnosis of disorders including, but not limited to, PDDs (Pervasive Development Disorders), Dysautonomic disorders, Parkinsons disease and SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome). More particularly, the invention relates to a diagnosis method comprising analyzing a stool sample of an individual for the presence of a biological marker (or marker compound) comprising one or more pathogens, which provides an indication of whether the invidual has, or can develop, a disorder including, but not limited to, a PDD, a Dysautonomic disorder, Parkinson's disease or SIDS. Currently, extensive research is being conducted to determine associations between gastrointestinal dysfunction and a variety of human disorders that, heretofore, have been of unknown etiology. For example, an association between dysautonomic conditions and gastrointestinal dysfunction has been described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/929,592, filed on Aug. 14, 2001, entitled "Methods For Diagnosing and Treating Dysautonomia and Other Dysautonomic Conditions, which is commonly owned and fully incorporated herein by reference. Further, a relationship between gastrointestinal conditions and PDDs such as Autism, ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) has been described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/466,559, filed Dec. 17, 1999, entitled "Methods For Treating Pervasive Development Disorders," and U.S. Ser. No. 09/707,395, filed on Nov. 7, 2000, entitled "Methods For Treating Pervasive Development Disorders", both of which are commonly owned and incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Production method of recombinant rotavirus structural proteins and vaccine composition Inventor(s): Chung, In-Sik; (Gyeonggi-do, KR), Kim, Hong-Joong; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Won-Yong; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Youn-Hyung; (Gyeonggi-do, KR) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030175303 Date filed: September 30, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing recombinant human rotavirus structural proteins by culturing transformed plant cell, and to a vaccine composition comprising the same as an effective component. More specifically, the method comprises the steps of preparing the recombinant expression plasmid comprising cDNA fragment encoding human rotavirus structural protein; transforming plant cell with the expression plasmid; and recovering the vaccine composition including the rotavirus antigen from cell culture. The method for producing the recombinant human rotavirus structural proteins has advantages in higher yield of more than 0.3 mg/L, lower cost and lower contamination hazard than those of the eukaryotic expression system such as baculovirus and animal cell, and can be used for producing edible vaccine. Also, the invention shows that the human rotavirus structural protein can be produced with the high aspect rotary vessel reactor. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing the structural proteins of the recombinant rotavirus by culturing a transformed plant cell, and the vaccine composition comprising such proteins as an effective component. More particularly, the method comprises the steps of producing the recombinant expression plasmid including the gene encoding the human rotavirus structural protein, transforming the plant cell with the expression plasmid, cultivating the plant cell, and obtaining the vaccine composition including rotavirus antigen recovered from the culture solution. In 1973, Bishop discovered the Rotavirus in Australia firstly. The rotavirus is a double stranded RNA virus and belongs to the Reoviridae family. The rotavirus causes acute gastroenteritis in infant and is infected via fecal-oral route after an incubation period of about 1 to 3 weeks. The disease is severe in 6 to 24 week infant, but is mild or asymptomatic in neonate or most of adults. Thus, the acute infectious diarrhea by the rotavirus is a main cause of the death in the world. Moreover, it is estimated that about a million of patients are died of the infectious diarrhea by the rotavirus in the developing countries [see reference: Blacklow, N. R. & Greenburg, H. B., (1991) Viral gastroentertitis N. Engl. J. Med., 325:152-164, 1991]. Therefore, world health organization (WHO) considered more efficient suppression and prevention for the infection by the rotavirus the first research subject [see reference: Glass, R. I et al., (1994) Rotavirus vaccines: success by reassortment Science 265-1389-1391]. The rotavirus is usually globular shape and is named after the outer and inner shells or double-shelled capsid structure of the same. The outer capsid is about 70 nm, and inner capsid is about 55 nm in diameter, respectively. The double-shelled capsid of the rotavirus surrounds the core including the inner protein shell and genome. The genome of the rotavirus consists of double stranded RNA segments encoding at least 11 rotavirus proteins. The inner capsid includes VP6 and VP2 proteins. VP4 and VP7 lie in outer side of the double-shelled capsid and constitute the outer capsid. Depending upon the antigenicity of VP6 which is a group-specific antigen, the rotavirus is divided into seven groups, A to G. VP2 protein is related to the synthesis of RNA. Group A rotavirus is further divided into the G-type (glycoprotein type) on the basis of the glycoprotein VP7, and P-
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type (protease-cleaved protein) on the basis of the VP4 which are associated with an important immunogenicity of the virus by forming a neutralizing antibody [see references: Estes M. K., et al., (1987) Synthesis and immunogenicity of the rotavirus major capsid antigen using a baculovirus expression system, J. Virol. 61:1488-1494; Estes M. K. & Cohen J., (1989) Rotavirus gene structure and function. Microbiol. Rev. 53:410419; Desselberger U & McCrae M. A., (1994) The rotavirus genome. Curr. Microbiol. Immuno. 185:31-66]. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Rotavirus enterotoxin adjuvant Inventor(s): Estes, Mary K.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Fulbright & Jaworski, Llp; 1301 Mckinney; Suite 5100; Houston; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20030113788 Date filed: December 24, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a method of potentiating an immune response by administering a viral enterotoxin or derivative as an adjuvant. More particularly it relates to administering a viral enterotoxin or derivative as an adjuvant and an antigen to a mucosal surface of a mammal. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/159,390, which was filed Oct. 14, 1999. This invention relates to the use of a viral enterotoxin or derivative as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses. More particularly it relates to the use of a viral enterotoxin or derivative as an adjuvant at mucosal surfaces to potentiate immune responses. Recombinant DNA technology has stimulated the pursuit of new, safe and effective vaccines. Disadvantages of recombinant vaccines include the need for large, repeated antigen doses, and a general failure to generate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted immune responses. To overcome these limitations, recombinant vaccines require the use of systemic- or mucosal-active immunostimulating agents, which are referred to as adjuvants (Gradon, et al., 1999). Immunopotentiation by adjuvants can result from quantitative enhancement of or qualitative alteration of components of the immune response compared to the immune response generated by an immunogen alone. Many compounds possess adjuvant properties but the only adjuvants currently licensed for use in humans by the Food and Drug Administration are aluminum salts (aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate), which are relatively weak adjuvants approved only for systemic administration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Rotavirus pseudoviral particles and use thereof for vectorizing proteins of nucleic acids Inventor(s): Charpilienne, Annie; (Montignny-Le-Bretonneux, FR), Cohen, Jean; (Paris, FR), Poncet, Didier; (Guyancourt, FR) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030175301 Date filed: January 30, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns fusion proteins comprising the VP2 protein of a rotavirus or a portion of said protein bound to a heterologous polypeptide. Said fusion proteins can be assembled into pseudoviral particles useful for vectorizing proteins or nucleic acids. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to rotavirus-derived virus-like particles and to their uses. Rotaviruses are responsible for nearly half of neonatal diarrhoeas in children and young animals. In humans, they are responsible for a high mortality in developing countries (nearly 900 000 children/year) and for a high morbidity in developed countries. In the case of livestock, the economic impact of rotaviruses in calves and piglets is considerable. Rotaviruses are nonenveloped viruses having an icosahedral capsid (T=13, left). This capsid consists of 3 protein layers [ESTES and COHEN, Microbiology Review, 53, 410-449, (1989); MATTION et al., Viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract. In A. Kapikian (ed.), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (1994)]. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Rotavirus VP6 subunit Inventor(s): Choi, Anthony H.; (Park Hills, KY), Ward, Richard L.; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: Loy M. White; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Office OF Intellectual Property & Venture DEV'T.; 3333 Burnet Avenue, Mlc 7032; Cincinnati; OH; 45229-3039; US Patent Application Number: 20030166139 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to vaccine compositions comprising the VP6 protein from mouse (EDIM) and human (CJN) rotavirus strains. Methods of making the described immunogenic VP6 proteins and methods of using the described compositions are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis worldwide in children less than 3 years of age. Diarrhea occurs by the triggering of the intestinal nervous system to secrete water excessively. Nausea and fever sometimes accompany diarrhea. These symptoms usually last a week. Over time, the epithelial lining repairs itself and normal digestion recovers quickly if the patient is well-hydrated. In developing countries, rotavirus-induced dehydration causes 600,000 to 870,000 deaths each year, accounting for about 20 to 23% of all deaths due to diarrhea. In the United States, it accounts for approximately 500,000 physician visits and 50,000 hospitalization per year among children age <5 years and 20 to 125 deaths. Therefore, rotavirus causes both morbidity and mortality worldwide. Vaccination continues to be the most viable control measure to have an impact on severe rotavirus disease. The World Health
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Organization (WHO) highly recommends the development and evaluation of rotavirus vaccines. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with rotavirus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on rotavirus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning rotavirus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ROTAVIRUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to rotavirus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on rotavirus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “rotavirus” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “rotavirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “rotavirus” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Rotavirus: Methods & Protocols by James Gray (Editor), Ulrich Desselberger (Editor); ISBN: 0896037363; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896037363/icongroupinterna
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Summary, third NIH Rotavirus Vaccine Workshop : September 8-9, 1988, Building 1, Wilson Hall, Bethesda, Maryland (SuDoc HE 20.3002:R 74) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010IZ74; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010IZ74/icongroupinterna
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The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Rotavirus by James N. Parker, Icon Health Publications; ISBN: 0597829888; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597829888/icongroupinterna
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The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Generic protocols for (i) hospital-based surveillance to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children and (ii) a community-based survey on utilization of health care services for gastroenteritis in children Author: World Health Organization. Vaccine Assessment and Monitoring Team.; Year: 1986; Geneva: Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, c2002
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Glucose vs sucrose in oral rehydration solutions for infants and young children with rotavirus-associated diarrhea Author: Black, R. E.; Year: 1982; [1980]
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Intake and absorption of nutrients in children with cholera and rotavirus infection during acute diarrhea and after recovery Author: Molla, A.; Year: 1989; Dacca, bangladesh, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, [1980]
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Rotaviruses Author: Ramig, R. F. (Robert F.); Year: 1987; Berlin; New York: SpringerVerlag, c1994; ISBN: 3540567615 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540567615/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Rotavirus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to rotavirus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and rotavirus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on rotavirus: •
Infectious Diarrhea and Bacterial Food Poisoning Source: in Feldman, M.; Friedman, L.S.; Sleisenger, M.H. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology/Diagnosis/Management. 7th ed. [2-volume set]. St. Louis, MO: Saunders. 2002. p. 1864-1913. Contact: Available from Elsevier. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 568-5136. Website: www.us.elsevierhealth.com. PRICE: $229.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721689736.
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Summary: This chapter on infectious diarrhea and bacterial food poisoning is from a comprehensive and authoritative textbook that covers disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tree, pancreas, and liver, as well as the related topics of nutrition and peritoneal disorders. Topics include changes in normal flora caused by diarrhea; classification of bacterial diarrhea; toxigenic diarrheas, including cholera, other vibrios, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Escherichia coli; invasive pathogens, including Shigella, nontyphoidal Salmonellosis, typhoid fever, Campylobacter, and Yersinia; viral diarrhea, including that due to rotavirus, calicivirus, enteric andenovirus, astrovirus, and torovirus; traveler's diarrhea, including microbiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention; diarrhea in the elderly; diagnosis of infectious diarrheal disease; treatment of infectious diarrhea, including with fluid therapy, diet, antimicrobial drugs, and nonspecific therapy; tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract; and bacterial food poisoning, including that from Clostridium perfringers, Saphylococcus auerus, Listeria, Bacillus cereus, botulism, and Bacillus anthracis. The chapter includes a mini-outline with page citations, illustrations, and extensive references. 8 figures. 16 tables. 329 references. •
Gastrointestinal Disease and Hepatitis Source: in Andersen, R.D., et al. Infections in Children: A Sourcebook for Educators and Child Care Providers. Aspen Publishers, Inc. 1994. p. 137-146. Contact: Available from Aspen Publishers, Inc. 7201 McKinney Circle, Frederick, MD 21701. (800) 638-8437 or (301) 417-7500. PRICE: $36. ISBN: 0834203871. Summary: This chapter, from a handbook for educators and child care providers on infections in children, addresses gastrointestinal disease and hepatitis. The chapter covers vomiting; diarrhea; common causes of infectious diarrhea, including rotavirus, Escherichia coli, campylobacter species, salmonella, and shigella; hepatitis A; hepatitis B; and hepatitis C. In each section, the authors review the illness and its symptoms, consider etiology, review transmission and its prevention, and remind readers of the situations in which consultation of a health care provider is indicated. 3 references.
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Viruses Associated with Acute Diarrhoeal Disease Source: in Zuckerman, A.J., Banatvala, J.E., and Pattison, J.R., eds. Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. 1994. p. 189-227. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 101580012. (800) 225-5945. PRICE: $99.95. ISBN: 0471931063. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook on clinical virology, discusses viruses associated with acute diarrheal disease. After a background section on diagnostic tests and the types of viruses involved, the author discusses fastidious viruses, including rotavirus, adenoviruses, astroviruses, calicivirus, small round viruses (SRVs) and small round structured viruses (SRSVs), and breda-like agents; pathogenesis; serotypes; epidemic versus endemic; immunity in the host; diagnostic methods and the investigation of virus-associated diarrhea; and vaccines. For each virus, the author covers physical characteristics, antigenic structure, association with disease, human and animal studies, and immunity and its transfer. 14 figures. 10 tables. 34 references.
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Viral Gastroenteritis Source: in Evans, A.S. and Kaslow, R.A., eds. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. 4th ed. New York, NY: Plenum Medical Book Company. 1997. p. 285-343. Contact: Available from Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013. (800) 221-9369. Fax (212) 647-1898. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $59.50. ISBN: 0306448556 (hardback); 0306448564 (paperback). Summary: This lengthy chapter on viral gastroenteritis is from a textbook on the epidemiology and control of viral infections in humans. Despite the great importance of this problem, research studies have failed to reveal an etiologic agent (cause) for the majority of diarrheal illnesses. However, the discovery of the Norwalk virus (1972) and the rotavirus (1973) provided additional information about viral gastroenteritis. This chapter deals primarily with the rotaviruses and the Norwalk group of viruses. The Norwalk virus group has been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in school, community, and family settings, and affecting school-aged children, adults, family contacts, and some preschool-aged children. The 70-nm rotaviruses are associated with 35-52 percent of acute diarrheal diseases of infants and young children requiring hospitalization in developed countries. Other viral agents that play a role in these diarrheal syndromes are discussed at the end of the chapter. The author covers historical background, the methodology involved in epidemiologic analysis, sources of mortality and morbidity data, laboratory methods, epidemic behavior, geographic distribution, temporal distribution, socioeconomic status, incidence and prevalence data, pathogenesis and immunity, patterns of host response, and control and prevention considerations. 10 figures. 7 tables. 656 references. (AA-M).
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ROTAVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover rotavirus.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on rotavirus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to rotavirus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “rotavirus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for rotavirus: •
Horizontal transmission of rotavirus vaccine seen in Venezuela trial Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 26, 2003
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Rotavirus vaccine candidate maintains efficacy, safety in second year Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 02, 2002
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Human rotavirus vaccine showing some efficacy in clinical trials Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 25, 2002
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Rotavirus infection in infants protects substantially against reinfection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 2002
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G2 strain of rotavirus associated with diarrhea outbreaks in adults Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 04, 2002
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Rotavirus vaccine does not increase risk of infant intussusception Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 11, 2001
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HIV-infected children can resolve acute rotavirus infections Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 16, 2001
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Trials of rotavirus vaccine to start next year Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 01, 2001
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Bovine milk formulation shows promise as alternative to oral rotavirus vaccine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 24, 2001
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Study confirms side effect of rotavirus vaccine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 22, 2001
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Search still on for safe rotavirus vaccine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 31, 2000
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SmithKline Beecham developing rotavirus vaccine Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 12, 2000
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Avant rotavirus vaccine data suggest 2-year efficacy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 05, 2000
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Rotavirus acts on enteral nervous system Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 21, 2000
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Action of rotavirus uncovered Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 20, 2000
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US withdraws rotavirus vaccine recommendation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 26, 1999
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CDC panel withdraws recommendation for rotavirus vaccination Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 26, 1999
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Wyeth Lederle withdraws rotavirus vaccine from market Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 18, 1999
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Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from market Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 15, 1999
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Rotavirus vaccine may be linked to more cases of bowel disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 15, 1999
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Number of rotavirus vaccine-associated cases of intussusception escalates Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 15, 1999
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Immunization induces antibody-independent protection against rotavirus in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 24, 1999
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New type of rotavirus vaccine highly efficacious in phase II trial Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 26, 1999
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American Home Products' shares dip on rotavirus vaccine news Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 19, 1999
•
CDC recommends postponement of rotavirus vaccination Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 16, 1999
•
CDC advises postponing rotavirus vaccination Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 1999
•
American Home's rotavirus vaccine approved in EU Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 28, 1999
•
Immunoglobulin from bovine colostrum effective for rotavirus diarrhea in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 30, 1998
•
Rotavirus vaccine recommended Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 09, 1998
•
Late seasonal peak in rotavirus activity in US unexplained Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 23, 1998
•
Investigational rotavirus vaccine shows high efficacy in infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 17, 1998
•
New guidelines issued for rotavirus vaccination of infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 09, 1998
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FDA Approves oral rotavirus vaccine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 01, 1998
•
First rotavirus vaccine approved Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 31, 1998
•
Oral DNA vaccine protects mice against rotavirus infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 25, 1998
•
Rotavirus infection in young children can linger for weeks Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 22, 1998
•
Rotavirus infection can be prolonged Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 19, 1998
•
Universal Rotavirus Immunization Program For Infants Could Be Cost Effective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 06, 1998
•
Lactadherin in Human Breast Milk Protective Against Symptoms Of Rotavirus Infection Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 17, 1998
•
CDC Advisory Committee Recommends Routine Use Of Rotavirus Vaccine In FullTerm Infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 16, 1998
•
CDC Panel Calls For Use Of Rotavirus Vaccine Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 13, 1998
•
FDA Panel Says Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Safe And Effective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 15, 1997
•
Rotavirus: Continued Surveillance Needed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 21, 1997
•
Oral Vaccine Protects Infants Against Severe Rotavirus Diarrhea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 23, 1997
•
Rotavirus Vaccine Protects Against Diarrhea Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 22, 1997
•
FDA Approves Trinity Biotech's Rotavirus Test Kit Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 05, 1997
Periodicals and News
•
Virus Research Institute Initiates Phase II Rotavirus Vaccine Study Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 09, 1997
•
Wyeth Laboratories Files Application For Rotavirus Vaccine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 11, 1997
•
WHO Meets On Rotavirus Diagnosis And Surveillance Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 05, 1996
•
Rotavirus Infection Protects Infants Against Subsequent Infections Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 04, 1996
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “rotavirus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to rotavirus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for
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the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “rotavirus” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Rotavirus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to rotavirus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering rotavirus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6686 62 8 20 1 6777
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “rotavirus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on rotavirus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to rotavirus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to rotavirus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “rotavirus”:
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•
Guides on rotavirus Rotavirus Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rotavirusinfections.html
•
Other guides Childhood Immunization http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childhoodimmunization.html Gastroenteritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html Viral Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/viralinfections.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to rotavirus, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Rotavirus Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/rotavirus.htm
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Stool Tests Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/labtest8.html
•
Treatment Gastroenteritis: First Aid Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=FA00030 Treating Diarrhea and Dehydration Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=n:&mstr=/ZZZAHYU YQ7C.html&soc=AAP&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Rotavirus Diarrhea Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/diseases/rota/rotavirus.htm Viral Gastroenteritis Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/faq.htm
Patient Resources
•
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Children Gastrointestinal Infections and Diarrhea Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/digestive/gastrointestinal.html Rotavirus Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/rotavirus.html
•
Organizations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases http://www.niaid.nih.gov/
•
Prevention/Screening Intussusception (and Rotavirus) Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/diseases/rota/intussusception.htm RotaShield (Rotavirus) Vaccine and Intussusception Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/issues/rota/rotaq&a.htm Rotavirus Vaccine Source: National Immunization Program http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/fs/Rotavirus.htm
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on rotavirus. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Rotavirus Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. 1999. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Division of Publications, 141 Northwest Point Blvd., P.O. Box 747, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0747. (800) 433-9016.
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Fax (847) 228-1281. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.aap.org. PRICE: $34.95 per pack of 100 brochures (nonmembers); $29.95 per pack of 100 brochures (members). Summary: Rotavirus is the most common cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. This brochure explains the impact of rotavirus, the availability of a vaccine, and treatment options. Almost all children are infected with rotavirus sometime before they are 3 or 4 years old, and most develop symptoms including nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and low grade fever. After a few days, the vomiting and fever stop, but the diarrhea can last for several days. Rotavirus can spread from person to person, and outbreaks can be problematic in winter months. The disease can be serious, especially in young children in whom diarrhea can easily lead to dehydration. The brochure lists the signs of dehydration and recommendations on preventing it. One sidebar reminds readers that handwashing can help prevent the spread of rotavirus and other infections and reviews the process of effective handwashing. The brochure is illustrated with simple line drawings of children and concludes with a description of the benefits of immunization against rotavirus. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to rotavirus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to rotavirus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with rotavirus. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about rotavirus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “rotavirus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “rotavirus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “rotavirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “rotavirus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
195
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on rotavirus: •
Basic Guidelines for Rotavirus Rotavirus antigen test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003349.htm
•
Background Topics for Rotavirus Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
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•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
197
ROTAVIRUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acrylamide: A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]
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Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alphavirus: A genus of Togaviridae, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the sindbis virus. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or
Dictionary 199
accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a conserved sequence which can be represented by a consensus sequence. [NIH]
Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on
200 Rotavirus
the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrovirus: A genus of small, circular RNA viruses in the family Astroviridae. They cause gastroenteritis and are found in the stools of several vertebrates including humans. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route. There are at least seven human serotypes and the type species is human astrovirus 1. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Asynchronous: Pacing mode where only one timing interval exists, that between the stimuli.
Dictionary 201
While the duration of this interval may be varied, it is not modified by any sensed event once set. As no sensing occurs, the upper and lower rate intervals are the same as the pacema. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial toxin: A toxic substance, made by bacteria, that can be modified to kill specific tumor cells without harming normal cells. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the
202 Rotavirus
digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]
Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biophysics: The science of physical phenomena and processes in living organisms. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bioterrorism: The use of biological agents in terrorism. This includes the malevolent use of bacteria, viruses, or toxins against people, animals, or plants. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Bluetongue: A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet. [NIH] Bluetongue Virus: The type species of orbivirus causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH]
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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Campylobacter: A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH]
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Carboxy-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH]
Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caveolae: Endocytic/exocytic cell membrane structures rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and lipid-anchored membrane proteins that function in endocytosis (potocytosis), transcytosis, and signal transduction. Caveolae assume various shapes from open pits to closed vesicles. Caveolar coats are composed of caveolins. [NIH] Caveolins: The main structural proteins of caveolae. Several distinct genes for caveolins have been identified. [NIH] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Membrane Structures: Structures which are part of the cell membrane or have cell membrane as a major part of their structure. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw
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material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all
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human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide. [NIH]
Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clostridium: A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is
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differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving
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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronavirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The
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corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryptosporidium: A genus of coccidian parasites of the family Cryptosporidiidae, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cystoviridae: A family of bacteriophages containing one genus (Cystovirus) with one member (bacteriophage PHI 6). [NIH] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling
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it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diapedesis: The emigration of leucocytes across the endothelium. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH]
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Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH]
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Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endpoint Determination: Establishment of the level of a quantifiable effect indicative of a biologic process. The evaluation is frequently to detect the degree of toxic or therapeutic effect. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]
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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Escherichia: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens. [NIH] Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce diarrhea and pyogenic infections. [NIH]
Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryote: An organism (or a cell) that carries its genetic material physically constrained
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within a nuclear membrane, separate from the cytoplasm. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flagellin: A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be
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administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]
Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH]
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Gavage: Feeding by a tube passed into the stomach; called also tube feeding. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Rearrangement: The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ-free: Free of bacteria, disease-causing viruses, and other organisms that can cause infection. [NIH] Germicide: An agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
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Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Group Practice: Any group of three or more full-time physicians organized in a legally recognized entity for the provision of health care services, sharing space, equipment, personnel and records for both patient care and business management, and who have a predetermined arrangement for the distribution of income. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH]
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Handwashing: The act of cleansing the hands with water or other liquid, with or without the inclusion of soap or other detergent, for the purpose of removing soil or microorganisms. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to
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remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Bonding: A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds. [NIH]
Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH]
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Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunoconjugates: Combinations of diagnostic or therapeutic substances linked with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies or antigens. Often the diagnostic or therapeutic substance is a radionuclide. These conjugates are useful tools for specific targeting of drugs and radioisotopes in the chemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy of certain cancers. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenetics: A branch of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH]
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Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infectious Diarrhea: Diarrhea caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, or parasites. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues
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caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]
Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU]
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Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intrahepatic: Within the liver. [NIH] Intrahepatic bile ducts: The bile ducts that pass through and drain bile from the liver. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU]
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Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lactulose: A mild laxative. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of
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individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoproliferative: Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysosome: A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with
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acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Membrane Microdomains: Detergent-insoluble cell membrane components. They are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning,
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(2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mice Minute Virus: The type species of parvovirus prevalent in mouse colonies and found as a contaminant of many transplanted tumors or leukemias. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]
labeled
with
Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH]
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Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU]
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Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotoxic: Poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. [EU] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutralization Tests: Titration of an antiserum by testing a series of dilutions of virus or immune serum to a given end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50). [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are
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unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Probes: Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Orbivirus: A genus of Reoviridae infecting a wide range of arthropods and vertebrates including humans. It comprises at least twelve serological subgroups. Transmission is by vectors such as midges, mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH]
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Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Paneth Cells: Epithelial cells found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn). Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. [NIH] Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Paramyxovirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities and encode a C protein. Human parainfluenza virus 1 is the type species. [NIH] Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parvovirus: A genus of the family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae, infecting a variety of vertebrates including humans. Parvoviruses are responsible for a number of important diseases but also can be non-pathogenic in certain hosts. The type species is mice minute virus. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
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Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase
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"physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonitis: A disease caused by inhaling a wide variety of substances such as dusts and molds. Also called "farmer's disease". [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by
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covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary vaccination: First or principal vaccination ( = introduction of a vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity). [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential
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component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and
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editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quadrivalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reassortant Viruses: Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus. [NIH]
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Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Rehydration Solutions: Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal waterelectrolyte balance. [NIH] Reoviridae: A family of unenveloped RNA viruses with cubic symmetry. The eight genera include Orthoreovirus, Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Rotavirus, Aquareovirus, Cypovirus, Phytoreovirus, Fijivirus, and Oryzavirus. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Restitution: The restoration to a normal state. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH]
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Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rotavirus Infections: Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice. [NIH] Rotavirus Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with rotavirus. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and
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their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal
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transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Sindbis Virus: The type species of alphavirus normally transmitted to birds by Culex mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH]
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Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staphylococcus: A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stringency: Experimental conditions (e. g. temperature, salt concentration) used during the hybridization of nucleic acids. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH]
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Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetravalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU]
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Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torovirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae characterized by enveloped, peplomerbearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. Toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (Berne virus), cattle (Breda virus), and humans. Transmission takes place probably via the fecal-oral route. [NIH]
Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoid: The material resulting from the treatment of toxin in such a way that the toxic properties are inactivated whilst the antigenic potency remains intact. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of
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ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Typhoid fever: The most important member of the enteric group of fevers which also includes the paratyphoids. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU]
Dictionary 245
Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Varicella: Chicken pox. [EU] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villi: The tiny, fingerlike projections on the surface of the small intestine. Villi help absorb nutrients. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Villus: Cell found in the lining of the small intestine. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Regulatory Proteins: Proteins which regulate the rate of transcription of viral structural genes. [NIH] Viral Structural Proteins: Viral proteins that do not regulate transcription. They are coded
246 Rotavirus
by viral structural genes and include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). Transcription of viral structural genes is regulated by viral regulatory proteins. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] World Health: The concept pertaining to the health status of inhabitants of the world. [NIH] World Health Organization: A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
Dictionary 247
Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
249
INDEX A Abdominal, 197, 215, 223, 231, 232 Acetic Acids, 154, 197 Acrylamide, 132, 197 Acrylonitrile, 197 Adaptability, 197, 204 Adenovirus, 40, 50, 65, 68, 84, 143, 156, 160, 197 Adenylate Cyclase, 197, 205 Adjuvant, 33, 99, 162, 197, 198 Adoptive Transfer, 52, 197 Adsorption, 112, 197 Adsorptive, 197 Adverse Effect, 197, 239 Affinity, 53, 59, 197, 198, 240 Agar, 198, 233 Age Groups, 141, 198 Aged, 80 and Over, 198 Agonist, 198, 203 Albumin, 198, 201 Alfalfa, 157, 198 Algorithms, 17, 198, 202 Alimentary, 198, 212, 231 Alkaline, 198, 203 Alleles, 46, 198 Allergen, 69, 198 Alpha Particles, 198, 236 Alphavirus, 24, 198, 240 Alternative medicine, 173, 198 Aluminum, 162, 198 Aluminum Hydroxide, 162, 198 Ameliorating, 134, 198 Amino Acid Motifs, 199, 208 Amino Acid Sequence, 37, 52, 56, 111, 117, 134, 136, 144, 152, 199, 208, 216 Amino Acids, 134, 199, 206, 208, 216, 232, 234, 235, 238, 239, 242, 244 Amino-terminal, 61, 199 Amplification, 34, 38, 46, 159, 199 Ampulla, 199, 205 Anaerobic, 199, 213, 238, 239, 241 Anaesthesia, 199, 221 Anemia, 199, 225 Animal model, 9, 16, 26, 147, 159, 199 Anionic, 27, 138, 199, 240 Annealing, 199, 233 Anorexia, 199, 215, 244 Antibacterial, 199, 240
Antibiotic, 154, 158, 199, 240 Anticoagulant, 200, 235 Antigen-presenting cell, 9, 200, 210 Anti-infective, 132, 200, 206 Antimicrobial, 99, 154, 158, 167, 200 Antiserum, 200, 229 Antiviral, 10, 111, 120, 132, 200, 222 Antiviral Agents, 132, 200 Anus, 200, 201, 203 Apoptosis, 20, 200 Approximate, 134, 152, 200 Aqueous, 9, 200, 201, 209, 240 Arginine, 34, 200, 244 Arterial, 200, 235 Arteries, 200, 202, 208, 227 Assay, 6, 13, 19, 20, 32, 36, 39, 48, 49, 74, 92, 112, 119, 200, 220, 236 Astrovirus, 18, 50, 65, 76, 82, 167, 200 Asymptomatic, 46, 58, 75, 84, 98, 114, 116, 140, 161, 200, 231 Asynchronous, 62, 200 Atresia, 13, 14, 201, 202 Atrophy, 137, 201 Attenuated, 8, 9, 22, 31, 51, 65, 87, 99, 102, 143, 144, 153, 155, 158, 201, 210 Autodigestion, 201, 231 Avian, 37, 66, 69, 102, 126, 134, 136, 137, 141, 143, 148, 201 Avidin, 159, 201 B Bacteremia, 201, 238 Bacterial toxin, 157, 201 Bacteriophage, 6, 141, 201, 209, 233, 238, 243, 246 Bacterium, 132, 158, 201 Base, 42, 58, 80, 201, 210, 216, 223, 233, 242, 244 Base Sequence, 42, 201, 216 Basophils, 201, 217, 224 Benign, 126, 201, 218, 229, 246 Bile, 13, 14, 70, 201, 202, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224 Bile Acids, 201 Bile Acids and Salts, 201 Bile Ducts, 13, 14, 202, 223 Biliary, 13, 14, 70, 87, 167, 202, 205, 218, 231 Biliary Atresia, 13, 14, 70, 87, 202
250 Rotavirus
Biliary Tract, 202, 231 Biochemical, 6, 10, 21, 24, 25, 27, 32, 33, 66, 120, 198, 202, 214, 216 Biological response modifier, 202, 222 Biological Transport, 202, 210 Biophysics, 19, 202 Biopsy, 142, 202 Biotechnology, 30, 62, 69, 154, 156, 166, 173, 179, 202 Bioterrorism, 16, 202 Biotin, 159, 201, 202 Bladder, 202, 244 Blood Coagulation, 202, 203, 243 Blood pressure, 202, 220, 228, 240 Blot, 41, 46, 57, 202 Bluetongue, 5, 202 Bluetongue Virus, 5, 202 Body Composition, 17, 202 Body Fluids, 202, 211, 214, 240 Bone Marrow, 103, 134, 203, 220, 225, 228 Bowel, 7, 113, 123, 171, 203, 212, 222, 223, 224, 232, 241 Bowel Movement, 203, 241 Branch, 193, 203, 211, 220, 225, 232, 235, 240, 242 Breakdown, 203, 210, 215 Bronchi, 203, 213 Bronchioles, 203 Bronchiolitis, 22, 203 Bronchiseptica, 203, 232 Bronchitis, 143, 203 Bursitis, 143, 203 C Calicivirus, 28, 50, 167, 203, 245 Calmodulin, 203, 222 Campylobacter, 17, 26, 157, 167, 203 Carbachol, 21, 203 Carbohydrate, 23, 61, 203, 217, 234, 239 Carboxy, 47, 203, 204 Carboxy-terminal, 47, 204 Carcinogenic, 204, 222, 235 Carotene, 204, 237 Carrier Proteins, 204, 236 Cathode, 204, 211 Cations, 126, 204, 223 Cause of Death, 149, 151, 204 Caveolae, 27, 204 Caveolins, 204, 206 Celiac Disease, 21, 204 Cell Death, 200, 204, 229 Cell Differentiation, 204, 239
Cell Division, 201, 204, 226, 227, 233, 235, 238 Cell membrane, 11, 25, 45, 202, 204, 210, 222, 223, 226, 232 Cell Membrane Structures, 204 Cell proliferation, 14, 204, 239 Cell Size, 204, 214 Cell Survival, 20, 204 Cellulose, 204, 215, 233 Central Nervous System, 54, 100, 205, 215, 216, 218, 227 Centrifugation, 143, 205 Cerebral, 205, 208, 213, 214, 226 Cerebrospinal, 54, 100, 205 Cerebrospinal fluid, 100, 205 Cervical, 205 Chelation, 119, 205 Chemotaxis, 7, 205 Chemotherapy, 99, 139, 154, 205, 220 Child Care, 167, 205 Chlorine, 138, 205 Chlorophyll, 205, 215 Cholera, 11, 16, 18, 53, 99, 145, 146, 166, 167, 205, 239, 245 Cholera Toxin, 53, 99, 205 Cholestasis, 13, 205 Cholesterol, 27, 201, 204, 205, 224, 226, 238 Cholinergic, 203, 205 Chromatin, 200, 205, 213, 230 Chromosomal, 199, 205, 216, 233 Chromosome, 141, 205, 218, 224, 238 Chronic, 13, 44, 52, 206, 211, 221, 223, 231, 241, 244 CIS, 22, 34, 206, 237 Clamp, 21, 206 Clathrin, 206, 212 Clear cell carcinoma, 206, 210 Clinical Medicine, 19, 206, 234 Clinical trial, 4, 15, 22, 81, 170, 179, 206, 235, 236 Clioquinol, 121, 206 Clone, 158, 206 Cloning, 11, 34, 121, 146, 159, 202, 206 Clostridium, 138, 158, 167, 206, 242 Coated Vesicles, 206, 212 Codon, 49, 206, 216 Cofactor, 206, 235, 243 Coliphages, 201, 206 Colitis, 206, 222 Collagen, 206, 235 Colorectal, 18, 207 Colorectal Cancer, 18, 207
Index 251
Colostrum, 103, 110, 112, 124, 128, 147, 148, 157, 171, 207 Complement, 207, 216, 225 Complementary and alternative medicine, 119, 128, 207 Complementary medicine, 119, 207 Complementation, 10, 207 Computational Biology, 179, 207 Concentric, 25, 208 Conception, 208, 214 Cones, 208, 237 Conjugated, 154, 201, 208 Conjunctiva, 208, 222 Connective Tissue, 203, 206, 208, 214, 215, 225 Consensus Sequence, 38, 55, 60, 199, 208 Conserved Sequence, 199, 208 Consultation, 167, 208 Consumption, 142, 159, 208, 210, 215, 237 Contamination, 138, 161, 208, 238 Contraindications, ii, 4, 208 Convulsions, 126, 208 Cornea, 208, 238, 244 Coronary, 208, 227 Coronary Thrombosis, 208, 227 Coronavirus, 110, 120, 157, 158, 208 Corpus, 105, 208 Corpus Callosum, 105, 208 Cortex, 208, 209, 214 Crossing-over, 209, 237 Cryptosporidium, 17, 88, 160, 209 Cultured cells, 111, 209 Curative, 209, 242 Cysteine, 49, 209, 242 Cystine, 209 Cystoviridae, 6, 209 Cytokine, 7, 13, 14, 26, 102, 209 Cytomegalovirus, 156, 209 Cytoplasm, 23, 200, 201, 204, 205, 209, 213, 214, 217, 222, 228, 230, 238 Cytoskeleton, 18, 54, 209 Cytotoxic, 9, 13, 53, 57, 114, 115, 154, 209, 236, 239 D Dairy Products, 209, 238 Databases, Bibliographic, 179, 209 Day Care, 59, 134, 142, 144, 209 Degenerative, 209, 218 Dehydration, 8, 142, 163, 184, 186, 205, 209 Deletion, 49, 200, 209 Delivery of Health Care, 209, 218 Denaturation, 209, 233
Dendrites, 210 Dendritic, 10, 13, 210, 241 Dendritic cell, 10, 210 Density, 205, 210, 214, 224 Dentifrices, 198, 210 Depolarization, 210, 239 DES, 111, 210 Developed Countries, 19, 133, 142, 144, 148, 149, 151, 163, 168, 210 Developing Countries, 8, 12, 15, 16, 20, 133, 140, 142, 143, 150, 155, 161, 163, 210 Dextrans, 24, 210 Diagnostic procedure, 131, 173, 210 Diapedesis, 7, 210 Diarrhoea, 63, 65, 67, 72, 75, 84, 91, 102, 112, 114, 210, 215 Diffusion, 105, 202, 210, 223 Digestion, 163, 198, 201, 202, 203, 210, 221, 223, 224, 241, 245 Digestive tract, 210, 240 Dilatation, 210, 234 Dilution, 210, 229, 233 Diphtheria, 95, 210 Diploid, 156, 207, 210, 233 Direct, iii, 16, 24, 25, 37, 45, 71, 157, 206, 211, 237, 242 Disease Progression, 13, 211 Dissection, 25, 211 Distal, 211, 235 Diuretic, 211, 226, 240 Drive, ii, vi, 109, 139, 166, 211, 223 Drug Interactions, 211 Duct, 14, 70, 199, 211, 214, 238 Duodenum, 201, 211, 241 Dysentery, 211, 239 E Effector, 7, 20, 26, 52, 151, 207, 211 Effector cell, 7, 211 Efficacy, 5, 7, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 51, 87, 94, 99, 104, 113, 115, 125, 157, 169, 170, 171, 211 Elective, 57, 211 Electrolysis, 204, 211 Electrolyte, 19, 211, 214, 237, 240, 244 Electrons, 201, 204, 211, 223, 236 Electrophoresis, 197, 211 Electrophysiological, 19, 211 Embryo, 204, 211, 221 Encapsulated, 9, 51, 154, 212 Encephalitis, 126, 143, 212, 227 Encephalitis, Viral, 212 Encephalopathy, 100, 105, 212
252 Rotavirus
Endemic, 167, 205, 212, 225, 241 Endocytosis, 21, 45, 204, 212 Endosomes, 24, 212 Endothelium, 210, 212 Endpoint Determination, 49, 92, 212 Enhancer, 156, 212 Enteral Nutrition, 144, 212 Enteritis, 63, 95, 96, 123, 158, 212 Enterocolitis, 212 Enterocytes, 142, 212 Enteropeptidase, 212, 244 Enterotoxins, 147, 212 Enterovirus, 113, 116, 123, 212 Environmental Health, 178, 180, 212 Enzymatic, 140, 203, 204, 207, 212, 233, 237 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 39, 58, 120, 121, 213 Eosinophils, 213, 217, 224 Epidemic, 30, 31, 37, 137, 159, 167, 168, 213, 238, 241 Epidemiological, 39, 48, 74, 104, 213 Epigastric, 213, 231 Epinephrine, 213, 244 Epithelial, 7, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 37, 49, 50, 51, 54, 60, 71, 85, 114, 132, 136, 137, 147, 163, 202, 205, 213, 217, 231 Epithelial Cells, 7, 10, 18, 20, 22, 32, 49, 50, 51, 54, 85, 114, 132, 136, 137, 147, 205, 213 Epithelium, 209, 212, 213, 231 Epitope, 9, 42, 44, 50, 58, 144, 147, 213 Erythrocytes, 199, 203, 213 Escherichia, 46, 51, 53, 97, 99, 114, 124, 138, 158, 167, 206, 213, 215 Escherichia coli, 46, 51, 53, 97, 99, 114, 124, 138, 158, 167, 206, 213, 215 Esophageal, 18, 213 Esophagus, 18, 201, 210, 213, 232, 241 Ethanol, 213, 214 Eukaryote, 40, 213 Eukaryotic Cells, 18, 214, 221, 231 Excitation, 214 Exhaustion, 214, 225 Exocrine, 214, 231 Exogenous, 140, 141, 197, 214, 235 Extracellular, 18, 208, 212, 214, 235, 240 Extraction, 93, 214 Eye Infections, 197, 214 F Faecal, 210, 214 Family Planning, 179, 214
Fat, 133, 202, 203, 204, 207, 214, 224, 238, 240, 242 Feces, 68, 142, 146, 214, 241 Fermentation, 141, 214, 238 Fetus, 157, 214, 244 Fibrosis, 14, 19, 147, 214 Filtration, 35, 138, 214 Fish Products, 214, 238 Fissure, 209, 214 Flagellin, 144, 214 Flatus, 214, 215 Flow Cytometry, 12, 20, 40, 214 Fluid Therapy, 167, 214 Fluorescence, 18, 214, 215 Fluorescent Dyes, 214, 215 Fold, 61, 214, 215 Fructose, 215, 217 Fungi, 214, 215, 227, 246 Fungus, 141, 215 G Gallbladder, 197, 202, 215 Ganglia, 215, 229 Ganglioside, 32, 59, 215 Gangrenous, 215, 239 Gas, 97, 205, 210, 214, 215, 219, 221, 230, 239, 241, 245 Gastric, 198, 201, 215 Gastritis, 18, 215 Gastrointestinal tract, 28, 103, 153, 157, 163, 167, 202, 213, 215, 224 Gastrostomy, 212, 215 Gavage, 215, 216 Gene Expression, 41, 48, 145, 216 Gene Rearrangement, 30, 63, 216 Genetic Code, 216, 230 Genetic Engineering, 202, 206, 216 Genetic Techniques, 6, 216 Genetic testing, 216, 233 Genetics, 6, 10, 22, 23, 216, 220 Genital, 206, 216, 244 Genitourinary, 216, 244 Genomics, 13, 216 Genotype, 36, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 56, 71, 77, 78, 85, 96, 107, 216, 232 Geriatric, 98, 216 Germ-free, 142, 216 Germicide, 138, 216 Gland, 216, 225, 226, 231, 238, 241, 243 Glomerular, 216, 226 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 216, 226 Glottis, 216, 232
Index 253
Glucose, 37, 166, 204, 210, 216, 217, 218, 222, 236, 240 Glutamic Acid, 216, 234 Glutathione Peroxidase, 217, 239 Gluten, 204, 217 Glycerol, 217, 232 Glycerophospholipids, 217, 232 Glycoprotein, 24, 25, 31, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 60, 61, 110, 116, 120, 132, 133, 136, 145, 161, 217, 243 Glycoside, 132, 217 Glycosidic, 217, 229, 230 Goblet Cells, 212, 217 Gonorrhea, 11, 217 Governing Board, 217, 234 Grade, 186, 217 Graft, 138, 217, 219, 221 Grafting, 138, 217 Gram-negative, 203, 213, 217, 238, 239, 245 Gram-positive, 206, 217, 241 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 206, 217 Granulocytes, 217, 239, 246 Group Practice, 74, 217 Growth, 18, 32, 42, 48, 57, 80, 95, 147, 152, 199, 200, 202, 204, 210, 217, 219, 222, 226, 229, 230, 233, 243, 246 H Handwashing, 186, 218 Haploid, 218, 233 Haptens, 147, 197, 218, 236 Headache, 218, 222 Health Care Costs, 4, 12, 218 Health Expenditures, 218 Health Status, 218, 246 Hemoglobin, 199, 213, 218, 224 Hepatic, 13, 198, 218 Hepatitis, 5, 15, 18, 36, 40, 83, 116, 145, 156, 159, 167, 218, 245 Hepatobiliary, 87, 218 Hepatocyte, 205, 218 Heredity, 216, 218 Herpes, 156, 218 Herpes Zoster, 218 Heterogeneity, 40, 41, 42, 43, 77, 197, 218 Homeostasis, 18, 19, 218 Homologous, 6, 29, 31, 34, 62, 91, 198, 209, 219, 236, 238, 242 Hormonal, 201, 219 Hormone, 210, 213, 219, 222, 226, 239, 243 Horseradish Peroxidase, 213, 219 Human papillomavirus, 25, 219 Humoral, 12, 20, 29, 34, 83, 137, 219, 220
Humour, 219 Hybrid, 25, 98, 150, 206, 219 Hybridization, 35, 41, 46, 53, 57, 70, 79, 150, 159, 219, 230, 241 Hybridoma, 22, 219 Hydration, 197, 219 Hydrogel, 69, 219 Hydrogen, 201, 203, 209, 217, 219, 228, 229, 230, 235 Hydrogen Bonding, 219, 230 Hydrolysis, 219, 223, 229, 232, 234, 244 Hydrophilic, 219 Hydrophobic, 24, 57, 217, 219, 224 Hyperplasia, 83, 219 Hypersensitivity, 198, 220 Hypertrophy, 83, 219, 220 Hypotension, 208, 220 I Id, 118, 127, 184, 186, 192, 194, 220 Imidazole, 202, 220 Immune function, 29, 220 Immune Sera, 220 Immune system, 12, 14, 26, 29, 155, 158, 200, 211, 220, 221, 225, 245, 246 Immunoassay, 34, 37, 69, 87, 92, 160, 213, 220 Immunocompetence, 17, 220 Immunocompromised, 133, 141, 143, 144, 147, 220 Immunoconjugates, 154, 220 Immunodeficiency, 50, 52, 220 Immunofluorescence, 21, 220 Immunogen, 152, 162, 220 Immunogenetics, 5, 220 Immunogenic, 33, 115, 144, 152, 157, 163, 220, 236 Immunoglobulin, 22, 28, 32, 51, 94, 103, 115, 124, 157, 171, 199, 220, 228 Immunohistochemistry, 7, 14, 220 Immunologic, 15, 29, 45, 147, 159, 197, 220, 221 Immunosuppressive, 221, 242 Immunotherapy, 197, 221 In situ, 7, 22, 221 In Situ Hybridization, 7, 22, 221 In vivo, 7, 13, 20, 23, 28, 29, 41, 45, 101, 134, 151, 152, 221, 242 Incision, 221, 223 Incubation, 9, 140, 148, 161, 221, 232 Incubation period, 9, 140, 148, 161, 221, 232 Indicative, 165, 212, 221, 232, 245
254 Rotavirus
Indigestion, 221, 224 Induction, 26, 43, 45, 129, 221 Infancy, 14, 15, 221 Infant Mortality, 146, 221 Infant, Newborn, 198, 221 Infantile, 123, 133, 136, 137, 146, 153, 221, 238 Infarction, 208, 221, 227 Infectious Diarrhea, 12, 17, 140, 161, 166, 167, 221 Inflammatory bowel disease, 7, 18, 21, 222 Influenza, 5, 9, 15, 16, 22, 132, 156, 222 Ingestion, 136, 137, 222, 233 Inhalation, 222, 233 Initiation, 12, 39, 222 Initiator, 138, 222 Inorganic, 222, 228, 241 Inositol, 27, 61, 222 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 61, 222 Insight, 14, 25, 222 Insulin, 21, 222 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 222 Intensive Care, 68, 222 Interferon, 40, 46, 77, 85, 112, 117, 222 Interferon-alpha, 222 Intermittent, 215, 222 Interstitial, 223, 226 Intestine, 18, 51, 136, 142, 201, 203, 207, 212, 213, 223, 224 Intoxication, 223, 246 Intracellular, 18, 19, 22, 27, 46, 54, 56, 60, 61, 206, 216, 221, 222, 223, 226, 239, 246 Intracellular Membranes, 223, 226 Intraepithelial, 7, 223 Intrahepatic, 14, 223 Intrahepatic bile ducts, 14, 223 Intramuscular, 9, 45, 223, 231 Intravascular, 23, 223 Intravenous, 223, 231 Intussusception, 8, 15, 72, 73, 84, 86, 87, 91, 97, 99, 102, 104, 170, 171, 185, 223 Invasive, 17, 144, 167, 220, 223 Ion Transport, 21, 223 Ions, 201, 203, 211, 219, 222, 223 Ischemia, 201, 215, 223 J Jejunostomy, 212, 223 K Kb, 159, 178, 223 Kidney Failure, 223, 226 Kinetics, 10, 47, 223
L Labile, 13, 46, 51, 53, 99, 207, 223 Laceration, 223, 242 Lactation, 63, 207, 224 Lactose Intolerance, 137, 224 Lactulose, 17, 88, 224 Large Intestine, 207, 210, 223, 224, 237, 240 Laxative, 198, 224, 240 Lesion, 224, 239 Lethal, 141, 224 Leucine, 21, 224 Leukocytes, 18, 201, 203, 213, 217, 222, 224, 228, 230 Library Services, 192, 224 Linkage, 9, 75, 224 Lipid, 11, 23, 24, 27, 51, 99, 101, 115, 141, 204, 217, 222, 224 Lipid Bilayers, 24, 224 Lipoprotein, 217, 224, 246 Liposomes, 24, 46, 224 Liver, 10, 13, 14, 18, 54, 70, 88, 166, 167, 197, 198, 201, 202, 209, 214, 215, 218, 223, 224 Liver Transplantation, 13, 224 Localization, 21, 22, 45, 55, 220, 224 Localized, 22, 33, 210, 212, 221, 224, 233, 242 Locomotion, 224, 233 Longitudinal Studies, 28, 47, 224 Lumen, 49, 225 Lymph, 205, 212, 219, 225 Lymph node, 205, 225 Lymphatic, 212, 221, 225, 241, 243 Lymphatic system, 225, 241, 243 Lymphocyte, 6, 12, 13, 20, 45, 200, 225, 226 Lymphocyte Subsets, 7, 12, 225 Lymphoid, 83, 103, 199, 220, 225 Lymphoproliferative, 9, 13, 37, 225 Lysine, 225, 244 Lysosome, 154, 225 Lytic, 93, 225, 239, 246 M Macrophage, 151, 225 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 162, 225 Malabsorption, 142, 204, 225 Malaria, 145, 225, 226 Malaria, Falciparum, 225, 226 Malaria, Vivax, 225, 226 Malignancy, 226, 231 Malignant, 143, 226, 229 Malnutrition, 137, 198, 201, 226
Index 255
Mammary, 157, 207, 226 Mannans, 215, 226 Mannitol, 17, 88, 226 Mastitis, 157, 226, 239 Meat, 226, 238 Mediate, 22, 33, 44, 46, 61, 113, 226 Mediator, 14, 22, 226 MEDLINE, 179, 226 Meiosis, 226, 236, 242 Melanin, 226, 232, 244 Membrane Fusion, 24, 226 Membrane Microdomains, 27, 226 Membrane Proteins, 204, 224, 226 Memory, 7, 9, 12, 20, 26, 40, 45, 52, 103, 139, 158, 199, 226 Meninges, 205, 227 Meningitis, 227 Meningoencephalitis, 75, 227 Mental Health, iv, 4, 178, 180, 227, 235 Mercury, 214, 227 Metaphase, 227, 236, 242 Methionine, 227, 242 MI, 31, 43, 46, 48, 62, 64, 68, 70, 77, 93, 196, 227 Mice Minute Virus, 227, 231 Microbe, 16, 132, 227, 243 Microbiological, 64, 227 Microorganism, 138, 146, 206, 227, 231, 246 Microscopy, 10, 18, 159, 197, 219, 227 Microspheres, 8, 111, 227 Migration, 20, 157, 227 Mitochondria, 227, 231 Mitosis, 200, 227 Mobilization, 19, 228 Molecular mass, 134, 228 Molecule, 28, 145, 147, 200, 201, 207, 211, 213, 214, 217, 219, 228, 230, 233, 237, 239, 243, 245 Monitor, 106, 138, 228, 230 Monoclonal, 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 49, 50, 52, 78, 121, 122, 159, 220, 228 Monoclonal antibodies, 24, 49, 50, 78, 121, 122, 159, 220, 228 Monocytes, 151, 224, 228 Mononuclear, 228 Morphogenesis, 18, 25, 33, 39, 140, 228 Morphological, 211, 215, 228 Morphology, 10, 228 Motion Sickness, 228, 229 Motor Activity, 208, 228 Mucins, 212, 217, 228
Mucosa, 19, 20, 204, 212, 228 Mucus, 30, 64, 119, 211, 228 Mutagenesis, 11, 228 Mutagens, 228 Myalgia, 222, 228 Myeloma, 219, 229 Myocarditis, 75, 210, 229 Myocardium, 227, 229 N Nasal Mucosa, 222, 229 Nasogastric, 212, 229 Nausea, 163, 186, 215, 221, 229, 244 NCI, 1, 177, 206, 229 Necrosis, 200, 221, 227, 229 Need, 3, 8, 76, 132, 138, 143, 162, 166, 187, 225, 229 Neonatal, 13, 34, 54, 64, 67, 68, 91, 114, 130, 150, 158, 163, 221, 229, 238 Neoplasms, 197, 229 Nerve, 210, 226, 229, 234, 237, 238, 241, 244 Nervous System, 163, 170, 205, 226, 229, 241 Neural, 219, 229 Neuraminidase, 229, 231 Neuropathy, 206, 229 Neurotoxic, 206, 229 Neutralization, 9, 13, 22, 23, 35, 38, 43, 44, 49, 50, 52, 58, 67, 92, 136, 149, 150, 229 Neutralization Tests, 136, 149, 229 Neutrons, 198, 229, 236 Neutrophils, 217, 224, 230 Nitrogen, 132, 228, 230 Nosocomial, 73, 75, 84, 91, 93, 94, 96, 112, 122, 230 Nuclear, 211, 214, 229, 230 Nuclei, 198, 211, 216, 227, 229, 230, 235 Nucleic acid, 116, 135, 150, 158, 163, 201, 203, 216, 219, 221, 228, 230, 236, 241, 246 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 135, 219, 230 Nucleic Acid Probes, 116, 135, 230 Nucleocapsid, 147, 230, 243, 246 Nucleus, 200, 201, 205, 209, 213, 214, 226, 228, 230, 235, 241 O Oligosaccharides, 27, 229, 230 Oliguria, 223, 226, 230 Opsin, 230, 237 Orbivirus, 141, 202, 230, 237 Organ Culture, 230, 243 Organelles, 154, 205, 206, 209, 228, 231, 233
256 Rotavirus
Osmolarity, 226, 231 Outpatient, 4, 231 P Paediatric, 63, 84, 96, 231 Palliative, 231, 242 Pancreas, 167, 197, 202, 222, 231, 244 Pancreatic, 18, 42, 80, 231 Pancreatitis, 18, 231 Paneth Cells, 212, 231 Papillomavirus, 5, 15, 231 Paramyxovirus, 143, 231 Parasite, 231 Parasitic, 133, 141, 158, 211, 231 Parenteral, 8, 23, 158, 231 Paroxysmal, 231, 232, 246 Particle, 5, 17, 23, 24, 34, 50, 124, 136, 140, 147, 231, 243, 246 Parvovirus, 143, 227, 231 Patch, 21, 231 Pathogen, 7, 15, 17, 18, 27, 153, 158, 221, 231 Pathogenesis, 10, 14, 15, 17, 29, 38, 96, 100, 130, 167, 168, 231 Pathologic, 200, 202, 208, 220, 232 Pathologic Processes, 200, 232 Patient Education, 185, 190, 192, 196, 232 Peptide, 27, 30, 37, 55, 147, 148, 205, 212, 232, 234, 235 Peritoneal, 167, 232 Peritoneum, 232 Pertussis, 95, 232, 246 Pharmacologic, 232, 243 Pharynx, 222, 232 Phenotype, 7, 13, 20, 21, 54, 155, 207, 232 Phenylalanine, 232, 244 Phospholipases, 232, 239 Phospholipids, 11, 214, 222, 224, 232 Phosphorus, 203, 232 Phosphorylation, 19, 31, 45, 55, 110, 232 Physiologic, 7, 198, 232, 237 Physiology, 19, 21, 88, 211, 233 Pigments, 204, 233, 237 Pilot study, 106, 233 Plants, 115, 157, 202, 216, 217, 228, 233, 243, 244 Plaque, 58, 149, 233 Plasma, 17, 21, 24, 27, 55, 56, 97, 198, 199, 204, 210, 216, 218, 223, 229, 233, 239 Plasma cells, 199, 229, 233 Plasma Volume, 210, 233 Plasmid, 145, 161, 233, 245 Plastids, 231, 233
Platelet Activation, 233, 240 Pneumonitis, 75, 233 Point Mutation, 59, 233 Poisoning, 166, 167, 215, 223, 227, 229, 233, 238 Polymerase, 6, 25, 33, 50, 55, 70, 87, 92, 119, 126, 145, 200, 233 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 70, 87, 92, 233 Polymers, 9, 132, 154, 210, 233, 235 Polymorphism, 32, 48, 59, 65, 103, 107, 234 Polypeptide, 50, 56, 133, 136, 145, 147, 150, 159, 163, 199, 204, 206, 208, 219, 234, 235, 247 Polyposis, 207, 234 Polysaccharide, 200, 204, 234 Polyvalent, 132, 158, 234 Posterior, 231, 234, 238 Postsynaptic, 234, 239, 242 Potentiate, 162, 234 Potentiating, 162, 234 Potentiation, 234, 239 Practice Guidelines, 180, 234 Preclinical, 22, 234 Precursor, 211, 212, 232, 234, 244 Presumptive, 155, 234 Prevalence, 17, 37, 42, 45, 50, 65, 80, 84, 91, 97, 98, 114, 140, 168, 234 Primary vaccination, 139, 234 Probe, 26, 34, 79, 159, 234 Progeny, 20, 22, 154, 234 Progression, 14, 199, 234 Progressive, 14, 204, 217, 229, 233, 234 Proline, 61, 117, 207, 234 Promoter, 20, 60, 145, 156, 235 Prophase, 235, 236, 242 Prophylaxis, 115, 124, 146, 200, 235, 245 Proportional, 213, 235 Protease, 10, 23, 25, 124, 162, 235 Protein Binding, 23, 235 Protein C, 5, 11, 19, 24, 25, 140, 161, 198, 199, 201, 206, 224, 235, 246 Protein Conformation, 199, 235 Protein S, 13, 33, 57, 82, 115, 150, 161, 166, 200, 202, 208, 216, 235, 238 Protein Transport, 27, 235 Protocol, 3, 150, 235 Protons, 198, 219, 235, 236 Protozoa, 211, 227, 235 Proximal, 21, 211, 235 Public Health, 6, 16, 76, 84, 87, 92, 98, 104, 180, 235 Public Policy, 179, 235
Index 257
Publishing, 30, 168, 235 Pulmonary, 202, 205, 208, 223, 236, 242 Pulmonary Edema, 205, 223, 236 Pulse, 228, 236 Purifying, 143, 146, 236 Purines, 201, 236, 239 Pyogenic, 213, 236, 239 Q Quadrivalent, 81, 86, 236 R Race, 227, 236 Radiation, 20, 215, 236 Radioactive, 106, 219, 228, 230, 236 Radioimmunoassay, 159, 236 Radioimmunotherapy, 220, 236 Randomized, 73, 122, 211, 236 Reabsorption, 101, 236 Reagent, 205, 236 Reassortant Viruses, 51, 149, 236 Receptor, 7, 19, 22, 25, 28, 40, 46, 52, 59, 102, 200, 236, 237, 239 Recombination, 6, 156, 216, 237 Rectum, 200, 203, 207, 210, 214, 215, 222, 224, 237 Refer, 1, 207, 215, 218, 224, 230, 236, 237 Refraction, 237, 240 Regimen, 211, 237 Rehydration, 95, 142, 143, 153, 166, 237 Rehydration Solutions, 166, 237 Reoviridae, 5, 6, 22, 130, 140, 141, 148, 150, 161, 230, 237, 238 Respiration, 227, 228, 237 Respiratory syncytial virus, 5, 9, 12, 93, 237 Restitution, 20, 237 Restoration, 237 Retina, 208, 237, 238, 244 Retinal, 65, 230, 237 Retinol, 237 Rhinitis, 203, 237, 239 Ribosome, 238, 244 Rigidity, 233, 238 Risk factor, 17, 64, 71, 84, 91, 238 Rod, 201, 206, 213, 238, 239 Rotavirus Vaccines, 9, 15, 20, 65, 86, 87, 92, 97, 104, 136, 139, 151, 152, 164, 238 Rubella, 9 S Salivary, 209, 238 Salivary glands, 209, 238 Salmonella, 15, 17, 18, 138, 167, 215, 238 Saturated fat, 112, 238
Schizoid, 238, 246 Schizophrenia, 238, 246 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 238, 246 Sclera, 208, 238, 244 Screening, 147, 206, 238 Seafood, 159, 238 Secretion, 19, 21, 27, 219, 222, 224, 228, 238, 245 Secretory, 19, 21, 27, 144, 157, 238, 242 Segregation, 48, 90, 237, 238 Selenium, 17, 239 Septicaemia, 239 Sequence Analysis, 34, 42, 55, 70, 80, 150, 239 Sequencing, 10, 18, 121, 233, 239 Serine, 58, 239, 244 Serologic, 88, 220, 239 Serous, 207, 212, 239 Serum, 13, 22, 49, 52, 58, 81, 87, 105, 106, 114, 148, 149, 152, 159, 197, 198, 200, 207, 220, 229, 236, 239 Serum Albumin, 236, 239 Shedding, 7, 33, 44, 51, 75, 85, 98, 142, 239 Shigella, 17, 167, 239 Shock, 42, 80, 239, 244 Side effect, 12, 143, 170, 197, 239, 243 Signal Transduction, 27, 204, 222, 239 Sindbis Virus, 198, 240 Skeletal, 206, 240 Skull, 240, 242 Small intestine, 7, 136, 137, 142, 147, 202, 211, 212, 219, 223, 229, 240, 244, 245 Sneezing, 232, 239, 240 Sodium, 121, 236, 240 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, 121, 240 Soft tissue, 203, 240 Somatic, 219, 226, 227, 240 Sorbitol, 226, 240 Spasmodic, 232, 240 Specialist, 187, 240 Specificity, 9, 29, 36, 46, 54, 58, 59, 71, 117, 133, 158, 159, 197, 240 Spectrum, 59, 133, 240 Sperm, 205, 240 Spike, 23, 24, 25, 47, 56, 59, 61, 67, 147, 241 Spinal cord, 205, 227, 229, 241 Spleen, 29, 209, 219, 225, 241 Sporadic, 147, 241 Staphylococcus, 16, 138, 215, 241 Steel, 112, 206, 241 Stimulus, 211, 214, 241
258 Rotavirus
Stomach, 197, 201, 210, 213, 215, 216, 219, 229, 232, 240, 241 Stool, 17, 42, 80, 92, 101, 158, 159, 160, 184, 224, 241 Strand, 55, 56, 60, 233, 241 Stress, 215, 229, 241 Stringency, 150, 241 Subacute, 206, 221, 241 Subclinical, 221, 241 Subcutaneous, 215, 231, 241 Subspecies, 240, 241 Substance P, 238, 241 Substrate, 213, 229, 241 Suction, 214, 241 Sulfates, 240, 241 Sulfur, 132, 227, 242 Supplementation, 17, 122, 242 Suppression, 12, 161, 242 Suppressive, 12, 242 Surfactant, 240, 242 Symptomatic, 84, 106, 137, 147, 231, 242 Synapses, 241, 242 Synaptic, 239, 242 Synergistic, 35, 242 Systemic, 7, 9, 13, 29, 34, 37, 47, 52, 103, 148, 162, 202, 210, 213, 221, 242, 243 T Tacrolimus, 100, 242 Temporal, 168, 242 Terminator, 206, 242 Tetani, 242 Tetanic, 242 Tetanus, 95, 242 Tetravalent, 9, 15, 36, 94, 95, 104, 126, 242 Therapeutics, 242 Thermal, 230, 233, 242 Thrombin, 235, 243 Thrombomodulin, 235, 243 Thrombosis, 235, 243 Thymus, 220, 225, 243 Thyroid, 243, 244 Ticks, 230, 243 Tissue Culture, 57, 126, 229, 243 Topical, 206, 213, 243 Torovirus, 167, 243 Toxic, iv, 21, 154, 201, 210, 212, 220, 229, 239, 243 Toxicity, 154, 158, 211, 227, 243 Toxicology, 180, 243 Toxins, 15, 27, 88, 200, 202, 212, 221, 227, 228, 236, 243 Toxoid, 147, 158, 243
Traction, 206, 243 Transcriptase, 34, 36, 44, 48, 92, 140, 243 Transduction, 239, 243 Transfection, 202, 243 Transfer Factor, 220, 243 Translation, 38, 39, 145, 156, 243 Translational, 26, 157, 244 Translocation, 11, 23, 24, 235, 244 Transmitter, 226, 242, 244 Transplantation, 100, 116, 220, 225, 244 Trauma, 218, 229, 231, 244 Tropism, 29, 147, 244 Trypsin, 23, 25, 47, 59, 61, 113, 123, 125, 126, 212, 244, 247 Tuberculosis, 15, 16, 167, 208, 244 Typhoid fever, 167, 244 Tyrosine, 116, 244 U Unconscious, 220, 244 Uraemia, 231, 244 Urethra, 244 Urinary, 216, 230, 244 Urine, 49, 202, 211, 230, 244 Urogenital, 157, 216, 217, 244 Uterus, 205, 208, 244, 245 Uvea, 244 Uveitis, 65, 244 V Vaccine adjuvant, 8, 245 Vacuoles, 212, 231, 245 Vagina, 210, 245 Vaginal, 206, 245 Varicella, 9, 245 Vascular, 212, 221, 244, 245 Vasculitis, 231, 245 VE, 16, 32, 110, 245 Vector, 145, 153, 156, 159, 243, 245 Vein, 97, 223, 230, 245 Venous, 235, 245 Ventricles, 205, 245 Vesicular, 54, 203, 218, 235, 245 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 203, 245 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 203, 245 Veterinary Medicine, 15, 92, 110, 179, 245 Vibrio, 21, 205, 245 Vibrio cholerae, 205, 245 Villi, 136, 137, 245 Villous, 136, 137, 204, 245 Villus, 51, 147, 245 Viral, 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 47, 50, 51, 53, 54,
Index 259
55, 56, 62, 68, 85, 97, 99, 106, 110, 116, 125, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148, 150, 152, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 184, 185, 200, 203, 212, 222, 243, 245, 246 Viral Hepatitis, 18, 245 Viral Regulatory Proteins, 245, 246 Viral Structural Proteins, 51, 125, 245 Virion, 10, 29, 31, 32, 33, 110, 111, 120, 150, 230, 246 Virulence, 10, 17, 18, 29, 48, 49, 201, 243, 246 Virulent, 8, 31, 65, 246 Virus Diseases, 200, 246 Virus Replication, 5, 48, 246 Vitamin A, 222, 237, 246 Vitro, 6, 7, 14, 20, 26, 28, 29, 32, 41, 45, 57, 60, 101, 110, 120, 123, 125, 140, 151, 159, 221, 233, 242, 243, 246
Vivo, 20, 29, 52, 60, 246 W War, 116, 246 Warts, 219, 246 White blood cell, 199, 207, 224, 225, 228, 229, 233, 246 Whooping Cough, 232, 246 Withdrawal, 23, 63, 105, 246 World Health, 136, 146, 161, 163, 166, 195, 246 World Health Organization, 136, 146, 161, 164, 166, 195, 246 X Xenograft, 199, 246 Y Yeasts, 215, 232, 246 Z Zymogen, 235, 247
260 Rotavirus
