REOVIRUS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Reovirus: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83941-7 1. Reovirus-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on reovirus. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON REOVIRUS .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Reovirus ........................................................................................ 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 16 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND REOVIRUS ........................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Finding Nutrition Studies on Reovirus....................................................................................... 71 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 74 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND REOVIRUS .................................................................. 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 75 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 77 General References ....................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON REOVIRUS .................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Dissertations on Reovirus............................................................................................................ 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON REOVIRUS .............................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Patents on Reovirus ..................................................................................................................... 83 Patent Applications on Reovirus ................................................................................................. 89 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON REOVIRUS .................................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 97 Chapters on Reovirus................................................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON REOVIRUS .................................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 99 Academic Periodicals covering Reovirus ................................................................................... 101 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 112 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 115 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 115 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 115 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 121 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 121
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REOVIRUS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 123 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 169
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with reovirus is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about reovirus, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to reovirus, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on reovirus. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to reovirus, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on reovirus. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON REOVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on reovirus.
Federally Funded Research on Reovirus The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to reovirus. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to reovirus. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore reovirus. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for reovirus: •
Project Title: A VIRUS-INDUCED MOLECULAR MIMICRY MODEL OF MS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Stephen D.; Director Interdepartmental Immunobiolog; Microbiology and Immunology; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The mechanism(s) underlying the initiation and progression of autoimmune diseases are not well understood. Clinical and epidemiologic evidence supports a role for viral infections. Postulated mechanisms include: molecular' mimicry (activation of autoreactive T cells secondarily by viral epitopes shared or cross-reactive with self antigens); epitope spreading (de novo activation of autoreactive T cells by sequestered antigens released secondary to self tissue destruction); and superantigens (non-specific stimulation of autoreactive T cells bearing particular VB receptors). Evidence for a viral etiology is particularly strong for multiple sclerosis (MS), a human CD4+ T cell mediated demyelinating disease associated with anti-myelin responses. The investigators have used the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease model of MS to examine mechanisms of initiation and progression of virus-induced autoimmunity. TMEV is a natural mouse pathogen which establishes a life-long persistent CNS infection. Demyelination following infection of SJL mice with the wildtype BeAn strain of TMEV is initiated by virus-specific CD4+ Thl cells targeting virus persisting in CNS macrophages/microglia. Autoreactivity to the immunodominant myelin proteolipid protein epitope, PLP139-151, arises via epitope spreading two months post infection and plays a pathologic role in disease progression. To test the ability of molecular mimicry to initiate CNS demyelination, they engineered TMEV expressing PLP139-151 in the viral leader (PLP139-BeAn). SJL mice infected with PLP1 39-BeAn develop a severe, rapidonset clinical demyelinating disease characterized by early activation of PLP1 39-151specific T cells. They will test the hypothesis that CNS autoimmunity can be initiated by molecular mimicry induced by infection with a neurotropic virus. Aim 1 will further characterize PLP139-BeAn-induced disease by determining the pathologic role of PLP139-151-specific T cells (using tolerance and adoptive transfer) and the precursor frequency and temporal appearance of CD4+ and CD8+ TMEV- and myelin epitopespecific responses. Aim 2 will directly test the molecular mimicry hypothesis by assessing activation of autoreactive T cells1and clinical disease following infection with TMEV encoding molecular mimics of PLP139-151 naturally expressed by mouse hepatitis virus and H. influenzae. Relevant to human MS, Aim 3 will assess activation of autoreactive T cells and clinical disease induced by infection with TMEV encoding molecular mimics of the MS-associated MBP85 99 epitope naturally expressed by HSV, EBV, influenza A virus and Reovirus type 3 in HLA-DR2 transgenic mice. These studies should further our understanding of the potential role of molecular mimicry in MS etiology by defining activation requirements for autoreactive T cells primed by infection with a virus expressing molecular mimics of defined murine and human encephalitogenic myelin peptides and assessing their pathologic capacity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ACUTE MYOCARDITIS--ROLES OF REOVIRUS AND INTERFERON BETA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sherry, Barbara A.; Professor; Molecular Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 07-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: Acute viral myocarditis is an important human disease. While enteroviruses cause immune-mediated damage, the mechanisms by which other viruses induce myocarditis remain largely unexplored. Reovirus- induced murine myocarditis is not determined by immune cell function, and presents an ideal model for studying nonimmune mediated myocarditis. Our data suggest that differential induction of and sensitivity to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) in cardiac myocytes are determinants of
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reovirus-induced myocarditis, and that these activities are determined by reovirus core proteins involved in RNA synthesis. IFN provides a critical first line of defense against viral infection. Viral RNA synthesis stimulates cell factors which regulate IFN-beta transcription. Secreted IFN binds receptors and induces IFN-responsive genes which mediate IFN's antiviral effects, but several of these require double stranded-[ds]RNA activation. Both induction of and sensitivity to IFN- beta are highly dependent on virus strain and cell type, and yet, there have been no studies on the cardiac IFN response to viruses. Our first hypothesis is that differential induction of IFN-beta by reovirus infection is determined by differential induction or activation of PKR, IRF-1, and/or IRF-2. In Specific Aim 1, we will determine whether PKR (dsRNA activated protein kinase), IRF-1 (IFN regulatory factor-1) and/or IRF-2, each of which regulate IFN-beta induction in other virus/cell systems, regulate reovirus induction of IFN-beta in primary cardiac myocyte cultures, and we will use knockout mice to investigate their roles in vivo. In Specific Aim 2, we will use two additional cell types to identify cellspecific responses. Our second hypothesis is that differential sensitivity to IFNalpha/beta is due to differential activation of and/or sensitivity to PKR, 2',5'oligoadenylate synthetase, and/or RNase L. In Specific Aim 3, we will determine whether these three factors, each of which requires dsRNA activation for antiviral effects in other virus/cell systems, mediate reovirus sensitivity to IFN-alpha/beta in primary cardiac myocyte cultures, and we will use knockout mice to investigate their roles in vivo. In Specific Aim 4, we will use two additional cell types, as above. Reoviruses offer a unique tool to investigate the IFN response invoked by closely related viruses in the heart. Our work will be the first to identity cell factors that are determinants of this cardiac IFN response and myocarditis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTIVIRAL MECHANISMS OF 2 5A DEPENDENT RNASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Silverman, Robert H.; Professor; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1986; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: The 2-5A dependent RNase (RNase L), a ubiquitous enzyme in mammalian cells, functions in the antiviral mechanism of interferon action. The requirement of RNase L for allosteric effectors, consisting of a type of 2' to 5, linked oligoadenylate known as 2-5A, provides RNase L with a level of control that is absent from other nucleases. The goals of this project are to understand how RNase L functions at the molecular level and to determine the fundamental role of RNase L in the control of viral infections. To probe the structure and function of RNase L, mutagenesis, biochemical and biophysical studies will be performed. We will localize and study the functions of the catalytic domain, the 2-5A and RNA binding sites, the protein/protein interaction domains, and the protein kinase homology regions in RNase L. Structural studies on RNase L that focus on the 2-5A binding domain will be performed. To study the involvement of RNase L in the control of viral growth and cell death, we will regulate expression in mammalian cells of wild type and mutant forms of RNase L and of proteins that interact with RNase L. We will determine the effect of suppressing RNase L activity with a dominant negative RNase L mutant on reovirus- and vaccinia virusreplication and on viral-induced apoptosis. To determine the function of RNase L in an animal model, we will disrupt by homologous recombination the RNase L gene in mice. Viral replication and virus-induced apoptosis will be studied in cell lines derived from mouse embryos lacking RNase L. The effects of the RNase L gene disruption on growth, development, tumorigenesis and virus infections in the mice in the presence and
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absence of interferon will be determined. The ability of RNase L to be regulated by a small molecule, 2-5A, provides a unique opportunity to control viral infections at the level of RNA turnover. This project may lead to the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents for viral infections, cancer and other diseases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASSEMBLY OF INFECTIOUS BLUETONGUE VIRION FROM CDNA CLONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Roy, Polly; Professor; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2000; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The generation of infectious virus particles depends on a number of specific events during the infectious processes in the host cells. Members of the Reoviridae family consist of 10-12 discrete segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA genome that are encapsidated by multi-layered protein components. The precise packaging of single copies of each RNA segment within each particle is a key step in the virus replication cycle and subsequent generation of infectious virus particles. Unlike other RNA viruses, very little advance has been made to date in understanding the replication processes of dsRNA viruses, despite extensive knowledge of virus structure and assembly. This is mainly due to the lack of a suitable system which allows genetic manipulation of these viruses. This proposal concerns establishment of such systems for a dsRNA virus, in particular, a model virus system, bluetongue virus (BTV), for which much is known, both at the structural and molecular genetic levels. Thus, the aims of the proposed research are to establish a suitable reverse genetics system. This will be achieved exploring systematically, four different approaches (including both established and novel systems) as it is not possible at this time to envisage which systems would be most efficient for BTV. Two of these will use established T7 RNA polymerase systems in mammalian cells and a third is a unique approach that uses insect cells expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The last system will exploit the native cellular RNA polymerase 1. The studies will take advantage of the extensive reagents and assay systems that are available in my laboratory, and exploit the versatile replication capabilities of BTV (virions for mammalian cultures and cores for insect cell cultures). Once established, the system will not only allow manipulation of BTV genomes and thus, to address important biological questions pertinent to BTV replication but will also give a way to establish similar systems for other members of the family including human rotavirus and reovirus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CELL ENTRY OF REOVIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dermody, Terence S.; Professor; Pediatrics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: The objective of this proposal is to precisely define viral and cellular determinants of reovirus entry into cells. Mammalian reoviruses are non- enveloped viruses that enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Reovirus entry requires endosomal acidification and proteolysis of viral outer-capsid proteins. However, the specific mechanisms by which these processes facilitate entry are not understood. An integrated research program using mutant viruses and cells altered in viral entry is proposed to define mechanisms that promote reovirus entry. The research is divided
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into two parts. In part one (Specific Aims 1 and 2), viral determinants of entry will be defined using mutant viruses selected during persistent infection and mutant viruses selected for resistance to either ammonium chloride or the protease inhibitor E64. Molecular mechanisms of mutant viral phenotypes will be established using reassortment genetics, nucleotide sequence analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis of expressed outer-capsid proteins. Three-dimensional structures of wild-type and mutant viruses will be compared using electron cryomicroscopy and computer image analysis to define structural alterations associated with entry- enhancing mutations. In part two (Specific Aims 3 and 4), cellular determinants of entry will be defined using mutant cells selected during persistent infection and mutant cells selected by gene-trap retroviruses. Blocks to viral entry in mutant cells will be identified by comparing parental and mutant cells for the capacity to support individual entry steps(attachment, internalization, disassembly, and penetration) and for defined aspects of endocytic function (ligand uptake, pH, and proteolytic activity). Host genes required for reovirus entry will be identified by using gene-trap retroviruses as insertional mutagens to isolate cellular libraries in which all expressed, non-essential genes are disrupted by pro-virus integration. These libraries will be selected for resistance to reovirus infection and screened for cells with blocks to reovirus entry. Candidate genes will be identified by plasmid rescue using the pro-virus as a shuttle vector. This research will reveal fundamental mechanisms by which viral and cellular factors cooperate to facilitate reovirus entry and illuminate new target for therapy against viruses that use the endocytic pathway to enter cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF INTESTINAL T-CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cuff, Christopher F.; Associate Professor; Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology; West Virginia University P. O. Box 6845 Morgantown, Wv 265066845 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The gastrointestinal tract serves as a portal of entry for many bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral pathogens, and is a significant site of infection in healthy and immunocompromised hosts. An elaborate specific immune system consisting of both humoral and cellular components is used by the host to maintain the integrity of the small intestine against microbial invasion. The humoral arm of the specific mucosal immune response is dominated by secretion of IgA antibodies, but much of the functional potential of the cellular arm of specific mucosal immunity is poorly understood. We will use experimental reovirus infection in mice to dissect the function of intestinal T cells during a mucosal immune response. This proposal describes a plan to accomplish 3 specific aims that are developed from observations made and reported in the previous funding period. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that enteric infection elicits distinct populations of intestinal T-cells that regulate the development of local and systemic immune responses. In aim 1, we will test the hypothesis that the route of infection affects the development of T-helper cell responses by examining IgG subclass and cytokine responses in mice orally or systemically infected with reovirus, and compare these responses to mice infected with enteric bacteria and non-enteric virus. In aim 2, we will test the hypothesis that CD8+ T cells regulate the mucosal immune response to reovirus infection. We will continue to characterize immune responses to enteric virus infection in CD8-deficient mice, and examine the ability of adoptively transferred CD8+ T-cells to regulate mucosal immune responses in CD8deficient mice. In aim 3, we will test the hypothesis that the route of infection affects the
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repertoire of T cell receptors (TCR) expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). We will by analyze TCR expression on CTL that are generated following oral or systemic infection using Vbeta and CDR3 analysis. This work will contribute to understanding mucosal immunity in pathogenesis, particularly with regards to T cell function in the gut. Understanding the development and function of intestinal T-cells and cellular immunity in the gut will provide information that can be used for the rational design of oral vaccines that can target appropriate responses by immunologic effectors in the intestine, particularly against intracellular pathogens. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EXPRESSION OF THE COXSACKIEVIRUS AND ADENOVIRUS RECEPTOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Christopher J.; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): As a pediatrician with a background in cell biology and infectious diseases, my interest in the host-pathogen interaction has been longstanding. The development of new therapeutic modalities that will ultimately lead to improvements in healthcare is dependent on the continued investment in welldesigned biomedical research. Tissue-specific expression of viral receptor molecules is an important determinant of viral tropism. Group B coxsackieviruses and many adenoviruses initiate infection by binding to the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). We believe that detailed understanding of virus entry and its relation to virus tropism will require us to understand the biology of viral receptors- including their subcellular localization, their intracellular trafficking, and their interactions with other proteins that may function in virus entry, or restrict receptor accessibility to virus. This belief is grounded in the recent unexpected observation that, despite CAR expression on respiratory epithelial cells, intact respiratory epithelium is impervious to adenovirus entry. Our collaborators and we have found that in well-differentiated epithelium, signals within the CAR cytoplasmic domain target receptor expression to the basolateral cell surface, where it is inaccessible to virus. CAR's primary biologic function remains uncertain, and its cell biology remains poorly understood. We have found that CAR localizes to intercellular contacts where it may be involved in adhesion, intercellular recognition, or contact-dependent signaling. In polarized epithelium, CAR is expressed at the tight junction--a specific epithelial structure regulating paracellular transport of molecules and inflammatory cells--in association with the protein ZO-l. The recently identified reovirus receptor is also a tight junction component, raising questions about why three unrelated virus groups, all of which traverse epithelial surfaces in the course of infection, have evolved to interact with molecules that may be sequestered in intercellular contacts. The experiments outlined below will define CAR's function in virus infection of epithelial cells, and its contribution to the formation and structure of the epithelial tight junction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTESTINAL M CELLS: UPTAKE AND FATE OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS Principal Investigator & Institution: Neutra, Marian R.; Professor of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 31-MAR-2007
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Summary: (provided by applicant): Enteric pathogens can exploit the transport activity of M cells to invade the intestinal mucosa. The mouse pathogen reovirus (Type 1 Lang) adheres selectively to M cells in adult mice and establishes infection in Peyer's patches before spreading systemically. Reovirus provides an excellent model for understanding pathogen-M cell adherence and for following the earliest stages of viral pathogenesis in Peyer's patches. Aim I is to elucidate the molecular interactions that allow reovirus to selectively adhere to M cells. The hypothesis that the reovirus outer capsid protein sigma 1 is the viral adhesin responsible for M cell binding will be tested using recombinant outer capsid proteins and reconstituted viral cores. We will use affinity methods to separate apical membrane glycoconjugates of epithelial cells, and overlay approaches to identify the epithelial membrane glycoproteins and/or glycolipids that can serve as reovirus receptors. Also, the hypothesis that integral membrane mucins can mask reovirus binding sites will be tested. Aim II is to use the reovirus model to clarify the multiple, paradoxical effects that secreted IgA may have on entry of pathogens via M cells, and on subsequent mucosal immune responses. IgA can prevent mucosal infection, yet IgA-antigen complexes can adhere to M cell apical surfaces. A unifying hypotheses to be tested is that 1) naturally-secreted IgAs against outer capsid proteins can protect by entrapping virus in mucus and preventing mucosal contact, but 2) if virus coated with IgA succeeds in contacting the FAE, it can adhere to M cells via IgA and enter the mucosa. In addition, the possible protective effect of the endogenous IgA coat on M cells will be examined using IgA knockout and normal mice. Aim III will examine the fate of reovirus and reovirus-infected cells after M cell transport. We will test two hypotheses: 1) that M cell-transported reovirus is taken up by and infects a specific subset of dendritic cells (DCs) in the subepithelial dome region, and 2) that the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin can drive the movement of the DCS carrying virus or virus-sized particles to other sites in Peyer's patches and beyond, facilitating viral dissemination. The proposed studies will elucidate how M cells "select" pathogens for mucosal immune surveillance, how pathogens exploit the M cell transport pathway to cause disease, and how vaccines and vaccine vectors may be efficiently targeted to the mucosal immune system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MINORITY PREDOCTORAL FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Kimberly M.; Microbiology; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of my dissertation research is to investigate mechanisms of reovirus cell entry and disassembly. Reoviruses are nonenveloped viruses that enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In the endocytic pathway, reovirus virions undergo acid-dependent proteolytic disassembly. The proposed experiments will allow an identification of viral genes that carry mutations responsible for growth in the presence of disassembly inhibitor ammonium chloride, elucidate the biological and structural alterations associated with ammoniumchloride resistance, and provide new insights into the molecular basis of acid-induced disassembly events required for reovirus entry into cells. The powerful reovirus genetics system, a rich panel of mutants, an existing knowledge of protein structure and function, and techniques available to advance this work offer assurance that these problems can be solved. This research will enhance an understanding of the role of endosomal acidification in reovirus cell entry and contribute new information about the physiology of the endocytic pathway.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN REOVIRUS MRNA SYNTHESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nibert, Max L.; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The molecular mechanisms by which mammalian orthoreoviruses (reoviruses) and other dsRNA viruses mediate synthesis of their mRNA molecules using virally encoded enzymes packaged within infectious virus particles is a subject of active inquiry because they promise insight into how the steps in mRNA synthesis - plus-strand RNA synthesis (transcription), RNA 5' capping, and RNA transport - occur within the delimited three-dimensional setting of the icosahedral virus particle. A better understanding of these mechanisms in dsRNA viruses should be useful for understanding how related processes are mediated by analogous other viral, microbial, or cellular enzymes and for designing new antiviral, antimicrobial, or anticellular agents directed at them. The long-term objective of our work with reoviruses is to define structure-function relationships for the roles of reovirus proteins in viral replication and effects on host cells and animals. In the current proposal, emphasis is placed on the proteins within the reovirus core (subviral) particle that mediates mRNA synthesis in vitro. Three specific aims are identified, which reflect where further progress appears most promising or necessary to advance understanding in this system. These aims are (1) to determine the structure of the reovirus transcriptase complexes and their arrangement in cores, (2) to define the assembly pathway of the reovirus core shell, and (3) to dissect the functions of the reovirus core proteins in RNA synthesis, capping, and transport. Reovirus particles reconstituted from recombinant proteins expressed using baculovirus vectors play a prominent role in the proposed experiments because of their broad applicability to studies of particle structure, assembly, and functions. Recently determined crystal structures of the transcriptionand capping-competent reovirus core particle and the reovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase also figure heavily in this proposal by having focused attention on particular areas where more structure information is needed, suggested specific new hypotheses about steps in mRNA synthesis and assembly, and identified specific amino acids in the core proteins to subject to mutagenesis for structure-function testing. The results of these studies will enhance our understanding of the reovirus core as an elegantly designed molecular machine for mRNA synthesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MUCOSAL TRANSGENE VACCINATION FOR HIV Principal Investigator & Institution: Pascual, David W.; Associate Professor; Veterinary Molecular Biology; Montana State University (Bozeman) Bozeman, Mt 59717 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Naked DNA vaccines have shown promise for stimulating protective immunity by either T helper (Th) 1 cell- or Th2 cell subsets. However, delivery has been primarily limited to peripheral sites rather than mucosal tissues. As a result, minimal secretory (S)-IgA responses or immune mucosal Th cells are induced. To successfully immunize the mucosa, efforts must consider the natural barriers at mucosal surfaces, and effectively target mucosal inductive tissues. In an effort to facilitate optimal mucosal immunity, we propose to utilize a novel approach for DNA delivery whereby the expression plasmid is complexed with an M cell
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targeting molecule, reovirus protein sigma 1, to ferry the DNA to mucosal inductive tissues following intranasal (i.n.) immunization. Much like live vector vaccine delivery systems which mediate host entry via M cells, we hypothesize that the M cell ligand, protein sigma 1, will direct the DNA to the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) for the appropriate stimulation of mucosal B and T cell subsets at local and distal mucosal tissues. To enable this effort, studies in Specific Aim 1 are focused on assessing the types and magnitude of mucosal antibody responses and the supportive CD4+ T cells induced following i.n. immunization with the protein sigma 1-directed DNA vaccine encoding humanized HIV gp140 or gp160. In addition, assessment of neutralizing mucosal and serum anti-HIV (Bal) antibodies will be determined. Studies in Specific Aim 2 are focused on optimizing CTL responses against HIV gp140 or gp160. The efficacy of this CTL activity will be determined by reduction of plaque-forming units of vaccina-gp160 construct subsequent mucosal delivery. These studies will provide the basis for future development of subunit vaccines to target the NALT for eliciting protective immunity via the common mucosal immune system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF VIRAL PROLIFERATIVE BRONCHIOLITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: London, Lucille; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a term for a long observed, but unclassified pattern of acute lung injury. In humans, BOOP is characterized by fibrosis of small airways with fibrous extension into the alveolar spaces with preservation of alveolar ducts and walls. It is frequently associated with a peribronchiolar organizing pneumonia. The lesions may also be accompanied by lipid-laden foamy alveolar macrophages trapped in the air spaces by the fibrosis and by a T cell rich lymphocytic interstitial infiltrate in the regions of the lung directly affected by the lesion. Also, necrosis and sloughing of epithelial cells has been observed and is thought to result in the partial alveolar collapse seen in human BOOP. While BOOP can be associated with documented viral and bacterial infections, many cases are not associated with known causes and are thus classified as idiopathic. Little is known concerning the pathogenesis and treatment of BOOP since no animal models were available for this disorder. The investigators are the first to establish an experimental animal model for this disease. In this model, CBA/J mice infected with reovirus serotype 1/strain Lang develop BOOP lesions which closely resemble the histopathological picture of human BOOP. In addition, the development of BOOP lesions in CBA/J mice is virus strain specific. The central hypothesis of this proposal is that "Disruption of the epithelial basement membrane determines the susceptibility to fibrosis". The investigators propose to characterize the host and/or viral factors (both immune and non-immune cellular populations) that result in initiation of damage to the basement membrane and relate these finding to the development of fibrosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: FUNCTIONS
REOVIRUS
SIGMA
3--STRUCTURAL
AND
REGULATORY
Principal Investigator & Institution: Schiff, Leslie A.; Associate Professor; Microbiology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Experiments in this proposal seek to define how sigma3, one of the most abundant reovirus proteins in the virion and in the infected cell, interacts with viral protein mu1 to regulate viral entry and protein synthesis. In Aim I, molecular and biochemical approaches will be used to define the pH-sensitive and protease- dependent structural changes in capsid protein sigma3 that are required for reovirus particles to enter cells. Since little is known about how nonenveloped viruses breach cell membranes, these studies should elucidate fundamental cell entry mechanisms used by an important group of infectious agents. The results of these studies will contribute to an understanding of molecular mechanisms of viral persistence, since sigma3 mutations which influence virion disassembly are selected during the establishment of persistent reovirus infections. Experiments in Aim II address the fundamental question of how viral translation comes to predominate over cellular translation in reovirus- infected cells and how viral protein sigma3 affects this switch. Sigma3 belongs to a class of viral modulators which influence protein synthesis by binding dsRNA and preventing the activation of the dsRNA-dependent interferon-induced eIF2alpha kinase, PKR. However recent data indicate that sigma3 molecules from strains with distinct translational phenotypes are virtually identical in proposed dsRNA-binding sites. This suggests that in reovirus- infected cells, sigma3 activity is regulated. Several possible forms of regulation will be investigated. Biochemical and molecular approaches are proposed to test the hypothesize that sigma3 molecules differ in their affinity for mu1, and that mu1 influences the translational balance in infected cells by determining the level of sigma3 that is capable of binding dsRNA. Other molecular and genetic experiments explore an intriguing correlation between the ability of reovirus to shut off cellular translation and the cellular localization pattern of sigma3 molecules. These studies address the hypothesis that viral translation predominates in reovirus-infected cells because of a localized dsRNA-binding activity of sigma3. Results from studies in Aim II will contribute to an understanding of how viruses modulate the cellular translation machinery to favor their own replication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING IN VIRUS RNA LOCALIZATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Miller, Cathy L.; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Reoviruses are prototypical members of the Reoviridae family of segmented dsRNA viruses that include important human (rotavirus) and veterinary (blue tongue disease) pathogens. The mechanisms by which 10 unique positive-sense viral RNAs are localized to viral factories for packaging into progeny core particles is poorly understood and will be addressed by the experiments in this proposal. The paths taken by reovirus positive-sense RNAs after they are transcribed will be examined by both in situ hybridization and immunostaining of bromouridine labeled viral positive-sense RNAs in infected cells. The mechanism for localization of viral RNAs to viral factories will be examined by microinjection studies of viral or control RNAs into reovirus infected cells, or transfected cells expressing reovirus RNA-binding proteins. If viral RNAs are specifically localized to viral factories, trans- and cis-acting factors involved in localization will be identified. Mechanisms for non-specific localization of RNA to factories will also be examined. Understanding the RNA localization process may lead to the development of new anti-viral strategies, and will aid in the development of a robust reverse genetics system for dsRNA viruses.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RICE DWARF VIRUS STRUCTURAL STUDIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Lu, Guang Y.; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Rice dwarf virus (RDV), a member of phytoreovirus genus, is a doubleshelled dsRNA virus infecting rice crops. In contrast to its detailed biochemical characterization due to the severe economical consequence of rice infection in Asia, structural information on RDV is scarce and controversial. We have determined the three-dimensional structures of the full (with dsRNA) and empty RDV (no RNA) particles at 25 resolution by 400 kV electron cryomicroscopy and computer reconstruction. Rice dwarf virus (RDV), a member of the Reoviridae family, is a dsRNA virus. Infection of rice plants reduces crop production significantly. The threedimensional structure of the 700 wide RDV capsid determined by 400 kV electron cryomicroscopy and computer reconstruction reveals two distinctive icosahedral shells: an outer shell having a T=13 icosahedral lattice composed of 260 trimeric clusters and an inner T=1 icosahedral lattice of 60 dimers. This symmetry mismatch is accommodated by structural variations in the floor domains of the outer shell proteins in the quasiequivalent subunits. The calculated masses of the putative monomeric subunits are consistent with an assignment of the 46 kDa P8 and the 114 kDa P3 to the major outer and inner shell proteins respectively. The primary and three-dimensional structure of P8 are compared with those of VP7 of blue-tongue virus (BTV), an animal reovirus. Though their overall sequence homology shows 28% identity, the mass densities in the upper domain of P8 matches well with the beta sandwich domain seen in the crystal structure of VP7. The lower domain of P8 fits but less well to the alpha helical domain of VP7 even after allowing for twisting between the two domains. The structural variations seen P8 suggests a breakdown of the quasi-equivalence rule, though VP7 follows it strictly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STRUCTURAL MECHANISMS
ANALYSIS
OF
REOVIRUS
ATTACHMENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Stehle, Thilo; Assistant Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Reoviruses provide a well-established experimental system for studies of viral neuropathogenesis. Following primary infection in the intestine of newborn mice, type 3 reoviruses spread through nerves and infect neurons, causing encephalitis. Viral attachment protein sigma1 plays a crucial role in each of these progressive pathologic events. The sigma1 protein is a fibrous protein consisting of an N-terminal tail and a C-terminal head. The sigma1 tail contains a domain that binds sialic acid; the sigma1 head binds junctional adhesion molecule-1 (JAM-1). Recent high-resolution structural studies indicate that the JAM-1-binding domain of sigma1 is a homotrimer of loosely associated eight-stranded beta-barrels. However, the mechanism of dual receptor binding by sigma1 is not known, nor is it understood how sigma1receptor interactions dictate viral tropism, cell entry, or disassembly. Four integrated specific aims are proposed to study structural and functional properties of sigma1, with the goal of defining the structural basis for the interaction of sigma1 with its receptors.
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In Specific Aim 1, the structural basis of sigma1 interactions with JAM-1 and sialic acid will be determined using X-ray crystallography. Truncated fragments of sigma1 that comprise the receptor-binding domains and the extracellular region of JAM-1 will be used for these analyses. In Specific Aim 2, local determinants of sigma1 receptor binding and the global relationships between the sigma1 receptor-binding domains will be defined. The length of a linker sequence between the receptor-binding domains will be altered, and modified sigma1 protein will be tested for viral attachment. In Specific Aim 3, determinants of conformational changes in sigma1 will be identified using X-ray crystallography and circular dichroism. The role of conserved aspartic acid residues at the head trimer interface will be defined using directed mutagenesis and assays of viral attachment and disassembly. In Specific Aim 4, dynamic regions of sigma1 structure will be defined using a very high-resolution structure of the G1 C-terminal domain and molecular dynamics simulation. These studies will yield a precise understanding of reovirus cell-attachment and provide insights into mechanisms by which reovirus selects cellular targets and produces neurologic disease. Moreover, since the atomic structures of so few virus-receptor complexes are known, this work may serve as a general model for ligand-receptor binding and aid in the rational design of antiviral therapeutics based on interference with specific pathogen-receptor interactions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY OF VIRUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Harrison, Stephen C.; Professor; Molecular and Cellular Biology; Harvard University Holyoke Center 727 Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1975; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The long range goal is to study virus structure at high resolution, in order to describe mechanisms for viral entry and assembly and to provide a basis for vaccine and drug design. The proposal includes work on reoviruses and rotaviruses (both dsRNA viruses with related replication cycles) and on papillomaviruses. The rotaviruses are a major worldwide cause of childhood diarrhea. Certain papillomaviruses are strongly associated with human cervical cancer. (1) X-ray crystallographic studies of reovirus cores, "molecular machines" that modify and extrude mRNA, will be carried out at 3.3 A resolution. (2) The structure of the rotavirus "inner capsid particle" (ICP), homologous in many functions to the reovirus core, will also be determined crystallographically. Both the reovirus core and rotavirus ICP structures represent a significant level of molecular complexity (about 700 A diameter) and crystallographic challenge (over 1000 A unit cell dimensions). Strategies for collecting the diffraction data using synchrotron sources have been worked out; phase determination will use low-resolution structure from cryoelectron microscopy as starting points. (3) Expression and crystallization of the reovirus "penetration" protein, u1, and of the rotavirus attachment and penetration protein, VP4, will be undertaken, with high resolution crystal structures as the goal. The structures of these proteins will be analyzed in order to understand how non-enveloped viruses penetrate cell membranes. VP4 is also directly relevant to the development of rotavirus vaccines. (4) The structure of the human papilloma virus (HPV) L1 protein will be determined, using recombinant pentamers expressed in E. coli. This approach parallels work from the previous grant period on polyoma virus VP1, which HPV-L1 is likely to resemble. L1 is a major component of proposed recombinant HPV vaccines. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: T CELL IMMUNITY AT ORAL VERSUS OTHER MUCOSAL SITES Principal Investigator & Institution: London, Steven D.; Associate Professor/Assistant Dean for r; Microbiology and Immunology; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Mucosal surfaces are a significant portal of entry for many pathogens. An elaborate immune system, consisting of lymphocytes contained within distinct regions or dispersed throughout the epithelium, exists at mucosal surfaces to deal with mucosal pathogens. By many criteria, the mucosal immune response can be considered to operate in a somewhat independent manner from systemic immune responses. Disparate mucosal lymphoid compartments have also been proposed to be "linked" by recirculating lymphocyte populations to form "the common mucosal immune system". Thus, immunization at one mucosal site can result in the dissemination of specificimmunocytes to distal mucosal surfaces. Although a number of studies examined the nature of the immune response to particular mucosal pathogens, many of these organisms are able to colonize and stimulate specific immunity at only one mucosal site. Thus, it has been difficult to study potential cross-priming between mucosal sites using the same pathogen. In this application we will focus on mucosal T cell immunity at the oral cavity. We Will utilize reovirus 1/L infection after various routes of immunization to study oral mucosal immunity in the wider context of the common mucosal immune system. We have demonstrated reovirus-specific immunity in the murine tonsil equivalent (Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue), salivary glands, and associated lymph nodes. Because reovirus 1/L is an effective gut-mucosal immunogen, as well as a respiratory pathogen, this virus is an excellent candidate for our studies. In particular, we propose to investigate the following five specific aims. 1) Analysis of salivary gland and oral lymphoid T cell responses to reovirus infection. 2) Analysis of mucosal cytokine responses to reovirus infection. 3) Definition of specific CTL and TH epitopes of reovirus within distinct mucosal sites. 4) Functional analysis of epitope-specific T cell populations in murine models for infection/protection studies. 5) Analysis of the mechanism of action of CTLs generated at mucosal surfaces. Studies aimed at understanding the nature of mucosal immune responses and the development of methods for effective mucosal immunization are important for practical, as well as theoretical reasons since effective mucosal immunity is likely important for the control and resolution of infections which commence at mucosal surfaces. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VIRAL INCLUSION BODIES AND AGGRESOMES: FORM AND FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Parker, John S.; Microbiol & Molecular Genetics; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dr. John Parker is a D.V.M. research scientist with a Ph.D. in molecular virology from Cornell University. Dr. Parker is currently a postdoctoral fellow (NRSA F32 AI10134) at Harvard Medical School in Dr. Max Nibert's lab. Dr. Nibert, the sponsor of this MCSDA, is an internationally recognized leader in the field of reovirus molecular virology and has a strong track record as a research mentor. Dr. Parker's immediate career goal is to attain advanced training in cell and molecular biological approaches to viral pathogenesis. This training will complement and significantly broaden his existing expertise in molecular virology, which together with
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his experience as a veterinary clinician should help him achieve his longer-term career goal of becoming an independent, nationally competitive, veterinary research scientist. These goals will be achieved over the requested three year period of this MCSDA by providing Dr. Parker the opportunity to learn advanced techniques in live-cell video imaging and protein biochemistry as applied to the study of virus-host interaction. In addition, during the course of the proposed MCSDA, Dr. Parker will assume more responsibility for decisions regarding the direction of this research project after consultations with the sponsor. This responsibility, together with further experience in written and oral presentation of research findings will give Dr. Parker the tools needed for an independent research career. The training and research will take place in the Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at Harvard Medical School, one of the foremost biomedical research institutions in the world. The research plan will test the hypothesis that the virus inclusion bodies (vlBs) that form in reovirus-infected cells coopt the cellular misfolded protein response in order to concentrate and sequester viral proteins and RNAs away from the general cellular milieu and by so doing promote viral replication and assembly and induce cytopathology. In particular this research plan will examine the morphogenesis of vlBs and their interaction with microtubules and intermediate filaments. Striking similarities between vlBs and inclusion bodies (aggresomes) found in neurons of patients afflicted with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease will be explored. The pathophysiologic effects associated with the development of vlBs are likely to be the same as those associated with inclusion body formation in neurodegenerative disease. This research should significantly advance our understanding of how cytopathology and disease are induced during viral and neurodegenerative disease by the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for reovirus in the PubMed Central database: •
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A Monoclonal Antibody Specific for Reovirus Outer-Capsid Protein [final sigma]3 Inhibits [final sigma]1-Mediated Hemagglutination by Steric Hindrance. by Nason EL, Wetzel JD, Mukherjee SK, Barton ES, Prasad BV, Dermody TS.; 2001 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114386
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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A sigma 1 region important for hemagglutination by serotype 3 reovirus strains. by Dermody TS, Nibert ML, Bassel-Duby R, Fields BN.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248012
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A Single Mutation in the Carboxy Terminus of Reovirus Outer-Capsid Protein [sigma]3 Confers Enhanced Kinetics of [sigma]3 Proteolysis, Resistance to Inhibitors of Viral Disassembly, and Alterations in [sigma]3 Structure. by Wilson GJ, Nason EL, Hardy CS, Ebert DH, Wetzel JD, Venkataram Prasad BV, Dermody TS.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136532
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Activation and characterization of the reovirus transcriptase: genetic analysis. by Drayna D, Fields BN.; 1982 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256731
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Adaptation of Reovirus to Growth in the Presence of Protease Inhibitor E64 Segregates with a Mutation in the Carboxy Terminus of Viral Outer-Capsid Protein [final sigma]3. by Ebert DH, Wetzel JD, Brumbaugh DE, Chance SR, Stobie LE, Baer GS, Dermody TS.; 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114113
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Addition of Exogenous Protease Facilitates Reovirus Infection in Many Restrictive Cells. by Golden JW, Linke J, Schmechel S, Thoemke K, Schiff LA.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136394
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Adsorption of reovirus by minerals and soils. by Moore RS, Taylor DH, Reddy MM, Sturman LS.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242108
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Adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals: effects of cation-exchange capacity, cation saturation, and surface area. by Lipson SM, Stotzky G.; 1983 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239333
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Aerosol stability of infectious and potentially infectious reovirus particles. by Adams DJ, Spendlove JC, Spendlove RS, Barnett BB.; 1982 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242115
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Aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus by dilution in water. by Floyd R, Sharp DG.; 1977 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=170617
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Antibody protects against lethal infection with the neurally spreading reovirus type 3 (Dearing). by Virgin HW 4th, Bassel-Duby R, Fields BN, Tyler KL.; 1988 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253571
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Anti-Reovirus Receptor Antibody Accelerates Expression of the Optic Nerve Oligodendrocyte Developmental Program. by Cohen JA, Williams WV, Geller HM, Greene MI.; 1991 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50998
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Association of reovirus outer capsid proteins sigma 3 and mu 1 causes a conformational change that renders sigma 3 protease sensitive. by Shepard DA, Ehnstrom JG, Schiff LA.; 1995 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189779
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Association of the reovirus S1 gene with serotype 3-induced biliary atresia in mice. by Wilson GA, Morrison LA, Fields BN.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237066
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Avian Reovirus Major [mu]-Class Outer Capsid Protein Influences Efficiency of Productive Macrophage Infection in a Virus Strain-Specific Manner. by O'Hara D, Patrick M, Cepica D, Coombs KM, Duncan R.; 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114906
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Avian Reovirus Polypeptides: Analysis of Intracellular Virus-Specified Products, Virions, Top Component, and Cores. by Schnitzer TJ, Ramos T, Gouvea V.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256211
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Avian reovirus S1133 can replicate in mouse L cells: effect of pH and cell attachment status on viral infection. by Mallo M, Martinez-Costas J, Benavente J.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249045
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Avian Reoviruses Cause Apoptosis in Cultured Cells: Viral Uncoating, but Not Viral Gene Expression, Is Required for Apoptosis Induction. by Labrada L, Bodelon G, Vinuela J, Benavente J.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155131
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Brain- and intestine-specific variants of reovirus serotype 3 strain dearing are selected during chronic infection of severe combined immunodeficient mice. by Haller BL, Barkon ML, Li XY, Hu WM, Wetzel JD, Dermody TS, Virgin HW 4th.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189121
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Cell receptors for the mammalian reovirus: reovirus-specific T-cell hybridomas can become persistently infected and undergo autoimmune stimulation. by Matsuzaki N, Hinshaw VS, Fields BN, Greene MI.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253924
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Cells and viruses with mutations affecting viral entry are selected during persistent infections of L cells with mammalian reoviruses. by Dermody TS, Nibert ML, Wetzel JD, Tong X, Fields BN.; 1993 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240279
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Cellular integrity is required for inhibition of initiation of cellular DNA synthesis by reovirus type 3. by Roner MR, Cox DC.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254644
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Characterization of a common high-affinity receptor for reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 on endothelial cells. by Verdin EM, King GL, Maratos-Flier E.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247829
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Characterization of an ATPase activity in reovirus cores and its genetic association with core-shell protein lambda1. by Noble S, Nibert ML.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191325
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Characterization of cytotoxic cells from reovirus-infected SCID mice: activated cells express natural killer- and lymphokine-activated killer-like activity but fail to clear infection. by Taterka J, Cebra JJ, Rubin DH.; 1995 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189116
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Circulating immunoglobulin G can play a critical role in clearance of intestinal reovirus infection. by Barkon ML, Haller BL, Virgin HW 4th.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189918
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Cleavage of nascent reovirus mRNA by localized activation of the 2'-5'oligoadenylate-dependent endoribonuclease. by Baglioni C, De Benedetti A, Williams GJ.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254607
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Cleavage Susceptibility of Reovirus Attachment Protein [final sigma]1 during Proteolytic Disassembly of Virions Is Determined by a Sequence Polymorphism in the [final sigma]1 Neck. by Chappell JD, Barton ES, Smith TH, Baer GS, Duong DT, Nibert ML, Dermody TS.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110170
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Comparative sequence analysis of the reovirus S4 genes from 13 serotype 1 and serotype 3 field isolates. by Kedl R, Schmechel S, Schiff L.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188609
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Complete In Vitro Assembly of the Reovirus Outer Capsid Produces Highly Infectious Particles Suitable for Genetic Studies of the Receptor-Binding Protein. by Chandran K, Zhang X, Olson NH, Walker SB, Chappell JD, Dermody TS, Baker TS, Nibert ML.; 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114938
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Construction and characterization of a reovirus double temperature-sensitive mutant. by Roner MR, Nepliouev I, Sherry B, Joklik WK.; 1997 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21243
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Core protein mu2 is a second determinant of nucleoside triphosphatase activities by reovirus cores. by Noble S, Nibert ML.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192124
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Crystal structure of human junctional adhesion molecule 1: Implications for reovirus binding. by Prota AE, Campbell JA, Schelling P, Forrest JC, Watson MJ, Peters TR, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA, Dermody TS, Stehle T.; 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154351
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Reovirus
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Crystal structure of reovirus attachment protein [sigma]1 reveals evolutionary relationship to adenovirus fiber. by Chappell JD, Prota AE, Dermody TS, Stehle T.; 2002 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125343
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Cytopathogenic effect in cardiac myocytes but not in cardiac fibroblasts is correlated with reovirus-induced acute myocarditis. by Baty CJ, Sherry B.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238056
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Derivation and characterization of an efficiently myocarditic reovirus variant. by Sherry B, Schoen FJ, Wenske E, Fields BN.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251122
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Detection and Identification of Mammalian Reoviruses in Surface Water by Combined Cell Culture and Reverse Transcription-PCR. by Spinner ML, Di Giovanni GD.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92974
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Detection of Mammalian Reovirus RNA by Using Reverse Transcription-PCR: Sequence Diversity within the [lambda]3-Encoding L1 Gene. by Leary TP, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Cruz AT, Wetzel JD, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK, Dermody TS.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140344
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Differences in the capacity of reovirus strains to induce apoptosis are determined by the viral attachment protein sigma 1. by Tyler KL, Squier MK, Rodgers SE, Schneider BE, Oberhaus SM, Grdina TA, Cohen JJ, Dermody TS.; 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189616
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Direct Spread of Reovirus from the Intestinal Lumen to the Central Nervous System Through Vagal Autonomic Nerve Fibers. by Morrison LA, Sidman RL, Fields BN.; 1991 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51551
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Discovery of an agent in wastewater sludge that reduces the heat required to inactivate reovirus. by Ward RL, Ashley CS.; 1977 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242730
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Disulfide Bonding among [mu]1 Trimers in Mammalian Reovirus Outer Capsid: a Late and Reversible Step in Virion Morphogenesis. by Odegard AL, Chandran K, Liemann S, Harrison SC, Nibert ML.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153963
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Effect of neuraminidase treatment of cells and effect of soluble glycoproteins on type 3 reovirus attachment to murine L cells. by Gentsch JR, Pacitti AF.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252582
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Effect of proteins on reovirus adsorption to clay minerals. by Lipson SM, Stotzky G.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241560
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Effects of the route of infection on immunoglobulin G subclasses and specificity of the reovirus-specific humoral immune response. by Major AS, Cuff CF.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190617
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Efficiency of viral entry determines the capacity of murine erythroleukemia cells to support persistent infections by mammalian reoviruses. by Wetzel JD, Chappell JD, Fogo AB, Dermody TS.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191051
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Enhanced mucosal and systemic immune responses to intestinal reovirus infection in beta2-microglobulin-deficient mice. by Major AS, Cuff CF.; 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191832
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Enhancement of Aquareovirus Infectivity by Treatment with Proteases: Mechanism of Action. by McPhillips TH, Dinan D, Subramanian K, Samal SK.; 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109827
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Evaluation of cell lines and immunofluorescence and plaque assay procedures for quantifying reoviruses in sewage. by Ridinger DN, Spendlove RS, Barnett BB, George DB, Roth JC.; 1982 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241911
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Evidence that the sigma 1 protein of reovirus serotype 3 is a multimer. by Bassel-Duby R, Nibert ML, Homcy CJ, Fields BN, Sawutz DG.; 1987 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254187
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Genetic basis for altered pathogenesis of an immune-selected antigenic variant of reovirus type 3 (Dearing). by Kaye KM, Spriggs DR, Bassel-Duby R, Fields BN, Tyler KL.; 1986 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253042
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Genetic diversity in natural populations of mammalian reoviruses: tryptic peptide analysis of outer capsid polypeptides of murine, bovine, and human type 1 and 3 reovirus strains. by Gentsch JR, Fields BN.; 1984 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255519
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Genetic mapping of reovirus virulence and organ tropism in severe combined immunodeficient mice: organ-specific virulence genes. by Haller BL, Barkon ML, Vogler GP, Virgin HW 4th.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188583
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Growth and survival of reovirus in intestinal tissue: role of the L2 and S1 genes. by Bodkin DK, Fields BN.; 1989 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247814
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Reovirus
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Identification and characterization of a double-stranded RNA- reovirus temperaturesensitive mutant defective in minor core protein mu2. by Coombs KM.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190354
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Identification of a new polypeptide coded by reovirus gene S1. by Sarkar G, Pelletier J, Bassel-Duby R, Jayasuriya A, Fields BN, Sonenberg N.; 1985 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254857
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Identification of attenuating mutations on the reovirus type 3 S1 double-stranded RNA segment with a rapid sequencing technique. by Bassel-Duby R, Spriggs DR, Tyler KL, Fields BN.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253902
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Identification of Carbohydrate-Binding Domains in the Attachment Proteins of Type 1 and Type 3 Reoviruses. by Chappell JD, Duong JL, Wright BW, Dermody TS.; 2000 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116358
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Identification of detergents as components of wastewater sludge that modify the thermal stability of reovirus and enteroviruses. by Ward RL, Ashley CS.; 1978 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243163
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Identification of Signals Required for the Insertion of Heterologous Genome Segments into the Reovirus Genome. by Roner MR, Lin P, Nepluev I, Kong L, Joklik WK.; 1995 Dec 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40357
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In Vitro Recoating of Reovirus Cores with Baculovirus-Expressed Outer-Capsid Proteins [mu]1 and [final sigma]3. by Chandran K, Walker SB, Chen Y, Contreras CM, Schiff LA, Baker TS, Nibert ML.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104172
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Infectious subvirion particles of reovirus type 3 Dearing exhibit a loss in infectivity and contain a cleaved sigma 1 protein. by Nibert ML, Chappell JD, Dermody TS.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189323
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Inhibition of binding to initiation complexes of nascent reovirus mRNA by doublestranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. by De Benedetti A, Williams GJ, Baglioni C.; 1985 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254811
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Inhibition of reovirus type 3 binding to host cells by sialylated glycoproteins is mediated through the viral attachment protein. by Pacitti AF, Gentsch JR.; 1987 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254116
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Inhibition of viral mRNA translation in interferon-treated L cells infected with reovirus. by De Benedetti A, Williams GJ, Comeau L, Baglioni C.; 1985 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255015
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Initial fast reaction of bromine on reovirus in turbulent flowing water. by Sharp DG, Floyd R, Johnson JD.; 1976 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=169744
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Interference following mixed infection of reovirus isolates is linked to the M2 gene. by Rozinov MN, Fields BN.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237087
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Intracellular digestion of reovirus particles requires a low pH and is an essential step in the viral infectious cycle. by Sturzenbecker LJ, Nibert M, Furlong D, Fields BN.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255643
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Intracellular posttranslational modifications of S1133 avian reovirus proteins. by Varela R, Martinez-Costas J, Mallo M, Benavente J.; 1996 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190156
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Intraluminal proteolytic activation plays an important role in replication of type 1 reovirus in the intestines of neonatal mice. by Bass DM, Bodkin D, Dambrauskas R, Trier JS, Fields BN, Wolf JL.; 1990 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249324
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Ion Channels Induced in Lipid Bilayers by Subvirion Particles of the Nonenveloped Mammalian Reoviruses. by Tosteson MT, Nibert ML, Fields BN.; 1993 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47814
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Isolation and genetic characterization of ethanol-resistant reovirus mutants. by Wessner DR, Fields BN.; 1993 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237562
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Isolation of enterovirus and reovirus from sewage and treated effluents in selected Puerto Rican communities. by Dahling DR, Safferman RS, Wright BA.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184140
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Ligand Binding to the Cell Surface Receptor for Reovirus Type 3 Stimulates Galactocerebroside Expression by Developing Oligodendrocytes. by Cohen JA, Williams WV, Weiner DB, Geller HM, Greene MI.; 1990 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54233
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Reovirus
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Linkage between reovirus-induced apoptosis and inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis: role of the S1 and M2 genes. by Tyler KL, Squier MK, Brown AL, Pike B, Willis D, Oberhaus SM, Dermody TS, Cohen JJ.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190871
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Localization of a C-terminal region of lambda2 protein in reovirus cores. by Luongo CL, Dryden KA, Farsetta DL, Margraf RL, Severson TF, Olson NH, Fields BN, Baker TS, Nibert ML.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=192168
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Lymphocytes protect against and are not required for reovirus-induced myocarditis. by Sherry B, Li XY, Tyler KL, Cullen JM, Virgin HW 4th.; 1993 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238034
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Mammalian Reovirus Nonstructural Protein [mu]NS Forms Large Inclusions and Colocalizes with Reovirus Microtubule-Associated Protein [mu]2 in Transfected Cells. by Broering TJ, Parker JS, Joyce PL, Kim J, Nibert ML.; 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155143
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Mammalian reoviruses contain a myristoylated structural protein. by Nibert ML, Schiff LA, Fields BN.; 1991 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240028
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Molecular structure of the cell-attachment protein of reovirus: correlation of computer-processed electron micrographs with sequence-based predictions. by Fraser RD, Furlong DB, Trus BL, Nibert ML, Fields BN, Steven AC.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249483
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Monoclonal antibodies to reovirus reveal structure/function relationships between capsid proteins and genetics of susceptibility to antibody action. by Virgin HW 4th, Mann MA, Fields BN, Tyler KL.; 1991 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250764
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Monoclonal antibodies to reovirus sigma 1 and mu 1 proteins inhibit chromium release from mouse L cells. by Hooper JW, Fields BN.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189865
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mRNA discrimination in extracts from uninfected and reovirus-infected L-cells. by Lemieux R, Zarbl H, Millward S.; 1984 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254420
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Multiple viral core proteins are determinants of reovirus-induced acute myocarditis. by Sherry B, Blum MA.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237323
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Mutant Cells Selected during Persistent Reovirus Infection Do Not Express Mature Cathepsin L and Do Not Support Reovirus Disassembly. by Baer GS, Ebert DH, Chung CJ, Erickson AH, Dermody TS.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112988
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Mutations in a CCHC zinc-binding motif of the reovirus sigma 3 protein decrease its intracellular stability. by Mabrouk T, Lemay G.; 1994 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236476
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Mutations in reovirus outer-capsid protein sigma3 selected during persistent infections of L cells confer resistance to protease inhibitor E64. by Baer GS, Dermody TS.; 1997 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191722
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Mutations in the zinc-binding motif of the reovirus capsid protein delta 3 eliminate its ability to associate with capsid protein mu 1. by Shepard DA, Ehnstrom JG, Skinner PJ, Schiff LA.; 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190041
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Mutations in type 3 reovirus that determine binding to sialic acid are contained in the fibrous tail domain of viral attachment protein sigma1. by Chappell JD, Gunn VL, Wetzel JD, Baer GS, Dermody TS.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191253
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Nonrandom segregation of parental alleles in reovirus reassortants. by Nibert ML, Margraf RL, Coombs KM.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190792
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Orally administered microencapsulated reovirus can bypass suckled, neutralizing maternal antibody that inhibits active immunization of neonates. by Periwal SB, Speaker TJ, Cebra JJ.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191409
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Passive immunity to fatal reovirus serotype 3-induced meningoencephalitis mediated by both secretory and transplacental factors in neonatal mice. by Cuff CF, Lavi E, Cebra CK, Cebra JJ, Rubin DH.; 1990 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249241
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Penetration of the nervous systems of suckling mice by mammalian reoviruses. by Flamand A, Gagner JP, Morrison LA, Fields BN.; 1991 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240496
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Persistent reovirus infections of L cells select mutations in viral attachment protein sigma1 that alter oligomer stability. by Wilson GJ, Wetzel JD, Puryear W, Bassel-Duby R, Dermody TS.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190700
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Reovirus
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Polymorphism of the migration of double-stranded RNA genome segments of avian reoviruses. by Gouvea VS, Schnitzer TJ.; 1982 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256149
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Possible Involvement of the Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Core Protein [final sigma]A in the Resistance of Avian Reovirus to Interferon. by Martinez-Costas J, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Vakharia VN, Benavente J.; 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111446
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Predominant T-cell receptor Vbeta usage of intraepithelial lymphocytes during the immune response to enteric reovirus infection. by Chen D, Lee F, Cebra JJ, Rubin DH.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191488
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Prolonged replication in the mouse central nervous system of reoviruses isolated from persistently infected cell cultures. by Morrison LA, Fields BN, Dermody TS.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237638
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Protamine precipitation of two reovirus particle types from polluted waters. by Adams DJ, Ridinger DN, Spendlove RS, Barnett BB.; 1982 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242063
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Protease Cleavage of Reovirus Capsid Protein [mu]1/[mu]1C Is Blocked by Alkyl Sulfate Detergents, Yielding a New Type of Infectious Subvirion Particle. by Chandran K, Nibert ML.; 1998 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=109396
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Protective antibodies inhibit reovirus internalization and uncoating by intracellular proteases. by Virgin HW 4th, Mann MA, Tyler KL.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237093
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Protective anti-reovirus monoclonal antibodies and their effects on viral pathogenesis. by Tyler KL, Mann MA, Fields BN, Virgin HW 4th.; 1993 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237690
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Protein architecture of avian reovirus S1133 and identification of the cell attachment protein. by Martinez-Costas J, Grande A, Varela R, Garcia-Martinez C, Benavente J.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191024
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Protein coding assignment of avian reovirus strain S1133. by Varela R, Benavente J.; 1994 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237102
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Proteolytic digestion of reovirus in the intestinal lumens of neonatal mice. by Bodkin DK, Nibert ML, Fields BN.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251102
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Proteolytic processing of reovirus is required for adherence to intestinal M cells. by Amerongen HM, Wilson GA, Fields BN, Neutra MR.; 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237317
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Reassignment of specificities of two cap methyltransferase domains in the reovirus lambda2 protein. by Bujnicki JM, Rychlewski L.; 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56899
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Reovirus [final sigma]NS Protein Is Required for Nucleation of Viral Assembly Complexes and Formation of Viral Inclusions. by Becker MM, Goral MI, Hazelton PR, Baer GS, Rodgers SE, Brown EG, Coombs KM, Dermody TS.; 2001 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114052
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Reovirus [sigma]NS and [mu]NS Proteins Form Cytoplasmic Inclusion Structures in the Absence of Viral Infection. by Becker MM, Peters TR, Dermody TS.; 2003 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154006
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Reovirus [sigma]NS Protein Localizes to Inclusions through an Association Requiring the [mu]NS Amino Terminus. by Miller CL, Broering TJ, Parker JS, Arnold MM, Nibert ML.; 2003 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152138
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Reovirus Binding to Cell Surface Sialic Acid Potentiates Virus-Induced Apoptosis. by Connolly JL, Barton ES, Dermody TS.; 2001 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114148
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Reovirus Core Protein [mu]2 Determines the Filamentous Morphology of Viral Inclusion Bodies by Interacting with and Stabilizing Microtubules. by Parker JS, Broering TJ, Kim J, Higgins DE, Nibert ML.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155082
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Reovirus Growth in Cell Culture Does Not Require the Full Complement of Viral Proteins: Identification of a [final sigma]1s-Null Mutant. by Rodgers SE, Connolly JL, Chappell JD, Dermody TS.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110270
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Reovirus guanylyltransferase is L2 gene product lambda 2. by Cleveland DR, Zarbl H, Millward S.; 1986 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=253932
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Reovirus Induction of and Sensitivity to Beta Interferon in Cardiac Myocyte Cultures Correlate with Induction of Myocarditis and Are Determined by Viral Core Proteins. by Sherry B, Torres J, Blum MA.; 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124610
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Reovirus Infection Activates JNK and the JNK-Dependent Transcription Factor c-Jun. by Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Widmann C, Johnson GL, Tyler KL.; 2001 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114712
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Reovirus infection and tissue injury in the mouse central nervous system are associated with apoptosis. by Oberhaus SM, Smith RL, Clayton GH, Dermody TS, Tyler KL.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191302
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Reovirus
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Reovirus infection in rat lungs as a model to study the pathogenesis of viral pneumonia. by Morin MJ, Warner A, Fields BN.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189842
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Reovirus inhibition of cellular DNA synthesis: role of the S1 gene. by Sharpe AH, Fields BN.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171164
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Reovirus M2 gene is associated with chromium release from mouse L cells. by LuciaJandris P, Hooper JW, Fields BN.; 1993 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=237933
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Reovirus Nonstructural Protein [mu]NS Binds to Core Particles but Does Not Inhibit Their Transcription and Capping Activities. by Broering TJ, McCutcheon AM, Centonze VE, Nibert ML.; 2000 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112037
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Reovirus Protein [final sigma]NS Binds in Multiple Copies to Single-Stranded RNA and Shares Properties with Single-Stranded DNA Binding Proteins. by Gillian AL, Schmechel SC, Livny J, Schiff LA, Nibert ML.; 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112090
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Reovirus removal and inactivation by slow-rate sand filtration. by McConnell LK, Sims RC, Barnett BB.; 1984 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241620
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Reovirus reverse genetics: Incorporation of the CAT gene into the reovirus genome. by Roner MR, Joklik WK.; 2001 Jul 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35463
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Reovirus serotype 1 intestinal infection: a novel replicative cycle with ileal disease. by Rubin DH, Kornstein MJ, Anderson AO.; 1985 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254649
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Reovirus type 3 binds to antagonist domains of the beta-adrenergic receptor. by Donta ST, Shanley JD.; 1990 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249154
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Reovirus type 3 genome segment S4: nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding a major virion surface protein. by Giantini M, Seliger LS, Furuichi Y, Shatkin AJ.; 1984 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=254625
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Reovirus variants selected during persistent infections of L cells contain mutations in the viral S1 and S4 genes and are altered in viral disassembly. by Wetzel JD, Wilson GJ, Baer GS, Dunnigan LR, Wright JP, Tang DS, Dermody TS.; 1997 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191191
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Reovirus Virion-Like Particles Obtained by Recoating Infectious Subvirion Particles with Baculovirus-Expressed [final sigma]3 Protein: an Approach for Analyzing [final
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sigma]3 Functions during Virus Entry. by Jane-Valbuena J, Nibert ML, Spencer SM, Walker SB, Baker TS, Chen Y, Centonze VE, Schiff LA.; 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104056 •
Reovirus-Induced [final sigma]1s-Dependent G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest Is Associated with Inhibition of p34cdc2. by Poggioli GJ, Dermody TS, Tyler KL.; 2001 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114978
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Reovirus-induced acute myocarditis in mice correlates with viral RNA synthesis rather than generation of infectious virus in cardiac myocytes. by Sherry B, Baty CJ, Blum MA.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190713
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Reovirus-Induced Alterations in Gene Expression Related to Cell Cycle Regulation. by Poggioli GJ, DeBiasi RL, Bickel R, Jotte R, Spalding A, Johnson GL, Tyler KL.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135961
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Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Is Mediated by TRAIL. by Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Gibson S, Widmann C, Garrington TP, Johnson GL, Tyler KL.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112347
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Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Is Preceded by Increased Cellular Calpain Activity and Is Blocked by Calpain Inhibitors. by Debiasi RL, Squier MK, Pike B, Wynes M, Dermody TS, Cohen JJ, Tyler KL.; 1999 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=103876
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Reovirus-induced apoptosis of MDCK cells is not linked to viral yield and is blocked by Bcl-2. by Rodgers SE, Barton ES, Oberhaus SM, Pike B, Gibson CA, Tyler KL, Dermody TS.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191370
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Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Requires Activation of Transcription Factor NF[kappa]B. by Connolly JL, Rodgers SE, Clarke P, Ballard DW, Kerr LD, Tyler KL, Dermody TS.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111796
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Reovirus-Induced Apoptosis Requires Mitochondrial Release of Smac/DIABLO and Involves Reduction of Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Levels. by Kominsky DJ, Bickel RJ, Tyler KL.; 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136770
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Reovirus-Induced G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest Requires [final sigma]1s and Occurs in the Absence of Apoptosis. by Poggioli GJ, Keefer C, Connolly JL, Dermody TS, Tyler KL.; 2000 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112387
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Respiratory Mucosal Immunization with Reovirus Serotype 1/L Stimulates VirusSpecific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses, Including Double-Positive (CD4 +/CD8 +) T Cells. by Bhargava Periwal S, Cebra JJ.; 1999 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104291
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Reversal of the interferon-sensitive phenotype of a vaccinia virus lacking E3L by expression of the reovirus S4 gene. by Beattie E, Denzler KL, Tartaglia J, Perkus ME, Paoletti E, Jacobs BL.; 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=188598
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Ribozymes that cleave reovirus genome segment S1 also protect cells from pathogenesis caused by reovirus infection. by Shahi S, Shanmugasundaram GK, Banerjea AC.; 2001 Mar 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31186
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Role of immune cells in protection against and control of reovirus infection in neonatal mice. by Virgin HW 4th, Tyler KL.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248992
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Role of Immunoglobulin A in Protection against Reovirus Entry into Murine Peyer's Patches. by Silvey KJ, Hutchings AB, Vajdy M, Petzke MM, Neutra MR.; 2001 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114667
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Role of the mu 1 protein in reovirus stability and capacity to cause chromium release from host cells. by Hooper JW, Fields BN.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189834
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Sequence diversity in S1 genes and S1 translation products of 11 serotype 3 reovirus strains. by Dermody TS, Nibert ML, Bassel-Duby R, Fields BN.; 1990 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247973
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Sequence diversity within the reovirus S2 gene: reovirus genes reassort in nature, and their termini are predicted to form a panhandle motif. by Chapell JD, Goral MI, Rodgers SE, dePamphilis CW, Dermody TS.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236511
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Sequences of ribosome binding sites from the large size class of reovirus mRNA. by Kozak M.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256873
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Sequential Partially Overlapping Gene Arrangement in the Tricistronic S1 Genome Segments of Avian Reovirus and Nelson Bay Reovirus: Implications for Translation Initiation. by Shmulevitz M, Yameen Z, Dawe S, Shou J, O'Hara D, Holmes I, Duncan R.; 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136829
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Serotype-dependent induction of pulmonary neutrophilia and inflammatory cytokine gene expression by reovirus. by Farone AL, Frevert CW, Farone MB, Morin MJ, Fields BN, Paulauskis JD, Kobzik L.; 1996 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190759
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Sigma 1 protein of mammalian reoviruses extends from the surfaces of viral particles. by Furlong DB, Nibert ML, Fields BN.; 1988 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250525
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Site of reovirus replication in liver is determined by the type of hepatocellular insult. by Rubin DH, Morrison AH, Witzleben CL, Guico CJ, Piccoli DA.; 1990 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=247936
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Sites and Determinants of Early Cleavages in the Proteolytic Processing Pathway of Reovirus Surface Protein [sigma]3. by Jane-Valbuena J, Breun LA, Schiff LA, Nibert ML.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136125
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Small Reovirus Particles Composed Solely of Sigma NS with Specificity for Binding Different Nucleic Acids. by Gomatos PJ, Prakash O, Stamatos NM.; 1981 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171271
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Stimulation of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase mRNA translation by reovirus capsid polypeptide sigma 3 in cotransfected COS cells. by Giantini M, Shatkin AJ.; 1989 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250690
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Strategy for Nonenveloped Virus Entry: a Hydrophobic Conformer of the Reovirus Membrane Penetration Protein [mu]1 Mediates Membrane Disruption. by Chandran K, Farsetta DL, Nibert ML.; 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136509
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Structure of the reovirus cell-attachment protein: a model for the domain organization of sigma 1. by Nibert ML, Dermody TS, Fields BN.; 1990 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249482
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Structure of the reovirus outer capsid and dsRNA-binding protein [sigma]3 at 1.8A resolution. by Olland AM, Jane-Valbuena J, Schiff LA, Nibert ML, Harrison SC.; 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=145474
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Studies of the major reovirus core protein sigma 2: reversion of the assemblydefective mutant tsC447 is an intragenic process and involves back mutation of Asp383 to Asn. by Coombs KM, Mak SC, Petrycky-Cox LD.; 1994 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=236276
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Synthesis in Escherichia coli of the reovirus nonstructural protein sigma NS. by Richardson MA, Furuichi Y.; 1985 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=252609
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Synthesis of (2'-5')oligoadenylate and activation of an endoribonuclease in interferontreated HeLa cells infected with reovirus. by Nilsen TW, Maroney PA, Baglioni C.; 1982 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=256937
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The entry of reovirus into L cells is dependent on vacuolar proton-ATPase activity. by Martinez CG, Guinea R, Benavente J, Carrasco L.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189847
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The Hydrophilic Amino-Terminal Arm of Reovirus Core Shell Protein [lambda]1 Is Dispensable for Particle Assembly. by Kim J, Zhang X, Centonze VE, Bowman VD, Noble S, Baker TS, Nibert ML.; 2002 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=136864
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The Lang strain of reovirus serotype 1 and the Dearing strain of reovirus serotype 3 differ in their sensitivities to beta interferon. by Jacobs BL, Ferguson RE.; 1991 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=248978
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The M1 gene is associated with differences in the temperature optimum of the transcriptase activity in reovirus core particles. by Yin P, Cheang M, Coombs KM.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189932
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The reovirus M1 gene, encoding a viral core protein, is associated with the myocarditic phenotype of a reovirus variant. by Sherry B, Fields BN.; 1989 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=251123
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The Reovirus Mutant tsA279 L2 Gene Is Associated with Generation of a Spikeless Core Particle: Implications for Capsid Assembly. by Hazelton PR, Coombs KM.; 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=104475
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The reovirus nonstructural protein sigma1NS is recognized by murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes. by Hoffman LM, Hogan KT, Cashdollar LW.; 1996 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=190895
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The Reovirus Protein [mu]2, Encoded by the M1 Gene, Is an RNA-Binding Protein. by Brentano L, Noah DL, Brown EG, Sherry B.; 1998 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=110211
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The Reovirus S4 Gene 3[prime prime or minute] Nontranslated Region Contains a Translational Operator Sequence. by Mochow-Grundy M, Dermody TS.; 2001 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=114375
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The S2 gene nucleotide sequences of prototype strains of the three reovirus serotypes: characterization of reovirus core protein sigma 2. by Dermody TS, Schiff LA, Nibert ML, Coombs KM, Fields BN.; 1991 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250232
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The S4 Genome Segment of Baboon Reovirus Is Bicistronic and Encodes a Novel Fusion-Associated Small Transmembrane Protein. by Dawe S, Duncan R.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135948
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The stimulatory effect of actinomycin D on avian reovirus replication in L cells suggests that translational competition dictates the fate of the infection. by Mallo M, Martinez-Costas J, Benavente J.; 1991 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=249046
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The v-erbB oncogene confers enhanced cellular susceptibility to reovirus infection. by Strong JE, Lee PW.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189854
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The viral protein sigma 3 participates in translation of late viral mRNA in reovirusinfected L cells. by Lemieux R, Lemay G, Millward S.; 1987 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255673
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Thermostability of Reovirus Disassembly Intermediates (ISVPs) Correlates with Genetic, Biochemical, and Thermodynamic Properties of Major Surface Protein [mu]1. by Middleton JK, Severson TF, Chandran K, Gillian AL, Yin J, Nibert ML.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135780
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Translation of Reovirus RNA Species m1 Can Initiate at Either of the First Two InFrame Initiation Codons. by Roner MR, Roner LA, Joklik WK.; 1993 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47478
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Translational stimulation by reovirus polypeptide sigma 3: substitution for VAI RNA and inhibition of phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. by Lloyd RM, Shatkin AJ.; 1992 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=240298
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Transport of infectious reovirus into bile: class II major histocompatibility antigenbearing cells determine reovirus transport. by Rubin DH, Costello T, Witzleben CL, Greene MI.; 1987 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=255901
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Trypsin-Induced Structural Transformation in Aquareovirus. by Nason EL, Samal SK, Venkataram Prasad BV.; 2000 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112164
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Tryptic peptide analysis of outer capsid polypeptides of mammalian reovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3. by Gentsch JR, Fields BN.; 1981 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=171141
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Uptake of reovirus serotype 1 by the lungs from the bloodstream is mediated by the viral hemagglutinin. by Verdin EM, Lynn SP, Fields BN, Maratos-Flier E.; 1988 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=250566
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Utilization of sialic acid as a coreceptor is required for reovirus-induced biliary disease. by Barton ES, Youree BE, Ebert DH, Forrest JC, Connolly JL, Valyi-Nagy T, Washington K, Wetzel JD, Dermody TS.; 2003 Jun 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161418
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Viral aggregation: buffer effects in the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus at low and high pH. by Floyd R, Sharp DG.; 1979 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243506
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Viral aggregation: effects of salts on the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus at low pH. by Floyd R, Sharp DG.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242989
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Viral aggregation: mixed suspensions of poliovirus and reovirus. by Floyd R.; 1979 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243618
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Viral aggregation: quantitation and kinetics of the aggregation of poliovirus and reovirus. by Floyd R, Sharp DG.; 1978 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242988
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Virion Disassembly Is Required for Apoptosis Induced by Reovirus. by Connolly JL, Dermody TS.; 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135877
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with reovirus, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for reovirus (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A comparative analysis of freon substitutes in the purification of reovirus and calicivirus. Author(s): Mendez II, Hermann LL, Hazelton PR, Coombs KM. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2000 October; 90(1): 59-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011081&dopt=Abstract
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A G1 cell cycle arrest induced by ligands of the reovirus type 3 receptor is secondary to inactivation of p21ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Author(s): Saragovi HU, Rebai N, Di Guglielmo GM, Macleod R, Sheng J, Rubin DH, Greene MI. Source: Dna and Cell Biology. 1999 October; 18(10): 763-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10541435&dopt=Abstract
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A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay for detection of the human reovirus-like agent in stools. Author(s): Kalica AR, Purcell RH, Sereno MM, Wyatt RG, Kim HW, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1977 April; 118(4): 1275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=321688&dopt=Abstract
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A monoclonal antibody specific for reovirus outer-capsid protein sigma3 inhibits sigma1-mediated hemagglutination by steric hindrance. Author(s): Nason EL, Wetzel JD, Mukherjee SK, Barton ES, Prasad BV, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 July; 75(14): 6625-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11413330&dopt=Abstract
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A persistent reovirus infection of chickens as a possible model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Author(s): Marquardt J, Hermanns W, Schulz LC, Leibold W. Source: Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1983 May; 30(4): 274-82. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6306962&dopt=Abstract
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A reovirus-like agent (rotavirus) in gastroenteritis of children. Virus detection and serological studies. Author(s): Orstavik I, Figenschau KJ, Haug KW, Ulstrup JC. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1976; 8(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=178049&dopt=Abstract
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A reovirus-specific antigen in murine lymphoma 2731-L and in cultured Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Author(s): Stanley NF, Keast D. Source: Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1967 October; 45(5): 517-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5239486&dopt=Abstract
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A sigma 1 region important for hemagglutination by serotype 3 reovirus strains. Author(s): Dermody TS, Nibert ML, Bassel-Duby R, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 October; 64(10): 5173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2398540&dopt=Abstract
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A study of human reovirus IgG and IgA antibodies by ELISA and western blot. Author(s): Selb B, Weber B. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 1994 April; 47(1-2): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8051222&dopt=Abstract
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A survey of reovirus antibodies in sera of urban children. Author(s): Leers WD, Rozee KR. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1966 May 14; 94(20): 1040-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5942658&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of reovirus-like agent in Crohn's tissue. Author(s): Whorwell PJ, Beeken WL, Phillips CA. Source: Lancet. 1977 July 30; 2(8031): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=69871&dopt=Abstract
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Absence of superinfection exclusion during asynchronous reovirus infections of mouse, monkey, and human cell lines. Author(s): Keirstead ND, Coombs KM. Source: Virus Research. 1998 April; 54(2): 225-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9696130&dopt=Abstract
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Acute enteritis associated with reovirus-like agents. Author(s): Gomez-Barreto J, Palmer EL, Nahmias AJ, Hatch MH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 April 26; 235(17): 1857-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=946487&dopt=Abstract
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Acute gastroenteritis among schoolchildren associated with reovirus-like agent. Author(s): Hara M, Mukoyama J, Tsuruhara T, Ashiwara Y, Saito Y, Tagaya I. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1978 February; 107(2): 161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=203188&dopt=Abstract
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Addition of exogenous protease facilitates reovirus infection in many restrictive cells. Author(s): Golden JW, Linke J, Schmechel S, Thoemke K, Schiff LA. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 August; 76(15): 7430-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097555&dopt=Abstract
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Age distribution of antibody to reovirus-like agent in children in Taiwan. Author(s): Echeverria P, Blacklow NR, Ho MT, Cukor G, Beasley RP. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 December; 91(6): 960-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=200725&dopt=Abstract
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Age-incidence of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to reovirus types 1, 2 and 3. Author(s): Toth M, Honty A. Source: Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1966; 13(2): 119-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5922213&dopt=Abstract
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Agglutination of African primate and rodent erythrocytes by adenoviruses, reoviruses, and enteroviruses. Author(s): Mutanda LN, Munube GM. Source: Appl Microbiol. 1972 December; 24(6): 939-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4631106&dopt=Abstract
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An electron microscopic study of reovirus haemagglutination. Author(s): Papadimitriou JM. Source: Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1966 December; 44(6): 701-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5973147&dopt=Abstract
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An epidemic of diarrhoea in human neonates involving a reovirus-like agent and 'enteropathogenic' serotypes of Escherichia coli. Author(s): Bishop RF, Hewstone AS, Davidson GP, Townley RR, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1976 January; 29(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=175099&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of functional domains on reovirus cell attachment protein sigma 1 using cloned S1 gene deletion mutants. Author(s): Nagata L, Masri SA, Pon RT, Lee PW. Source: Virology. 1987 September; 160(1): 162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3629973&dopt=Abstract
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Animal model of human disease. Active chronic hepatitis; Animal model: Chronic murine hepatitis induced by Reovirus type 3. Author(s): Stanley NF, Joske RA. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1975 July; 80(1): 181-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1155581&dopt=Abstract
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Animal model of human disease. Chronic biliary obstruction. Animal model: Chronic biliary obstruction caused by Reovirus type 3. Author(s): Stanley NF, Joske RA. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1975 July; 80(1): 185-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1155582&dopt=Abstract
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Antibodies binding 3H-reovirus RNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Talal N. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1973 January; 1(2): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4763287&dopt=Abstract
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Antigenic relationships among five reovirus-like (RVL) agents by complement fixation (CF) and development of new substitute CF antigens for the human RVL agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Kapikian AZ, Cline WL, Kim HW, Kalica AR, Wyatt RG, Vankirk DH, Chanock RM, James HD Jr, Vaughn AL. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1976 September; 152(4): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=61589&dopt=Abstract
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Association of the reovirus S1 gene with serotype 3-induced biliary atresia in mice. Author(s): Wilson GA, Morrison LA, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Virology. 1994 October; 68(10): 6458-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8083983&dopt=Abstract
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Avian reoviruses cause apoptosis in cultured cells: viral uncoating, but not viral gene expression, is required for apoptosis induction. Author(s): Labrada L, Bodelon G, Vinuela J, Benavente J. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 August; 76(16): 7932-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133997&dopt=Abstract
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Avian reoviruses. IV. Relationship to human reoviruses. Author(s): Deshmukh DR, Sayed HI, Pomeroy BS. Source: Avian Dis. 1969 February; 13(1): 16-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4975579&dopt=Abstract
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Biliary atresia and reovirus type 3 infection. Author(s): Morecki R, Glaser JH, Cho S, Balistreri WF, Horwitz MS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 June 14; 310(24): 1610. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6328299&dopt=Abstract
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Biliary atresia and reovirus type 3 infection. Author(s): Dussaix E, Hadchouel M, Tardieu M, Alagille D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 March 8; 310(10): 658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6319995&dopt=Abstract
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Biliary atresia and reovirus type 3 infection. Author(s): Morecki R, Glaser JH, Cho S, Balistreri WF, Horwitz MS. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 August 19; 307(8): 481-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6285193&dopt=Abstract
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Caspase 8-dependent sensitization of cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis following reovirus-infection. Author(s): Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Spalding AC, Johnson GL, Tyler KL. Source: Oncogene. 2001 October 18; 20(47): 6910-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687970&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular integrity is required for inhibition of initiation of cellular DNA synthesis by reovirus type 3. Author(s): Roner MR, Cox DC. Source: Journal of Virology. 1985 February; 53(2): 350-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3968718&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular interactions of several enteroviruses and a reovirus after treatment with sodium borohydride or carbohydrases. Author(s): Lerner AM, Miranda QR. Source: Virology. 1968 October; 36(2): 277-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4300881&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization and serotyping of three feline reovirus isolates. Author(s): Csiza CK. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1974 January; 9(1): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4202887&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical features of acute gastroenteritis associated with human reovirus-like agent in infants and young children. Author(s): Rodriguez WJ, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Brandt CD, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Parrott RH. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 August; 91(2): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=195031&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative sequence analysis of the reovirus S4 genes from 13 serotype 1 and serotype 3 field isolates. Author(s): Kedl R, Schmechel S, Schiff L. Source: Journal of Virology. 1995 January; 69(1): 552-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7527088&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative studies of biliary atresia in the human newborn and reovirus-induced cholangitis in weanling mice. Author(s): Bangaru B, Morecki R, Glaser JH, Gartner LM, Horwitz MS. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1980 November; 43(5): 456-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7421127&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of Counterimmunoelectrophoresis and electron microscopy for laboratory diagnosis of human reovirus-like agent-associated infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Spence L, Fauvel M, Petro R, Bloch S. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1977 February; 5(2): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=403200&dopt=Abstract
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Computational sequence analysis of mammalian reovirus proteins. Author(s): Bisaillon M, Lemay G. Source: Virus Genes. 1999; 18(1): 13-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10334035&dopt=Abstract
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Conformation and template activity of human reovirus genome RNA. Author(s): Nagai J, Tanaka M, Nakashima K. Source: Journal of Biochemistry. 1984 March; 95(3): 679-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6725230&dopt=Abstract
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Construction and characterization of a reovirus double temperature-sensitive mutant. Author(s): Roner MR, Nepliouev I, Sherry B, Joklik WK. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 June 24; 94(13): 6826-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9192650&dopt=Abstract
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Crystal structure of human junctional adhesion molecule 1: implications for reovirus binding. Author(s): Prota AE, Campbell JA, Schelling P, Forrest JC, Watson MJ, Peters TR, Aurrand-Lions M, Imhof BA, Dermody TS, Stehle T. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 29; 100(9): 5366-71. Epub 2003 Apr 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697893&dopt=Abstract
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Crystal structure of reovirus attachment protein sigma1 reveals evolutionary relationship to adenovirus fiber. Author(s): Chappell JD, Prota AE, Dermody TS, Stehle T. Source: The Embo Journal. 2002 January 15; 21(1-2): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782420&dopt=Abstract
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Detection and identification of mammalian reoviruses in surface water by combined cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR. Author(s): Spinner ML, Di Giovanni GD. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001 July; 67(7): 3016-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425715&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of mammalian reovirus RNA by using reverse transcription-PCR: sequence diversity within the lambda3-encoding L1 gene. Author(s): Leary TP, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Cruz AT, Wetzel JD, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002 April; 40(4): 1368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923358&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of neonatal calf diarrhea virus, infant reovirus-like diarrhea virus, and a coronavirus using the fluorescent virus precipitin test. Author(s): Peterson MW, Spendlove RS, Smart RA. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1976 March; 3(3): 376-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=178691&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of reovirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers corresponding to conserved regions of the viral L1 genome segment. Author(s): Leary TP, Erker JC, Chalmers ML, Wetzel JD, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virological Methods. 2002 July; 104(2): 161-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088825&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of reovirus RNA in hepatobiliary tissues from patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia and choledochal cysts. Author(s): Tyler KL, Sokol RJ, Oberhaus SM, Le M, Karrer FM, Narkewicz MR, Tyson RW, Murphy JR, Low R, Brown WR. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1998 June; 27(6): 1475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9620316&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of reovirus type 3 in the porta hepatis of an infant with extrahepatic biliary atresia: ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Author(s): Morecki R, Glaser JH, Johnson AB, Kress Y. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1984 November-December; 4(6): 1137-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6389303&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic electron microscopy of faeces. II. Acute gastroenteritis associated with reovirus-like particles. Author(s): Flewett TH, Davies H, Bryden AS, Robertson MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1974 August; 27(8): 608-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4214154&dopt=Abstract
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Diarrhea caused in gnotobiotic piglets by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Torres-Medina A, Wyatt RG, Mebus CA, Underdahl NR, Kapikian AZ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1976 January; 133(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=173760&dopt=Abstract
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Diarrhea in gnotobiotic calves caused by the reovirus-like agent of human infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Mebus CA, Wyatt RG, Sharpee RL, Sereno MM, Kalica AR, Kapikian AZ, Twiehaus MJ. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1976 August; 14(2): 471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=184047&dopt=Abstract
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Differential role for T cells in the development of fibrotic lesions associated with reovirus 1/L-induced bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia versus Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Author(s): Majeski EI, Harley RA, Bellum SC, London SD, London L. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2003 February; 28(2): 208-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540488&dopt=Abstract
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Differential sensitivity of normal and transformed human cells to reovirus infection. Author(s): Duncan MR, Stanish SM, Cox DC. Source: Journal of Virology. 1978 November; 28(2): 444-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=214572&dopt=Abstract
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Distinct reovirus-like agents associated with acute infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Espejo RT, Calderon E, Gonzalez N. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1977 November; 6(5): 502-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=411805&dopt=Abstract
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Does the beta-adrenergic receptor function as a reovirus receptor? Author(s): Choi AH, Lee PW. Source: Virology. 1988 March; 163(1): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2831655&dopt=Abstract
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Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is regulated by reovirus structural proteins. Author(s): Yue Z, Shatkin AJ. Source: Virology. 1997 August 4; 234(2): 364-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9268168&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological studies on reovirus pollution of rivers in Toyama Prefecture. Author(s): Matsuura K, Ishikura M, Nakayama T, Hasegawa S, Morita O, Uetake H. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1988; 32(12): 1221-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2853289&dopt=Abstract
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Ecological studies on reovirus pollution of rivers in Toyama Prefecture. II. Molecular epidemiological study of reoviruses isolated from river water. Author(s): Matsuura K, Ishikura M, Nakayama T, Hasegawa S, Morita O, Katori K, Uetake H. Source: Microbiology and Immunology. 1993; 37(4): 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8394499&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of herpes simplex virus on human embryonic cells latently infected with reovirus type 3. Author(s): Bell TM, Munube GM, Griffin ER. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1968 November 15; 3(6): 751-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4307756&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the route of infection on immunoglobulin G subclasses and specificity of the reovirus-specific humoral immune response. Author(s): Major AS, Cuff CF. Source: Journal of Virology. 1996 September; 70(9): 5968-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8709219&dopt=Abstract
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Enhanced expression of MHC class I molecules on cultured human thyroid follicular cells infected with reovirus through induction of type 1 interferons. Author(s): Atta MS, Irving WL, Powell RJ, Todd I. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1995 July; 101(1): 121-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7621581&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancement of reovirus infectivity by extracellular removal or alteration of the virus capsid by proteolytic enzymes. Author(s): Spendlove RS, McClain ME, Lennette EH. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1970 August; 8(2): 83-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4991060&dopt=Abstract
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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Reovirus-like agent in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Ryder RW, Sack DA, Kapikian AZ, McLaughlin JC, Chakraborty J, Mizanur Rahman AS, Merson MH, Wells JG. Source: Lancet. 1976 March 27; 1(7961): 659-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=73638&dopt=Abstract
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Yolken RH, Kim HW, Clem T, Wyatt RG, Kalica AR, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ. Source: Lancet. 1977 August 6; 2(8032): 263-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=69877&dopt=Abstract
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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for measurement of reovirus immunoglobulin G, A, and M levels in serum. Author(s): Richardson SC, Bishop RF, Smith AL. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1988 September; 26(9): 1871-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2846650&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of cell lines and immunofluorescence and plaque assay procedures for quantifying reoviruses in sewage. Author(s): Ridinger DN, Spendlove RS, Barnett BB, George DB, Roth JC. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1982 April; 43(4): 740-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7044308&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence that avian reovirus sigmaA protein is an inhibitor of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase. Author(s): Gonzalez-Lopez C, Martinez-Costas J, Esteban M, Benavente J. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 2003 June; 84(Pt 6): 1629-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771434&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence that the epidermal growth factor receptor on host cells confers reovirus infection efficiency. Author(s): Strong JE, Tang D, Lee PW. Source: Virology. 1993 November; 197(1): 405-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8212574&dopt=Abstract
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Experimental infection of pigs with a human strain of type I reovirus. Author(s): McFerran JB, Baskerville A, Connor T. Source: Research in Veterinary Science. 1971 March; 12(2): 174-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4324623&dopt=Abstract
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Filter radioimmunoassay for antibodies to reovirus RNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Author(s): Attias MR, Sylvester RA, Talal N. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 1973 November-December; 16(6): 719-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4757871&dopt=Abstract
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Further isolations of reovirus type 3 from cases of Burkitt's lymphoma. Author(s): Bell TM, Massie A, Ross MG, Simpson DI, Griffin E. Source: British Medical Journal. 1966 June 18; 5502: 1514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4287421&dopt=Abstract
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Gene transfer facilitated by a cellular targeting molecule, reovirus protein sigma1. Author(s): Wu Y, Boysun MJ, Csencsits KL, Pascual DW. Source: Gene Therapy. 2000 January; 7(1): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10680017&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic diversity in natural populations of mammalian reoviruses: tryptic peptide analysis of outer capsid polypeptides of murine, bovine, and human type 1 and 3 reovirus strains. Author(s): Gentsch JR, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Virology. 1984 March; 49(3): 641-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6699934&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic manipulation of reovirus--a model for modification of disease. Author(s): Fields BN. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1972 November 16; 287(20): 1026-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4346708&dopt=Abstract
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Growth characteristics and immunocytochemical studies of reovirus type 2 in a line of human amnion cells. Author(s): Oie H, Loh PC, Soergel M. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1966; 18(1): 16-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4863392&dopt=Abstract
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Haemagglutinin from human reovirus-like agent. Author(s): Shinozaki T, Fujii R, Sato K, Takahashi E, Ito Y, Inaba Y. Source: Lancet. 1978 April 22; 1(8069): 877-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=76822&dopt=Abstract
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Hemagglutination inhibiting activity of human serum protein fractions towards Reovirus type 2. Author(s): Orsi N, Seganti L, Sinibaldi L, Vitali C. Source: G Batteriol Virol Immunol. 1971 May-August; 64(5): 136-43. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4338166&dopt=Abstract
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Human reovirus-like agent as the major pathogen associated with “winter” gastroenteritis in hospitalized infants and young children. Author(s): Kapikian AZ, Kim HW, Wyatt RG, Cline WL, Arrobio JO, Brandt CD, Rodriguez WJ, Sack DA, Chanock RM, Parrott RH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1976 April 29; 294(18): 965-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=176586&dopt=Abstract
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Human reovirus-like agent infection. Occurrence in adult contacts of pediatric patients with gastroenteritis. Author(s): Kim HW, Brandt CD, Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Arrobio JO, Rodriguez WJ, Chanock RM, Parrott RH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977 August 1; 238(5): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=195102&dopt=Abstract
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Hydrocephalus in hamsters, ferrets, rats, and mice following inoculations with reovirus type I. II. Pathologic studies. Author(s): Margolis G, Kilham L. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 1969 September; 21(3): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4309401&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of carbohydrate-binding domains in the attachment proteins of type 1 and type 3 reoviruses. Author(s): Chappell JD, Duong JL, Wright BW, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 September; 74(18): 8472-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954547&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of reovirus type 2 in cell cultures inoculated with hepatitis sera. Author(s): Barker LF, Stevens DP, Hillis WD. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1969 May; 131(1): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5770116&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of the gene coding for the hemagglutinin of reovirus. Author(s): Weiner HL, Ramig RF, Mustoe TA, Fields BN. Source: Virology. 1978 May 15; 86(2): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=566483&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of two components of human serum inhibiting the hemagglutinating activity of reovirus type 3. Author(s): Calio N, Calio R, Orsi N. Source: Boll Ist Sieroter Milan. 1971 March-April; 50(2): 66-73. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5146415&dopt=Abstract
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Immunological response to infection with human reovirus-like agent: measurement of anti-human reovirus-like agent immunoglobulin G and M levels by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Author(s): Yolken RH, Wyatt RG, Kim HW, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1978 February; 19(2): 540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=415978&dopt=Abstract
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Impairment of reovirus mRNA methylation in extracts of interferon-treated Ehrilich ascites tumor cells: further characteristics of the phenomenon. Author(s): Sen GC, Shaila S, Lebleu B, Brown GE, Desrosiers RC, Lengyel. Source: Journal of Virology. 1977 January; 21(1): 69-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=556782&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro cultivation in human fetal intestinal organ culture of a reovirus-like agent associated with nonbacterial gastroenteritis in infants and children. Author(s): Wyatt RG, Kapikian AZ, Thornhill TS, Sereno MM, Kim HW, Chanock RM. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1974 November; 130(5): 523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4608429&dopt=Abstract
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In vitro translation in reovirus- and poliovirus-infected cell extracts. Effects of anticap binding protein monoclonal antibody. Author(s): Sonenberg N, Skup D, Trachsel H, Millward S. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1981 May 10; 256(9): 4138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6260787&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of diarrhea in colostrum-deprived newborn rhesus monkeys with the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Author(s): Wyatt RG, Sly DL, London WT, Palmer AE, Kalica AR, Van Kirk DH, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ. Source: Archives of Virology. 1976; 50(1-2): 17-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=816334&dopt=Abstract
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Infantile gastroenteritis: a clinical study of reovirus-like agent infection. Author(s): Shepherd RW, Truslow S, Walker-Smith JA, Bird R, Cutting W, Darnell R, Barker CM. Source: Lancet. 1975 November 29; 2(7944): 1082-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=53564&dopt=Abstract
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Infection of cultured human pancreatic B cells with reovirus type 3. Author(s): Yoon JW, Selvaggio S, Onodera T, Wheeler J, Jenson AB. Source: Diabetologia. 1981 April; 20(4): 462-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7016640&dopt=Abstract
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Infectious antibody-reovirus complexes. Author(s): Huggett DO, Rodriguez JE, McKee AP. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1972 December; 6(6): 996-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4674081&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibition of protein synthesis in reovirus-infected HeLa cells with elevated levels of interferon-induced protein kinase activity. Author(s): Nilsen TW, Maroney PA, Baglioni C. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1982 December 25; 257(24): 14593-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6184367&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of reovirus with cell surface receptors. I. Murine and human lymphocytes have a receptor for the hemagglutinin of reovirus type 3. Author(s): Weiner HL, Ault KA, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1980 May; 124(5): 2143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7365250&dopt=Abstract
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Interaction of reovirus with cell surface receptors. IV. The reovirus type 3 receptor is expressed predominantly on murine Lyt-2,3+ and human T8+ cells. Author(s): Epstein RL, Finberg R, Powers ML, Weiner HL. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1984 September; 133(3): 1614-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6235291&dopt=Abstract
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Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is induced on isolated endocrine islet cells by cytokines but not by reovirus infection. Author(s): Campbell IL, Cutri A, Wilkinson D, Boyd AW, Harrison LC. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1989 June; 86(11): 4282-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2498883&dopt=Abstract
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Internalization of virus binding proteins during entry of reovirus into K562 erythroleukemia cells. Author(s): Choi AH. Source: Virology. 1994 April; 200(1): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8128632&dopt=Abstract
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IRIS explorer software for radial-depth cueing reovirus particles and other macromolecular structures determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction. Author(s): Spencer SM, Sgro JY, Dryden KA, Baker TS, Nibert ML. Source: Journal of Structural Biology. 1997 October; 120(1): 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361260&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation and biochemical characterization of the mammalian reovirus type 3 cellsurface receptor. Author(s): Co MS, Gaulton GN, Fields BN, Greene MI. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1985 March; 82(5): 1494-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3871949&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation and characterisation of a reovirus from pigs. Author(s): Kasza L. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1970 November 28; 87(22): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4320905&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of a reovirus from the snake, Python regius. Brief report. Author(s): Ahne W, Thomsen I, Winton J. Source: Archives of Virology. 1987; 94(1-2): 135-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3579605&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of reovirus type 3 from dogs with diarrhea. Author(s): Kokubu T, Takahashi T, Takamura K, Yasuda H, Hiramatsu K, Nakai M. Source: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 1993 June; 55(3): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8395227&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of reovirus-like agents from patients with Crohn's disease. Author(s): Whorwell PJ, Phillips CA, Beeken WL, Little PK, Roessner KD. Source: Lancet. 1977 June 4; 1(8023): 1169-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=68273&dopt=Abstract
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Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus. Author(s): Barton ES, Forrest JC, Connolly JL, Chappell JD, Liu Y, Schnell FJ, Nusrat A, Parkos CA, Dermody TS. Source: Cell. 2001 February 9; 104(3): 441-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239401&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of conformation of the association of reovirus 3 and biliary atresia: methodological differences. Author(s): Brown WR. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1990 November; 12(5): 1254-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2172139&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of correlation between infection with reovirus 3 and extrahepatic biliary atresia or neonatal hepatitis. Author(s): Brown WR, Sokol RJ, Levin MJ, Silverman A, Tamaru T, Lilly JR, Hall RJ, Cheney M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1988 October; 113(4): 670-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2845040&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Immunofluorescence of human reovirus-like agent of infantile diarrhoea. Author(s): Morishima T, Nagayoshi S, Ozaki T, Isomura S, Suzuki S. Source: Lancet. 1976 September 25; 02(7987): 695-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=60561&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibody to reovirus-like agents in acute epidemic gastroenteritis. Author(s): Konno T, Imai A, Suzuki H, Ishida N. Source: Lancet. 1975 December 27; 2(7948): 1312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=54836&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Probable in-vitro cultivation of human reovirus-like agent of infantile diarroea. Author(s): Wyatt RG, Gill VW, Sereno MM, Kalica AR, VanKirk DH, Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ. Source: Lancet. 1976 January 10; 1(7950): 98-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=54627&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Reovirus-like agent in Japanese infants with gastroenteritis. Author(s): Konno T, Suzuki H, Ischida N. Source: Lancet. 1975 April 19; 1(7912): 918-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=47561&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Test for reovirus-like agent. Author(s): Spence L, Fauvel M, Bouchard S, Babiuk L, Saunders. Source: Lancet. 1975 August 16; 2(7929): 322. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=50527&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance of protein synthesis in spite of mRNA breakdown in interferon-treated HeLa cells infected with reovirus. Author(s): Nilsen TW, Maroney PA, Baglioni C. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 1983 January; 3(1): 64-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6828030&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of interferon action. Activation of the human P1/eIF-2 alpha protein kinase by individual reovirus s-class mRNAs: s1 mRNA is a potent activator relative to s4 mRNA. Author(s): Bischoff JR, Samuel CE. Source: Virology. 1989 September; 172(1): 106-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2475969&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of interferon action. Increased phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-2 alpha in interferon-treated, reovirus-infected mouse L929 fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. Author(s): Samuel CE, Duncan R, Knutson GS, Hershey JW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1984 November 10; 259(21): 13451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6490660&dopt=Abstract
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Mechanism of interferon action: cloned human leukocyte interferons induce protein kinase and inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus but not reovirus replication in human amnion cells. Author(s): Samuel CE, Knutson GS. Source: Virology. 1981 October 15; 114(1): 302-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6169197&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular aspects of ligand interaction with somatic and immune receptors: insights from studies of the mammalian reoviruses. Author(s): Cohen JA, Williams WV, Weiner DB, Greene MI. Source: Chem Immunol. 1989; 46: 126-56. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2482037&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular aspects of reovirus-host cell interaction. Author(s): Cohen JA, Williams WV, Greene MI. Source: Microbiol Sci. 1988 September; 5(9): 265-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3079190&dopt=Abstract
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Mucosal T cell response to reovirus. Author(s): Chen D, Rubin DH. Source: Immunologic Research. 2001; 23(2-3): 229-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11444387&dopt=Abstract
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Multiplicity reactivation of reovirus particles after exposure to ultraviolet light. Author(s): McClain ME, Spendlove RS. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1966 November; 92(5): 1422-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5924273&dopt=Abstract
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Myocarditis associated with reovirus infection. Author(s): Terheggen F, Benedikz E, Frissen PH, Brinkman K. Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 March; 22(3): 197-8. Epub 2003 March 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649721&dopt=Abstract
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New complement-fixation test for the human reovirus-like agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Nebraska calf diarrhea virus used as antigen. Author(s): Kapikian AZ, Cline WL, Mebus CA, Wyatt RG, Kalica AR, James HD Jr, VanKirk D, Chanock RM. Source: Lancet. 1975 May 10; 1(7915): 1056-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=48729&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence of reovirus genome segment S3, encoding non-structural protein sigma NS. Author(s): Richardson MA, Furuichi Y. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 1983 September 24; 11(18): 6399-408. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6312421&dopt=Abstract
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Occurrence of reovirus antibodies in health African children and in children with Burkitt's lymphoma. Author(s): Levy JA, Tanabe E, Curnen EC. Source: Cancer. 1968 January; 21(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5634850&dopt=Abstract
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Oncolytic reovirus against ovarian and colon cancer. Author(s): Hirasawa K, Nishikawa SG, Norman KL, Alain T, Kossakowska A, Lee PW. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 March 15; 62(6): 1696-701. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912142&dopt=Abstract
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Oncolytic viral therapy for human pancreatic cancer cells by reovirus. Author(s): Etoh T, Himeno Y, Matsumoto T, Aramaki M, Kawano K, Nishizono A, Kitano S. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 March; 9(3): 1218-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631628&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of reovirus gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disease. Author(s): Organ EL, Rubin DH. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 233 Reovir.Ii: 67-83. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599932&dopt=Abstract
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Pathogenesis of reovirus myocarditis. Author(s): Sherry B. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 233 Reovir.Ii: 51-66. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599931&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent latent infection of human embryonic cells with reovirus type 3. Author(s): Bell TM, Ross MG. Source: Nature. 1966 October 22; 212(60): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5970159&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent viruria due to reovirus in a patient treated for Hodgkin's disease in a protected environment. Author(s): Edmonson JH, Millian SJ, Goodenow M, Lee SL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1970 April; 121(4): 438-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4985952&dopt=Abstract
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Polymorphism of the migration of double-stranded RNA genome segments of reovirus isolates from humans, cattle, and mice. Author(s): Hrdy DB, Rosen L, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Virology. 1979 July; 31(1): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=501793&dopt=Abstract
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Preparations of saliva inhibiting reovirus hemagglutination. Author(s): Lerner AM, Bailey EJ, Kofender M. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1966 January; 96(1): 59-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5903198&dopt=Abstract
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Presence of reovirus-like particles in liquid stools. Author(s): Zissis G, de Kegel D. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1975 May-June; 38(5-6): 242-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=169658&dopt=Abstract
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Prolonged induction of IL-8 gene expression in a human fibroblast cell line infected with reovirus serotype 1 strain Lang. Author(s): Hamamdzic D, Altman-Hamamdzic S, Bellum SC, Phillips-Dorsett TJ, London SD, London L. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 1999 April; 91(1): 25-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10219251&dopt=Abstract
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Protein synthesis in different cell lines infected with orthoreovirus serotype 3: inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis correlates with accelerated viral multiplication and cell killing. Author(s): Danis C, Lemay G. Source: Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire. 1993 JanuaryFebruary; 71(1-2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329180&dopt=Abstract
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Proteolytic cleavage of the reovirus sigma 3 protein results in enhanced doublestranded RNA-binding activity: identification of a repeated basic amino acid motif within the C-terminal binding region. Author(s): Miller JE, Samuel CE. Source: Journal of Virology. 1992 September; 66(9): 5347-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1501278&dopt=Abstract
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Reassignment of specificities of two cap methyltransferase domains in the reovirus lambda 2 protein. Author(s): Bujnicki JM, Rychlewski L. Source: Genome Biology. 2001; 2(9): Research0038. Epub 2001 August 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574057&dopt=Abstract
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Recognition of the epidermal growth factor receptor by reovirus. Author(s): Tang D, Strong JE, Lee PW. Source: Virology. 1993 November; 197(1): 412-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8212575&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery of reoviruses from tap water. Author(s): Schwartzbrod L, Finance C, Aymard M, Brigaud M, Lucena F. Source: Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [b]. 1985 December; 181(3-5): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3006405&dopt=Abstract
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Regulation of expression of the reovirus receptor on differentiated HL60 cells. Author(s): el-Ghorr AA, Gordon DA, George K, Maratos-Flier E. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1992 August; 73 ( Pt 8): 1961-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1645137&dopt=Abstract
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Reliable identification of reovirus-like agent in diarrheal stools. Author(s): Portnoy BL, Conklin RH, Menn M, Olarte J, DuPont HL. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1977 March; 89(3): 560-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=839114&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus 1 and 3 bind and internalise at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. Author(s): Ambler L, Mackay M. Source: Virology. 1991 September; 184(1): 162-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1871963&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus 3 and neonatal biliary disease: discussion of divergent results. Author(s): Morecki R, Glaser J. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1989 October; 10(4): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2550347&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus 3 not detected by reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction analysis of preserved tissue from infants with cholestatic liver disease. Author(s): Steele MI, Marshall CM, Lloyd RE, Randolph VE. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1995 March; 21(3): 697-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7533124&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus and rotavirus infections. Author(s): Mebus CA. Source: Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Health Assoc. 1975; (79): 345-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=220624&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus and the pathogenesis of some forms of chronic mental illness. Author(s): Averback P. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 1982 April; 8(4): 383-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7048035&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus antibodies in Delhi. Author(s): Kalra SL, Nair E, Nair CM. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1969 November; 57(11): 2036-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4988127&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus antibodies in human sera in South India. Author(s): George S, John TJ. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1970 December; 58(12): 1680-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5509438&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus antibody patterns in Alaska. Author(s): Berger RH, Brody JA. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1967 November; 86(3): 724-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4295284&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus as a novel oncolytic agent. Author(s): Norman KL, Lee PW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2000 April; 105(8): 1035-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10772645&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus as an oncolytic agent against experimental human malignant gliomas. Author(s): Wilcox ME, Yang W, Senger D, Rewcastle NB, Morris DG, Brasher PM, Shi ZQ, Johnston RN, Nishikawa S, Lee PW, Forsyth PA. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2001 June 20; 93(12): 903-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11416111&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus binding to cell surface sialic acid potentiates virus-induced apoptosis. Author(s): Connolly JL, Barton ES, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2001 May; 75(9): 4029-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287552&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus core protein mu2 determines the filamentous morphology of viral inclusion bodies by interacting with and stabilizing microtubules. Author(s): Parker JS, Broering TJ, Kim J, Higgins DE, Nibert ML. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 May; 76(9): 4483-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932414&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus cytotoxicity: some properties of the UV-irradiated reovirus and its capsid proteins. Author(s): Subasinghe HA, Loh PC. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1972; 39(1): 172-89. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4117914&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus infected cells for studying microtubules and spindle poisons. Author(s): Kohler MR, Spendlove RS. Source: Cytobios. 1974 March-April; 9(35): 131-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4211235&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus infection enhances expression of class I MHC proteins on human beta-cell and rat RINm5F cell. Author(s): Campbell IL, Harrison LC, Ashcroft RG, Jack I. Source: Diabetes. 1988 March; 37(3): 362-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2836251&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus keratoconjunctivitis. Author(s): Jarudi NI, Huggett DO, Golden B. Source: Can J Ophthalmol. 1973 April; 8(2): 371-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4707224&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus M1 gene expression. Author(s): Brown EG. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 233 Reovir.I: 197-213. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599928&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus oncolysis as a novel purging strategy for autologous stem cell transplantation. Author(s): Thirukkumaran CM, Luider JM, Stewart DA, Cheng T, Lupichuk SM, Nodwell MJ, Russell JA, Auer IA, Morris DG. Source: Blood. 2003 July 1; 102(1): 377-87. Epub 2003 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637331&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus oncolysis of human breast cancer. Author(s): Norman KL, Coffey MC, Hirasawa K, Demetrick DJ, Nishikawa SG, DiFrancesco LM, Strong JE, Lee PW. Source: Human Gene Therapy. 2002 March 20; 13(5): 641-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11916487&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus pathogenesis and the identity of REO3MH. Author(s): Keast D, Chesterman FC. Source: Br J Exp Pathol. 1972 April; 53(2): 90-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4338063&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus prolongs survival and reduces the frequency of spinal and leptomeningeal metastases from medulloblastoma. Author(s): Yang WQ, Senger D, Muzik H, Shi ZQ, Johnson D, Brasher PM, Rewcastle NB, Hamilton M, Rutka J, Wolff J, Wetmore C, Curran T, Lee PW, Forsyth PA. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 June 15; 63(12): 3162-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12810644&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus protein sigma 1 translated in vitro, as well as truncated derivatives of it that lack up to two-thirds of its C-terminal portion, exists as two major tetrameric molecular species that differ in electrophoretic mobility. Author(s): Banerjea AC, Joklik WK. Source: Virology. 1990 November; 179(1): 460-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2219734&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus protein sigma 1: from cell attachment to protein oligomerization and folding mechanisms. Author(s): Lee PW, Leone G. Source: Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology. 1994 March; 16(3): 199-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166674&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus receptors and apoptosis. Author(s): Barton ES, Chappell JD, Connolly JL, Forrest JC, Dermody TS. Source: Virology. 2001 November 25; 290(2): 173-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883182&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus receptors and pathogenesis. Author(s): Forrest JC, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 September; 77(17): 9109-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915527&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus reverse genetics: Incorporation of the CAT gene into the reovirus genome. Author(s): Roner MR, Joklik WK. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 July 3; 98(14): 8036-41. Epub 2001 June 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11427706&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus serotype 3 infection in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia or neonatal hepatitis. Author(s): Richardson SC, Bishop RF, Smith AL. Source: Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1994 May-June; 9(3): 264-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8054525&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 differ in their in vitro association with microtubules. Author(s): Babiss LE, Luftig RB, Weatherbee JA, Weihing RR, Ray UR, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Virology. 1979 June; 30(3): 863-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=480468&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus sigma NS and mu NS proteins form cytoplasmic inclusion structures in the absence of viral infection. Author(s): Becker MM, Peters TR, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 May; 77(10): 5948-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719587&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus sigma NS protein localizes to inclusions through an association requiring the mu NS amino terminus. Author(s): Miller CL, Broering TJ, Parker JS, Arnold MM, Nibert ML. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 April; 77(8): 4566-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663763&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus therapy of lymphoid malignancies. Author(s): Alain T, Hirasawa K, Pon KJ, Nishikawa SG, Urbanski SJ, Auer Y, Luider J, Martin A, Johnston RN, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Lee PW, Kossakowska AE. Source: Blood. 2002 December 1; 100(12): 4146-53. Epub 2002 July 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393565&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus therapy of tumors with activated Ras pathway. Author(s): Coffey MC, Strong JE, Forsyth PA, Lee PW. Source: Science. 1998 November 13; 282(5392): 1332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812900&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus triggers cell type-specific proinflammatory responses dependent on the autocrine action of IFN-beta. Author(s): Hamamdzic D, Phillips-Dorsett T, Altman-Hamamdzic S, London SD, London L. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2001 January; 280(1): L18-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133491&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 1 associated with meningitis. Author(s): Johansson PJ, Sveger T, Ahlfors K, Ekstrand J, Svensson L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1996; 28(2): 117-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792475&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 2 in strains of Korean haemorrhagic fever virus. Author(s): Goldgaber D, Lee PW, Fukatsu R, Amyx HL, Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC, Lee HW. Source: Lancet. 1982 May 22; 1(8282): 1184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6122957&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 2: production of and sensitivity to interferon in human amnion cells. Author(s): Oie HK, Leh PC. Source: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N. Y.). 1968 April; 127(4): 1210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4297699&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 3 and neonatal cholestasis. Author(s): Glaser JH, Morecki R. Source: Seminars in Liver Disease. 1987 May; 7(2): 100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3039667&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 3 associated with fatal pneumonia. Author(s): Tillotson JR, Lerner AM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1967 May 11; 276(19): 1060-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6025662&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 3 encephalitis--a virologic and ultrastructural study. Author(s): Raine CS, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 1973 January; 32(1): 19-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4346655&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 3 infection in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Author(s): Minuk GY, Rascanin N, Paul RW, Lee PW, Buchan K, Kelly JK. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1987 August; 5(1): 8-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2821105&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus type 3 synthesizes proteins in interferon-treated HeLa cells without reversing the antiviral state. Author(s): Feduchi E, Esteban M, Carrasco L. Source: Virology. 1988 June; 164(2): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2835860&dopt=Abstract
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Reoviruses and the interferon system. Author(s): Samuel CE. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 233 Reovir.Ii: 125-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599935&dopt=Abstract
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Reoviruses. Author(s): Stanley NF. Source: British Medical Bulletin. 1967 May; 23(2): 150-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5342631&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-induced alteration in expression of apoptosis and DNA repair genes with potential roles in viral pathogenesis. Author(s): DeBiasi RL, Clarke P, Meintzer S, Jotte R, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Johnson GL, Tyler KL. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 August; 77(16): 8934-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885910&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-induced alterations in gene expression related to cell cycle regulation. Author(s): Poggioli GJ, DeBiasi RL, Bickel R, Jotte R, Spalding A, Johnson GL, Tyler KL. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 March; 76(6): 2585-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861824&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-induced apoptosis requires activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Author(s): Connolly JL, Rodgers SE, Clarke P, Ballard DW, Kerr LD, Tyler KL, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 April; 74(7): 2981-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708412&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-induced apoptosis requires both death receptor- and mitochondrialmediated caspase-dependent pathways of cell death. Author(s): Kominsky DJ, Bickel RJ, Tyler KL. Source: Cell Death and Differentiation. 2002 September; 9(9): 926-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181743&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-induced apoptosis requires mitochondrial release of Smac/DIABLO and involves reduction of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein levels. Author(s): Kominsky DJ, Bickel RJ, Tyler KL. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 November; 76(22): 11414-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388702&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-induced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest requires sigma1s and occurs in the absence of apoptosis. Author(s): Poggioli GJ, Keefer C, Connolly JL, Dermody TS, Tyler KL. Source: Journal of Virology. 2000 October; 74(20): 9562-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000227&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-like agent and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in pediatric diarrhea in the Philippines. Author(s): Echeverria P, Blacklow NR, Vollet JL 3rd, Ulyangco CV, Cukor G, Soriano VB, DuPont HL, Cross JH, Orskov F, Orskov I. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1978 September; 138(3): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=359725&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-like agent as a cause of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. Author(s): Ryder RW, McGowan JE, Hatch MH, Palmer EL. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 May; 90(5): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=192867&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-like agent in acute epidemic gastroenteritis in Japanese infants: fecal shedding and serologic response. Author(s): Konno T, Suzuki H, Imai A, Ishida N. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1977 February; 135(2): 259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=402427&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-like agents as a cause of human diarrheal disease. Author(s): Riley HD. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1977 April; 70(4): 390-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=557843&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-like particles in jejunal mucosa of a Japanese infant with acute infectious non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Author(s): Suzuki H, Konno T. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1975 March; 115(3): 199-211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1129768&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus-specific messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from HeLa cells. Author(s): Kreft J. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1980 November-December; 35(11-12): 1046-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7210805&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory mucosal immunization with reovirus serotype 1/L stimulates virusspecific humoral and cellular immune responses, including double-positive (CD4(+)/CD8(+)) T cells. Author(s): Periwal SB, Cebra JJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 1999 September; 73(9): 7633-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10438854&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of diffuse alveolar damage: a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Author(s): London L, Majeski EI, Paintlia MK, Harley RA, London SD. Source: Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2002 February; 72(1): 24-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11784120&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of diffuse alveolar damage: pulmonary fibrosis is not modulated by corticosteroids in acute respiratory distress syndrome in mice. Author(s): London L, Majeski EI, Altman-Hamamdzic S, Enockson C, Paintlia MK, Harley RA, London SD. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2002 June; 103(3 Pt 1): 284-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12173303&dopt=Abstract
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Respiratory reovirus 1/L induction of intraluminal fibrosis, a model of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, is dependent on T lymphocytes. Author(s): Majeski EI, Paintlia MK, Lopez AD, Harley RA, London SD, London L. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 October; 163(4): 1467-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507654&dopt=Abstract
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Ribozymes that cleave reovirus genome segment S1 also protect cells from pathogenesis caused by reovirus infection. Author(s): Shahi S, Shanmugasundaram GK, Banerjea AC. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 March 27; 98(7): 4101-6. Epub 2001 Mar 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11274435&dopt=Abstract
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Role of antecedent mumps and reovirus infections on the development of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Author(s): Toniolo A, Conaldi PG, Garzelli C, Benedettini G, Federico G, Saggese G, Vettor R, Federspil G. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 1985 September; 1(3): 172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3021516&dopt=Abstract
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Role of heat-labile toxigenic Escherichia coli and Reovirus-like agent in diarrhoea in Boston children. Author(s): Echeverria P, Blacklow NR, Smith DH. Source: Lancet. 1975 December 6; 2(7945): 1113-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=53600&dopt=Abstract
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Role of reovirus type 3 in persistent infantile cholestasis. Author(s): Glaser JH, Balistreri WF, Morecki R. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 December; 105(6): 912-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6502341&dopt=Abstract
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Saturable attachment sites for type 3 mammalian reovirus on murine L cells and human HeLa cells. Author(s): Gentsch JR, Hatfield JW. Source: Virus Research. 1984; 1(5): 401-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6398564&dopt=Abstract
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Selective reovirus killing of bladder cancer in a co-culture spheroid model. Author(s): Kilani RT, Tamimi Y, Hanel EG, Wong KK, Karmali S, Lee PW, Moore RB. Source: Virus Research. 2003 May; 93(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727337&dopt=Abstract
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Separation of the plus and minus strands of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus and human reovirus double-stranded genome RNAs by gel electrophoresis. Author(s): Smith RE, Morgan MA, Furuichi Y. Source: Nucleic Acids Research. 1981 October 24; 9(20): 5269-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7029468&dopt=Abstract
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Sequence diversity in S1 genes and S1 translation products of 11 serotype 3 reovirus strains. Author(s): Dermody TS, Nibert ML, Bassel-Duby R, Fields BN. Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 October; 64(10): 4842-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2398530&dopt=Abstract
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Sequence diversity within the reovirus S3 gene: reoviruses evolve independently of host species, geographic locale, and date of isolation. Author(s): Goral MI, Mochow-Grundy M, Dermody TS. Source: Virology. 1996 February 1; 216(1): 265-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615001&dopt=Abstract
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Sequence homology between human reoviruses. Author(s): Hossain A. Source: Acta Virol. 1983 January; 27(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6133428&dopt=Abstract
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Sero-epidemiological study of reovirus infection amongst the normal population of the Chandigarh area--northern India. Author(s): Pal SR, Agarwal SC. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1968 December; 66(4): 519-29. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4303953&dopt=Abstract
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Sero-epidemiology of reovirus type 3 infections in four areas of Uganda with varying incidence of Burkitt's tumour. Author(s): Munube GM, Bell TM, Tukei PM, Smith PG. Source: East Afr Med J. 1972 May; 49(5): 369-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4342415&dopt=Abstract
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Serological studies with reovirus-like enteritis agent. Author(s): Blacklow NR, Echeverria P, Smith DH. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1976 June; 13(6): 1563-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=184041&dopt=Abstract
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Signal transduction and antiproliferative function of the mammalian receptor for type 3 reovirus. Author(s): Saragovi HU, Rebai N, Roux E, Gagnon M, Zhang X, Robaire B, Bromberg J, Greene MI. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 233 Reovir.I: 155-66. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599925&dopt=Abstract
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Structural evidence for common functions and ancestry of the reovirus and adenovirus attachment proteins. Author(s): Stehle T, Dermody TS. Source: Reviews in Medical Virology. 2003 March-April; 13(2): 123-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627395&dopt=Abstract
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Structure and function of the reovirus genome. Author(s): Joklik WK. Source: Microbiol Rev. 1981 December; 45(4): 483-501. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7035855&dopt=Abstract
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Structure of mammalian orthoreovirus particles. Author(s): Nibert ML. Source: Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1998; 233 Reovir.I: 1-30. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9599919&dopt=Abstract
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Structure of the reovirus membrane-penetration protein, Mu1, in a complex with is protector protein, Sigma3. Author(s): Liemann S, Chandran K, Baker TS, Nibert ML, Harrison SC. Source: Cell. 2002 January 25; 108(2): 283-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11832217&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on reovirus receptors of L cells: virus binding characteristics and comparison with reovirus receptors of erythrocytes. Author(s): Armstrong GD, Paul RW, Lee PW. Source: Virology. 1984 October 15; 138(1): 37-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6388149&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on reovirus type 2: viral interference with UV-inactived virus. Author(s): Oie HK, Loh PC, Ratnayake RT. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1973; 42(2): 170-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4355773&dopt=Abstract
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Studies on reovirus-antigens. II. Segregation of reovirus-antigens by chromatography on ecteola-cellulose and by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient. Author(s): Bruggeman CA, Versteeg J. Source: Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1973; 42(4): 378-87. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4203175&dopt=Abstract
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Synthesis of (2'-5')oligoadenylate and activation of an endoribonuclease in interferontreated HeLa cells infected with reovirus. Author(s): Nilsen TW, Maroney PA, Baglioni C. Source: Journal of Virology. 1982 June; 42(3): 1039-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6178844&dopt=Abstract
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Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3 features of genetic recombination. Author(s): Fields BN. Source: Virology. 1971 October; 46(1): 142-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5166351&dopt=Abstract
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Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: defects in viral maturation as studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Author(s): Fields BN, Raine CS, Baum SG. Source: Virology. 1971 March; 43(3): 569-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4107549&dopt=Abstract
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The 5'-terminal nucleotide sequences of the double-stranded RNA of human reovirus. Author(s): Miura K, Watanabe K, Sugiura M, Shatkin AJ. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1974 October; 71(10): 3979-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4530278&dopt=Abstract
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The association of reovirus 3 and biliary atresia: finally resolved? Author(s): Rosenthal P. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 October; 90(10): 1895-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572924&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of cicloxolone sodium on the replication in cultured cells of adenovirus type 5, reovirus type 3, poliovirus type 1, two bunyaviruses and Semliki Forest virus. Author(s): Dargan DJ, Galt CB, Subak-Sharpe JH. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1992 February; 73 ( Pt 2): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1311362&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of kaolin on immunoglobulins: an improved technique to remove the nonspecific serum inhibitor of reovirus hemagglutination. Author(s): Mann JJ, Rossen RD, Lehrich JR, Kasel JA. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1967 June; 98(6): 1136-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4165228&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of thymosin on murine lymphocyte responses and corticosteroid levels during acute reovirus type 3 infection of neonatal mice. Author(s): Willey DE, Ushijima RN. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1981 April; 19(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6260403&dopt=Abstract
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The growth of reovirus 3 in cultured rat embryos and implications for human reproductive failure. Author(s): Priscott PK. Source: Br J Exp Pathol. 1983 October; 64(5): 467-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6315042&dopt=Abstract
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The preferential cytotoxicity of reovirus for certain transformed cell lines. Author(s): Hashiro G, Loh PC, Yau JT. Source: Archives of Virology. 1977; 54(4): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=562142&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of antibodies to reovirus type 3 in adults with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease. Author(s): Minuk GY, Paul RW, Lee PW. Source: Journal of Medical Virology. 1985 May; 16(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2995568&dopt=Abstract
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The regulation of translation in reovirus-infected cells. Author(s): Munoz A, Alonso MA, Carrasco L. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1985 October; 66 ( Pt 10): 2161-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2995553&dopt=Abstract
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The reovirus M1 gene determines the relative capacity of growth of reovirus in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Author(s): Matoba Y, Colucci WS, Fields BN, Smith TW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993 December; 92(6): 2883-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254043&dopt=Abstract
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The reovirus project: an application of distributed visualization. Author(s): Green M, Bowman D, Goulden D, Rittenhouse D, Sun H, White L. Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2000; 6 Suppl 2: S26-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10975090&dopt=Abstract
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The seroepidemiology of reovirus, coxsackievirus infections among Panamanian Indian children. Author(s): Reeves WC, Peters CJ. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1976 March; 133(3): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=176278&dopt=Abstract
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The use of rivanol treatment for removal from sera of nonspecific inhibitors of enterovirus and reovirus hemagglutination. Author(s): Styk B, Schmidt NJ, Dennis J. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1968 November; 88(3): 398-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4301611&dopt=Abstract
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The viral sigma1 protein and glycoconjugates containing alpha2-3-linked sialic acid are involved in type 1 reovirus adherence to M cell apical surfaces. Author(s): Helander A, Silvey KJ, Mantis NJ, Hutchings AB, Chandran K, Lucas WT, Nibert ML, Neutra MR. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 July; 77(14): 7964-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829836&dopt=Abstract
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Thermostability of reovirus disassembly intermediates (ISVPs) correlates with genetic, biochemical, and thermodynamic properties of major surface protein mu1. Author(s): Middleton JK, Severson TF, Chandran K, Gillian AL, Yin J, Nibert ML. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 February; 76(3): 1051-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11773381&dopt=Abstract
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Twenty year study of the occurrence of reovirus infection in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Argentina. Author(s): Giordano MO, Martinez LC, Isa MB, Ferreyra LJ, Canna F, Pavan JV, Paez M, Notario R, Nates SV. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2002 September; 21(9): 880-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380589&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a free viral immunofluorescence assay to detect human reovirus-like agent in human stools. Author(s): Yolken RH, Wyatt RG, Kalica AR, Kim HW, Brandt CD, Parrott RH, Kapikian AZ, Chanock RM. Source: Infection and Immunity. 1977 May; 16(2): 467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=324909&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of sialic acid as a coreceptor enhances reovirus attachment by multistep adhesion strengthening. Author(s): Barton ES, Connolly JL, Forrest JC, Chappell JD, Dermody TS. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2001 January 19; 276(3): 2200-11. Epub 2000 October 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11054410&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of sialic acid as a coreceptor is required for reovirus-induced biliary disease. Author(s): Barton ES, Youree BE, Ebert DH, Forrest JC, Connolly JL, Valyi-Nagy T, Washington K, Wetzel JD, Dermody TS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 June; 111(12): 1823-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813018&dopt=Abstract
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Virion disassembly is required for apoptosis induced by reovirus. Author(s): Connolly JL, Dermody TS. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 February; 76(4): 1632-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799158&dopt=Abstract
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Viruses causing common respiratory infection in man. IV. Reoviruses and Adenoviruses. Author(s): Jackson GG, Muldoon RL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1973 December; 128(6): 811-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4358125&dopt=Abstract
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Virus-induced diabetes mellitus: infection of mice with variants of encephalomyocarditis virus, coxsackievirus B4, and reovirus type 3. Author(s): Notkins AL, Yoon J, Onodera T, Jenson AB. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1979; 119: 137-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=227239&dopt=Abstract
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Virus-specific IgM antibodies in acute gastroenteritis due to a reovirus-like agent (rotavirus). Author(s): Orstavik I, Haug KW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1976; 8(4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=188117&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND REOVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and reovirus.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Reovirus The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “reovirus” (or a synonym): •
An antiviral effect of nitric oxide: inhibition of reovirus replication. Source: Pertile, T.L. Karaca, K. Sharma, J.M. Walser, M.M. Avian-dis. Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian Pathologists Inc. Apr/June 1996. volume 40 (2) page 342-348. 0005-2086
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Application of the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) technique for detecting avian reovirus in chickens. Author(s): Tennessee Department of Agriculture, Ellington Agriculture Center, Nashville 37204. Source: Tang, K N Fletcher, O J Avian-Dis. 1987 Jul-September; 31(3): 591-6 0005-2086
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Binding site for S-adenosyl-L-methionine in a central region of mammalian reovirus lambda2 protein. Evidence for activities in mRNA cap methylation. Author(s): Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. Source: Luongo, C L Contreras, C M Farsetta, D L Nibert, M L J-Biol-Chem. 1998 September 11; 273(37): 23773-80 0021-9258
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Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase and helicase activities of the reovirus lambda1 protein. Author(s): Departement de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada. Source: Bisaillon, M Bergeron, J Lemay, G J-Biol-Chem. 1997 July 18; 272(29): 18298-303 0021-9258
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Cloning, expression, and characterization of avian reovirus guanylyltransferase. Author(s): Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. Source: Hsiao, Joseph Martinez Costas, Jose Benavente, Javier Vakharia, Vikram N Virology. 2002 May 10; 296(2): 288-99 0042-6822
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Comparison of the labeled avidin-biotin and the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibody to reovirus in chickens. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. Source: Lee, L H Wang, Y H Shien, J H J-Virol-Methods. 1994 July; 48(2-3): 343-7 01660934
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Evidence of nucleotidyl phosphatase activity associated with core protein sigma A of avian reovirus S1133. Author(s): Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 403, Taiwan. Source: Yin, Hsien Sheng Su, Yu Pin Lee, Long Huw Virology. 2002 February 15; 293(2): 379-85 0042-6822
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Molecular characterization and expression of the S3 gene of muscovy duck reovirus strain 89026. Source: Le Gall Recule, G. Cherbonnel, M. Arnauld, C. Blanchard, P. Jestin, A. Jestin, V. J-gen-virol. Reading : Society for General Microbiology. January 1999. volume 80 (pt.1) page 195-203. 0022-1317
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Mutations in reovirus outer-capsid protein sigma3 selected during persistent infections of L cells confer resistance to protease inhibitor E64. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Elizabeth B. Lamb Center for Pediatric Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA. Source: Baer, G S Dermody, T S J-Virol. 1997 July; 71(7): 4921-8 0022-538X
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Rapid isolation and identification of reovirus-3. Author(s): Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. Source: Abramowitz, A Arad, G Livni, N Morag, A Tamir, I J-Virol-Methods. 1987 September; 17(3-4): 319-23 0166-0934
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Reassignment of specificities of two cap methyltransferase domains in the reovirus lambda 2 protein. Author(s): Bioinformatics Laboratory, International Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, ul ks Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
[email protected] Source: Bujnicki, J M Rychlewski, L Genome-Biol. 2001; 2(9): 0038 1465-6914
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Reovirus binds to multiple plasma membrane proteins of mouse L fibroblasts. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Alberta, Canada. Source: Choi, A H Paul, R W Lee, P W Virology. 1990 September; 178(1): 316-20 00426822
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Strategy for nonenveloped virus entry: a hydrophobic conformer of the reovirus membrane penetration protein micro 1 mediates membrane disruption. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Source: Chandran, K Farsetta, D L Nibert, M L J-Virol. 2002 October; 76(19): 9920-33 0022-538X
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The effect of cicloxolone sodium on the replication in cultured cells of adenovirus type 5, reovirus type 3, poliovirus type 1, two bunyaviruses and Semliki Forest virus. Author(s): MRC Virology Unit, University of Glasgow, U.K. Source: Dargan, D J Galt, C B Subak Sharpe, J H J-Gen-Virol. 1992 February; 73 ( Pt 2)407-11 0022-1317
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The v-erbB oncogene confers enhanced cellular susceptibility to reovirus infection. Author(s): Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Alberta, Canada. Source: Strong, J E Lee, P W J-Virol. 1996 January; 70(1): 612-6 0022-538X
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Thymic atrophy in type 2 reovirus infected mice: immunosuppression and effects of thymic hormone. Thymic atrophy caused by reo-2. Author(s): National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan. Source: Onodera, T Taniguchi, T Tsuda, T Yoshihara, K Shimizu, S Sato, M Awaya, A Hayashi, T Thymus. 1991 September; 18(2): 95-109 0165-6090
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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND REOVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to reovirus. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to reovirus and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to reovirus: •
Antiviral activity of galangin isolated from the aerial parts of Helichrysum aureonitens. Author(s): Meyer JJ, Afolayan AJ, Taylor MB, Erasmus D. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 April; 56(2): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174978&dopt=Abstract
•
Association of reovirus mRNA with viral proteins: a possible mechanism for linking the genome segments. Author(s): Ward RL, Shatkin AJ. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 1972 September; 152(1): 378-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4627357&dopt=Abstract
•
Egyptian propolis: 2. Chemical composition, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of East Nile Delta propolis. Author(s): Abd El Hady FK, Hegazi AG.
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Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2002 March-April; 57(3-4): 386-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12064745&dopt=Abstract •
Involvement of the microtubule in replication cycles of animal viruses. Author(s): Dales S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1975 June 30; 253: 440-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1056754&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanism of formation of reovirus mRNA 5'-terminal blocked and methylated sequence, m7GpppGmpC. Author(s): Furuichi Y, Muthukrishnan S, Tomasz J, Shatkin AJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1976 August 25; 251(16): 5043-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=821947&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular characterization of a rotaviruslike virus isolated from striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Author(s): Samal SK, Dopazo CP, McPhillips TH, Baya A, Mohanty SB, Hetrick FM. Source: Journal of Virology. 1990 November; 64(11): 5235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2170670&dopt=Abstract
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Reovirus infected cells for studying microtubules and spindle poisons. Author(s): Kohler MR, Spendlove RS. Source: Cytobios. 1974 March-April; 9(35): 131-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4211235&dopt=Abstract
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Ribonucleic acid polymerase activity associated with purified calf rotavirus. Author(s): Cohen J. Source: The Journal of General Virology. 1977 September; 36(3): 395-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=21225&dopt=Abstract
•
Stability of reovirus haemagglutinins. Author(s): USMANKHODZHAYEV A, ZAKSTELSKAYA LV. Source: Acta Virol. 1964 January; 13: 84-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14106028&dopt=Abstract
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The v-erbB oncogene confers enhanced cellular susceptibility to reovirus infection. Author(s): Strong JE, Lee PW. Source: Journal of Virology. 1996 January; 70(1): 612-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8523580&dopt=Abstract
•
Two distinct phases of virus-induced nuclear factor kappa B regulation enhance tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in virus-
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infected cells. Author(s): Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Moffitt LA, Tyler KL. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 May 16; 278(20): 18092-100. Epub 2003 March 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12637521&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to reovirus; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Herbs and Supplements Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the
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MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON REOVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to reovirus. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “reovirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on reovirus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Reovirus ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to reovirus. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Study of Terminal Nucleotide Sequences in Reovirus Rna by Hastings, Kenneth E. M; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43064
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An Investigation of the Nonstructural Proteins of Mammalian Reovirus Serotype 3: Mu Ns and Sigma Ns by Van Vliet, Kim Marie; MS from Florida Atlantic University, 2002, 50 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410405
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Analysis of the Structural and Dsrna Binding Activities of Reovirus Protein Sigma3 by Jane-valbuena, Judit; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060478
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Avian Reovirus Major Mu-class Outer Capsid Protein Influences Efficiency of Productive Macrophage Infection in a Virus Strain-specific Manner by O'hara, David; MSC from Dalhousie University (Canada), 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75530
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Baboon Reovirus: Mechanism(s) of Neurotropism by Alvarez, Rene; PhD from The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 2002, 275 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073723
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Characterization and Identification of the Reovirus Guanylyltransferase by Cleveland, Deborah Renate; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34454
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Determinants of Reovirus Inclusion Complex Formation by Becker, Michelle Marie; PhD from Vanderbilt University, 2002, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071931
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Evaluation of the Safety and Potency of the Reovirus Vaccine Reoguard Lrtm by Shandley, Sabrina Suzanne; MS from Stephen F. Austin State University, 2003, 45 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413892
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Genetics and Transcription of Reovirus by Spandidos, Demetrios A; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29459
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Initial Characterization of Reovirus Nonstructural Protein Muns and Its Activities by Broering, Teresa Josephine; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 280 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060453
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Investigation of the Virus-host Cell Interactions Involved in Reovirus Inclusion Formation by Mbisa, Jean Lutamyo; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ72818
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Modified Polypeptides in the Capsid of Reovirus by Krystal, Gerald; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29386
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Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis in L-cells Infected with Reovirus by Skup, Danial; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK52128
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Reovirus 1/l Induced Lung Pathology: the Differential Role of Lymphocytic Populations in the Development of Fibrosis Associated with Boop Versus Ards by Majeski, Elizabeth Irene; PhD from Medical University of South Carolina, 2002, 252 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050235
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Replication of the Reovirus Genome and Methylation of Viral Mrna by Faust, Emanuel Alan; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33278
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Resistant or Persistent Reovirus Infections: of Normal Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblast Wi-38 Cells by Eukitis, Martine Marie; MS from Florida Atlantic University, 2003, 69 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413133
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•
Selective Destruction of Transformed Cells by Reovirus: Cellular Targets and Active Reovirus Proteins Analysis by Alter, Sarah; MS from Florida Atlantic University, 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411562
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Structural Analysis of the Reovirus Serotype 3 Hemagglutinin Using Recombinant Dna Techniques by Bassel-Duby, Rhonda Susan; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20841
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Studies on Reovirus Receptors by Paul, Ralph Wilfred; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46676
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Studies on the Expression of the Reovirus Serotype 3 S1 Gene in Eukaryotic Cells by Mah, David C. W; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54281
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Studies on the Reovirus Cell Attachment Protein Sigma 1 by Yeung, Michael Chunghow; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46697
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Studies on the S1 Gene of Reovirus (serotype 3) by Nagata, Leslie Phillip; PhD from University of Calgary (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36016
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Study of a Reovirus Protein Involved in Viral Mrna Translation by Lemay, Guy; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL38378
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The Structure and Translation of Late Reovirus Mrna in Infected L Cells by Zarbl, Helmut; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK66592
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Viral Infection and Primate Evolution with Special Reference to the Reoviridae (reovirus, Rotavirus) by Hrdy, Daniel Bruce, PhD from Harvard University, 1984, 168 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419448
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON REOVIRUS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “reovirus” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on reovirus, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Reovirus By performing a patent search focusing on reovirus, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
8Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on reovirus: •
Avian proventriculitis vaccine Inventor(s): Eidson; Caswell S. (Athens, GA), Gaudry; Daniel (Athens, GA), Page; Robert K. (Winder, GA), Villegas; Pedro (Athens, GA) Assignee(s): Research Foundation (Athens, GA) Patent Number: 4,559,229 Date filed: July 20, 1982 Abstract: A process of preparing a vaccine capable of protecting poultry against avian proventriculitis which comprises: separating proventriculitis reovirus from reoviruscarrying tissue of a poultry animal diseased with proventriculitis; inoculating a cell culture capable of sustaining the growth and replication of the reovirus; extracting the virus from cellular and nonviral components, and rendering the reovirus into a form suitable for administration to poultry, yields a vaccine and an immunization method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the isolation of the etiologic agent of avian proventriculitis, its identification as a reovirus and the preparation of a vaccine against the disease. A clinical syndrome in chickens characterized by stunted growth, poor feathering and an increase in leg weakness has been described (Kouwenhoven, V. et al, Vet. Sci. Com., 2:253-259 (1978)). In affected flocks 5-20% of the chicks exhibit growth retardation by one week of age; an increase in lameness and very poor feather development is apparent by two weeks of age. The most prevalent clinical lesions are an enlargement of the proventriculus with areas of necrosis, hemorrhage, and catarrhal enteritis (Kouwenhoven, V. et al, Avian Pathology, 7:183-187 (1978)). Studies indicate that the syndrome can be reproduced in susceptible one-day-old chicks by direct contact with infected chickens or by the injection of homogenized intestinal tracts from infected chickens (Vertommen, N. et al, Ibid, 9:133-142 (1980)). Biochemical examination of plasma from these chicks indicate a low plasma carotenoid level and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. A number of cases with similar clinical lesions have been seen in all of the major broiler growing areas of the southeastern United States. The problem is highly farm-related and is especially severe on large farms and on farms where brooding and growing are conducted simultaneously. The first clinical signs occur when the chicks are about two weeks of age. The chicks appear chilled and do not consume as much feed as expected; the growth rate is retarded with undigested feed passed in the droppings. Many of the droppings are covered with an orange exudate, frequently leading to a misdiagnosis of coccidiosis. At about three weeks of age, paleness of the shank and very poor feathering are commonly seen. The clinical manifestations of this problem and the lesion patterns are extremely variable, making diagnosis of the syndrome difficult. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04559229__
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Immortal cell line derived from grouper Epinephelus coioides and its application therein Inventor(s): Chi; Shau-Chi (Taipei, TW) Assignee(s): National Science Council (Taipei, TW) Patent Number: 6,436,702 Date filed: November 30, 1999 Abstract: The present invention describes (1) an immortal cell line derived from grouper and a method for establishing the cell line; (2) methods for mass producing and purifying aquatic viruses using the immortal cell line from grouper; (3) an anti-NNV antibody and a method for producing the anti-NNV antibody; and (4) a vaccine of NNV and a method for protecting fish against NNV infection. The present immortal cell line is derived from the grouper and is susceptible to the viral families of Birnaviridae such as Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV); Herpesviridae such as Eel Herpes Virus Formosa (EHVF); Reoviridae such as Hard Clam Reovirus (HCRV); and Nodaviridae such as Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an immortal cell line (GF-1) derived from the fin tissue of grouper Epinephelus coioides and the method of establishing the GF-1 cell line. The GF-1 cell line is susceptible to a number of aquatic viruses, including, but not limited to, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), Eel Herpes Virus Formosa (EHVF), and Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV). This invention also relates to the method of mass producing and purifying the aquatic viruses using an immortal cell line from grouper such as the GF-1 cell line as a host. Additionally, this invention relates to an anti-NNV antibody and the method of producing the anti-NNV antibody. Finally, this invention relates to a vaccine of NNV and the method for protecting fish against NNV infection. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), a pathogen found in many varieties of hatchery-reared marine fish, has caused mass mortality of such fish at their larval or juvenile stages. NNV belongs to the family Nodaviridae. Fish nodaviruses isolated from different species (such as SJNNV, BFNNV, JFNNV, TPNNV, RGNNV, GNNV etc.) are closely related to each other owing to the high similarity of the conserved region of their coat protein genes. NNV, also named as fish encephalitis virus (FEV) and piscine neuropathy nodavirus (PNN), is an unenveloped spherical virus with particles sized between 25 and 34 nm. The virus is characterized by vacuolation of the nerve tissues. Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) disease has been found in many countries under various names such as viral fish encephalitis, fish encephalomyelitis, cardiac myopathy syndrome. The hosts of NNV include many species of marine fish, for example: parrotfish, sea bass, turbot, grouper, stripped jack, tiger puffer, berfin flounder, halibut, barramundi, and spotted wolffish. According to the statistics shown in 1993, approximately 159 fish cell lines have been established which have demonstrated a capacity for growing fish viruses (Fryer and Lannan, J. Tissue Culture Method (1994), 10:57-94). Most of these cell lines are derived from the tissues of freshwater fish. There are only thirty-four cell lines which are originated from marine fish. Although some of the fish cell lines, which include RTG-2, CHSE-214, BF2, SBL, FHM, EPC, have been tested for the susceptibility of fish nodavirus, none of these cells lines has shown cytopathic effects (CPE) after viral inoculations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06436702__
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Method of producing infectious reovirus Inventor(s): Coffey; Matthew C. (Calgary, CA), Thompson; Bradley G. (Clagary, CA) Assignee(s): Oncolytics Biotech, Inc. (Calgary, CA) Patent Number: 6,528,305 Date filed: August 2, 2001 Abstract: A simple and efficient method of producing mammalian reovirus is developed using HEK 293 cells. The method provides for fast production of reovirus in high yield. Furthermore, this method provides for a simpler purification procedure of the produced reovirus. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of producing infectious mammalian reovirus which is suitable for clinical administration to mammals, including human beings. U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,252. Berry et al., Biotechnology and Bioengineering, "Production of Reovirus Type-1 and Type-3 from Vero Cells Grown on Solid and Macroporous Microcarriers", Biotechnology and Bioengineering 62: 12-19 (1999). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528305__
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Method of stimulating myelination of cells Inventor(s): Cohen; Jeffrey A. (Bala Cynwyd, PA), Greene; Mark I. (Penn Valley, PA), Williams; William V. (Havertown, PA) Assignee(s): Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,219,837 Date filed: June 21, 1990 Abstract: The present invention provides methods for treating mammalian diseases and conditions characterized by myelin destruction. The present invention provides methods for inducing myelin formation by myelin forming cells expressing reovirus type 3 receptors comprising administering to such cells an effective amount of a compound bindable with the reovirus type 3 receptor. The compounds for use in the method of the invention preferably comprise antibodies and peptides, more preferably synthetic peptides. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of treatments for demyelination of nerve cells. More particularly the present invention relates to treatment of demyelination injury with peptides bindable with the reovirus type 3 receptor present on the surface of oligodendrocytes. Multiple sclerosis is a highly variable disease for which the cause and pathogenesis remain unknown. No preventive measures or definitive therapies exist. In approximately 60 percent of patients the disease is manifested by exacerbations and remissions. Even in the early stages of disease, clinical recovery from exacerbations may be incomplete leading to accumulation of neurologic deficits. The disease enters a chronic phase and becomes progressively worse over time. The primary pathology of multiple sclerosis is confined to the central nervous system, where macroscopic lesions ranging from about mm to 4 cm are scattered throughout the white matter. These are known as plaques. Microscopically, the characteristic features are inflammation and myelin damage, with relative sparing of axons. Such observations suggest that the primary site of the pathology is the myelin membrane or the oligodendrocyte.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05219837__ •
Methods of enhancing epithelial cell proliferation Inventor(s): Cotsarelis; George (Berwyn, PA), Greene; Mark I. (Penn Valley, PA) Assignee(s): The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Patent Number: 5,753,226 Date filed: April 11, 1995 Abstract: Methods of enhancing epithelial cell proliferation are disclosed. The methods comprise the step of contacting epithelial cells with a compound that binds to reovirus type 3 receptor. Methods of treating an individual susceptible to or suffering from a condition, disease or disorder characterized by insufficient proliferation of epithelial cells are disclosed. The methods comprise the steps of identifying such individuals and administering to them a therapeutically effect amount of compound that binds to reovirus type 3 receptor and thereby enhances proliferation of epithelial cells. Methods of treating individuals suffering from wounds that involve epithelial cells are disclosed. The methods comprise the steps of identifying such individuals and administering to them a therapeutically effect amount of compound that binds to reovirus type 3 receptor and thereby enhances proliferation of epithelial cells. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods of enhancing epithelial cell proliferation by administering specific compounds, antibodies, proteins or peptides. In particular, the invention relates to methods of enhancing proliferation of hair cells, skin cells and ocular cells. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, a purely cellular layer which covers free surfaces including cutaneous, mucous, and serous. Examples of epithelial cells include the cells which are involved in hair growth, skin and eye cells. Proliferating epithelial cells include those cells involved in reepithelialization at sites of wounds during wound healing, skin grafts, and skin disorders characterized by aberrant proliferation. Alopecia or hair loss can be categorized into scarring and nonscarring types. In nonscarring alopecia the stem cells responsible for continued renewal of the hair follicle are intact, therefore the potential for regrowth of the hair is always present. This type of hair loss includes early androgenetic alopecia (common baldness), alopecia areata and telogen effluvium (which may be caused by medications, hormonal abnormalities, pregnancy or stress). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05753226__
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Polynucleotides active as inducers of interferon production in living animal cells Inventor(s): Field; Arthur K. (North Wales, PA), Hilleman; Maurice R. (Lafayette Hill, PA), Lampson; George P. (Hatfield, PA), Tytell; Alfred A. (Lansdale, PA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 4,124,702 Date filed: December 14, 1976 Abstract: Polynucleotides which are multistranded are active as inducers of interferon production in living animal cells. They may be:A. Synthetically complexed polymers of two homopolynucleotides.B. A nucleic acid released by phenol from a ribonucleic acid
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complex elaborated by the growth of Penicillium funiculosum.C. A ribonucleic acid from reovirus type 3 virions.D. Replicative forms of nucleic acids. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to substances which will induce living cells to produce interferon and, particularly, the invention involves the discovery that multistranded polynucleotides and especially ribonucleic acids (RNA) have exceptional properties as interferon inducers. Interferons are proteins of relatively low molecular weight which are produced by cells and it is known that this production is stimulated by viruses, certain other microbial agents, and by several substances of various origin. The interferons impart resistance to viral infection in uninfected cells for prolonged periods of time when give prior to virus. They are broad-spectrum with respect to virus species but are relatively host species-specific. The polynucleotides of this invention can be used as an inducer for interferon production, either in vivo or in vitro. The principal use is its injection into an animal or a person so that interferon is produced in vivo in large quantities whereby it serves to protect the host against infection by a variety of viruses. It is also useful, although perhaps to a lesser degree, for addition to a culture medium containing living animal or human cells as it serves to induce the formation of interferon in large quantities so that the interferon can be recovered for injection into that animal species or man to increase resistance to a virus infection. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04124702__ •
Recombinant sigma NS protein Inventor(s): Furuichi; Yasuhiro (Kamakura, JP), Richardson; Michael A. (Yokohama, JP) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 4,764,460 Date filed: November 8, 1985 Abstract: This disclosure relates to the synthesis by application of recombinant DNA technology of recombinant reovirus nonstructural protein sigma NS and its use as a non-specific binding agent for single stranded (ss) RNA's. This property of sigma NS protein can be employed when it is used as a reagent in protecting unstable RNA during extraction processes and more significantly as a reagent for the concentration of (ss) RNA samples for use in hybridization probe assays. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the synthesis by application of recombinant DNA technology of recombinant reovirus nonstructural protein sigma NS and its use as a non-specific binding agent for single stranded (ss) RNA's. This property of sigma NS protein can be employed when it is used as a reagent in protecting unstable RNA during extraction processes and more significantly as a reagent for the concentration of (ss) RNA samples for use in hybridization probe assays. The reovirus genome consists of 10 segments of double-stranded (ds) RNA. The segments are transcribed by virusassociated RNA polymerase to form capped m RNAs which also function as templates for a putative replicase in virus-infected cells. Each ds RNA segment codes for at least one protein. Two of these,.mu.sub.NS, and.sigma.sub.NS, encoded by genomic segments M3 and S3, respectively, are found only in infected cells. While the function of these two nonstructural proteins is unknown, there is some evidence to suggest that.sigma.sub.NS may act in the selection and condensation of the 10 different singlestranded (ss) RNAs into precursor subviral particles in preparation for ds RNA synthesis. It is thus known in the art that.sigma.sub.NS has the capacity to bind ss RNAs as part of the putative viral replication system in infected cells. See in this regard
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Huismans and Joklik, Virology 70, 411-424 (1976). In addition, virus-specific particles sedimenting at 13-19S which are composed solely of.sigma.sub.NS were found to protect 20-40 nucleotide RNA fragments of reovirus mRNAs, including 3'termini, from nuclease digestion. See Stamatos and Gomatos, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 34573461 (1982). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04764460__ •
Reovirus strain 2177 and vaccine containing same Inventor(s): Hein; Rudolf G. (Georgetown, DE), Roessler; Donald E. (Lewes, DE), Rosenberger; John K. (Landenberg, PA) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel, N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 5,525,342 Date filed: May 20, 1994 Abstract: Disclosed herein is the isolation of a relatively non-pathogenic reovirus, designated strain 2177, and vaccines comprising this strain. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an apathogenic reovirus, designated strain 2177 and vaccines comprising strain 2177. Avian reoviruses have been associated with a wide variety of pathologies in commercial poultry. The most economically important reovirus disease is the arthritis/tenosynovitis syndrome. This condition is characterized by swelling of the tendon sheath of the metatarsus tendon immediately above the hock joint with resulting lameness of varying degrees. Gross swelling can result in reluctance of the chicken to move. The affected tendons can become firm and fibrotic, and adhesions to the tendon sheath and skin can result in a partially nonfunctional tendon [Johnson et al., Avian Dis. 15:829-834 (1971)]. Tendon rupture may occur in older birds [Jones et al., Vet. Rec., 96:153-154 (1975)]. Reoviruses have also been associated with a syndrome called malabsorption or pale bird syndrome [Page et al., Avian Dis., 26:618-624 (1982)]. This intestinal condition has been characterized by stunted growth, poor feathering, loss of pigmentation, enlargement of the proventriculus, enteritis, and leg weakness. The disease has been thought to be due to poor absorption of feed nutrients as a result of reovirus infection [Hieronymus et al., Avian Dis., 27:246-254 (1983)]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05525342__
Patent Applications on Reovirus As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to reovirus:
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Immortal cell line derived from grouper Epinephelus coioides and its applications therein Inventor(s): Chi, Shau-Chi; (Taipei, TW) Correspondence: Venable, Baetjer, Howard And Civiletti, Llp; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20020164787 Date filed: December 3, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes (1) an immortal cell line derived from grouper and a method for establishing the cell line; (2) methods for mass producing and purifying aquatic 10 viruses using the immortal cell line from grouper; (3) an anti-NNV antibody and a method for producing the anti-NNV antibody; and (4) a vaccine of NNV and a method for protecting fish against NNV infection. The present immortal cell line is derived from the grouper and is susceptible to the viral families of Birnaviridae such as Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV); Herpesviridae such as Eel Herpes Virus Formosa (EHVF); Reoviridae such as Hard Clam Reovirus (HCRV); and Nodaviridae such as Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV). Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/110,699, filed on Dec. 3, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to an immortal cell line (GF-1) derived from the fin tissue of grouper Epinephelus coioides and the method of establishing the GF-1 cell line. The GF-1 cell line is susceptible to a number of aquatic viruses, including, but not limited to, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus (IPNV), Eel Herpes Virus Formosa (EHVF), and Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV). This invention also relates to the method of mass producing and purifying the aquatic viruses using an immortal cell line from grouper such as the GF-1 cell line as a host. Additionally, this invention relates to an anti-NNV antibody and the method of producing the anti-NNV antibody. Finally, this invention relates to a vaccine of NNV and the method for protecting fish against NNV infection. Nervous necrosis virus (NNV), a pathogen found in many varieties of hatchery-reared marine fish, has caused mass mortality of such fish at their larval or juvenile stages. NNV belongs to the family Nodaviridae. Fish nodaviruses isolated from different species (such as SJNNV, BFNNV, JFNNV, TPNNV, RGNNV, GNNV etc.) are closely related to each other owing to the high similarity of the conserved region of their coat protein genes. NNV, also named as fish encephalitis virus (FEV) and piscine neuropathy nodavirus (PNN), is an unenveloped spherical virus with particles sized between 25 and 34 nm. The virus is characterized by vacuolation of the nerve tissues. Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) disease has been found in many countries under various names such as viral fish encephalitis, fish encephalomyelitis, cardiac myopathy syndrome. The hosts of NNV include many species of marine fish, for example; parrotfish, sea bass, turbot, grouper, stripped jack, tiger puffer, berfin flounder, halibut, barramundi, and spotted wolffish. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Method of extracting virus from cell culture Inventor(s): Coffey, Matthew C.; (Calgary, CA), Thompson, Bradley G.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020168764 Date filed: March 14, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of extracting virus, particularly reovirus, from a culture of cells. Infectious virus can be extracted from the culture with a detergent at a convenient temperature such as 25.degree. C. or 37.degree. C. to produce high virus titers. Both ionic and non-ionic detergents can be used in the present invention. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Applications Serial No. 60/276,734, filed Mar. 16, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to a method of extracting virus from a cell culture. In particular, the method is useful to extract infectious virus which is suitable for clinical administration to mammals, including human. Berry et al., Biotechnology and Bioengineering, "Production of Reovirus Type-1 and Type-3 from Vero Cells Grown on Solid and Macroporous Microcarriers", Biotechnology and Bioengineering 62: 12-19 (1999). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Methods for preventing reovirus recognition for the treatment of cellular proliferative disorders Inventor(s): Coffey, Matthew C.; (Calgary, CA), Thompson, Bradley G.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030215443 Date filed: March 28, 2003 Abstract: The present invention pertains to methods for preventing reovirus recognition in the treatment of cellular proliferative disorders, and particularly ras-mediated cellular proliferative disorders, in mammals. The mammal may be selected from dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, pigs, mice, humans and non-human primates. The method comprises suppressing or otherwise inhibiting the immune system of the mammal and, concurrently or subsequently, administering to the proliferating cells an effective amount of one or more reoviruses under conditions which result in substantial lysis of the proliferating cells. In particular, the methods provide for reovirus treatment of immunosuppressed or immuno-deficient mammals to treat the proliferative disorders. Immunosuppression, immunoinhibition or otherwise inducing an immunodeficient state in a mammal renders the reovirus more effective. The methods may include the selective removal of immune constituents that may interfere with the systemic delivery of the virus; preventing reovirus recognition by the host immune system; and removal of the virus from an immune suppressed or immune incompetent host following treatment with reovirus. Alternatively, reovirus may be administered to a mammal with a diminished immune response system under conditions which result in substantial lysis of the proliferating cells. Immune systems may be compromised by one or more of
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the following: an HIV infection; as a side effect of chemotherapy or radiation therapy; by selective removal of B and/or T cell populations; by removal of antibodies (antiantireovirus antibodies or all antibodies), and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention pertains to methods for preventing reovirus recognition in the treatment of cellular proliferative disorders, and particularly rasmediated cellular proliferative disorders, in mammals. In particular, the methods provide for reovirus treatment of immunosuppressed or immunodeficient mammals to treat the proliferative disorders. Immunosuppression, immunoinhibition or otherwise inducing an immunodeficient state in a mammal renders the reovirus more effective. The methods may include the selective removal of immune constituents that may interfere with the systemic delivery of the virus; preventing reovirus recognition by the host immune system; and removal of the virus from an immune suppressed or immune incompetent host following treatment with reovirus. All of the above publications, patent applications and patents are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent application or patent was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety. Normal cell proliferation is regulated by a balance between growth-promoting protooncogenes and growth-constraining tumor-suppressor genes. Tumorigenesis can be caused by genetic alterations to the genome that result in the mutation of those cellular elements that govern the interpretation of cellular signals, such as potentiation of protooncogene activity or inactivation of tumor suppression. It is believed that the interpretation of these signals ultimately influences the growth and differentiation of a cell, and that misinterpretation of these signals can result in neoplastic growth (neoplasia). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods for the treatment of cellular proliferative disorders Inventor(s): Coffey, Matthew C.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Gerald F. Swiss; Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020086284 Date filed: November 6, 2001 Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/246,728, filed Nov. 9, 2000, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to methods of identifying the susceptibility of cells to reovirus infection by measuring constitutive ras-MAP signaling. The invention also pertains to methods using reovirus for the treatment of cellular proliferative disorders, and particularly cellular proliferative disorders wherein the proliferating cells exhibit constitutive MAPK phosphorylation, in mammals. In particular, the methods provide for reovirus treatment of mammals to treat proliferative disorders which include breast tumors, a subset of tumors in which mutation of the ras gene is not believed to play a significant role. U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,252. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Novel reovirus-derived proteins and uses therefor Inventor(s): Duncan, Roy; (Nova Scotia, CA) Correspondence: Smart & Biggar; 900-55 Metcalfe Street; P.O. Box 2999, Station D; Ottawa; ON; K1p 5y6; CA Patent Application Number: 20020045734 Date filed: August 31, 2001 Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, viral proteins that are responsible for membrane fusion and syncytium formation induced by three different fusogenic orthoreoviruses, i.e., avian reoviruses (ARV), Nelson Bay virus (NBV), and Baboon Reovirus (BRV), have been identified. The genes encoding these proteins have been cloned and sequenced; functional analysis thereof indicates that expression of these proteins in transfected cells results in cell-cell fusion. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of Application Ser. No. 08/965,708, filed Nov. 7, 1997. The present invention relates to novel viral-derived proteins and uses thereof. The integrity and function of eukaryotic cells is dependent on the presence of discrete membrane compartments, surrounded by impermeable lipid bilayers. The hydrophobic nature of these lipid bilayers presents an effective barrier to nearly all types of charged or polar molecules. The impermeability of the cell membrane is a confounding factor in the effective intracellular delivery of nucleic acids, proteins, and pharmacologic agents in both clinical and research applications and has lead to the development of liposomebased delivery systems (see, for example, Mannino, Biotechniques, 6:682-690 (1988); and Gao, Gene Ther., 2:710-722 (1995)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Reovirus clearance of ras-mediated neoplastic cells from mixed cellular compositions Inventor(s): Coffey, Matthew; (Calgary, CA), Morris, Donald; (Calgary, CA), Thompson, Bradley; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020006398 Date filed: May 3, 2001 Abstract: Reovirus can be used to selectively remove ras-mediated neoplastic cells from a cellular composition. It is of particular interest to purge autographs which may contain neoplastic cells with reovirus before transplanting the autographs back into the recipient, thereby reducing the risk of introducing or reintroducing neoplastic cells into the recipient. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/201,990, filed May 3, 2000, Ser. No. 60/205,389, filed May 19, 2000 and Ser. No. 60/268,054, filed Feb. 13, 2001, under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e). The entire disclosure of each of the above provisional applications is hereby incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a method for removing ras-mediated neoplastic cells from mixed cellular compositions by infecting the mixed cellular compositions with reovirus which selectively lyse the ras-mediated neoplastic cells in the compositions. U.S. Patent No. 6,136,307.
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Reovirus for the treatment of neoplasia Inventor(s): Coffey, Matthew C.; (Calgary, CA), Lee, Patrick W.K.; (Calgary, CA), Strong, James; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Gerald F. Swiss, ESQ.; Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20010048920 Date filed: May 10, 2001 Abstract: Methods for treating neoplasia, by administering reovirus to a Ras-mediated neoplasm, and use of reovirus for manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neoplasia, are disclosed. The reovirus is administered so that it ultimately directly contacts cells of the neoplasm. Human reovirus, non-human mammalian reovirus, and/or avian reovirus can be used. If the reovirus is human reovirus, type 1 (e.g., strain Lang), type 2 (e.g., strain Jones), type 3 (e.g., strain Dearing or strain Abney), as well as other sterotypes or strains of reovirus can be used. Combinations of more than one type and/or strain or reovirus can be used, as can reovirus from different species of animal. Either solid neoplasms or hematopoietic neoplasms can be treated. Excerpt(s): This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/911,383 filed on Aug. 13, 1997, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Normal cell proliferation is regulated by a balance between growth-promoting protooncogenes and growth-constraining tumor-suppressor genes. Tumorigenesis can be caused by genetic alterations to the genome that result in the mutation of those cellular elements that govern the interpretation of cellular signals, such as potentiation of protooncogene activity or inactivation of tumor suppression. It is believed that the interpretation of these signals ultimately influences the growth and differentiation of a cell, and that misinterpretation of these signals can result in neoplastic growth (neoplasia). Genetic alteration of the proto-oncogene Ras is believed to contribute to approximately 30% of all human tumors (Wiessmuller, L. and Wittinghofer, F. (1994), Cellular Signaling 6(3):247-267; Barbacid, M. (1987) A Rev. Biochem. 56, 779-827). The role that Ras plays in the pathogenesis of human tumors is specific to the type of tumor. Activating mutations in Ras itself are found in most types of human malignancies, and are highly represented in pancreatic cancer (80%), sporadic colorectal carcinomas (4050%), human lung adenocarcinomas (15-24%), thyroid tumors (50%) and myeloid leukemia (30%) (Millis, N E et al. (1995) Cancer Res. 55:1444; Chaubert, P. et al. (1994), Am. J. Path. 144:767; Bos, J. (1989) Cancer Res. 49:4682). Ras activation is also demonstrated by upstream mitogenic signaling elements, notably by tyrosine receptor kinases (RTKs). These upstream elements, if amplified or overexpressed, ultimately result in elevated Ras activity by the signal transduction activity of Ras. Examples of this include overexpression of PDGFR in certain forms of glioblastomas, as well as in c-erbB2/neu in breast cancer (Levitzki, A. (1994) Eur. J. Biochem. 226:1; James, P. W., et al. (1994) Oncogene 9:3601; Bos, J. (1989) Cancer Res. 49:4682). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 95
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Sensitization of chemotherapeutic agent resistant neoplastic cells with a virus Inventor(s): Coffey, Matthew C.; (Calgary, CA), Thompson, Bradley G.; (Calgary, CA) Correspondence: Burns Doane Swecker & Mathis L L P; Post Office Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020168344 Date filed: February 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of increasing the sensitivity of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents by using a virus, a method of treating proliferative disorders with a virus and chemotherapeutic agents, and a method for preventing a neoplasm from developing drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The virus is preferably a reovirus. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/270,363, filed Feb. 20, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to a method of increasing the sensitivity of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents by using a virus, and a method of treating proliferative disorders with a virus and chemotherapeutic agents. In particular, the virus is a reovirus. U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,307. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with reovirus, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on reovirus. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning reovirus. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON REOVIRUS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to reovirus. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on reovirus include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
Reoviruses. I, Structure, proteins, and genetics Author: Tyler, Kenneth L.,; Year: 1998; Berlin: New York; Springer, c1998; ISBN: 3540639462 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540639462/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Reovirus In order to find chapters that specifically relate to reovirus, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and reovirus using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: 10
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON REOVIRUS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover reovirus.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on reovirus is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to reovirus. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “reovirus” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for reovirus: •
Oncolytics restarts phase I/II trial of glioma drug Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 07, 2003
•
Reovirus therapy demonstrates activity against lymphoid malignancies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 03, 2003
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Oncolytics Q2 net loss slightly down Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 15, 2002
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Oncolytics to acquire minority stake in Transition Therapeutics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 14, 2002
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Oncolytics anti-cancer drug enters phase II study Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2002
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Oncolytics cancer drug to enter phase I/II brain cancer trial Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 11, 2002
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Oncolytics' cancer therapeutic proves safe in phase I Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 21, 2002
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Reovirus exhibits potent activity against experimental human glioma cells Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 19, 2001
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Cost of Reolysin development swells Oncolytics' Q3 loss Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 17, 2000
•
Oncolytics issued US patent for investigational cancer treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 05, 2000
•
Reovirus therapy associated with tumor regression in mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 13, 1998 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “reovirus” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to reovirus, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “reovirus” (or synonyms).
Academic Periodicals covering Reovirus Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to reovirus. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering reovirus that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 2045 1 0 4 0 2050
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “reovirus” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on reovirus can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to reovirus. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to reovirus. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “reovirus”:
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•
Other guides Encephalitis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encephalitis.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to reovirus. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to reovirus. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with reovirus.
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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about reovirus. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “reovirus” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “reovirus”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “reovirus” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “reovirus” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
121
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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REOVIRUS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinomas: A malignant tumor of the epithelial cells of a gland which typically metastasizes by way of the lymphatics. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (immunotherapy, adoptive). [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element,
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organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Airways: Tubes that carry air into and out of the lungs. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This
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is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that is used as an expectorant and a diuretic. [NIH]
Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]
Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anergy: Absence of immune response to particular substances. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]
Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
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Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH]
Dictionary 127
Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Asynchronous: Pacing mode where only one timing interval exists, that between the stimuli. While the duration of this interval may be varied, it is not modified by any sensed event once set. As no sensing occurs, the upper and lower rate intervals are the same as the pacema. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atresia: Lack of a normal opening from the esophagus, intestines, or anus. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Avidin: A specific protein in egg albumin that interacts with biotin to render it unavailable to mammals, thereby producing biotin deficiency. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH]
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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]
Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blast phase: The phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which the number of immature, abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is extremely high. Also called blast crisis. [NIH]
Dictionary 129
Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Bluetongue: A reovirus infection, chiefly of sheep, characterized by a swollen blue tongue, catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and often by inflammation of sensitive laminae of the feet and coronet. [NIH] Bluetongue Virus: The type species of orbivirus causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Broad-spectrum: Effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. [EU] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchiolitis: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Bronchiolitis Obliterans: Inflammation of the bronchioles with obstruction by fibrous granulation tissue or bronchial exudate. It may follow inhalation of irritating gases or foreign bodies and it complicates pneumonia. [NIH] Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia: Inflammation of the bronchioles. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU]
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Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calicivirus: A genus in the family Caliciviridae containing many species including feline calicivirus , vesicular exanthema of swine virus, and San Miguel sea lion viruses. [NIH] Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae causing encephalitis and myocarditis in rodents. Encephalomyocarditis virus is the type species. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as
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metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Choledochal Cyst: A congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct; this condition may be asymptomatic, or cause vomiting, fever, jaundice, or pain in the right upper quadrant. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours
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unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholera Toxin: The enterotoxin from Vibrio cholerae. It is a protein that consists of two major components, the heavy (H) or A peptide and the light (L) or B peptide or choleragenoid. The B peptide anchors the protein to intestinal epithelial cells, while the A peptide, enters the cytoplasm, and activates adenylate cyclase, and production of cAMP. Increased levels of cAMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells. [NIH] Cholestasis: Impairment of biliary flow at any level from the hepatocyte to Vater's ampulla. [NIH]
Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (called lymphocytes) are found in the body. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic phase: Refers to the early stages of chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The number of mature and immature abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood is higher than normal, but lower than in the accelerated or blast phase. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH]
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Coccidiosis: Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of Coccidia. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]
Common Bile Duct: The largest biliary duct. It is formed by the junction of the cystic duct and the hepatic duct. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as
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standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronavirus: A genus of the family Coronaviridae which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates. [NIH] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU]
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Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Coxsackievirus Infections: A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including herpangina, aseptic meningitis, a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia, and a serious myocarditis. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses A: One of the two groups of coxsackieviruses. Coxsackie A viruses are divided into 24 serotypes and are associated with or implicated in herpangina, aseptic meningitis, paralytic disease, encephalitis, ataxia, and cardiac diseases. Coxsackie A24 variant can cause acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cryoelectron Microscopy: Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU]
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Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Deoxyribonucleic acid: A polymer of subunits called deoxyribonucleotides which is the primary genetic material of a cell, the material equivalent to genetic information. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate
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objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dura mater: The outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. [EU] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures
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that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalomyocarditis Virus: The type species of cardiovirus causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. Infection in man has been reported with CNS involvement but without myocarditis. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH]
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Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteritis: Inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. [EU] Enterocolitis: Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa of the small and large bowel. [NIH] Enterovirus: A genus of the family Picornaviridae whose members preferentially inhabit the intestinal tract of a variety of hosts. The genus contains many species. Newly described members of human enteroviruses are assigned continuous numbers with the species designated "human enterovirus". [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]
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Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epitope: A molecule or portion of a molecule capable of binding to the combining site of an antibody. For every given antigenic determinant, the body can construct a variety of antibody-combining sites, some of which fit almost perfectly, and others which barely fit. [NIH]
Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroleukemia: Cancer of the blood-forming tissues in which large numbers of immature, abnormal red blood cells are found in the blood and bone marrow. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Ferrets: Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting rodents and/or rabbits and as a laboratory animal. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH]
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Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Fixatives: Agents employed in the preparation of histologic or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all of the constituent elements. Great numbers of different agents are used; some are also decalcifying and hardening agents. They must quickly kill and coagulate living tissue. [NIH] Flounder: Common name for two families of fish belonging to the order Pleuronectiformes and described as left-eye flounders and right-eye flounders. The latter is more commonly used in research. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gangrenous: A circumscribed, deep-seated, suppurative inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid discharging pus from several points. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU]
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Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of health-
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related institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granulation Tissue: A vascular connective tissue formed on the surface of a healing wound, ulcer, or inflamed tissue. It consists of new capillaries and an infiltrate containing lymphoid cells, macrophages, and plasma cells. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocyte: A liver cell. [NIH]
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Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]
Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Horseradish Peroxidase: An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Host-cell: A cell whose metabolism is used for the growth and reproduction of a virus. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH]
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Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immortal: Stage when the mother cell and its descendants will multiply indefinitely. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH]
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Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insertional: A technique in which foreign DNA is cloned into a restriction site which occupies a position within the coding sequence of a gene in the cloning vector molecule.
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Insertion interrupts the gene's sequence such that its original function is no longer expressed. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon Inducers: Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intraepithelial: Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction
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of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratoconjunctivitis: Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. [NIH] Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Leptomeningeal metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the
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blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphocytic: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysogeny: The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between prophage and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium until induction by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, releases the phage, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
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Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medulloblastoma: A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET). [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Fusion: The adherence of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artifical membrane models of either to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Meningoencephalitis: An inflammatory process involving the brain (encephalitis) and meninges (meningitis), most often produced by pathogenic organisms which invade the central nervous system, and occasionally by toxins, autoimmune disorders, and other conditions. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metatarsus: The part of the foot between the tarsa and the toes. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microfilaments: The smallest of the cytoskeletal filaments. They are composed chiefly of actin. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH]
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Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]
Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH]
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Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Mutagen: Any agent, such as X-rays, gamma rays, mustard gas, TCDD, that can cause abnormal mutation in living cells; having the power to cause mutations. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatal Hepatitis: Irritation of the liver with no known cause. Occurs in newborn babies. Symptoms include jaundice and liver cell changes. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in
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oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nosocomial: Pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a capsid plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may
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correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncolysis: The destruction of or disposal by absorption of any neoplastic cells. [NIH] Oncolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oncolysis (= the lysis or destruction of tumour cells). [EU] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Orbivirus: A genus of Reoviridae infecting a wide range of arthropods and vertebrates including humans. It comprises at least twelve serological subgroups. Transmission is by vectors such as midges, mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthoreovirus: A genus of the family Reoviridae infecting vertebrates only. Transmission is horizontal and infected species include humans, birds, cattle, monkeys, sheep, swine, and bats. Reovirus 1, Reovirus 2, and Reovirus 3 infect mammals. Reovirus 1 is the type species. [NIH]
Pachymeningitis: Inflammation of the dura mater of the brain, the spinal cord or the optic nerve. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH]
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Parasite: An animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrition from that other organism. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetics: Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake, and elimination as a function of dosage, and extent and rate of metabolic processes. It includes toxicokinetics, the pharmacokinetic mechanism of the toxic effects of a substance. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer
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phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plant Diseases: Diseases of plants. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plaque Assay: Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in cultured cells. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the viral particles are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some viruses, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain viral antigens which can be measured by immunofluorescence. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the
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mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and
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cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Primitive neuroectodermal tumors: PNET. A type of bone cancer that forms in the middle (shaft) of large bones. Also called Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proventriculus: A thin-walled, glandular stomach found in birds. It precedes the gizzard. [NIH]
Provirus: Virus that is integrated into the chromosome of a host cell and is transmitted in that form from one host cell generation to another without leading to the lysis of the host cells. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU]
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Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Fibrosis: Chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the pulmonary alveolar walls, with steadily progressive dyspnea, resulting finally in death from oxygen lack or right heart failure. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the ras gene. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure,
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produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Reovirus 3: A species of orthoreovirus and the suspected cause of biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis in human infants. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribonucleic acid: RNA. One of the two nucleic acids found in all cells. The other is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Ribonucleic acid transfers genetic information from DNA to proteins produced by the cell. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rotavirus Infections: Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice. [NIH] Rotavirus Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with rotavirus. [NIH]
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Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Sequester: A portion of dead bone which has become detached from the healthy bone tissue, as occurs in necrosis. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotypes: A cause of haemorrhagic septicaemia (in cattle, sheep and pigs), fowl cholera of birds, pasteurellosis of rabbits, and gangrenous mastitis of ewes. It is also commonly found in atrophic rhinitis of pigs. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an
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activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by
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refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]
Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superantigens: Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating
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effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions. [NIH] Superinfection: A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Syncytium: A living nucleated tissue without apparent cellular structure; a tissue composed of a mass of nucleated protoplasm without cell boundaries. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon sheath. [EU] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymosin: A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. [NIH]
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Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the mediastinum, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the thyroid gland and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH]
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Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tropism: Directed movements and orientations found in plants, such as the turning of the sunflower to face the sun. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of
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vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine: A calicivirus infection of swine characterized by hydropic degeneration of the oral and cutaneous epithelia. [NIH] Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus: The type species of the genus Calicivirus, an RNA virus infecting pigs. The resulting infection is an acute febrile disease which is clinically indistinguishable from foot and mouth disease. Transmission is by contaminated food. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the nucleocapsid. [NIH] Viral Interference: A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus. [NIH] Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Integration: Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA (lysogeny) to form a prophage or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a provirus. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]
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Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
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INDEX A Abdominal, 123, 141, 154, 155 Aberrant, 87, 123 Acetylcholine, 123, 153 Adaptability, 123, 131 Adenocarcinomas, 94, 123 Adenovirus, 8, 20, 40, 65, 67, 73, 123 Adenylate Cyclase, 123, 132 Adhesions, 89, 123 Adjuvant, 9, 123 Adoptive Transfer, 4, 123 Adrenal Cortex, 123, 134 Adrenergic, 28, 42, 123, 139 Adsorption, 17, 20, 123 Adsorptive, 123 Adverse Effect, 123, 161 Aerosol, 17, 123, 164 Affinity, 9, 12, 19, 123, 162 Agar, 124, 156 Airways, 11, 124 Albumin, 124, 127 Algorithms, 124, 128 Alkaline, 84, 124, 130 Alkaline Phosphatase, 84, 124 Alleles, 25, 124 Allergen, 124, 161 Allografts, 124, 144 Alopecia, 87, 124 Alpha Particles, 124, 159 Alternative medicine, 101, 124 Amino Acid Sequence, 124, 126, 142 Amino Acids, 10, 124, 125, 127, 142, 155, 157, 158, 160, 163, 165 Ammonium Chloride, 7, 9, 125 Amnion, 45, 51, 60, 125 Amniotic Fluid, 125 Ampulla, 125, 132 Anaesthesia, 125, 146 Anal, 125, 141 Analogous, 10, 125, 137, 165 Anaphylatoxins, 125, 133 Anatomical, 125, 161 Androgens, 123, 125, 134 Anergy, 125, 164 Animal model, 5, 11, 37, 125 Annealing, 125, 157 Anorexia, 125, 141 Antecedent, 63, 125
Antiallergic, 125, 134 Antibiotic, 125, 129, 163 Anticoagulant, 126, 158 Antigen, 9, 33, 35, 52, 124, 126, 133, 136, 139, 144, 145, 146, 159, 161 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 126, 133 Antigen-presenting cell, 126, 136 Anti-inflammatory, 126, 134, 142 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 126, 134 Antimicrobial, 10, 75, 126, 136, 158 Antimycotic, 126, 158 Antineoplastic, 126, 134 Antiproliferative, 65, 126, 147 Antiviral, 5, 10, 14, 60, 72, 75, 126, 147 Anus, 125, 126, 127 Apoptosis, 5, 18, 20, 24, 27, 29, 34, 38, 39, 56, 58, 61, 69, 76, 126, 130 Applicability, 10, 126 Aqueous, 126, 128, 135, 138, 149 Arginine, 125, 126, 153 Arterial, 126, 142, 158 Arteries, 126, 129, 134, 150 Ascites, 47, 127 Aseptic, 127, 135, 154 Aspartic, 14, 127 Aspartic Acid, 14, 127 Assay, 6, 44, 69, 127, 145, 159 Asymptomatic, 127, 131 Asynchronous, 36, 127 Ataxia, 127, 135 Atresia, 38, 39, 127, 128 Atrophy, 73, 127, 153 Attenuated, 127, 136 Auditory, 127, 143 Autoimmune disease, 4, 127, 152 Autoimmunity, 4, 127 Autologous, 57, 127 Avian, 18, 23, 26, 30, 32, 38, 44, 72, 80, 84, 89, 93, 94, 127 Avidin, 72, 127 Axons, 86, 127 B Bacteria, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 138, 139, 140, 147, 150, 156, 161, 163, 165, 166 Bacterial Infections, 11, 127 Bactericidal, 127, 140 Bacteriophage, 127, 156, 165 Base, 128, 136, 142, 148, 164
170 Reovirus
Basement Membrane, 11, 128, 140, 148 Benign, 128, 143, 152, 154, 159 Bile, 33, 128, 131, 141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 157 Bile Acids, 128 Bile Acids and Salts, 128 Bile Ducts, 128, 157 Biliary, 18, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 55, 58, 67, 69, 128, 132, 133, 143, 160 Biliary Atresia, 18, 38, 40, 41, 50, 58, 67, 128, 160 Biliary Tract, 128 Binding agent, 88, 128 Binding Sites, 5, 9, 12, 30, 128 Biochemical, 5, 12, 13, 33, 49, 68, 84, 124, 128, 148 Biological response modifier, 128, 147 Biotechnology, 16, 34, 72, 86, 91, 97, 101, 107, 128 Biotin, 72, 127, 128 Bladder, 64, 128, 152, 166 Blast phase, 128, 132 Blood pressure, 129, 142, 151, 162 Blood vessel, 129, 138, 140, 148, 149, 150, 164, 166 Blot, 36, 129 Bluetongue, 6, 129 Bluetongue Virus, 6, 129 Body Fluids, 129, 130, 137, 162 Bone Marrow, 128, 129, 132, 140, 145, 149, 163 Bowel, 125, 129, 139, 147 Brachytherapy, 129, 147, 159 Bradykinin, 129, 153 Branch, 119, 129, 149, 155, 162, 164 Breakdown, 13, 51, 129, 136, 141 Broad-spectrum, 88, 129 Bromine, 23, 129 Bronchial, 129 Bronchioles, 129 Bronchiolitis, 11, 42, 63, 129 Bronchiolitis Obliterans, 42, 63, 129 Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia, 42, 63, 129 Buccal, 129, 149, 163 Bypass, 25, 130 C Calcium, 130, 133, 162 Calicivirus, 34, 130, 167 Carbohydrate, 22, 46, 130, 134, 142, 157, 161 Carbon Dioxide, 130, 141
Carcinogenic, 130, 146 Carcinogens, 130, 132, 154 Cardiac, 4, 20, 27, 29, 85, 90, 130, 135, 139, 152 Cardiovirus, 130, 138 Carrier Proteins, 130, 159 Case report, 130, 132 Case series, 130, 132 Caspase, 39, 61, 130 Catalytic Domain, 5, 130 Cell, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68, 73, 80, 81, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 140, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167 Cell Cycle, 29, 35, 61, 130, 158 Cell Death, 5, 61, 126, 130, 152 Cell Differentiation, 131, 162 Cell Division, 127, 130, 131, 151, 156, 161 Cell Extracts, 47, 131 Cell Fusion, 93, 131 Cell membrane, 12, 14, 93, 130, 131, 136, 150 Cell proliferation, 87, 92, 94, 131, 162 Cell Transplantation, 131 Cellobiose, 131 Cellulose, 66, 131, 156 Central Nervous System, 20, 26, 27, 86, 123, 131, 141, 142, 143, 150, 152 Centrifugation, 66, 131 Cervical, 14, 131 Cervix, 131 Chemotactic Factors, 131, 133 Chemotherapy, 92, 131 Chlorophyll, 131, 139 Cholangitis, 40, 60, 131 Choledochal Cyst, 41, 131 Cholera, 9, 131, 132, 161, 167 Cholera Toxin, 9, 132 Cholestasis, 60, 63, 132 Cholesterol, 128, 132, 149 Chromatin, 126, 132 Chromium, 24, 28, 30, 132 Chromosomal, 132, 156 Chromosome, 132, 143, 148, 158, 161 Chronic, 18, 37, 55, 86, 128, 132, 136, 146, 157, 159, 163, 164 Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 132
Index 171
Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 128, 132 Chronic phase, 86, 132 CIS, 12, 132 Cleave, 30, 63, 132 Clinical Medicine, 55, 132, 157 Clinical study, 48, 132 Clinical trial, 3, 107, 132, 159 Cloning, 72, 128, 132, 146 Coccidiosis, 84, 133 Cofactor, 133, 158, 164 Collagen, 128, 133, 140, 156 Collapse, 11, 129, 133 Colloidal, 124, 133, 138, 161, 164 Colorectal, 94, 133 Colostrum, 47, 133 Common Bile Duct, 131, 133 Complement, 15, 27, 38, 52, 125, 133, 134, 161 Complementary and alternative medicine, 75, 77, 133 Complementary medicine, 75, 133 Computational Biology, 107, 134 Confounding, 93, 134 Conjunctiva, 134, 146, 148 Conjunctivitis, 134, 135 Connective Tissue, 129, 133, 134, 141, 142, 143, 149, 150, 160, 164 Consumption, 134, 141 Contamination, 134, 160 Contraindications, ii, 134 Coordination, 134, 152 Cornea, 134, 148 Coronary, 134, 150 Coronary Thrombosis, 134, 150 Coronavirus, 41, 134 Corticosteroid, 67, 134 Cowpox, 135, 166 Cowpox Virus, 135, 166 Coxsackievirus Infections, 68, 135 Coxsackieviruses, 8, 135 Coxsackieviruses A, 8, 135 Crossing-over, 135, 160 Cryoelectron Microscopy, 49, 135 Crystallization, 14, 135 Cultured cells, 38, 67, 73, 135, 156 Curative, 135, 164 Cutaneous, 87, 135, 149, 166, 167 Cyclic, 123, 135, 143, 153 Cytokine, 7, 15, 30, 135, 147 Cytoplasm, 126, 131, 132, 135, 143, 160 Cytoskeleton, 135, 151 Cytotoxic, 8, 19, 32, 135, 159, 162
Cytotoxicity, 56, 67, 135 D Databases, Bibliographic, 107, 135 De novo, 4, 135 Degenerative, 135, 143 Dehydration, 131, 136 Deletion, 126, 136, 142 Denaturation, 136, 157 Dendrites, 136, 153 Dendritic, 9, 136 Dendritic cell, 9, 136 Density, 66, 131, 136, 149, 154 Deoxyribonucleic, 136, 160 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 136, 160 Depolarization, 136, 162 Detergents, 22, 26, 91, 136 Diabetes Mellitus, 70, 136, 142, 143 Diagnostic procedure, 83, 101, 136 Diarrhea, 14, 41, 42, 47, 49, 52, 62, 136, 160 Diarrhoea, 37, 50, 63, 136, 141 Diffusion, 136 Digestion, 23, 26, 89, 128, 129, 136, 147, 149, 163, 166 Digestive tract, 136, 162 Dilatation, 131, 136, 158, 166 Dilution, 17, 136 Diploid, 136, 156 Direct, iii, 11, 20, 84, 132, 136, 160 Discrimination, 24, 136 Disease Progression, 4, 136 Disinfectant, 136, 140 Dissociation, 124, 137 Distal, 11, 15, 137, 158 Diuretic, 125, 137 Drive, ii, vi, 4, 9, 71, 137 Dross, 137, 158 Drug Design, 14, 137 Drug Interactions, 137 Drug Resistance, 95, 137 Drug Tolerance, 137, 165 Duct, 125, 131, 133, 137, 161 Duodenum, 128, 137, 163 Dura mater, 137, 150, 154 Dyspnea, 137, 159 E Effector, 123, 133, 137 Efficacy, 11, 137 Elective, 64, 137 Electrolyte, 134, 138, 151, 162 Electrons, 128, 138, 159 Electrophoresis, 64, 138 Embryo, 125, 131, 138, 146
172 Reovirus
Emulsion, 138, 141 Encephalitis, 13, 60, 85, 90, 112, 130, 135, 138, 150 Encephalitis, Viral, 138 Encephalomyelitis, 4, 85, 90, 138 Encephalomyocarditis Virus, 70, 138 Endemic, 131, 138, 163 Endocytosis, 6, 9, 138 Endothelial cell, 19, 68, 138, 164 Endothelium, 138, 153 Endothelium-derived, 138, 153 Endotoxin, 138, 166 Enteric bacteria, 7, 139 Enteritis, 36, 65, 84, 89, 139 Enterocolitis, 139 Enterovirus, 23, 68, 135, 139 Environmental Exposure, 139, 154 Environmental Health, 106, 108, 139 Enzymatic, 130, 133, 139, 157 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, 47, 72, 139 Epidemic, 37, 50, 62, 135, 139, 160, 163 Epidemiological, 43, 64, 139 Epidermal, 44, 54, 139 Epidermal Growth Factor, 44, 54, 139 Epidermis, 139 Epinephrine, 123, 139, 153, 166 Epithelial, 8, 9, 11, 55, 87, 123, 132, 139, 140, 148, 154 Epithelial Cells, 8, 9, 11, 55, 87, 123, 132, 139, 140, 148 Epithelium, 8, 15, 87, 128, 138, 140 Epitope, 4, 15, 140 Erythrocytes, 37, 66, 129, 140, 160, 161 Erythroleukemia, 21, 49, 140 Esophagus, 127, 136, 140, 155, 163 Ethanol, 23, 140 Eukaryotic Cells, 81, 93, 140, 146, 154 Exogenous, 17, 36, 123, 140, 155 Expectorant, 125, 140 External-beam radiation, 140, 159 Extracellular, 14, 43, 134, 138, 140, 162 Extracellular Matrix, 134, 140 Extraction, 88, 140 Exudate, 84, 129, 140 Eye Infections, 123, 140 F Faecal, 136, 140 Family Planning, 107, 140 Fat, 128, 129, 133, 134, 140, 142, 148, 152, 160, 165 Ferrets, 46, 140
Fibroblasts, 20, 51, 73, 140, 147 Fibrosis, 11, 63, 80, 141, 159, 161 Filtration, 28, 141 Fixation, 38, 52, 141, 161 Fixatives, 135, 141 Flounder, 85, 90, 141 Fovea, 141 G Gallbladder, 123, 128, 141 Gamma Rays, 141, 152, 159 Ganglia, 123, 127, 141, 152, 155 Gangrenous, 141, 161 Gas, 130, 136, 141, 144, 152, 153, 163, 164 Gastric, 139, 141 Gastrin, 141, 144 Gastroenteritis, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 62, 69, 70, 129, 141, 160 Gastrointestinal, 7, 53, 129, 134, 139, 140, 142, 163, 167 Gastrointestinal tract, 7, 129, 140, 142 Gene Deletion, 37, 142 Gene Expression, 18, 29, 30, 38, 54, 57, 61, 142 Generator, 142, 164 Genetic Code, 142, 153 Genetic testing, 142, 157 Genetics, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 24, 28, 58, 73, 80, 97, 142 Genotype, 124, 142, 155 Gland, 15, 123, 142, 149, 150, 154, 156, 161, 163, 165 Glioma, 99, 100, 142 Glucocorticoids, 123, 134, 142 Glucose, 131, 132, 136, 142, 143, 147 Glucose Intolerance, 136, 142 Glycoprotein, 142, 148, 164, 166 Glycosidic, 131, 142, 152, 154 Goats, 91, 142 Governing Board, 142, 157 Graft, 124, 143, 144, 146 Granulation Tissue, 129, 143 Granule, 143, 160 Granulocytes, 143, 162, 167 Guanylate Cyclase, 143, 153 H Hair Cells, 87, 143 Haploid, 143, 156 Haptens, 124, 143, 159 Headache, 143, 146 Heart failure, 143, 159 Hemoglobin, 140, 143 Hemorrhage, 84, 143
Index 173
Hepatitis, 4, 37, 46, 143 Hepatobiliary, 41, 53, 143 Hepatocellular, 31, 143 Hepatocyte, 132, 143 Hereditary, 144, 153, 155 Heredity, 142, 144 Herpes, 43, 85, 90, 144 Herpes Zoster, 144 Heterogeneity, 124, 144 Histocompatibility, 33, 144 Homologous, 5, 14, 124, 135, 144, 158, 161, 164 Hormonal, 87, 127, 134, 144 Hormone, 73, 134, 139, 141, 144, 147, 150, 160, 162, 165 Horseradish Peroxidase, 139, 144 Host-cell, 54, 144, 167 Humoral, 7, 21, 29, 43, 62, 144 Humour, 144 Hybrid, 144 Hybridization, 88, 131, 144 Hybridomas, 18, 144 Hydrogen, 128, 130, 136, 144, 151, 153, 158 Hydrolysis, 127, 131, 144, 152, 156, 157, 158 Hydrophilic, 32, 136, 145 Hydrophobic, 31, 73, 93, 136, 145, 149 Hypersensitivity, 124, 145, 160, 161 I Id, 74, 77, 112, 118, 120, 145 Idiopathic, 11, 67, 145 Ileal, 28, 145 Ileum, 145 Imidazole, 128, 145 Immortal, 85, 90, 145 Immune Sera, 145 Immune system, 7, 9, 11, 15, 91, 92, 126, 127, 145, 146, 149, 152, 166, 167 Immunity, 7, 10, 15, 25, 39, 42, 47, 48, 65, 69, 145, 165 Immunization, 11, 15, 25, 29, 62, 84, 123, 145, 146, 161 Immunoassay, 139, 145 Immunocompromised, 7, 145 Immunocompromised Host, 7, 145 Immunodeficiency, 145, 164 Immunofluorescence, 21, 44, 50, 66, 69, 145, 156 Immunogen, 15, 145 Immunogenic, 145, 159 Immunoglobulin, 19, 21, 30, 43, 44, 47, 126, 145, 151
Immunologic, 8, 52, 123, 131, 145, 159, 165 Immunology, 3, 7, 11, 15, 35, 38, 43, 48, 53, 54, 63, 67, 73, 123, 124, 144, 146 Immunosuppressive, 145, 146 Immunotherapy, 123, 146 Implant radiation, 146, 147, 159 In situ, 12, 146 In Situ Hybridization, 12, 146 In vitro, 10, 47, 51, 58, 88, 131, 146, 157, 164 In vivo, 5, 51, 88, 131, 146 Incubation, 146, 156 Induction, 4, 18, 27, 30, 38, 43, 47, 54, 63, 125, 146, 149 Infancy, 146 Infantile, 38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 52, 63, 146, 160 Infarction, 134, 146, 150 Influenza, 4, 146 Inhalation, 123, 129, 146, 157 Initiation, 4, 11, 18, 22, 30, 33, 39, 51, 146 Inorganic, 146, 151 Insertional, 7, 146 Insight, 10, 147 Insulator, 147, 152 Insulin, 63, 147, 148 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 147 Interferon, 4, 5, 12, 23, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 47, 48, 51, 60, 66, 87, 88, 147 Interferon Inducers, 88, 147 Interferon-alpha, 147 Interferon-beta, 4, 147 Intermediate Filaments, 16, 147 Internal radiation, 147, 159 Interstitial, 11, 129, 147, 150 Intestinal, 7, 9, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 47, 55, 84, 89, 132, 139, 147, 149 Intestine, 8, 13, 18, 128, 129, 139, 147, 148 Intracellular, 8, 16, 18, 23, 25, 26, 93, 146, 147, 150, 153, 161, 167 Intracellular Membranes, 147, 150 Intraepithelial, 26, 147 Intrinsic, 124, 128, 147 Invasive, 145, 147 Ischemia, 127, 147 Islet, 48, 148 J Jaundice, 131, 148, 152 Joint, 89, 148, 164 K Kb, 106, 148 Keratoconjunctivitis, 57, 148
174 Reovirus
Kinetics, 17, 34, 148 L Labile, 63, 133, 148 Lactation, 133, 148 Laminin, 128, 148 Large Intestine, 136, 147, 148, 160, 162 Latent, 53, 148 Lectin, 148, 150 Leptomeningeal metastases, 57, 148 Lesion, 11, 84, 148, 149, 161 Lethal, 17, 127, 148 Leukemia, 94, 132, 148 Leukocytes, 129, 131, 143, 147, 148, 155, 166 Library Services, 118, 148 Ligands, 35, 148 Linkages, 143, 148, 152 Lipid, 11, 23, 93, 147, 148, 149, 152 Lipid Bilayers, 23, 93, 148 Lipopolysaccharides, 147, 148 Lipoprotein, 148, 167 Liposome, 93, 149 Liver, 31, 55, 60, 67, 123, 124, 128, 138, 141, 142, 143, 149, 152, 157 Localization, 8, 12, 24, 149 Localized, 12, 19, 141, 146, 148, 149, 156 Locomotion, 149, 156 Lupus, 149, 164 Lymph, 15, 131, 138, 144, 149, 163 Lymph node, 15, 131, 149 Lymphatic, 138, 146, 149, 150, 165 Lymphatic system, 149, 165 Lymphocyte, 15, 67, 126, 149 Lymphocytic, 11, 80, 149 Lymphoid, 11, 15, 59, 99, 126, 143, 149, 165 Lymphokine, 19, 149 Lymphoma, 35, 45, 52, 149 Lysogeny, 149, 167 Lytic, 149, 161 M Malabsorption, 89, 149 Malignant, 56, 123, 126, 149, 150, 152, 159 Malignant tumor, 123, 150 Malnutrition, 124, 127, 150 Mammary, 133, 150 Mastitis, 150, 161 Mediate, 5, 10, 11, 150 Medicament, 94, 150 MEDLINE, 107, 150 Medulloblastoma, 57, 150 Melanin, 150, 156, 166 Membrane Fusion, 93, 150
Membrane Glycoproteins, 9, 150 Membrane Proteins, 73, 150 Meninges, 131, 137, 150 Meningitis, 59, 135, 150 Meningoencephalitis, 25, 150 Mesenchymal, 139, 150 Metatarsus, 89, 150 Methionine, 72, 150, 163 Methyltransferase, 27, 54, 73, 150 MI, 17, 18, 23, 27, 30, 33, 35, 49, 51, 55, 64, 65, 121, 150 Microfilaments, 147, 150 Microorganism, 133, 150, 155, 167 Microscopy, 14, 40, 42, 66, 128, 135, 144, 151, 154 Microtubules, 16, 27, 56, 58, 76, 147, 151 Migration, 26, 53, 151 Mineralocorticoids, 123, 134, 151 Mitochondrial Swelling, 151, 152 Mitosis, 126, 151 Mobility, 58, 151 Modeling, 137, 151 Modification, 45, 151 Monitor, 151, 153 Monoclonal, 16, 24, 26, 35, 47, 144, 151, 159 Monoclonal antibodies, 24, 26, 151 Mononuclear, 151, 166 Morphogenesis, 16, 20, 151 Morphology, 27, 56, 151 Mucins, 9, 151, 161 Mucosa, 9, 10, 62, 139, 149, 151, 163 Mucus, 9, 140, 151 Multiple sclerosis, 4, 86, 152 Mutagen, 152 Mutagenesis, 5, 7, 10, 14, 152 Myalgia, 146, 152 Myelin, 4, 86, 152 Myocarditis, 4, 20, 24, 27, 29, 52, 53, 130, 135, 138, 152 Myocardium, 150, 152 Myopathy, 85, 90, 152 N Nasal Mucosa, 146, 152 Nausea, 141, 152 NCI, 1, 105, 132, 152 Necrosis, 11, 84, 85, 90, 126, 146, 150, 152, 161 Need, 97, 113, 152, 165 Neonatal, 23, 25, 26, 30, 41, 50, 55, 58, 60, 67, 152, 160 Neonatal Hepatitis, 50, 58, 152, 160
Index 175
Neoplasia, 92, 94, 152 Neoplasm, 94, 95, 152, 154, 166 Neoplastic, 92, 93, 94, 95, 144, 149, 152, 154 Nerve, 17, 20, 85, 86, 90, 123, 127, 136, 152, 154, 157, 161, 163, 166 Nervous System, 25, 131, 143, 152, 153, 155 Neural, 144, 152 Neuraminidase, 20, 152 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 16, 153 Neurologic, 14, 86, 153 Neurons, 13, 16, 136, 141, 153, 164 Neuropathy, 85, 90, 153 Neutrons, 124, 153, 159 Nitric Oxide, 72, 153 Nitrogen, 125, 141, 153 Norepinephrine, 123, 153 Nosocomial, 62, 153 Nuclear, 76, 138, 140, 141, 152, 153 Nucleic acid, 87, 93, 130, 142, 144, 146, 153, 160, 167 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 144, 153 Nucleocapsid, 153, 167 Nucleolus, 154, 160 Nucleus, 126, 127, 132, 135, 140, 141, 147, 151, 153, 154, 158, 163 O Ocular, 87, 154 Oligosaccharides, 153, 154 Oncogene, 33, 39, 73, 76, 92, 94, 154 Oncolysis, 57, 154 Oncolytic, 52, 53, 56, 154 Opacity, 136, 154 Ophthalmology, 141, 154 Orbivirus, 129, 154 Organ Culture, 47, 154 Organelles, 131, 135, 154 Orthoreovirus, 54, 65, 154, 160 P Pachymeningitis, 150, 154 Palate, 154, 163, 165 Palliative, 154, 164 Pancreas, 123, 128, 147, 148, 154 Pancreatic, 48, 53, 85, 90, 94, 154 Pancreatic cancer, 53, 94, 154 Papilloma, 14, 154 Parasite, 155 Parasitic, 7, 155 Particle, 6, 10, 14, 26, 32, 149, 155, 165, 167 Pathogen, 4, 8, 9, 14, 15, 46, 85, 90, 146, 155, 164
Pathogenesis, 8, 9, 11, 15, 21, 26, 28, 30, 53, 55, 57, 58, 61, 63, 86, 94, 155 Pathologic, 4, 13, 46, 126, 134, 141, 145, 155 Pathologic Processes, 126, 155 Pathologies, 89, 155 Peptide, 21, 33, 45, 132, 155, 157, 158, 159, 164 Pericardium, 155, 164 Peripheral Nervous System, 153, 155, 163 Peritoneal, 127, 155 Peritoneal Cavity, 127, 155 Peroxidase, 72, 155 Peroxide, 155 Phallic, 141, 155 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 131, 140, 155 Pharmacokinetics, 137, 155 Pharmacologic, 93, 155, 165 Pharynx, 146, 155, 165 Phenotype, 30, 32, 142, 155 Phenylalanine, 156, 166 Phospholipases, 156, 162 Phosphorus, 130, 156 Phosphorylation, 33, 51, 92, 156 Physiologic, 156, 160 Physiology, 9, 59, 156, 164 Pigment, 156 Pigmentation, 89, 156 Pituitary Gland, 134, 156 Plant Diseases, 139, 156 Plants, 13, 127, 130, 142, 148, 151, 153, 156, 165, 166 Plaque, 11, 21, 44, 156 Plaque Assay, 21, 44, 156 Plasma, 73, 84, 124, 126, 131, 142, 143, 151, 156, 161 Plasma cells, 126, 143, 156 Plasmid, 7, 10, 156, 166 Platelet Activation, 156, 162 Platelet Aggregation, 125, 153, 156 Platelets, 153, 156, 157 Poisoning, 141, 152, 157 Polymerase, 6, 10, 41, 55, 76, 88, 157 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 41, 55, 157 Polymers, 87, 147, 157, 158 Polypeptide, 22, 31, 33, 124, 133, 139, 144, 157, 164, 168 Polysaccharide, 126, 131, 157, 158 Posterior, 125, 127, 154, 157, 165 Postnatal, 157, 163 Postsynaptic, 157, 162 Potentiates, 27, 56, 157
176 Reovirus
Potentiation, 92, 94, 157, 162 Practice Guidelines, 108, 157 Precipitation, 26, 157 Precursor, 4, 88, 137, 139, 153, 156, 157, 166 Prevalence, 67, 157 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 60, 157 Primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 150, 158 Probe, 5, 88, 158 Progeny, 12, 158 Progression, 4, 125, 158 Progressive, 13, 131, 137, 143, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 166 Propolis, 75, 158 Proportional, 139, 158 Protease, 7, 12, 17, 18, 25, 26, 36, 73, 158 Protein C, 6, 13, 88, 124, 125, 127, 148, 158, 167 Proteoglycans, 128, 158 Proteolytic, 7, 9, 19, 23, 26, 27, 31, 43, 54, 133, 158 Protons, 124, 144, 158, 159 Proto-Oncogenes, 92, 94, 158 Protozoa, 147, 150, 158 Proventriculus, 84, 89, 158 Provirus, 158, 167 Proximal, 137, 158 Psychiatry, 141, 159 Public Policy, 107, 159 Publishing, 16, 159 Pulmonary, 30, 63, 129, 134, 159 Pulmonary Fibrosis, 63, 159 Purifying, 85, 90, 136, 159 R Race, 151, 159 Radiation, 92, 139, 140, 141, 145, 147, 149, 159, 168 Radiation therapy, 92, 140, 147, 159 Radioactive, 144, 146, 147, 151, 153, 159 Radioimmunoassay, 35, 45, 159 Radiolabeled, 159 Radiotherapy, 129, 159 Randomized, 137, 159 Ras gene, 92, 159 Reactivation, 52, 159 Reagent, 88, 159 Recombinant, 9, 10, 14, 81, 88, 160, 166 Recombinant Proteins, 10, 160 Recombination, 5, 66, 160 Rectum, 126, 133, 136, 141, 148, 160 Red blood cells, 140, 160, 162
Refer, 1, 129, 133, 141, 144, 149, 153, 160, 167 Regimen, 137, 160 Reovirus 3, 50, 55, 67, 154, 160 Respiratory distress syndrome, 63, 160 Restoration, 159, 160, 164, 168 Reversion, 31, 160 Rheumatism, 45, 160 Rheumatoid, 35, 160 Rheumatoid arthritis, 35, 160 Rhinitis, 160, 161 Ribonucleic acid, 76, 87, 88, 160 Ribosome, 30, 160, 165 Rigidity, 156, 160 Rotavirus, 6, 12, 14, 35, 55, 70, 76, 81, 160 Rotavirus Infections, 55, 160 Rotavirus Vaccines, 14, 160 S Saliva, 53, 161 Salivary, 15, 154, 161, 163 Salivary glands, 15, 161 Sclerosis, 86, 152, 161 Screening, 132, 161 Secretion, 7, 134, 139, 142, 144, 147, 148, 151, 161, 166 Secretory, 10, 25, 161 Segregation, 25, 66, 160, 161 Sensitization, 39, 95, 161 Septicaemia, 161 Sequence Analysis, 7, 19, 39, 40, 161 Sequence Homology, 13, 161 Sequencing, 22, 157, 161 Sequester, 16, 161 Serologic, 62, 145, 161 Serotypes, 19, 32, 33, 37, 58, 135, 161 Serous, 87, 133, 138, 161 Serum, 11, 44, 46, 47, 67, 123, 124, 125, 133, 145, 151, 159, 161, 166 Serum Albumin, 159, 161 Shedding, 62, 161 Side effect, 92, 123, 161, 165 Signal Transduction, 94, 161 Skeleton, 148, 162 Skin graft, 87, 162 Skull, 162, 164 Sludge, 20, 22, 162 Small intestine, 7, 128, 137, 139, 144, 145, 147, 162 Smallpox, 162, 166 Sneezing, 161, 162 Sodium, 39, 67, 73, 151, 162 Solvent, 140, 162
Index 177
Soma, 162 Somatic, 51, 131, 144, 151, 155, 162 Somatic cells, 131, 151, 162 Specialist, 113, 162 Specificity, 21, 31, 43, 124, 162 Spectrum, 162 Spinal cord, 131, 132, 137, 138, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 163 Sporadic, 94, 153, 163 Stem cell transplantation, 57, 163 Stem Cells, 87, 163 Steroids, 134, 163 Stimulus, 137, 163 Stomach, 123, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 155, 158, 162, 163 Stomatitis, 51, 163 Strand, 10, 157, 163 Stress, 87, 141, 152, 160, 163 Subacute, 146, 163 Subclinical, 146, 163 Submaxillary, 139, 163 Subspecies, 162, 163, 166 Substance P, 161, 163 Substrate, 130, 139, 153, 163 Suction, 141, 163 Sulfur, 150, 163 Superantigens, 4, 163 Superinfection, 36, 164 Suppression, 92, 94, 134, 164 Suspensions, 34, 164 Synaptic, 162, 164 Synchrotron, 14, 164 Syncytium, 93, 164 Systemic, 7, 15, 21, 38, 45, 91, 92, 129, 139, 146, 159, 163, 164, 165, 166 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 38, 45, 164 T Temporal, 4, 164 Tenosynovitis, 89, 164 Therapeutics, 14, 100, 164 Thermal, 22, 137, 153, 157, 164 Thrombin, 156, 158, 164 Thrombomodulin, 158, 164 Thrombosis, 158, 164 Thymosin, 67, 164 Thymus, 73, 145, 149, 164, 165 Thymus Gland, 164, 165 Thyroid, 43, 94, 165, 166 Tolerance, 4, 123, 142, 165 Tonsil, 15, 165 Topical, 140, 165 Toxic, iv, 135, 138, 139, 145, 153, 155, 165
Toxicity, 137, 165 Toxicology, 108, 165 Toxins, 126, 138, 146, 150, 151, 165 Trace element, 132, 165 Trachea, 140, 155, 165 Transcriptase, 10, 17, 32, 55, 165 Transduction, 65, 161, 165 Transfection, 128, 165 Transfer Factor, 145, 165 Translation, 12, 23, 30, 31, 33, 47, 64, 68, 81, 165 Translational, 12, 32, 33, 165 Transplantation, 145, 166 Trauma, 143, 152, 166 Tropism, 8, 13, 21, 166 Tubulin, 151, 166 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 76, 166 Tumour, 65, 154, 166 Tyrosine, 94, 166 U Unconscious, 145, 166 Urine, 128, 137, 139, 166 Uterus, 131, 166 V Vaccination, 166 Vaccine, 9, 11, 14, 80, 84, 85, 89, 90, 123, 166 Vaccinia, 5, 30, 166 Vaccinia Virus, 5, 30, 166 Vacuoles, 138, 154, 166 Variola, 166 Vascular, 138, 143, 146, 153, 166 Vasodilators, 153, 166 Vector, 7, 11, 146, 165, 166 Vein, 153, 166 Venous, 158, 166 Vesicular, 51, 130, 144, 162, 166, 167 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine, 130, 167 Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus, 130, 167 Vestibular, 143, 167 Veterinary Medicine, 72, 107, 167 Vibrio, 131, 132, 167 Vibrio cholerae, 131, 132, 167 Viral, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 66, 68, 69, 75, 80, 81, 85, 88, 90, 93, 130, 138, 146, 156, 158, 165, 167 Viral Core Proteins, 24, 27, 167 Viral Interference, 66, 167 Virion, 12, 20, 28, 34, 69, 153, 167
178 Reovirus
Virulence, 21, 127, 164, 165, 167 Virus Integration, 7, 167 Virus Replication, 6, 167 Viscera, 162, 167 Vitro, 19, 22, 50, 167 Vivo, 5, 88, 167 W White blood cell, 126, 128, 132, 133, 148, 149, 151, 156, 167
Windpipe, 155, 165, 167 Wound Healing, 87, 168 X Xenograft, 125, 168 X-ray, 14, 141, 152, 153, 159, 168 Y Yeasts, 156, 168 Z Zymogen, 158, 168
Index 179
180 Reovirus
