Pseudoephedrine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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PSEUDOEPHEDRINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Pseudoephedrine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84564-6 1. Pseudoephedrine-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on pseudoephedrine. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Pseudoephedrine............................................................................ 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PSEUDOEPHEDRINE......................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 Finding Nutrition Studies on Pseudoephedrine .......................................................................... 35 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 36 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE ............................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 Patents on Pseudoephedrine......................................................................................................... 39 Patent Applications on Pseudoephedrine..................................................................................... 56 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE ................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Chapters on Pseudoephedrine ...................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE ..................................................... 75 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 75 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 75 Academic Periodicals covering Pseudoephedrine......................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 79 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 80 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 85 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 87 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 89 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 91 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 94 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 97 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 97 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 97 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 103 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 103 PSEUDOEPHEDRINE DICTIONARY ...................................................................................... 105 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 151

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with pseudoephedrine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about pseudoephedrine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to pseudoephedrine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on pseudoephedrine. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to pseudoephedrine, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on pseudoephedrine. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on pseudoephedrine.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and pseudoephedrine, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Efficacy of Pseudoephedrine for the Prevention of Barotrauma During Air Travel Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 23(6): 1324-1327. June 1994. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the efficacy of decongestant prophylaxis in the prevention of symptoms of middle ear barotrauma (aerotitis media) during air travel. The prospective, parallel, double-blind, randomized trial studied 250 volunteers with a history of recurrent ear discomfort during air travel. Following randomization, each subject received 120 mg pseudoephedrine or placebo 30 mintues before flight departure. Recorded data included subject demographics, history of ear discomfort, and otologic examination. After arrival at their destinations, volunteers were asked to complete a questionnaire and return it by mail. Questions included the intensity and duration of otologic symptoms experienced while flying and

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possible drug side effects. Of the 190 subjects who completed the study, 96 received pseudoephedrine and 94 received a placebo. Ear discomfort was present in 32 percent (31 of 96) of the former group, versus 62 percent (58 of 94) in the control group. Adverse effects were minimal. The authors conclude that use of an oral decongestant before flying decreases the incidence of middle ear barotrauma associated with ambient pressure changes during air travel. 1 table. 9 references. (AA-M). •

Pseudoephedrine and Air Travel-Associated Ear Pain in Children Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 153(5): 466-468. May 1999. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services, P.O. Box 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-3250 or (312) 670-7827. Fax (312) 464-5831. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.ama-assn.org. Summary: Young children often appear bothered by ear pain during ascent and descent while traveling on commercial airplanes. While pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is effective in decreasing the risk for earache in adults with recurrent air travel associated ear pain, such use in children has not been studied. This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the efficacy and side effects of prophylactic pseudoephedrine in children traveling by air. Children aged 6 months to 6 years were included in this study. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (1 mg per kg body weight) or placebo was administered 30 to 60 minutes prior to departure on commercial air flights. Caregivers noted historical details and the degree of apparent ear pain, drowsiness, and excitability with ascent and descent. Ninety-one flights involving 50 children were studied, with ear pain being reported in 13 (14 percent) flights. Ear pain was not associated with a history of air travel associated ear pain, recent ear infection, or recent upper airway symptoms. Pseudoephedrine use was not associated with a decrease in ear pain during either ascent or descent. Pseudoephedrine use was, however, linked to drowsiness at takeoff but not at landing. Treatment was not associated with excitability at takeoff or landing. 11 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Pseudoephedrine The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to pseudoephedrine. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to pseudoephedrine. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore pseudoephedrine. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for pseudoephedrine: 2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Project Title: EPHEDRINE NEPHROLITHIASIS FIRST CASE REPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Powell, t; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: Ephedrine and its metabolites are naturally occurring alkaloids which can be derived from evergreens worldwide and have been used as medicinals for hundreds of years. Because they have pharmacological alpha and beta catecholamine effects and are natural products, the alternative medicine industry has popularized them for multiple uses including asthma, weight loss, energy and sexual enhancement, and euphoria. Several recent reviews have documented the dangerous nature of using these compounds unsupervised, including multiple deaths, and the FDA is currently reviewing ephedrine's use in the alternative medicine industry. We report a new toxicity, ephedrine nephrolithiasis, in a patient using an energy supplement, Ma-Huang extract, which contains ephedrine. Although previously not reported, the Louis C. Herring and Company kidney stone data base demonstrates that there is an endemic complication of ephedrine with hundreds of previous episodes. Using GC Mass Spectr ometry we were able to positively identify the chemical structure of our patients stone, as well as other similar stones from Louis Herring, as containing ephedrine, norephedrine, and pseudoephedrine. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEAR-INFRARED VCD OF CHIRAL PHARMACEUTICALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nafie, Laurence A.; Distinguished Professor; Chemistry; Syracuse University 113 Bowne Hall Syracuse, Ny 13244 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: APPLICANT'S The objective of the proposed research is to apply Fourier transform near-infrared vibrational circular dichroism (FT-near-IRVCD), as a new in situ probe of molecular chirality, to the analysis of pharmaceutical molecules and final formulated pharmaceutical products. Currently, there is no available technology for the determination of enantiomeric purity, absolute configuration or conformational states of chiral pharmaceutical molecules in situ as formulated products. We propose to combine the existing related technologies of FT mid-IR VCD spectroscopy, conventional FT nearIR absorption and reflection spectroscopy, and solid-phase mid-IR and UV-visible CD sampling methods to yield a new methodology for probing chiral pharmaceuticals. FTVCD instrumentation in the mid-infrared region has recently become commercially available as a sensitive probe of molecular structure and chirality. FT-near-IR spectroscopy has shown remarkable sensitivity and sampling flexibility in recent years for the determination of quality-control factors in wide varieties of products, such as food, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The resulting new spectroscopic technique, FTnear-IR VCD, will possess the analytical capability to probe enantiomeric purity, absolute configuration, molecular conformation, and particle-size distribution in solids, in final formulated chiral pharmaceuticals, as well as any prior step in the synthesis and production process. In addition to solution-phase sampling, we will investigate the use of mulls, pellets, powders, films and spin-coated samples. The use of dual polarization modulation methods developed recently by the principal investigator to automatically correct CD baselines, will suppress birefringence effects in all solid samples, thus eliminating many problems of reproducibility in solid-phase CD sampling. Where possible, near-IR VCD will be correlated to mid-IR VCD using frequency assignments and 2D-FT-mid-IR/near-IR correlation spectroscopy. The research will proceed in step-

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wise fashion from existing mid-IR instrumentation and methods to the development of new near-IR instrumentation and methods. With FT-near-IR-VCD technology in hand, we will then develop sensitive analytical measures of first pure chiral pharmaceutical samples, including protein pharmaceuticals, and then excipients of various kinds. Pharmaceutical molecules of particular interest are propranolol, ephedra drugs, including ephedrine, norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, N-methyl ephedrine and N-methyl pseudoephedrine, the analgesics ibuprofen and naproxen, and cyclosporins and selected protein pharmaceuticals. The excipients to be studied include dextrose (glucose), sucrose, lactose, cyclodextrins and cellulose. After these studies, we will measure FT-near-IR-VCD of excipient-supported final pharmaceutical products. The sensitivity of FT-near-IR VCD to particle size, moisture Content and aggregation in protein pharmaceuticals will be determined. The ratio of pharmaceutical to excipient will be varied until proportions equivalent to those used for human administration are achieved. This will permit in situ quality of control of chiral and physical properties in final-stage pharmaceutical products. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRIAPISM IN BOYS AND YOUNG MEN: INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Redding-Lallinger, Rupa C.; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The primary goal of this study is to conduct a comprehensive investigation of priapism in boys and young men with sickle cell disease (SCD). As such, it represents the initial step toward defining an effective way to manage priapism, and to reduce the frequency of impotence that is its major complication in adult males with SCD. The aims of this proposal are: 1) to conduct a Iongitudinal cohort study in order to define the incidence of priapism in relationship to the physical and hormonal developmental stages of puberty and early maturity, to explore the relationship between priapism and psychological adjustment; and 2) to conduct a pilot, placebo-controlled intervention trial in which the ability of pseudoephedrine to prevent priapism will be evaluated. The first stage of this proposal involves an observational study that will be open to all boys and young men with SCD between the ages of 7 -29 years. They will keep daily records of the occurrence of priapism, and will be admitted every 6 months for an intensive evaluation of physical growth, genital pubertal stage, body composition, bone age, gonadotropins, testosterone, insulin-like growth factor and nocturnal penile tumescence. During these admissions, the participants will also complete several psychological assessments. Data from this phase will be used to identify the association (if any) between priapism and pubertal stage, gonadotropin levels, and testosterone concentration. The data will also determine if there is a relationship between priapism and psychological adjustment. The second stage of this proposal will seek to enroll those individuals who are found to have qualifying episodes of priapism on to a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of pseudoephedrine. The purpose of this pilot study is to determine whether pseudoephedrine is able to prevent episodes of priapism. During this trial, each participant will continue to keep the same daily journal. In addition, each participant will be admitted at the beginning and end of the trial to complete the same physical, hormonal and psychological assessments as were performed in the observational phase. The outcome measures of the prevention trial will be the occurrence of priapism, duration of priapism and the interval between episodes of priapism. In addition, physical growth, secondary sexual development, body

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composition and psychological adjustment will be compared between the treatment arms. The data collected will establish the feasibility of certain key methods, and will provide estimates of rates, standard deviations, median time-to-event. These results, which are absolutely essential before a large scale treatment trial can be planned, will provide the biological and statistical background for future work in this field. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with pseudoephedrine, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for pseudoephedrine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative study of azithromycin and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride for otitis media with effusion in children. Author(s): Safak MA, Kilic R, Haberal I, Gocmen H, Ozeri C. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2001 December; 121(8): 925-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813896

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A comparative study of the side effects between pseudoephedrine in Loratadine plus Pseudoephedrine Sulfate Repetabs Tables and loratadine + pseudoephedrine tablet in treatment of allergic rhinitis in Thai patients. Author(s): Supiyaphun P, Chochaipanichnon L, Kerekhanjanarong V, Saengpanich S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85(6): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12322847

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A comparative tolerance study of terfenadine-pseudoephedrine combination tablets and pseudoephedrine tablets in patients with allergic or vasomotor rhinitis. Author(s): Stroh JE Jr, Ayars GH, Bernstein IL, Kemp JP, Podleski WK, Prenner BM, Schoenwetter WF, Salzmann JK. Source: J Int Med Res. 1988 November-December; 16(6): 420-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2906887

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A comparison of plasma levels of L(+) pseudoephedrine following different formulations, and their relation to cardiovascular and subjective effects in man. Author(s): Bye C, Hill HM, Hughes DT, Peck AW. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1975; 8(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1233202

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A comparison of the bronchodilator action of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine in patients with reversible airway obstruction. Author(s): Laitinen LA, Empey DW, Bye C, Britton MG, McDonnell K, Hughes DT. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 23(2): 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7140799

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A controlled clinical trial on the cardiovascular effects of single doses of pseudoephedrine in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Chua SS, Benrimoj SI, Gordon RD, Williams G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1989 September; 28(3): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2675953

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A cross-over comparison of acrivastine, pseudoephedrine and their combination in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Meran A, Morse J, Gibbs TG. Source: Rhinology. 1990 March; 28(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1970907

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A double-blind comparison between oral pseudoephedrine and topical oxymetazoline in the prevention of barotrauma during air travel. Author(s): Jones JS, Sheffield W, White LJ, Bloom MA. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 May; 16(3): 262-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9596428

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A Double-blind crossover trial of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine, alone and in combination, for the treatment of allergenic rhinitis. Author(s): Empey DW, Bye C, Hodder M, Hughes DT. Source: Ann Allergy. 1975 January; 34(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1098524

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A moderate dose of pseudoephedrine does not alter muscle contraction strength or anaerobic power. Author(s): Chu KS, Doherty TJ, Parise G, Milheiro JS, Tarnopolsky MA. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2002 November; 12(6): 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12466695

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A possible reaction to pseudoephedrine in a patient with phenylketonuria. Author(s): Spielberg SP, Schulman JD. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1977 June; 90(6): 1026. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=859054

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A shocking case of pseudoephedrine use. Author(s): Goldstein DR, Epstein AE. Source: Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology : an International Journal of Arrhythmias and Pacing. 1999 December; 3(4): 341-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10525250

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A slow release combined preparation (dexchlorpheniramine + pseudoephedrine) for symptomatic treatment of the common cold. Author(s): Virtanen H. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1983 February; 97(2): 159-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6338143

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A study of sustained action pseudoephedrine in allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Hamilton LH, Chobanian SL, Cato A, Perkins JG. Source: Ann Allergy. 1982 February; 48(2): 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6175254

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Acute myocardial infarction after use of pseudoephedrine for sinus congestion. Author(s): Derreza H, Fine MD, Sadaniantz A. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1997 November-December; 10(6): 436-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9407485

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Acute myocardial ischemia associated with ingestion of bupropion and pseudoephedrine in a 21-year-old man. Author(s): Pederson KJ, Kuntz DH, Garbe GJ. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2001 May; 17(5): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11381283

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Adverse reaction to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Rochina A, Burches E, Morales C, Braso JV, Pelaez A. Source: J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 1995 July-August; 5(4): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8705016

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Allergic reaction to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Heydon J, Pillans P. Source: N Z Med J. 1995 March 22; 108(996): 112-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7715883

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Amphetamine as an artifact of methamphetamine during periodate degradation of interfering ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine: an improved procedure for accurate quantitation of amphetamines in urine. Author(s): Paul BD, Past MR, McKinley RM, Foreman JD, McWhorter LK, Snyder JJ. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1994 October; 18(6): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7823540

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An evaluation of triprolidine and pseudoephedrine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Diamond L, Gerson K, Cato A, Peace K, Perkins JG. Source: Ann Allergy. 1981 August; 47(2): 87-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7258744

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Angina associated with pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Rosen RA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1981 April; 10(4): 230-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7224270

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Anisocoria and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 October 15; 283(16): 878-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5458045

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Anisocoria and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Haidri NH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1970 October 15; 283(16): 878. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5458044

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Astemizole in combination with pseudoephedrine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Simola M, Boss I, Holopainen E, Malmberg H, Ruoppi P, Seppa J, Siivonen L, Suonpaa J, Piepponen T. Source: Rhinology. 1996 March; 34(1): 21-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8739863

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Azatadine maleate/pseudoephedrine sulfate repetabs versus placebo in the treatment of severe perennial allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Zubizaretta J. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(6): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6108263

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Azatadine maleate/pseudoephedrine sulfate repetabs versus placebo in the treatment of severe seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Tarasido JC. Source: J Int Med Res. 1980; 8(6): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6108262

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Azoospermia due to aperistalsis of the vas deferens: successful treatment with pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Tillem SM, Mellinger BC. Source: Urology. 1999 February; 53(2): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9933069

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Baboon syndrome due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Sanchez-Morillas L, Reano Martos M, Rodriguez Mosquera M, Iglesias Cadarso A, Perez Pimiento A, Dominguez Lazaro AR. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2003 April; 48(4): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12786741

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Bioavailability assessment of a new liquid controlled-release pseudoephedrine product. Author(s): Graves DA, Rotenberg KS, Woodworth JR, Amsel LP, Hinsvark ON. Source: Clin Pharm. 1985 March-April; 4(2): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3987221

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Bioavailability of d-pseudoephedrine and azatadine from a repeat action tablet formulation. Author(s): Lin C, Lim J, Symchowicz S. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(2): 122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7067923

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Bioavailability of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine from combination and singleingredient products. Author(s): Williams BO, Liao SH, Lai AA, Arnold JD, Perkins JG, Blum MR, Findlay JW. Source: Clin Pharm. 1984 November-December; 3(6): 638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6509877

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Pseudoephedrine

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Bioavailability of pseudoephedrine from controlled release formulations in the presence of guaifenesin in human volunteers. Author(s): Pade V, Aluri J, Manning L, Stavchansky S. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1995 July; 16(5): 381-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8527687

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Bioequivalence study of a new combination of naproxen sodium plus pseudoephedrine capsules in a Mexican sample population. Author(s): Lopez Fiesco A, Herrera JE, Rodriguez JM, Alonso V, de la Parra MG, Vazquez E, Namur S, Zamora G. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1994; 37: 161-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7984655

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Cardiopulmonary and subjective effects of a 60 mg dose of pseudoephedrine on graded treadmill exercise. Author(s): Clemons JM, Crosby SL. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1993 December; 33(4): 40512. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8035590

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Cardiovascular effects of a chlorpheniramine/paracetamol combination in hypertensive patients who were sensitive to the pressor effect of pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Chua SS, Benrimoj SI, Gordon RD, Williams G. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991 March; 31(3): 360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2054278

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Cardiovascular effects of pseudoephedrine in medically controlled hypertensive patients. Author(s): Beck RA, Mercado DL, Seguin SM, Andrade WP, Cushner HM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1992 June; 152(6): 1242-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1599353

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Case report: pseudoephedrine-associated thyroid storm: thyroid hormonecatecholamine interactions. Author(s): Wilson BE, Hobbs WN. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1993 November; 306(5): 317-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8238088

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Cetirizine and pseudoephedrine retard alone and in combination in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis: a double-blind multicentre study. Author(s): Bertrand B, Jamart J, Marchal JL, Arendt C. Source: Rhinology. 1996 June; 34(2): 91-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8876070

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Cetirizine and pseudoephedrine retard, given alone or in combination, in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Grosclaude M, Mees K, Pinelli ME, Lucas M, Van de Venne H. Source: Rhinology. 1997 June; 35(2): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9299654

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Cetirizine/pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Wellington K, Jarvis B. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(15): 2231-40; Discussion 2241-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11772135

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Comparative bioavailability of d-pseudoephedrine from a conventional dpseudoephedrine sulfate tablet and from a repeat action tablet. Author(s): Lin C, Lim J, Symchowicz S. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(2): 126-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7067924

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Comparative efficacy and safety of a once-daily loratadine-pseudoephedrine combination versus its components alone and placebo in the management of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Bronsky E, Boggs P, Findlay S, Gawchik S, Georgitis J, Mansmann H, Sholler L, Wolfe J, Meltzer E, Morris R, et al. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1995 August; 96(2): 139-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7636050

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Comparative efficacy and safety of once-daily versus twice-daily loratadinepseudoephedrine combinations versus placebo in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Kaiser HB, Banov CH, Berkowitz RR, Bernstein DI, Bronsky EA, Georgitis JW, Mendelson LM, Rooklin AR, Sholler LJ, Stricker WW, Harrison JE, Danzig MR, Lorber RR. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 1998 July; 5(4): 245-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10099066

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Comparative efficacy and safety of terfenadine with pseudoephedrine and terfenadine alone in allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Panda NK, Mann SB. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1998 February; 118(2): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9482562

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Pseudoephedrine

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Comparison of GLC and high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods for analysis of urinary pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Baaske DM, Lai CM, Klein L, Look ZM, Yacobi A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 November; 68(11): 1472. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=512909

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Comparison of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine, alone and in combination in preventing nasal congestion in subjects with allergic rhinitis using nasal histamine challenge. Author(s): Empey DW, Frosolono MF, Hughes DT, Perkins JG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984 July; 18(1): 86-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6204666

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Comparison of the combinations of fexofenadine-pseudoephedrine and loratadinemontelukast in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Moinuddin R, deTineo M, Maleckar B, Naclerio RM, Baroody FM. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2004 January; 92(1): 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756468

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Comparison of the effects of astemizole/pseudoephedrine and triprolidine/pseudoephedrine on CNS activity and psychomotor function. Author(s): Stanley N, Alford CA, Rombaut NE, Hindmarch I. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 March; 11(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8732311

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Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man. Author(s): Drew CD, Knight GT, Hughes DT, Bush M. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 September; 6(3): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=687500

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Contact sensitivity and systemic reaction to pseudoephedrine and lignocaine. Author(s): Downs AM, Lear JT, Wallington TB, Sansom JE. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1998 July; 39(1): 33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9686978

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Coronary artery spasm and myocardial infarction in a patient with normal coronary arteries: temporal relationship to pseudoephedrine ingestion. Author(s): Wiener I, Tilkian AG, Palazzolo M. Source: Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis. 1990 May; 20(1): 51-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2344609

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Dependence on pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Pugh CR, Howie SM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1986 December; 149: 798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3790887

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Determination of guaifenesin in human plasma by liquid chromatography in the presence of pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Aluri JB, Stavchansky S. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1993 September; 11(9): 8038. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8218524

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Dextromethorphan- and pseudoephedrine-induced agitated psychosis and ataxia: case report. Author(s): Roberge RJ, Hirani KH, Rowland PL 3rd, Berkeley R, Krenzelok EP. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 March-April; 17(2): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195488

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DIC and rhabdomyolysis following pseudoephedrine overdose. Author(s): Salmon J, Nicholson D. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1988 September; 6(5): 545-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3415750

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Direct injection of plasma to determine pseudoephedrine by high performance liquid chromatography with column switching. Author(s): Guo P, Li Z, Li T, Wang X, Li F. Source: Biomedical Chromatography : Bmc. 1999 February; 13(1): 61-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10191946

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Do pseudoephedrine or phenylpropanolamine improve maximum oxygen uptake and time to exhaustion? Author(s): Swain RA, Harsha DM, Baenziger J, Saywell RM Jr. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 1997 July; 7(3): 168-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9262882

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Does pseudoephedrine increase blood pressure in patients with controlled hypertension? Author(s): Coates ML, Rembold CM, Farr BM. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 January; 40(1): 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7807033

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Dose tolerance and pharmacokinetic studies of L (+) pseudoephedrine capsules in man. Author(s): Dickerson J, Perrier D, Mayersohn M, Bressler R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 December 1; 14(4): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=729619

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Dose-response study of the nasal decongestant and cardiovascular effects of pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Empey DW, Young GA, Letley E, John GC, Smith P, McDonnell KA, Bagg LR, Hughes DT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1980 April; 9(4): 351-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6155131

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Effect of a single dose of oral pseudoephedrine on uterine and fetal Doppler blood flow. Author(s): Smith CV, Rayburn WF, Anderson JC, Duckworth AF, Appel LL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 November; 76(5 Pt 1): 803-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2216228

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Effect of food on bioavailability of pseudoephedrine and brompheniramine administered from a gastrointestinal therapeutic system. Author(s): Chao ST, Prather D, Pinson D, Coen P, Pruitt B, Knowles M, Place V. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1991 May; 80(5): 432-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1880721

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Effect of pseudoephedrine on nasal airflow in patients with nasal congestion associated with common cold. Author(s): Jawad SS, Eccles R. Source: Rhinology. 1998 June; 36(2): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9695162

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Effectiveness of pseudoephedrine plus acetaminophen for treatment of symptoms attributed to the paranasal sinuses associated with the common cold. Author(s): Sperber SJ, Turner RB, Sorrentino JV, O'Connor RR, Rogers J, Gwaltney JM Jr. Source: Archives of Family Medicine. 2000 November-December; 9(10): 979-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11115196

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Effects of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine on visual performance. Author(s): Luria SM, Paulson HM, Ryan AP, Schlichting CL. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1979 November; 50(11): 1158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=526218

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Effects of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine, alone and in combination, on symptoms of the common cold. Author(s): Bye CE, Cooper J, Empey DW, Fowle AS, Hughes DT, Letley E, O'Grady J. Source: British Medical Journal. 1980 July 19; 281(6234): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6996784

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Effects of pseudoephedrine in man. Author(s): Hughes DT, Empey DW, Land M. Source: J Clin Hosp Pharm. 1983 December; 8(4): 315-21. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6198336

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Effects of pseudoephedrine on maximal cycling power and submaximal cycling efficiency. Author(s): Hodges AN, Lynn BM, Bula JE, Donaldson MG, Dagenais MO, McKenzie DC. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 August; 35(8): 1316-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12900684

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Effects of repeated doses of pseudoephedrine on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in normal subjects and in patients with phaeochromocytoma. Author(s): Gordon RD, Ballantine DM, Bachmann AW. Source: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 1992 May; 19(5): 287-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1521358

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Effects of terfenadine and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination in a nasal provocation test and in perennial rhinitis. Author(s): Henauer S, Seppey M, Huguenot C, Pecoud A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1991; 41(4): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1804647

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Efficacy and safety of an oral formulation of cetirizine and prolonged-release pseudoephedrine versus xylometazoline nasal spray in nasal congestion. Author(s): Stubner UP, Toth J, Marks B, Berger UE, Burtin B, Horak F. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2001 November; 51(11): 904-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11765592

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Efficacy and safety of clemastine-pseudoephedrine-acetaminophen versus pseudoephedrine-acetaminophen in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis in a 1day, placebo-controlled park study. Author(s): Meltzer EO, Casale TB, Gold MS, O'Connor R, Reitberg D, del Rio E, Weiler JM, Weiler K. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2003 January; 90(1): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12546342

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Efficacy and safety of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and mild asthma. Author(s): Corren J, Harris AG, Aaronson D, Beaucher W, Berkowitz R, Bronsky E, Chen R, Chervinsky P, Cohen R, Fourre J, Grossman J, Meltzer E, Pedinoff A, Stricker W, Wanderer A. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1997 December; 100(6 Pt 1): 781-8. Erratum In: J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 June; 101(6 Pt 1): 792. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9438487

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Efficacy and safety relative to placebo of an oral formulation of cetirizine and sustained-release pseudoephedrine in the management of nasal congestion. Author(s): Horak F, Toth J, Marks B, Stubner UP, Berger UE, Jager S, Burtin B, Duby C. Source: Allergy. 1998 September; 53(9): 849-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788685

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Efficacy of acrivastine plus pseudoephedrine for symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis due to mountain cedar. Author(s): Williams BO, Hull H, McSorley P, Frosolono MF, Sanders RL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1996 May; 76(5): 432-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8630717

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Efficacy of acrivastine with pseudoephedrine in treatment of allergic rhinitis due to ragweed. Author(s): Dockhorn RJ, Williams BO, Sanders RL. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1996 February; 76(2): 204-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8595542

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Efficacy of once-daily desloratadine/pseudoephedrine for relief of nasal congestion. Author(s): Schenkel E, Corren J, Murray JJ. Source: Allergy and Asthma Proceedings : the Official Journal of Regional and State Allergy Societies. 2002 September-October; 23(5): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12476542

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Efficacy of oxybutynin, pseudoephedrine and indomethacin in the treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis. Author(s): Varan B, Saatci U, Ozen S, Bakkaloglu A, Besbas N. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 1996 April-June; 38(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8701478

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Efficacy of pseudoephedrine for the prevention of barotrauma during air travel. Author(s): Csortan E, Jones J, Haan M, Brown M. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1994 June; 23(6): 1324-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8198308

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Electron-capture GLC determination of pseudoephedrine in serum. Author(s): Sun SR, Leveque MJ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 December; 68(12): 1567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=529058

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Elimination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine cross-reactivity in the Coat-A-Count Methamphetamine radioimmunoassay. Author(s): Spiehler VR, Maugh K, el Shami S. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1993 March-April; 17(2): 125-6. Erratum In: J Anal Toxicol 1993 October; 17(6): 9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8338575

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Enhanced pseudoephedrine absorption by concurrent administration of aluminum hydroxide gel in humans. Author(s): Lucarotti RL, Colaizzi JL, Barry H 3rd, Poust RI. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1972 June; 61(6): 903-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5046107

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Erythrodermia to pseudoephedrine in a patient with contact allergy to phenylephrine. Author(s): Gonzalo-Garijo MA, Perez-Calderon R, de Argila D, Rodriguez-Nevado I. Source: Allergologia Et Immunopathologia. 2002 July-August; 30(4): 239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12199969

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Esophageal retention of loratadine plus pseudoephedrine extended-release tablets (Claritin-D 24 Hour). Author(s): Ransom JH. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1998 February; 101(2 Pt 1): 287-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9500767

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Evaluation of sustained-action chlorpheniramine-pseudoephedrine dosage form in humans. Author(s): Yacobi A, Stoll RG, Chao GC, Carter JE, Baaske DM, Kamath BL, Amann AH, Lai CM. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1980 September; 69(9): 1077-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7411413

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Exemption of chemical mixtures containing the List I chemicals ephedrine, Nmethylephedrine, N-methylpseudoephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and pseudoephedrine. Final rule. Author(s): Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Justice. Source: Federal Register. 2003 May 1; 68(84): 23195-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12725239

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Factitious hypertension by pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Flaherty ML, Infante M, Tinsley JA, Black JL 3rd. Source: Psychosomatics. 2001 March-April; 42(2): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11239129

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Fetal tachycardia associated with maternal use of pseudoephedrine, an over-thecounter oral decongestant. Author(s): Anastasio GD, Harston PR. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1992 September-October; 5(5): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1414455

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Fixed drug eruption and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Hauken M. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994 March 1; 120(5): 442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8304673

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Fixed drug eruption due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Camisa C. Source: Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner. 1988 May; 41(5): 339-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2967162

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Flare-up reaction of pseudoephedrine baboon syndrome after positive patch test. Author(s): Sanchez TS, Sanchez-Perez J, Aragues M, Garcia-Diaz A. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2000 May; 42(5): 312-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10789874

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Follow-up study of pseudoephedrine users. Author(s): Porta M, Jick H, Habakangas JA. Source: Ann Allergy. 1986 November; 57(5): 340-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3777533

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Formation of an interfering substance, 3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3-oxazolidine, during a pseudoephedrine urinalysis. Author(s): Lewis RJ, Huffine EF, Chaturvedi AK, Canfield DV, Mattson J. Source: J Forensic Sci. 2000 July; 45(4): 898-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914594

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From the pages of Teratology--vitamin A to pseudoephedrine issues in patient counseling. Author(s): Miller RK. Source: Teratology. 1992 April; 45(4): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1585265

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Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of pseudoephedrine and norpseudoephedrine in human plasma and urine. Author(s): Lin ET, Brater DC, Benet LZ. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1977 October 21; 140(3): 273-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=914918

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General practitioner surveillance of azatadine maleate/pseudoephedrine sulphate ('Congesteze') for the treatment of upper respiratory tract congestion. Author(s): Keene AT, Chard CL, Daniels VG. Source: Pharmatherapeutica. 1984; 3(10): 657-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6547778

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Generalized dermatitis due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Moreno-Escobosa MC, de las Heras M, Figueredo E, Umpierrez A, Bombin C, Cuesta J. Source: Allergy. 2002 August; 57(8): 753. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121199

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Hallucinations in a child after drinking triprolidine/pseudoephedrine linctus. Author(s): Ackland FM. Source: Lancet. 1984 May 26; 1(8387): 1180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6144900

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Histamine challenge and anterior nasal rhinometry: their use in the assessment of pseudoephedrine and triprolidine as nasal decongestants in subjects with hayfever. Author(s): Britton MG, Empey DW, John GC, McDonnell KA, Hughes DT. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1978 July; 6(1): 51-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=78718

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Histopathology of dermatitis due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Vega F, Rosales MJ, Esteve P, Morcillo R, Panizo C, Rodriguez M. Source: Allergy. 1998 February; 53(2): 218-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9534928

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Immediate hypersensitivity due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Venturini M, Lezaun A, Abos T, Fraj J, Monzon S, Colas C, Duce F. Source: Allergy. 2002 January; 57(1): 52-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11991291

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Impacts of federal ephedrine and pseudoephedrine regulations on methamphetamine-related hospital admissions. Author(s): Cunningham JK, Liu LM. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2003 September; 98(9): 1229-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12930210

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Implementation of the Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996; regulation of pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and combination ephedrine drug products and reports of certain transactions to nonregulated persons. Final rule. Author(s): Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), Justice. Source: Federal Register. 2002 March 28; 67(60): 14853-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11922057

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In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a once-daily controlled-release pseudoephedrine product. Author(s): Hwang SS, Gorsline J, Louie J, Dye D, Guinta D, Hamel L. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1995 March; 35(3): 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608314

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Influence of a standard meal on the absorption of a controlled release pseudoephedrine suspension. Author(s): Graves DA, Wecker MT, Meyer MC, Straughn AB, Amsel LP, Hinsvark ON, Bhargava AK, Rotenberg KS. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1988 May-June; 9(3): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3395668

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Influence of a standard meal on the absorption of controlled-release pseudoephedrine capsules. Author(s): Wecker MT, Graves DA, Amsel LP, Hinsvark ON, Rotenberg KS. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1987 January; 76(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3585719

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Influence of food on the oral bioavailability of loratadine and pseudoephedrine from extended-release tablets in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Nomeir AA, Mojaverian P, Kosoglou T, Affrime MB, Nezamis J, Rodwanski E, Lin CC, Cayen MN. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 October; 36(10): 923-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8930779

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Intracranial haemorrhage in association with pseudoephedrine overdose. Author(s): Loizou LA, Hamilton JG, Tsementzis SA. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1982 May; 45(5): 471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7086459

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In-vivo/in-vitro correlation of four extended release formulations of pseudoephedrine sulfate. Author(s): Mojaverian P, Rosen J, Vadino WA, Liebowitz S, Radwanski E. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1997 January; 15(4): 439-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8953486

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Ischemic colitis associated with pseudoephedrine: four cases. Author(s): Dowd J, Bailey D, Moussa K, Nair S, Doyle R, Culpepper-Morgan JA. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1999 September; 94(9): 2430-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10484004

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Lack of formation of methamphetamine-like artifacts by the monoacetates of pseudoephedrine and related compounds in the GC/MS analysis of urine extracts. Author(s): Brooks KE, Smith NS. Source: Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 1993 November-December; 17(7): 441-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8309222

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Linezolid: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of coadministration with pseudoephedrine HCl, phenylpropanolamine HCl, and dextromethorpan HBr. Author(s): Hendershot PE, Antal EJ, Welshman IR, Batts DH, Hopkins NK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 May; 41(5): 563-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11361053

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Loratadine. A review of recent findings in pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, with a look at its use in combination with pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Roman IJ, Danzig MR. Source: Clin Rev Allergy. 1993 Spring; 11(1): 89-110. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8319163

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Loratadine/pseudoephedrine for nasal symptoms in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): McFadden EA, Gungor A, Ng B, Mamikoglu B, Moinuddin R, Corey J. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2000 April; 79(4): 254, 257-8, 260 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10786387

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Loratadine-pseudoephedrine combination versus placebo in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Grossman J, Bronsky EA, Lanier BQ, Linzmayer MI, Moss BA, Schenkel EJ, Selner JC. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 October; 63(4): 317-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529798

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Loratadine-pseudoephedrine in children with allergic rhinitis, a controlled doubleblind trial. Author(s): Serra HA, Alves O, Rizzo LF, Devoto FM, Ascierto H. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1998 February; 45(2): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9491827

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Mixed bipolar disorder precipitated by pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Author(s): Dalton R. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1990 January; 83(1): 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2300837

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Muscular and cardiorespiratory effects of pseudoephedrine in human athletes. Author(s): Gill ND, Shield A, Blazevich AJ, Zhou S, Weatherby RP. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2000 September; 50(3): 205-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10971304

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Nasal decongestant activity of pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Roth RP, Cantekin EI, Bluestone CD, Welch RM, Cho YW. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1977 March-April; 86(2 Pt. 1): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=322570

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National Association of Medical Examiners Pediatric Toxicology (PedTox) Registry Report 3. Case submission summary and data for acetaminophen, benzene, carboxyhemoglobin, dextromethorphan, ethanol, phenobarbital, and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Hanzlick R. Source: The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology : Official Publication of the National Association of Medical Examiners. 1995 December; 16(4): 270-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599337

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No cardiovascular effects of single-dose pseudoephedrine in patients with essential hypertension treated with beta-blockers. Author(s): Mores N, Campia U, Navarra P, Cardillo C, Preziosi P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 June; 55(4): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10424315

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Nonpigmented fixed drug eruption from pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Alanko K, Kanerva L, Mohell-Talolahti B, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 October; 35(4): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8859307

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Nonpigmenting fixed drug eruption after pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Quan MB, Chow WC. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 35(5): 367-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8734664

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Nonpigmenting fixed drug eruption as a distinctive reaction pattern: examples caused by sensitivity to pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and tetrahydrozoline. Author(s): Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1987 September; 17(3): 403-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2958519

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Nonpigmenting fixed drug eruption due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Vidal C, Prieto A, Perez-Carral C, Armisen M. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1998 April; 80(4): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9564979

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Nonpigmenting fixed exanthema from ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Garcia Ortiz JC, Terron M, Bellido J. Source: Allergy. 1997 February; 52(2): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105531

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Nonpigmenting fixed exanthema induced by pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Anibarro B, Seoane FJ. Source: Allergy. 1998 September; 53(9): 902-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9788694

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Nonpigmenting solitary fixed drug eruption caused by a Chinese traditional herbal medicine, ma huang (Ephedra Hebra), mainly containing pseudoephedrine and ephedrine. Author(s): Matsumoto K, Mikoshiba H, Saida T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 April; 48(4): 628-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12664035

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Nonpigmenting solitary fixed drug eruption caused by pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Author(s): Hindioglu U, Sahin S. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 March; 38(3): 499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9520039

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Nonprescription drug screening. Pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Boyd JR. Source: Am Pharm. 1986 November; Ns26(11): 22-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3799454

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Onset of action, efficacy, and safety of fexofenadine 60 mg/pseudoephedrine 120 mg versus placebo in the Atlanta allergen exposure unit. Author(s): Berkowitz RB, Woodworth GG, Lutz C, Weiler K, Weiler J, Moss M, Meeves S. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 2002 July; 89(1): 38-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12141718

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Pharmacokinetic interaction study of a fixed combination of 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid/30 mg pseudoephedrine versus each of the single active ingredients in healthy male volunteers. Author(s): Lucker PW, Birkel M, Hey B, Loose I, Schaefer A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2003; 53(4): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12785122

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Pharmacokinetics of loratadine and pseudoephedrine following single and multiple doses of once- versus twice-daily combination tablet formulations in healthy adult males. Author(s): Kosoglou T, Radwanski E, Batra VK, Lim JM, Christopher D, Affrime MB. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1997 September-October; 19(5): 1002-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9385487

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Pharmacokinetics of the orally administered decongestants pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine in children. Author(s): Simons FE, Gu X, Watson WT, Simons KJ. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 November; 129(5): 729-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8917241

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Pholcodine plus pseudoephedrine in the treatment of cough. A controlled trial. Author(s): Rose JR. Source: The Practitioner. 1967 May; 198(187): 704-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4860038

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Physiological, subjective and performance effects of pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine during endurance running exercise. Author(s): Chester N, Reilly T, Mottram DR. Source: International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2003 January; 24(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12582945

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Pigmented purpuric dermatosis due to pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Diaz-Jara M, Tornero P, Barrio MD, Vicente ME, Fuentes V, Barranco R. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 May; 46(5): 300-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12084086

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Placebo-controlled study of oral terbutaline and pseudoephedrine in management of prostaglandin E1-induced prolonged erections. Author(s): Lowe FC, Jarow JP. Source: Urology. 1993 July; 42(1): 51-3; Discussion 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8392235

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Postpartum psychosis induced by bromocriptine and pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Reeves RR, Pinkofsky HB. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1997 August; 45(2): 164-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9267376

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Pseudoephedrine absorption from controlled release formulations: absorption rate constant estimation methods. Author(s): Graves DA, Rotenberg KS. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1989 March-April; 10(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2650751

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Pseudoephedrine accumulation in renal failure. Author(s): Sica DA, Comstock TJ. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 1989 October; 298(4): 261-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2801760

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Pseudoephedrine and air travel-associated ear pain in children. Author(s): Buchanan BJ, Hoagland J, Fischer PR. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 May; 153(5): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10323625

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Pseudoephedrine and blood pressure. Author(s): Eliason BC. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1995 May; 40(5): 511-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7730784

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Pseudoephedrine and imipramine for depression. Author(s): Gangdev PS. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1994 June; 84(6): 362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7740393

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Pseudoephedrine and imipramine for depression--grounds for caution? Author(s): Simpson MA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1995 April; 85(4): 288, 290. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7778011

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Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine in plasma and breast milk of nursing mothers. Author(s): Findlay JW, Butz RF, Sailstad JM, Warren JT, Welch RM. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1984 December; 18(6): 901-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6529531

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Pseudoephedrine causing mania-like symptoms. Author(s): Wilson H, Woods D. Source: N Z Med J. 2002 February 22; 115(1148): 86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11913943

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Pseudoephedrine dangers. Author(s): Clark RF, Curry SC. Source: Pediatrics. 1990 March; 85(3): 389-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2304798

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Pseudoephedrine for the prevention of barotitis media: a controlled clinical trial in underwater divers. Author(s): Brown M, Jones J, Krohmer J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1992 July; 21(7): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1610044

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Pseudoephedrine in pregnancy. Author(s): Filardo TW. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1993 January-February; 6(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8421940

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Pseudoephedrine is without ergogenic effects during prolonged exercise. Author(s): Gillies H, Derman WE, Noakes TD, Smith P, Evans A, Gabriels G. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1996 December; 81(6): 2611-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9018513

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Pseudoephedrine producing postural hypotension in a pilot. Author(s): Beary JF 3rd. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1977 April; 48(4): 369. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=860980

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Pseudoephedrine reaction presenting as recurrent toxic shock syndrome. Author(s): Cavanah DK, Ballas ZK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993 August 15; 119(4): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8328739

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Pseudoephedrine toxicity in renal failure. Author(s): Lyon CC, Turney JH. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1996 October-November; 50(7): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9015914

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Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Author(s): Aljazaf K, Hale TW, Ilett KF, Hartmann PE, Mitoulas LR, Kristensen JH, Hackett LP. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 July; 56(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12848771

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Pseudoephedrine-induced hypertensive emergency: treatment with labetalol. Author(s): Mariani PJ. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1986 March; 4(2): 141-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3947442

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Psychosis associated with pseudoephedrine and dextromethorphan. Author(s): Soutullo CA, Cottingham EM, Keck PE Jr. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 December; 38(12): 1471-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10596243

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Quantitative analysis of (l)-ephedrine and (d)-pseudoephedrine in plasma by highperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Author(s): Shao G, Wu F, Wang DS, Zhu R, Luo X. Source: Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1995; 30(5): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7660806

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Rapid determination of pseudoephedrine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Macek J, Ptaek P, Klima J. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 January 25; 766(2): 289-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824817

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Recurrent ischaemic colitis associated with pseudoephedrine use. Author(s): Klestov A, Kubler P, Meulet J. Source: Internal Medicine Journal. 2001 April; 31(3): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11478350

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Recurrent pseudo-scarlatina and allergy to pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. Author(s): Taylor BJ, Duffill MB. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1988 June; 118(6): 827-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3401416

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Relieving symptoms of upper respiratory allergies and the common cold: azatadine maleate/pseudoephedrine sulfate syrup versus placebo. Author(s): Kaminszczik I, Barbon L. Source: J Int Med Res. 1983; 11(2): 101-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6133802

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Renal excretion of pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Brater DC, Kaojarern S, Benet LZ, Lin ET, Lockwood T, Morris RC, McSherry EJ, Melmon KL. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1980 November; 28(5): 690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7438686

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Safety and efficacy of terfenadine/pseudoephedrine versus clemastine/phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Segal AT, Falliers CJ, Grant JA, Podleski WK, Woehler TR, Huster WJ, McNutt B. Source: Ann Allergy. 1993 May; 70(5): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8498730

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Selected cardiac and metabolic responses to pseudoephedrine with exercise. Author(s): Bright TP, Sandage BW Jr, Fletcher HP. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1981 November-December; 21(11-12 Pt 1): 488-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7037866

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Self-medication with pseudoephedrine in a chronically depressed patient. Author(s): Diaz MA, Wise TN, Semchyshyn GO. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1979 September; 136(9): 1217-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=474820

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Sensitive assay for pseudoephedrine and its metabolite, norpseudoephedrine in plasma and urine using gas--liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection. Author(s): Lo LY, Land G, Bye A. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1981 February 13; 222(2): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7251746

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Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pseudoephedrine in plasma and urine. Author(s): Brendel E, Meineke I, Henne EM, Zschunke M, De Mey C. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 April 29; 426(2): 406-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3392153

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Sensitive quantification of pseudoephedrine in human plasma and urine by highperformance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Nieder M, Jaeger H. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1988 January 22; 424(1): 73-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3366840

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Serial dacryoscintigraphy before and after treatment with pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Kim CK, Palestro CJ, Solomon RW, Goldsmith SJ. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1989 October; 14(10): 734-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2553314

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Severe adverse drug reactions due to pseudoephedrine from over-the-counter medications. Author(s): Assier-Bonnet H, Viguier M, Dubertret L, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 2002 September; 47(3): 165-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12492550

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Stereospecific radioimmunoassays for d-pseudoephedrine in human plasma and their application to bioequivalency studies. Author(s): Findlay JW, Warren JT, Hill JA, Welch RM. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1981 June; 70(6): 624-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7252804

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'Sudafed' capsules poisoned with cyanide. Author(s): Brahams D. Source: Lancet. 1991 April 20; 337(8747): 968. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1678044

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Sudden death after typhoid and Japanese encephalitis vaccination in a young male taking pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Franklin QJ. Source: Military Medicine. 1999 February; 164(2): 157-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10050577

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Symptomatic treatment of common cold in children with a new combination of naproxen sodium plus pseudoephedrine hydrochloride: a comparative trial against pseudoephedrine syrup. Author(s): Martinez Gallardo F, Lopez Fiesco A, Zamora G. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 1994; 37: 157-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7984653

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Systemic contact dermatitis from pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Tomb RR, Lepoittevin JP, Espinassouze F, Heid E, Foussereau J. Source: Contact Dermatitis. 1991 February; 24(2): 86-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1828222

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The effect of an antihistamine-pseudoephedrine drug on the blood pressure of moderate hypertensives. Author(s): Greening GK. Source: Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1969 May; 11(5): 252-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4977395

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The effect of orally administered triprolidine and pseudoephedrine singly and combined on histamine-induced skin reactions. Author(s): Gibson JR, Medder KT, McDonnell KA, Bye CE, Hughes DT. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1982; 22(5): 411-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6180901

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The effectiveness of the nonsedating antihistamine loratadine plus pseudoephedrine in the symptomatic management of the common cold. Author(s): Berkowitz RB, Connell JT, Dietz AJ, Greenstein SM, Tinkelman DG. Source: Ann Allergy. 1989 October; 63(4): 336-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2529799

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The effects of oral pseudoephedrine on nasal patency in the common cold: a doubleblind single-dose placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Taverner D, Danz C, Economos D. Source: Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. 1999 February; 24(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10196648

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The effects of pseudoephedrine on blood pressure in patients with controlled, uncomplicated hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Bradley JG, Kallail KJ, Dorsch JN, Fox J. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1991 July-August; 4(4): 201-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1927586

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The efficacy and safety of fexofenadine HCl and pseudoephedrine, alone and in combination, in seasonal allergic rhinitis. Author(s): Sussman GL, Mason J, Compton D, Stewart J, Ricard N. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1999 July; 104(1): 100-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10400846

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The influence of diuretics on the excretion and metabolism of doping agents: Part VI. Pseudoephedrine. Author(s): Delbeke FT, Debackere M. Source: Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 1991 January-February; 12(1): 37-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2039811

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The psychometric and cardiac effects of pseudoephedrine in the hyperbaric environment. Author(s): Taylor DM, O'Toole KS, Auble TE, Ryan CM, Sherman DR. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2000 September; 20(9): 1045-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10999495

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The sympathomimetic actions of l-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine: direct receptor activation or norepinephrine release? Author(s): Kobayashi S, Endou M, Sakuraya F, Matsuda N, Zhang XH, Azuma M, Echigo N, Kemmotsu O, Hattori Y, Gando S. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 November; 97(5): 1239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14570629

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Time-controlled release pseudoephedrine tablets: bioavailability and in vitro/in vivo correlations. Author(s): Halsas M, Penttinen T, Veski P, Jurjenson H, Marvola M. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 September; 56(9): 718-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593992

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Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a comparison of a combination tablet of terfenadine and pseudoephedrine with the individual ingredients. Author(s): Backhouse CI, Rosenberg RM, Fidler C. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1990 July; 44(7): 274-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1976379

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Urinary excretion of chlorpheniramine and pseudoephedrine in humans. Author(s): Lai CM, Stoll RG, Look ZM, Yacobi A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1979 October; 68(10): 1243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=41928

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and pseudoephedrine.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Pseudoephedrine The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “pseudoephedrine” (or a synonym): •

Determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and norephedrine in mixtures (bulk and dosage forms) by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Northeast Regional Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11232, USA. Source: Hanna, G M J-AOAC-Int. 1995 Jul-August; 78(4): 946-54 1060-3271

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Medical therapy of urinary incontinence in ovariectomised bitches: a comparison of the effectiveness of diethylstilboestrol and pseudoephedrine. Source: Nendick, P A Clark, W T Aust-Vet-J. 1987 April; 64(4): 117-8 0005-0423

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Separation and determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine by combination of flow injection with capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China. Source: Chen, H Chen, X Pu, Q Hu, Z Zhao, Z Hooper, M J-Chromatogr-Sci. 2003 January; 41(1): 1-5 0021-9665

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Simultaneous determination of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, norephedrine and methylephedrine in Kampo medicines by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan. Source: Okamura, N Miki, H Harada, T Yamashita, S Masaoka, Y Nakamoto, Y Tsuguma, M Yoshitomi, H Yagi, A J-Pharm-Biomed-Anal. 1999 June; 20(1-2): 363-72 0731-7085

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Nutrition 37

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to pseudoephedrine; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Minerals Claritin-D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “pseudoephedrine” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on pseudoephedrine, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Pseudoephedrine By performing a patent search focusing on pseudoephedrine, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 5Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on pseudoephedrine: •

(+) naloxone and epinephrine combination therapy Inventor(s): Caffrey; James L. (Burleson, TX) Assignee(s): The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth (fort Worth, Tx) Patent Number: 6,284,765 Date filed: April 27, 2000 Abstract: A composition formulated for dose-wise delivery to a breathing passageway of a human, the composition comprising a carrier solution containing (+)naloxone and a pharmacologically effective amount of at least one adrenergic agonist, the (+)naloxone and agonist forming a mixture in the carrier. The at least one adrenergic agonist is selected from the group consisting of epinephrine, isoproterenol, albuterol, aminophylline, beclomethasone, dyphylline, flunisolide, isoetharine, metaproterenol, oxtriphylline, terbutaline, theophylline, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine and norepinephrine. That composition is delivered by an atomizer means such as a liquid sprayer or inhaler to treat nasal congestion and asthmatic attacks. Further provided by the invention is a cardiovascular and respiratory stimulating composition for administration to a patient in doses, the composition comprising a pharmacologically effective concentration of (+)naloxone in a carrier solution. If necessary, the composition may also contain a pharmacologically effective amount of at least one adrenergic agonist. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a composition for and method of alleviating nasal congestion or lung ailments, and for providing energy to persons in emergency situations. More specifically, the present invention is a therapy comprising the opiate antagonist (+)naloxone in combination with an adrenergic agonist/bronchodilator. Naloxone is a narcotic antagonist that prevents or reverses the effects of opiates. The compound and methods for its synthesis are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,254,088 and its use as a narcotic antagonist is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,182. Like many compounds, naloxone is a racemic mixture of stereoisomers, termed (+)naloxone and ()naloxone. The racemic mixture (+/-), and in particular the (+)enantiomer, have been shown to potentiate inotropic responses to catecholamines such as epinephrine. Caffrey et al., 31 Circulatory Shock 317-332 (1990). Catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), dobutamine, and isoproterenol, act as adrenergic agonists in exerting inotropic influences on cardiac muscle and on the constriction or relaxation of blood vessels and the relaxation of bronchial muscle in mammals. The major inotropic influences of these agonists is to increase the contractility of cardiac muscle, and stimulate heart rate. Adrenergic agonists also increase the level of blood glucose and improve air flow in the lungs and nasal passageway. These adrenergic agonists are powerful inotropic agents and are potentially useful interventions for treatment of asthmatic attacks, nasal congestion, or to improve energy in persons who are facing emergency situations such as in combat or emergency rescue personnel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06284765__

Patents

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Controlled release dosage form comprising acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine sulfate and dexbrompheniramine maleate Inventor(s): Hanna; Gayda (Berwyn, PA), Vadino; Winston A. (Bridgewater, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 4,601,894 Date filed: March 29, 1985 Abstract: The invention relates to a controlled release dosage form comprising three actives: acetaminophen, psueudoephedrine sulfate and dexbrompheniramine maleate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an oral controlled release matrix dosage form which combines three pharmaceuticals, acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and dexbrompheniramine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a polymer, and excipients. Acetaminophen is a well known analgesic and antipyretic which reduces the discomfort and fever due to colds and other viral infections. Pseudoephedrine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, e.g. the sulfate and the hydrochloride, are well known decongestants which restore freer breathing by shrinking nasal passages and promote sinus drainage in those suffering from colds, allergies or sinusitis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04601894__

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Controlled release oral preparation with naproxen sodium and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Platt; Chris E. (14352 Riviera St., Huntington Beach, CA 92647) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,099,860 Date filed: January 21, 2000 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions comprising from about 50 mg to 500 mg of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic naproxen and from about 15 mg to 120 mg of the decongestant pseudoephedrine are provided in a controlled release oral preparation suitable for dosing every 12 hours in a therapy or cure of sinusitis, or sinus headaches, generally exemplified by discomfort, pain, pressure, and dizziness. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel pharmaceutical compositions of matter comprising the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic naproxen in combination with the decongestant pseudoephedrine and appropriate nontoxic carriers and to methods of using such compositions in the therapy or cure of sinusitis, or sinus headaches, generally exemplified by discomfort, pain, pressure, and dizziness. Non-narcotic analgesics, commonly known as non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as naproxen, are widely administered orally in the treatment of mild to severe pain. These drugs have been disclosed as useful in treating cough/cold symptoms in combination with certain antihistamines and decongestants. See, for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,899 to Sunshine. Naproxen as non-steroidal antiinflammatory pain reliever has greater advantage than other pain relievers acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen. Naproxen has a significantly greater duration or half-life that leads to twice a day dosage. It is generally accepted that decreased dosing leads to patient convenience and better compliance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06099860__

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Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine precursors Inventor(s): Koenig; Karl E. (Creve Coeur, MO) Assignee(s): Monsanto Company (st. Louis, Mo) Patent Number: 4,277,420 Date filed: September 24, 1979 Abstract: Preparation of novel prochiral olefinic compounds which can be asymmetrically hydrogenated to enantiomers, which are converted to ephedrine and pseudoephedrine by described procedures. Excerpt(s): This invention is concerned with olefinic precursors which are amenable to asymmetric reduction to form asymmetric compounds which can be converted to ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are medicinal compounds of known value in cold preparations and other medicinal uses. The compounds, which are diasteriomers have in the past been produced by procedures involving a resolution step to obtain the desired stereoisomer, which is always a laborious and expensive process because of the fractional crystallization and recycle loops necessary. It is also known that some olefins can be asymmetrically hydrogenated over rhodium and other metal coordination catalysts having optically active ligands. The invention also involves methods of preparing such compounds, and methods of preparing ephedrine and pseudoephedrine and related alkaloids utilizing such compounds. The invention avoids the need for the resolution step customarily employed to obtain ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in desired enantiomeric forms. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04277420__

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Extended release oral dosage composition Inventor(s): Cho; Wing-Kee Philip (Princeton, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 6,709,676 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: A bilayer solid composition comprising (a) an immediate release first layer comprising an anti-allergic effective amount of desloratadine and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and (b) a sustained release second layer comprising an effective amount of a nasal decongestant, e.g. pseudoephedrine sulfate and a pharmaceutically acceptable sustained release agent wherein the composition contains less than about 2% of desloratadine decomposition products is disclosed. A solid composition comprising an anti-allergic effective amount of desloratadine and at least one, and preferably two pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to oral dosage compositions, including a bilayer sustained release oral dosage composition containing a nasal decongestant, e.g., pseudoephedrine in one layer and the non-sedating antihistamine, desloratadine in a second layer and having less than about 2% of desloratadine degradation products in the compositions. The oral dosage compositions of this invention are useful for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with allergic and/or inflammatory conditions such as the common cold, as well as signs and symptoms associated with allergic and/or inflammatory conditions of the skin such as dermatitis, and airway passages such as the upper respiratory disease conditions, perennial allergic rhinitis,

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seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion, allergic asthma, and nasal congestion. Desloratadine, also called descarbethoxyloratadine, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,716 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful as an anti-allergy agent. U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,997 discloses methods and compositions for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms using desloratadine. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,535 and 5,100,675 disclose a twice-aday sustained release coated tablet wherein the tablet coating comprises descarbethoxyloratadine and a hydrophilic polymer and polyethylene glycol, and the tablet core comprises acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine or a salt thereof, a swellable hydrophilic polymer and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06709676__ •

Extended release, film-coated tablet of astemizole and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Gijs; Guido Jozef Maria (Arendonk, BE), Gilis; Paul Marie Victor (Beerse, BE), Jans; Eugene Marie Jozef (Meerhout, BE) Assignee(s): Janssen Pharmaceutica N.v. (beerse, Be) Patent Number: 5,681,582 Date filed: November 8, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is concerned with an extended release, film coated tablet comprising as active ingredients the antihistaminic, antiallergic agent astemizole and the adrenergic, decongestant agent pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and with a process of preparing such tablets. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP 94/01878, filed Jun. 7, 1994, which claims priority from European Patent Application Ser. No. 93.201.697.5, filed on Jun. 14, 1993. The present invention is concerned with an extended release, film coated tablet comprising as active ingredients the antihistaminic, antiallergic agent astemizole and the adrenergic, decongestant agent pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and also with a process of preparing such tablets. The antihistaminic antiallergic agent astemizole, its preparation and activity are known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,559. The pharmacokinetics of astemizole in man, in particular its rapid distribution to tissues and its terminal half-life of about 1 day, are known from Drug Dev. Res., 8 (14), 71-78, 1986. Pseudoephedrine, and especially its hydrochloride salt is a known decongestant having a half-life of several hours, typically about 6 to 8 hours. It is therefore usually employed in divided doses of 60 mg three or four times daily or in sustained release preparations, usually in doses of about 120 mg every 12 hours. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681582__

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Flavored film-coated tablet Inventor(s): McCabe; Terrance T. (Durham, NC), Stagner; Robert A. (Greenville, NC), Sutton, Jr.; Joel E. (Greenville, NC) Assignee(s): Burroughs Wellcome Co. (research Triangle Park, Nc) Patent Number: 5,098,715 Date filed: December 20, 1990 Abstract: The invention comprises a flavored thin film coating on solid oral dosage pharmaceutical tablets containing unpleasant tasting ingredients such as triprolidine

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hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The flavored coating of the invention is comprised of a film-forming substance such as a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and a polyethylene glycol, a sweetening agent and a flavoring agent. The method of the invention comprises aqueous spray-coating of the flavored sweetened coating onto the pharmaceutical tablets. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a thinly-coated pharmaceutical tablet and to methods of its preparation. In particular, the invention relates to a flavored, sweetened coated tablet. Thin film coating of pharmaceutical tablets allows efficient, controlled, uniform and reproducible coats. Use of multiple layers of coating, such as the polymeric undercoat, polymeric pigmented second coat and polymeric finish coat allows the preparation of very smooth glossy tablets (Ohno, U.S. Pat. No. 4,001,390). This patent and all other cited patents are incorporated by reference herein. Numerous methods for pan-coating pharmaceutical tablets have been developed and are summarized in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets, Volume 3 (eds. Lieberman and Lachman, 1982, Marcel Dekker). They include sugar-coating techniques, solvent film coating, aqueous film coating, delayed release coating, and granule coating. Pulverized medicine may also be wrapped in a transparent, glossy, resistant, soluble or semi-permeable film as provided by Motoyama et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,154,636). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05098715__ •

Migraine medicine and method for treating same Inventor(s): Imanzahrai; Ashkan (1642 Nord La., San Jose, CA 95125) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,642,243 Date filed: June 14, 2000 Abstract: This invention is a safe and effective composition and method for treating acute migraine attacks using pseudoephedrine, acetaminophen, and other agents in an orally administrated form to alleviate the pain and cluster of symptoms characteristic of migraine attacks such as nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disabilities as well as the prodrome phase of a migraine attack. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods used to alleviate the symptoms and pain associated with an acute migraine attack. Many migraine sufferers use single-agent nonprescription analgesics such as acetaminophen, or aspirin, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents to treat their attacks. (Lipton R B, Newman L C, Solomon S. Over-the-counter medication and the treatment of migraine. Headache 1994; 34:547-548.) In other countries, a number of nonprescription drugs are specifically approved for migraine pain. (Lipton R B, Newman L C, Solomon S. Overthe-counter medication and the treatment of migraine. Headache 1994; 34:547-548.) The effectiveness of self-treatment of a migraine and the effectiveness of most such nonprescription drugs in relieving or aborting migraine pain and/or the characteristic symptoms of a migraine has not been adequately studied in well-controlled clinical trials. (Lipton R B, Newman L C, Solomon S. Over-the-counter medication and the treatment of migraine. Headache 1994; 34:547-548.) Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine are approved for relief of nonspecific headaches and tension headaches (Migliardi J R, Armellino J J, Friedman M, Gillings D B, Beaver W T. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant in tension headache. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 56:576-586), which are clinical and physiologically distinct from a migraine. Caffeine is widely consumed

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and has also been indicated for use to treat asthma, drowsiness, fatigue, lumbar puncture headache, and neonatal apnea. [(Reents S. Clinical Pharmacology. Gold Standard Multimedia, Inc. (www.gsm.com) 1999. Available from URL:https://home.po.com.)] Caffeine is also an analgesic adjuvant for a variety of pain conditions and has been included in combination with other analgesics, ergot alkaloids, and barbiturates in prescription formulations for a migraine. (Laska E M, Sunshine A, Mueller F, Elvers W B, Siegel C, Rubin A. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. JAMA 1984; 251:1711-1718; Olesen J. A review of current drugs for migraine. J Neurology 1991; 238 Suppl 1:S23-S27; Solomon G D. Therapeutic advances in migraine. J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 33:200-209; and Sawynok J. Pharmacological rationale for the clinical use of Caffeine. Drugs 1995; 49:37-50.) Caffeine itself may act to relieve a migraine. Caffeine has shown to reduce cerebral blood flow in humans and to be a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Reduction of cerebral blood flow may be due to caffeine inhibition of the adenosine A2 receptor. (Sawynok J. Pharmacological rationale for the clinical use of Caffeine. Drugs 1995; 49:37-50.) A2 receptors are on cerebral vascular muscles, and act to cause vasodilation. Hence, their inhibition would have the effect of vasoconstriction similar to other medications used to abort the migraine headache. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642243__ •

Multiple action cold/sinus preparations Inventor(s): Denick, Jr.; John (Newton, NJ), Lech; Stanley (Rockaway, NJ), Schobel; Alexander M. (Flemington, NJ) Assignee(s): Warner-lambert Company (morris Plains, Nj) Patent Number: 5,681,577 Date filed: September 19, 1995 Abstract: A chewable cold/sinus preparation comprising a bitter tasting mixture of a decongestant such as pseudoephedrine and an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine and/or chlorpheniramine maleate is made with no bitter, metallic taste or unpleasant mouthfeel by adsorbing the active drug mixture using a wet granulation process onto a silicon dioxide carrier which comprises from about 50 to about 85% of total weight of the adsorbate composition. A truly multi-symptom relief formula is prepared through the optional addition of an antitussive such as dextromethorphan hydrobromide and/or an analgesic such as meclofenamic acid, aspirin or ibuprofen. Additional excipients such as flavors, sweeteners, lubricants and bulk fillers are added for better taste, improved mouthfeel and as an aid to the tabletting process. Excerpt(s): There have been numerous efforts over the years to make bad tasting things that are otherwise good for you taste good. This is particularly true in the area of pharmaceuticals where many drugs possess bitter, acidic or metallic tastes. This problem of course, is confined to those drugs which are administered orally and whereas bitter tastes are readily perceived in swallowable tablets or capsules, they are very apparent and unpleasant in chewable delivery systems such as chewable tablets. The effective taste masking of unpleasant or bitter tasting drugs is important in many respects, not the least of which, particularly in childrens medications, is insuring the likelihood of better patient compliance. Many drugs, both prescription and over-thecounter that are bitter tasting or that possess an undesirable mouth feel can be made less objectionable if they can be encapsulated and swallowed whole with subsequent breakdown and absorption of the active ingredient either in the stomach or enterically in the small intestine. Many drugs however, especially childrens' medications, are better

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administered in chewable dosage forms since children generally don't like or have difficulty swallowing whole tablets or capsules. Obviously, if the drugs taste bad, chewing the tablet directly exposes the taste buds and sensitive oral tissues to the unpleasant drugs to a greater extent and for a longer period of time thereby exacerbating the problem than if swallowed whole. There are many known taste masking agents and preparations tailored for specific applications. Sweeteners, flavors, bulking agents and the like have long been used as taste masking agents. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,716 to Cherukuri et. al. The general approach is using a composition whose taste is stronger than and thereby overpowers the unpleasant tasting compound. Artificial, high intensity sweeteners have proven particularly useful in this regard. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05681577__ •

Osmotic device containing pseudoephedrine and an H1 antagonist Inventor(s): Faour; Joaquina (Buenos Aires, AR), Ricci; Marcelo A. (Buenos Aires, AR) Assignee(s): Osmotica Corp. (tortola, Vg) Patent Number: 6,613,357 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides an osmotic device containing controlled release pseudoephedrine in the core in combination with a rapid release H1 antagonist in an external coat. A wide range of H1 antagonist antihistamines, especially fexofenadine, can be used in this device. Particular embodiments of the invention provide osmotic devices having predetermined release profiles. One embodiment of the osmotic device includes an external coat that has been spray coated rather compression coated onto the device. The device with spray coated external core is smaller and easier to swallow than the similar device having a compression coated external coat. The device is useful for the treatment of respiratory congestion related disorders and allergy related disorders. The present devices provide PS and an H1 antagonist according to specific release profiles in combination with specific formulations. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to an osmotic device containing pseudoephedrine and an H1 antagonist, or antihistamine. More particularly, it pertains to an osmotic device tablet, which provides a controlled release of pseudoephedrine and a rapid or immediate release of an H1 antagonist. Antihistamines, such as H1 antagonists, are used to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR); however, antihistamines do not effectively treat nasal congestion, e.g., stuffed or blocked nasal passages. Pseudoephedrine (Ps, a nasal decongestant) is widely used for the treatment of nasal congestion and other related diseases or disorders; however, it does not effectively treat SAR. Therefore, antihistamine/nasal decongestant combinations are frequently used to more effectively treat SAR. The antihistamine and nasal decongestant can be administered in single or multiple dosage forms. Single dosage unit combination dosage forms containing a combination of Ps with an H1 antagonist, such as loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, acrivastine or astemizole, are known. These combination tablet dosage forms generally provide a rapid release of the antihistamine and a controlled release of Ps. For example, Allegra-D.TM., Claritin-D.TM., Claritin-D.TM. 24-Hour, Seldane-D.TM. and Semprex-D.TM. (capsule) dosage forms are commercially available products that provide a rapid release of an H1 antagonist and a controlled or sustained release of Ps. These tablets are generally made for once- or twice-daily administration. U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,585 to Weinstein et al. discloses a combination formulation containing

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pseudoephedrine, with limited duration of action, and an antihistamine for treating SAR. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613357__ •

Oxazolinium salts and method of preparation Inventor(s): Dowd; William (Midland, MI), Freiter; Edward R. (Midland, MI), Krauss; Richard C. (Midland, MI) Assignee(s): The Dow Chemical Company (midland, Mi) Patent Number: 4,237,304 Date filed: October 26, 1978 Abstract: 1-Aryl-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminopropanes are rearranged from the erythro isomer to the threo isomer by the process of (1) forming the O,N-diacyl derivative of the arylpropanolamine; (2) reacting the product of step (1) with an anhydrous or substantially anhydrous protic acid (thereby forming a novel oxazolinium salt); and (3) reacting the oxazolinium salt from step (2) with an aqueous protic acid. The threo isomer of the arylpropanolamine is thus produced as an amine/acid salt. This salt can be further purified, if desired, by neutralizing the acid/amine salt with caustic isolating the free amine and reprotonating the free base in isopropanol with, for example, anhydrous HCl. This process is particularly applicable to manufacture of dpseudoephedrine from 1-ephedrine. Excerpt(s): The 1-aryl-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminopropanes are optically active compounds which are pharmaceutically useful. Unfortunately, one stereo isomer is generally the active component while the other isomer is either inert, less effective or deactivating. One of the most important 1-aryl-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminopropane is dpseudoephedrine. It has been heretofore prepared by several methods from 1ephedrine. For example, treatment of 1-ephedrine with aqueous HCl gave a diasteriomeric mixture of approximately 40 percent 1-ephedrine and 60 percent dpseudoephedrine after rather long reaction times (e.g. 40 hours) and elevated temperatures. Separation of such optical isomers is tedious, time consuming, and has heretofore proceeded in rather low yields. Emde, Helv. Chem. Acta., 12, 377 (1929). In yet another process, 1-ephedrine was converted to its monoacetate (amide) and hydrolyzed to give again a diasteriomeric mixture of approximately 35 percent 1ephedrine and approximately 65 percent d-pseudoephedrine. Welsh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 128 (1947). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04237304__

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Pharmaceutical capsule compositions containing loratadine and psuedoephedrine Inventor(s): Jo; Hang-Bum (Suwon-si, KR), Kim; Hyun-Soo (Kyonggi-do, KR), Park; Young-Joon (Kyonggi-do, KR) Assignee(s): Yuhan Corporation (seoul, Kr) Patent Number: 6,251,427 Date filed: February 22, 2000 Abstract: A pharmaceutical capsule composition for oral administration exhibiting controllable, satisfactory release profiles of both loratadine and pseudoephedrine or its

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salts, which comprises: (a) a plurality of rapid-release pellets (pellets A), each pellet containing (i) a therapeutically effective amount of loratadine, (ii) pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and (iii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and (b) a plurality of extended-release pellets (pellets B), each pellet containing (i) pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and (ii) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, which are coated with a waterinsoluble polymer in an amount ranging from 2 to 30 wt % and a wet-blocking agent selected from the group consisting of magnesium stearate, talc, fatty acid ester and a mixture thereof in an amount ranging from 2 to 30 wt %, based on the total weight of pellets B. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical capsule composition containing loratadine and pseudoephedrine, and more particularly, to a pharmaceutical capsule composition for oral administration, which comprises rapid-release pellets (pellets A) containing loratadine and pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and extended-release pellets (pellets B) containing pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the pellets B are coated with a water-insoluble polymer and a wet-blocking agent. However, the biological half-life of pseudoephedrine sulfate is only about 6.3 hours, while loratadine, which combines with plasma proteins after being absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, has a much longer biological half life of 12 to 15 hours. Further, loratadine has a poor water-solubility and exhibits a very low dissolution rate. Therefore, a conventional formulation prepared by simply mixing loratadine and pseudoephedrine or its salts is not capable of maintaining therapeutically effective blood concentrations of both ingredients at the same time for a prescribed period. In order to solve the above problem, U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,697 suggests a film-coated tablet comprising an extendedrelease matrix core containing pseudoephedrine sulfate and a hydrophilic gel, a coating layer containing loratadine being formed on said core. When this formulation is ingested, loratadine having a longer biological half-life is released from the coating layer before the dissolution of pseudoephedrine sulfate having a shorter biological half-life from the extended-release matrix core. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06251427__ •

Pharmaceutical composition comprising loratadine, ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Chaudry; Imtiaz A. (Denville, NJ), Cho; Wing-Kee P. (Princeton, NJ), Vadino; Winston A. (Whitehouse Station, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 4,990,535 Date filed: May 3, 1989 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of cough/cold symptoms comprising loratadine, ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to novel pharmaceutical compositions of matter comprising the non-sedating antihistamine loratadine or the decarbalkoxylation product thereof (i.e. 6-chloro-6,11-dihydro-11-(4-piperidylidene)-5Hbenzo[5,6]-cyclohehepta[1,2 -b]-pyridine), in combination with the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug ibuprofen, the decongestant pseudoephedrine, and suitable pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic carriers or excipients, and to methods of using said compositions in the treatment, management or mitigation of cough, cold, cold-like

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and/or flu symptoms and the discomfort, pain, fever and general malaise associated therewith. Non-narcotic analgesics, most of which are also known as non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen, are widely administered orally in the treatment of mild to severe pain, and have been disclosed as useful in treating cough/cold symptoms in combination with certain antihistamines and decongestants. See, for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,552,899, 4,619,934 and 4,783,465, all to Sunshine et al. It is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel sustained release pharmaceutical composition of matter comprising a combination of an analgesically effective amount of ibuprofen, an antihistaminic-effective amount of loratadine and a decongestant-effective amount of pseudoephedrine in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04990535__ •

Process for preparing microorganisms used for making phenyl acetyl carlinol (PAC) Inventor(s): Hageman; Robert V. (Boulder, CO), Heefner; Donald L. (Boulder, CO), Seely; Robert J. (Loveland, CO), Sullivan; Sally A. (Boulder, CO), Yarus; Michael J. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): Synergen Associates, Inc. (boulder, Co) Patent Number: 5,079,145 Date filed: October 21, 1988 Abstract: Mutations are induced in a microorganism selected from the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae or from the species Candia flareri. The resulting mutants are cultured in the presence of a fermentation inhibitor, such as acetaldehyde, ephedrine or PAC-dione, to form colonies having resistance to the inhibitor. Cells from the colonies are isolated and tested for yield of phenyl acetyl carbinol (PAC) in a fermentation with benzaldehyde and pyruvate. Yeast cells from the colonies that produce elevated levels of PAC are selected for use in subsequent fermentations. PAC is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of 1-ephedrine and d-pseudoephedrine, two wellknown medicinal chemicals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of making phenyl acetyl carbinol (PAC), which is useful as an intermediate in the manufacture of 1-ephedrine and dpseudoephedrine. This invention also relates to microorganisms especially adapted for use in the manufacture of phenyl acetyl carbinol and to a method for providing the microorganisms. Pseudoephedrine and ephedrine are two major medicinal chemicals. Pseudoephedrine is useful as a nasal decongestant and is found as an ingredient in cough and cold capsules, sinus medications, nose sprays, nose drops and allergy and hay fever medications. Ephedrine is useful as a topical nasal decongestant, a treatment for mild forms of shock (CNS stimulant) and as a bronchodilator. L-ephedrine is a natural product found in various species of plants. L-ephedrine is obtained from dried plant material by an initial treatment with alkali followed by extraction with organic solvent. While d-pseudoephedrine is also found in nature, it is more easily obtained in high yield from 1-ephedrine by Welsh rearrangement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05079145__

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Process for the preparation of a controlled drug delivery system containing pseudoephedrine and a long acting antihistamine Inventor(s): Jain; Girish Kumar (Delhi, IN), Rampal; Ashok (Gurgaon, IN), Sen; Himadri (Gurgaon, IN) Assignee(s): Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (new Delhi, In) Patent Number: 6,267,986 Date filed: September 24, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of a controlled release pharmaceutical composition comprising two discrete zones wherein the first discrete zone comprises therapeutically effective amount of pseudoephedrine or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt as active ingredient and the second discrete zone comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a long-acting antihistamine selected from the group consisting of loratadine, azatidine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, cetirizine, astemizole, and levocabastine, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salt as active ingredient. Excerpt(s): Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful, for example, in alleviation of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms such as sneezing and itching, and in the treatment of chronic idiopathic urticaria in patients six years or older. Loratadine is available in the form of conventional tablets that release loratadine in a conventional manner by the processes of disintegration and dissolution such that loratadine begins to elicit its antihistaminic effect within 1 to 3 hrs and the effect lasts in excess of 24 hrs. The tablets are thus orally administered only once daily. Azatadine is disclosed in Belgian Patent No. 647,043 and in corresponding U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,326,924 and 3,419,565. The elimination half-life is reported to be 9-12 hrs. Terfenadine and fexofenadine are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,878,217 and have a duration of action of 12 to 24 hrs, and >24 hrs., respectively. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06267986__

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Pseudoephedrine combination pharmaceutical compositions Inventor(s): Quinn; Eugene (Prospect, AU), Vilkov; Zalman (Dingman Ferry, PA), Willoughby; David John (Wynn Vale, AU) Assignee(s): F.h. Faulding & Co. Limited (parkside, Au) Patent Number: 5,807,579 Date filed: November 14, 1996 Abstract: A pharmaceutical tablet composition for oral administration containing pseudoephedrine pellets admixed with a tablet mixture containing a second active drug substance, either alone or in combination with pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is disclosed. The pellets provide an extended release of pseudoephedrine, whereas the tablet mixture provides an immediate release of the second active drug and any pseudoephedrine. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/006,865 filed on Nov. 16, 1995. The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical tablet composition for oral administration comprising extended-release pseudoephedrine together with a second active drug in an immediate release form. Pharmaceutical compositions containing a plurality of active ingredients are well

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known. One commercially available product is Hoechst Marion Roussel's SELDANED.RTM. which is a tablet comprising the antihistamine, terfenadine, in combination with the nasal decongestant, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. This product is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,061. This patent teaches a multiple-compression tablet comprising a first discrete zone which provides a sustained release of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, and a second discrete zone which provides an immediate release of terfenadine in combination with pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. In effect the final composition is an extended-release pseudoephedrine tablet enveloped in or layered with a terfenadine/pseudoephedrine hydrochloride immediate release tablet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05807579__ •

Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride extended-release tablets Inventor(s): Irwin; Jack T. (Mattawan, MI), Shah; Shirish A. (Kalamazoo, MI) Assignee(s): L. Perrigo Company (allegan, Mi) Patent Number: 5,895,663 Date filed: July 31, 1997 Abstract: Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride extended-release tablets including a sustained release hydroxypropylmethylcellulose matrix and a microcrystalline cellulose disintegrant formed by a dry mixed, direct compression method. Excerpt(s): The advantages of sustained release products are widely recognized in the art and are of extreme importance in the pharmaceutical field. Through the use of such products, orally administered medications can be delivered continuously at a uniform rate over a prolonged period of time so as to provide a stable, predetermined concentration of a drug in the bloodstream, without requiring close monitoring and frequent re-administration. The sustained release character of such products is achieved by one of two methods: 1) providing a sustained release coating upon tablets or microspheres wherein slow release of the active occurs via either gradual permeation through or gradual breakdown of this coating or 2) providing a sustained release matrix, such as a fat, a wax, or a polymeric material intermixed with the active ingredient in the tablet itself. See, e.g., Manford Robinson, "Sustained Action Dosage Forms" in The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, ch. 14 (L. Lachman et al., eds., 2d ed., 1976). Such sustained release matrix formulations are typically prepared by methods involving pre-granulating the active ingredient together with the matrix material via a wet granulation, solvent granulation, shear-melt or roto-melt granulation, or a wet pre-adsorption technique. In these techniques, a liquid phase is used in order to uniformly mix and/or closely contact the ingredients together so as to provide an evenly distributed matrix in intimate association with the active ingredient. These formation processes help prevent creation of interspersed quick-release zones which would result in discontinuous dissolution of the tablet and thus cause bioconcentration spikes of active ingredient in the patient. They frequently also result in tablets of a relatively higher density than the dry mixed ones, thus allowing the use of tablets, for a given dose, that are smaller than those made by dry mixing for the same intended release rate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05895663__

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Pseudoephedrine, brompheniramine therapy Inventor(s): Guittard; George V. (Cupertino, CA), Hamel; L. G. (Sunnyvale, CA), Landrau; Felix A. (Miliptas, CA), Wong; Patrick S. L. (Hayward, CA) Assignee(s): Alza Corporation (palo Alto, Ca) Patent Number: 4,662,880 Date filed: March 14, 1986 Abstract: A dosage form is disclosed for delivering the beneficial pseudoephedrine and brompheniramine to a biological environment of use.

drugs

Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to both a beneficial composition comprising the drug pseudoephedrine and brompheniramine, and to a delivery system for administering the composition comprising the drugs to a recipient. Antihistamine and decongestants are used for the temporary relief of symptoms of the common cold, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. The antihistamine brompheniramine and the decongestant pseudoephedrine are therapeutically indicated for recipients needing relief of these symptoms. Brompheniramine is a propylamine derivative antihistamine. Brompheniramine is a racemic mixture of the dextro and levo isomers. Pharmacologic activity is predominantly due to the d-isomer. Dextrobrompheniramine, the dextro isomer, is approximately twice as active. Brompheniramine is administered for its effects as a therapeutically acceptable salt, preferably as brompheniramine maleate. Brompheniramine maleate occurs as a white crystalline powder, freely soluble in aqueous-type fluids, and it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04662880__ •

Rotor granulation and coating of acetaminophen, chlorpheniramine, and, optionally dextromethorphan

pseudoephedrine,

Inventor(s): Burke; Gerald M. (North Wales, PA), Scott, III; John W. (West Chester, PA) Assignee(s): Mcneil-ppc, Inc. (milltown, Nj) Patent Number: 5,529,783 Date filed: December 19, 1994 Abstract: Chewable tablets comprising individual taste-masked coated granules comprising an analgesic and at least one water soluble medicament and methods of producing the same are described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chewable tablets containing more than one active medicament, maintaining good taste and mouth-feel. Orally administered medicaments are given to the patient in many forms, such as liquid solutions, emulsions, or suspensions, or in solid form such as capsules or tablets (as used herein, the term "tablet" means any shaped and compressed solid dosage form, including caplets). Medicaments administered in tablet or capsule form are usually intended to be swallowed whole. Therefore, the often disagreeable taste of the active ingredient need not be taken into account in formulating the dosage form, except for the provision of means to prevent the taste from being apparent during the short time that the dosage form is in the mouth. Such means may include the use of an appropriately thin and quickly dissolving coating on the tablet, the use of the gelatin capsule form, or simply compressing a tablet firmly so that it will not begin to disintegrate during the short time that it is intended to be in the mouth. It is desirable to provide the medicine either in

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liquid form or in a chewable solid form for children, especially toddlers, older persons, and many other persons, that have trouble swallowing whole tablets and capsules. Even where the medicine can be formulated as a liquid, it is desirable also to be able to provide a chewable solid form for convenience. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05529783__ •

Stable extended release oral dosage composition comprising loratadine and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Kwan; Henry K. (Summit, NJ), Liebowitz; Stephen M. (Neshanic Station, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 5,314,697 Date filed: October 23, 1992 Abstract: A film-coated extended release oral dosage composition containing the nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine sulfate in a unique polymer matrix core and a filmcoating on such core containing the non-sedating antihistamine, loratadine, and use of the said composition for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with upper respiratory diseases and nasal congestion are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a film-coated extended release oral dosage composition containing the nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine in a unique polymer matrix core and a film-coating on such core containing the non-sedating antihistamine, loratadine. The oral dosage composition is useful for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with upper respiratory diseases and nasal congestion. Loratadine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,233 as a non-sedating antihistamine and it is useful as an anti-allergy agent in, for example, the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms such as sneezing and itching. Pseudephedrine as well as pharmaceutically acceptable acid additional salts, e.g., those of HCl or H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, is a sympathomimetic drug recognized by those skilled in the art as a safe therapeutic agent effective for treating nasal congestion and is commonly administered orally and comcomitantly with an antihistamine for treatment of nasal congestion associated with allergic rhinitis. For example, 5 mg of loratadine and 120 mg of pseudoephedrine sulfate ("PES") in a matrix core repetab tablet product is available wherein the PES is equally distributed in the tablet coating and barrier core and all the loratadine is in the coating. The product is recommended for twice-a-day dosing for effectiveness. It would be desirable to have a once-a-day loratadine-pseudoephedrine product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05314697__

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Synthesis of compounds with predetermined chirality Inventor(s): Myers; Andrew G. (Pasadena, CA) Assignee(s): California Institute of Technology () Patent Number: 5,488,131 Date filed: March 23, 1994 Abstract: A method for synthesizing enantiomerically enriched chemical intermediates with predetermined chirality is described. The method comprises formation of a

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pseudoephedrine amide, followed by stereoselective alkylation at the alpha carbon. The chiral auxiliary can then be cleaved off, affording chiral end products useful for further transformations. The enantiomeric enrichment of the chiral end products may exceed 98%, and the chiral auxiliary can be recovered. Novel amides of pseudoephedrine used in this method are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of chiral compounds which are useful intermediates in the synthesis of organic molecules for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. More particularly, this invention relates to a practical asymmetric synthesis of general application which employs either enantiomer of pseudoephedrine as a chiral auxiliary. Stereoisomerism is a well known phenomenon in organic chemistry. By definition, stereoisomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula and connectivity, yet differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. Enantiomers represent one class of stereoisomers. Enantiomers are pairs of molecules that exist as nonsuperimposable mirror images of one another. Those compounds which cannot be superimposed on their mirror images are also said to be chiral. A common feature of most chiral organic compounds is the presence of one or more "stereogenic" or asymmetric carbon atoms within the molecule. This invention describes a method for the preparation of a wide variety of such asymmetric carbon centers with predetermined stereochemistry. This invention also relates to novel intermediates useful in the synthesis of a wide variety of compounds with predetermined chirality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05488131__ •

Synthesis of l-azatyrosine using pseudoephedrine as a chiral auxiliary Inventor(s): Myers; Andrew G. (Pasadena, CA) Assignee(s): California Institute of Technology (pasadena, Ca) Patent Number: 5,760,237 Date filed: August 25, 1995 Abstract: A practical synthesis of the potential chemotherapeutic agent L-azatyrosine is described. The key step involved the alkylation of (R,R)-(-)-pseudoephedrine glycinamide with 5-benzenesulfonyloxy-2-iodomethylpyridine and proceeded in 7095% yield and 89-95% de. Simultaneous hydrolysis of the auxiliary and the benzenesulfonate protecting group afforded L-azatyrosine of.gtoreq.99% ee in 73% yield on multigram scale (recovery yield of (R,R)-(-)-pseudoephedrine: 90%). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of neoplastic disease. More particularly, this invention relates to a practical synthesis for the potential chemotherapeutic agent, L-azatyrosine. Oncogenic ras genes and the G-proteins which they encode are important targets for anticancer research. Brunton, V. G., et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1993, 32, 1; Prendergast, G. et al., J. B. Bioessays 1994, 16, 187. Ras proteins have been implicated as components of the cellular signal transduction pathways related to cell proliferation and differentiation.sup.1 In their oncogenic form, the natural GTP-ase activity of ras proteins is inhibited, leading to overstimulation of the signaling pathway for cell growth. The potential importance of oncogenic ras genes and gene products as targets for cancer chemotherapy is underscored by the observation that up to 40% of human colon tumors and 95% of human pancreatic tumors have been found to contain oncogenic ras genes. a) Almoguera, et al., Cell 1988, 53, 549; Bos, J. L., et al., Nature 1987, 327, 293; Forrester, K., et al., Nature 1987, 327, 298.sup.1 For reviews on

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ras genes and proteins see: a) Barbacid, M. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1987, 56, 779. b) Prendergast, G. C.; Gibbs, J. B. Adv. Cancer Res. 1993, 62, 19. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05760237__ •

Taste masking pseudoephedrine HCL containing liquids Inventor(s): Go; Zenaida O. (Hammonton, NJ), Popli; Shankar D. (Marlton, NJ) Assignee(s): American Home Products Corporation (madison, Nj) Patent Number: 5,602,182 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: There is provided a taste masked liquid pharmaceutical composition for administration of a relatively large amount of unpleasant tasting medicines. More particularly, the composition comprises a taste masking liquid excipient base for administration of relatively large amounts of unpleasant tasting medicines, said excipient base having higher than normal viscosities due to a combination of a normally solid polyethylene glycol and sodium carboxymethylcellulose. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a taste masked liquid pharmaceutical composition for administration of a relatively large amount of unpleasant tasting medicines. More particularly, the taste masking effect is produced by increasing the viscosity of the liquid excipient base of the composition by adding to the liquid excipient base a viscosity increasing amount of a combination of a normally solid polyethylene glycol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Pharmaceutically acceptable liquid excipient bases for administration of unpleasant tasting medicines are well known in the art. A typical system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,073 to Roger J. Phipps at column 7 as including a medicine, a solvent, a co-solvent, a buffer, a surfactant, a preservative, a sweetening agent, a flavoring agent, a dye or pigment, a viscosity modifier and water. The patent provides several examples of each ingredient in the system. Although liquid excipient bases and their many ingredients are well known, unpleasant tasting medicines alone or in combination still present challenges to one skilled in the art to provide better taste masked products and, in certain instances, to provide taste masking for higher dosage amounts of unpleasant tasting medicines in smaller amounts of vehicle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05602182__

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Treating sleep disorders using desloratadine Inventor(s): Harris; Alan G. (New York, NY), Iezzoni; Domenic G. (Ridgewood, NJ) Assignee(s): Schering Corporation (kenilworth, Nj) Patent Number: 6,114,346 Date filed: October 22, 1999 Abstract: Methods of treating and/or preventing sleep disorders in a human afflicted with upper airway passage allergic inflammation and/or congestion associated with allergic rhinitis, including seasonal allergic rhinitis or perennial allergic rhinitis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of desloratadine, alone or in combination with other active agents such as a decongestant as pseudoephedrine are disclosed.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to treating and/or preventing sleep disorders in a human afflicted with upper airway passage allergi inflammation and congestion by administering a therapeutically effective amount of desloratadine. Sleep disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent in our fast paced, "doing business around the clock" society. It is estimated that 40 million Americans suffer from various sleep disorders. Further, 25 million more Americans suffer from intermittent-sleep-related disorders. Sleep disorders have various etiologies including stress induced by environmental and life style factors, physical factors, such as disease or obesity, and psychiatric disorders, such as depression. Further, allergic rhinitis can cause sleep disorders. Allergic rhinitis is a common cause of breathing disorders associated with nasal congestion which can lead to disordered sleep. Upper airway passage congestion has been observed in over 80% of patients afflicted with seasonal allergic rhinitis and/or perennial allergic rhinitis. The allergic rhinitis congestion may be associated with post nasal drip, sinusitis, nasal polyps, each of which may worsen the upper airway passage air flow (breathing). See, Young, T. et al., Journal of Allergy Clin. Immunol., pp. S 757-762, February 1997, and Finn, L. et al., Am. J Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 157, No. 3, p. A61, March 1998. Sleep disorders encompass snoring, sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, sleep terrors, sleep walking and sleep eating. Possible treatment can be as simple as behavior modification or it can be as involved as mechanical, surgical, or pharmacologic intervention. For example, sleep apnea can be treated by a mechanical device called a pneumatic splint or by allergen proof pillow casings, nasal steroids or pilocarpine. Narcolepsy can be treated with tricyclic anti-depressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or amphetamines. Valium.RTM. and other benzadiazepincs or melatonin may be used to treat insomnia. Restless legs syndrome can be treated with Valium.RTM. However, the need for improved non-invasive treatment of sleep disorders in patients suffering from upper airway passage congestion is demonstrated by the proliferation of sleep research centers and sleep clinics purporting to offer relief as well as by the proliferation of ENT services ("sinus clinics") and nasal polyp surgery and upper airway surgery. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06114346__

Patent Applications on Pseudoephedrine As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to pseudoephedrine: •

(-)-Pseudoephedrine as a sympathomimetic drug Inventor(s): Booth, Anthony; (Chester, NJ), Caffrey, James L.; (Burelson, TX), Forester, Michael; (Fort Worth, TX), Gwirtz, Paticia; (Fort Worth, TX), Raven, Peter; (Fort Worth, TX), Sherman, William T.; (Hendersonville, NC), Yorio, Thomas; (Burelson, TX) Correspondence: Warner-lambert CO; 201 Tabor RD; Morris Plains; NJ; 07950; US Patent Application Number: 20030119915 Date filed: October 16, 2002

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Abstract: The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions which include ()-pseudoephedrine and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the (-)pseudoephedrine is substantially-free of (+)-pseudoephedrine. In another embodiment, the present invention provides methods of relieving nasal and bronchial congestion and of inducing pupil dilation which include administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of (-)-pseudoephedrine to a mammal. The (-)-pseudoephedrine used in the present methods is substantially free of (+)-pseudoephedrine and also substantially free of side effects caused by administration of (+)-pseudoephedrine. Excerpt(s): The present application provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using the sympathomimetic composition of (-)-pseudoephedrine as a decongestant, bronchodilator, and the like. The present compositions of (-)-pseudoephedrine are substantially-free of (+)-pseudoephedrine. According to the present invention, at similar doses, (-)-pseudoephedrine binds.alpha.sub.1- and.alpha.sub.2 adrenergic receptors better than (+)-pseudoephedrine and yet has less adverse effects upon blood pressure and fewer drug interactions. Sympathomimetic drugs are structurally and pharmacologically related to amphetamine. They generally act by binding to or activating.alpha.- and.beta.-adrenergic receptors, resulting in vascular constriction, reduced blood flow and/or reduced secretion of fluids into the surrounding tissues. Such receptor binding generally decreases swelling of nasal membranes and the amount of mucous secreted into nasal passages. Sympathomimetic drugs are therefore used to treat nasal congestion, allergies and colds. In addition, they are used as appetite suppressants and mydriatic agents. At the present time, some drugs are sold as racemic mixtures. Alternatively, the most easily isolated stereoisomer is sold, even though another stereoisomer may have greater activity or fewer side effects because that stereoisomer interacts more selectively with the receptors involved in sympathomimetic action. Isolation and use of the more selective stereoisomer may therefore reduce not only the required dosage, but many unwanted side effects. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Combination dosage form comprising cetirizine and pseudoephedrine Inventor(s): Johnson, Barbara A.; (Niantic, CT), Korsmeyer, Richard W.; (Old Lyme, CT), Oksanen, Cynthia A.; (Stonington, CT) Correspondence: Gregg C. Benson; Pfizer INC.; Patent Department, MS 4159; Eastern Point Road; Groton; CT; 06340; US Patent Application Number: 20020012700 Date filed: January 5, 2001 Abstract: A dosage form containing cetirizine as an immediate release component and pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as a controlled release component. A portion of the pseudoephedrine can also be incorporated as an immediate release component. The dosage form is free of alcohols having a molecular weight lower than 100 and reactive derivatives thereof. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dosage forms comprising cetirizine and pseudoephedrine, containing both a sustained release and an immediate release component. and is a member of the class of compounds termed 2-[4-(diphenylmethyl)-1piperazinyl]acetic acids. These compounds are useful as antiallergens, spasmolytics, and antihistamines which are generally non-sedating. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,525,358 and The Merck Index, Eleventh Edition, 1989, page 310, entry 2013. Pseudoephedrine, as well as

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pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof such as the hydrochloride and sulfate salts, is a sympathomimetic drug known by those skilled in the art as a safe therapeutic agent for treating nasal congestion. It is commonly administered orally and concomitantly with an antihistamine for treatment of nasal congestion for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Compositions comprising a leukotriene inhibitor and a decongestant Inventor(s): Nichtberger, Steven A.; (Villanova, PA) Correspondence: Mollie M. Yang; Merck & CO., INC.; Patent DEP., Ry60-30; P.O. Box 2000; Rahway; NJ; 07056-0907; US Patent Application Number: 20040048890 Date filed: August 19, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising a leukotriene inhibitor and pseudoephedrine for the treatment of allergies, asthma and associated signs and symptoms. Excerpt(s): Leukotriene inhibitors such as 5-lipooxygenase inhibitors and leukotriene receptor antagonists have been established as effective treatment of asthma, and some of these agents are also being investigated, or have been approved, for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Decongestants are effective in relieving nasal congestion in patients with that symptom. The combination of a leukotriene inhibitor and a decongestant will provide for more complete and/or more effective and/or more rapid relief of the congestion and other signs and symptoms of asthma or allergic rhinitis. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a leukotriene inhibitor in combination with a decongestant for the treatment of allergies and asthma. The present invention provides for novel oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising as pharmaceutically active compounds a combination of an antiallergy-effective amount of a leukotriene inhibitor or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and of a decongestant-effective amount of pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and further comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients with the proviso that the compositions do not contain an antihistamine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Denaturants for sympathomimetic amine salts Inventor(s): Bess, William Stefan; (Edison, NJ), Nichols, William Michael; (Fanwood, NJ) Correspondence: Evan J. Federman; Legal Division, Warner-lambert Company; 201 Tabor Road; Morris Plains; NJ; 07950; US Patent Application Number: 20020082304 Date filed: November 20, 2001 Abstract: The instant invention makes impractical the use of sympathomimetic amine compositions in illicit drug production. More specifically, the preparation of methamphetamine from the disclosed pseudoephedrine hydrochloride formulations is inhibited. The present invention defines pharmaceutical compositions comprising a sympathomimetic amine salt and at least one combination inhibitor, the combination

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inhibitor which acts both to interfere with the isolation of the sympathomimetic amine from the composition and to interfere with the conversion of the sympathomimetic amine to another pharmacologically active compound. The contemplated compositions may also include reaction and separation inhibitors in any mixture to assure maximum protection against the use of the sympathomimetic amine-containing compositions for illegal drug manufacture. The presence of the combination, reaction and separation inhibitors does not significantly alter the release of the sympathomimetic amine from the composition. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U. S. provisional application no. 60/099,712, filed Sep. 10, 1998. The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a sympathomimetic amine salt and at least one combination inhibitor, the combination inhibitor which acts both to interfere with the isolation of the sympathomimetic amine from the composition and to interfere with the conversion of the sympathomimetic amine to another pharmacologically active compound. The acid salts of sympathomimetic amines are widely used active agents in over-the-counter (OTC) pharmaceuticals. As their name suggests, this class of compounds produces pharmacological effects which mimic the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. For example, the hydrochloride salt of the sympathomimetic amine pseudoephedrine is a commonly used active ingredient in OTC decongestant products. It acts by causing adrenergic nerve endings to release norepinephrine, thereby stimulating alpha and beta norepinephrine receptors, particularly of the upper respiratory tract. This, in turn, results in vasoconstriction and shrinkage of swollen tissues in the sinuses and nasal passages. Its wide usage in numerous OTC products makes it readily available and easily accessible to the general public. When used in a recommended manner for approved indications, OTC pseudoephedrine hydrochloride pharmaceuticals are safe and effective. However, a problem arises when pseudoephedrine hydrochloridecontaining OTC pharmaceuticals are used in an unconventional manner. Specifically, this active ingredient from OTC products is also a convenient starting material in the production of the pharmacologically active agent methamphetamine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Detection of abused substances and their metabolites using nucleic acid sensor molecules Inventor(s): Seiwert, Scott; (Pacifica, CA) Correspondence: Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 300 South Wacker Drive; Suite 3200; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030224435 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: Nucleic acid sensor molecules (allozymes, allosteric ribozymes, allosteric DNAzymes), aptamers and methods are provided for the detection and quantitation of small molecules, including drugs, drug analogs, and drug metabolites, for example recreational drugs, mood-altering drugs, and performance enhancing drugs such as 4MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine), Alpha-ethyltryptamine, Amphetamine, Amyl nitrite, Benzocaine, Cocaine, Dimethyltryptamine, Ecstasy (MDA, MDMA, MDEA), Ephedrine, Erythropoietine (Epogen), Fentanyl, Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), GBL (Gamma butyrolactone), GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyrate), Hashish, Heroin, Isobutyl nitrite, Ketamine, Lidocaine, LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), Mannitol, Marijuana (THC), Mescaline, Methadone, Methamphetamine, Methaqualone, Methcathinone,

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Methylphenidate (ritalin), Morphine, Nexus (2CB), Nicotine, Opium, Oxycodone, OxyContin, PCP (phencyclidine), Peyote, Phenobarbital, Procaine, Psilocybin, Psilocybin/psilocin, Pseudoephedrine, Rohypnol, Scopolamine, Steroids, Strychnine, and Talwin. Also provided are kits for detection. The nucleic acid sensor molecules, methods and kits provided herein can be used in diagnositic applications for detecting drugs, analogs, and metabolites thereof. Excerpt(s): This patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 60/381,006, filed May 16, 2002. This application is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety including the drawings. This invention relates generally to the field of drug and drug metabolite detection in biological samples. More specifically, it provides a system for detecting or confirming the presence of a particular drug analyte in a sample that potentially contains interfering substances. This invention specifically relates to novel molecular sensors that utilize enzymatic nucleic acid constructs whose activity can be modulated by the presence or absence of signaling agents that include compounds and substances of abuse, such as recreational drugs, mood altering drugs, performance enhancing drugs, analgesics, and metabolites thereof. The present invention further relates to the use of the enzymatic nucleic acid constructs as molecular sensors capable of modulating the activity, function, or physical properties of other molecules useful in detecting compounds and substances of abuse and metabolites thereof. The invention also relates to the use of the enzymatic nucleic acid constructs as diagnostic reagents, useful in identifying such signaling agents in a variety of applications, for example, in screening biological samples or fluids for compounds and substances of abuse and metabolites thereof. The ability to perform rapid screening tests in diagnostic analysis of biological samples has been considerably facilitated by the evolving art of immunoassay. Antibodies can be raised that have exquisite specificity and sensitivity for small molecules of diagnostic interest, such as drugs and drug metabolites. In combination with other reagents that have a separating or labeling function, specific antibodies can be used as part of a rapid screening test for the presence of the small molecule in a clinical sample. Similarly, nucleic acid technology can be applied to develop polynucleotide based detection systems comprising nucleic acid molecules with high affinity for a particular small molecule target. Furthermore, the functionality of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules can be coupled with these recognition properties in the design of nucleic acid sensor molecules having both recognition and signal generating capability. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Lateral flow testing device with on-board chemical reactant Inventor(s): Blevins, Dennis D.; (Laguna Hills, CA), Goodell, Raegan E.; (Orange, CA) Correspondence: Walter A. Hackler, PH.D.; Attorney OF Record; Suite B.; 2372 S.E. Bristol; Newport Beach; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020098512 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: A lateral flow testing device is provided for testing a biological fluid for the presence of methamphetamines. The device includes a substrate element such as a nitrocellulose strip, including an antibody zone and an immobilized drug conjugate zone for detecting presence of methamphetamines, and an on-board chemical reactant for preventing undesirable cross-reactivity to ephedrine and/or pseudoephedrine that may be present in the biological fluid being tested. Preferably, the on-board chemical

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reactant is sodium periodate. Methods for preparing test devices are provided including the step of striping a substrate sheet with a solution containing sodium periodate during manufacture of methamphetamine lateral flow test strips. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to a test device and method for testing a biological fluid for the presence of certain "drugs of abuse", and more specifically relates to a lateral flow testing device and method for testing for the presence of methamphetamines in a biological sample and the elimination of undesirable cross-reactivity to other substances that may be present in the sample. Clinical diagnosis relates, in general, to the determination and measurement of various substances which relate to the health or general status of an individual. Physicians, health care workers and the general public as well are concerned about the presence and levels of various substances in body fluids such as blood, urine, and so forth. Among the substances which have been measured in clinical analysis for a long time are glucose, cholesterol, and various enzymes such as amylase and creatine kinase. Lateral flow testing devices are widely used for detecting of specific compounds, or analytes, in a biological fluid specimen. One or more reagents are striped onto a solid material, such as a cellulose or paper strip, the reagents being selected as necessary or helpful in detection of the analyte in question. A fluid sample, is deposited onto the strip and will migrate, by capillary action, along the strip where the chemical reactions may take place, depending upon the presence or absence of the analyte, in situ. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method of inhibiting methaphetamine synthesis Inventor(s): Hunter, Lawrence W.; (Ellicott City, MD), Kelly, Craig A.; (Ellicott City, MD), Lawrence, David S.; (Ellicott City, MD), Murray, George M.; (Columbia, MD), Uy, O. Manuel; (Ellicott City, MD) Correspondence: The John Hopkins University; Applied Physics Laboratory; 11100 John Hopkins Road; Laurel; MD; 20723-6099; US Patent Application Number: 20040049079 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: A method of inhibiting or preventing the use of anhydrous ammonia as a solvent in a dissolving metal reduction process comprises adding to anhydrous ammonia a chemical reagent which is capable of scavenging solvated electrons generated when alkali or alkaline earth metal is dissolved in the anhydrous ammonia, the chemical reagent being added to the anhydrous ammonia such that when alkali metal is dissolved in the anhydrous ammonia containing the chemical reagent and thereafter ephedrine, pseudoephedrine or combination thereof is introduced to the anhydrous ammonia to produce a reaction product, the methamphetamine yield in the reaction product is below 50%, preferably below 10%. and more preferably below 1%. Preferred chemical reagents include Fe(III)citrate, ferrocene, 2-chloro-6(trichloromethyl)pyridine and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting the synthesis of methamphetamine via the reduction of ephedrine (also known as (-)ephedrine, 1ephedrine, [1R,2S]-(-)-2-methylamino)-1-phenylpropan-1- -ol), or its stereoisomer pseudoephedrine (also known as (+)-P-ephedrine, d-isoephedrine, d-pseudoephedrine, [1S,2S]-(+)-2-[methylamino]1-phenylpro- pan-1-ol)). More particularly, this invention relates to the introduction of a chemical reagent into anhydrous ammonia, a common

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solvent used in the illicit synthesis of methamphetamine (also known as (S)-N,.alpha.dimethylbenzene-ethanamine, (S)-(+)-N,.alpha.-dimethylphene- thylamine, d-Nmethylamphetamine, d-deoxyephedrine, d-desoxyephedrine, 1phenyl-2methylaminopropane, d-phenylisopropylmethylamine, methyl.beta.phenylisopropylamine, and Norodin), so as to inhibit and/or prevent the use of the ammonia in the reduction of ephedrine/pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine. Of all the drugs of abuse, methamphetamine is the only one so simple to prepare that the individual user can make it independently. It is estimated that 99% of the clandestine laboratories in the United States are involved in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine. An increasing number of the clandestine methamphetamine laboratories (currently roughly estimated at 20%) use a procedure known as a dissolving metal reduction, Birch reduction, or in the popular literature as the "Nazi" method, of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine commonly extracted from over-the-counter medications. The details for the synthesis are readily available from the open literature and the Internet. Unlike other synthetic drugs, less than 10% of those arrested for the illicit synthesis of methamphetamine are trained chemists. The relative ease with which methamphetamine is manufactured has led to a proliferation of small-scale "mom and pop" operations. The small-scale labs produce only a small amount of the methamphetamine available in this country. However, clandestine laboratories, often operated by criminally minded individuals untrained in the handling of dangerous chemicals, pose threats of fire, explosion, poison gas, booby traps, and the illegal dumping of hazardous waste. The solvent of choice used for the Nazi synthesis is anhydrous ammonia, often obtained by theft from farmers' supply tanks. The thieves normally pilfer only a few gallons of anhydrous ammonia but too often are the cause of major ammonia spills. Such spills have not only resulted in the loss of thousands of gallons of ammonia for individual farmers, but have resulted in the evacuations of entire towns due to the toxic cloud of ammonia produced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Migraine medicine and method of treating the same without caffeine Inventor(s): Imanzahrai, Ashkan; (San Jose, CA) Correspondence: Kevin D. Mccarthy, ESQ.; Hodgson Russ Llp; Suite 2000; One M&t Plaza; Buffalo; NY; 14203-2391; US Patent Application Number: 20020091162 Date filed: January 4, 2002 Abstract: This invention is a safe and effective composition and method for treating acute migraine attacks using pseudoephedrine, acetaminophen, and other agents in an orally administrated form to alleviate the pain and cluster of symptoms characteristic of migraine attacks such as nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disabilities as well as the prodrome phase of a migraine attack. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority as a divisional application of U.S. nonprovisional patent application serial no. 09/593,238 (filed on Jun. 14, 2000) which relies on the priority of provisional patent application Serial Number 60/144,973 which was filed on Jul. 22, 1999. The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods used to alleviate the symptoms and pain associated with an acute migraine attack. Many migraine sufferers use single-agent nonprescription analgesics such as acetaminophen, or aspirin, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents to treat their attacks. (Lipton R B, Newman L C, Solomon S. Over-the-counter medication and the

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treatment of migraine. Headache 1994; 34:547-548.) In other countries, a number of nonprescription drugs are specifically approved for migraine pain. (Lipton R B, Newman L C, Solomon S. Over-the-counter medication and the treatment of migraine. Headache 1994; 34:547-548.) The effectiveness of self-treatment of a migraine and the effectiveness of most such nonprescription drugs in relieving or aborting migraine pain and/or the characteristic symptoms of a migraine has not been adequately studied in well-controlled clinical trials. (Lipton R B, Newman L C, Solomon S. Over-the-counter medication and the treatment of migraine. Headache 1994; 34:547-548.) Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine are approved for relief of nonspecific headaches and tension headaches (Migliardi J R, Armellino J J, Friedman M, Gillings D B, Beaver W T. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant in tension headache. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 56:576-586), which are clinical and physiologically distinct from a migraine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Monoclonal antibody antagonists for treating medical problems associated with damphetamine-like drugs Inventor(s): Abraham, Philip; (Cary, NC), Carroll, Frank Ivy; (Durham, NC), Owens, Samuel M.; (Little Rock, AR) Correspondence: Benjamin Aaron Adler; Adler & Associates; 8011 Candle Lane; Houston; TX; 77071; US Patent Application Number: 20030119083 Date filed: September 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides synthetic immunochemical haptens for the generation of antibodies that are designed to recognize the common molecular features of d-methamphetamine-like abused stimulants with insignificant cross-reactivity to endogenous substrates (e.g. dopamine) or over-the-counter medications (e.g. 1methamphetamine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine). These monoclonal antibodies and their antigen binding fragments are useful in treatment plans for recovering addicts, in emergency room settings for rapidly reversing a drug overdose, in protection of fetuses from drug-abusing pregnant mothers or in a psychiatric setting to reduce the exacerbation of psychotic disorders caused by stimulant drugs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of drug abuse and addiction therapy. More specifically, the present invention relates to the generation and use of high affinity monoclonal antibodies (MAb) and their derivatives as long acting stimulant antagonists for treating medical problems associated with drug abuse and addiction. In addition, the antigen binding fragments (Fab) and other small molecular fragments of these monoclonal antibodies can serve as a shorter acting stimulant antagonist for treating medical problems like drug overdose. Knowledge gained from basic research into the neurobiology of drug abuse has led to major discoveries in medicine. Nevertheless, the development of medical strategies for treating the complex array of neurological problems associated with drug abuse has been frustratingly slow. In particular, development of medical treatments for alleviating the adverse psychosocial and health effects of d-methamphetamine and similar stimulants is badly needed. d-Methamphetamine-related hospital emergency cases across the U.S. increased 256% from 1991 to 1994 (Collings, 1996). Toxic effects due to excessive dmethamphetamine use led to more than 10,000 hospital visits each year between 1994 and 1999 and were responsible for more than 2,000 deaths over those same 5 years

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(Drug Abuse Warning Network, December 2000). The 1995 Toxic Exposure Surveillance System data showed there were 7,601 people treated in health care facilities for amphetamine-like drugs and other stimulants. This is particularly striking since during the same period there were only 3,440 cases of cocaine treatment and a total of 5,170 cases of all types of legal and illegal narcotics (including morphine, codeine and heroin). The current rise in d-methamphetamine use is also alarming because, unlike cocaine, it does not have to be imported. Even an amateur chemist can synthesize this drug in his home using easily obtained reagents and equipment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Orally administrable pharmaceutical formulation comprising pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and process for preparing the same Inventor(s): Gaddipati, Nehru Babu; (Somerset, NJ), Radhakrishnan, Ramachandran; (Bangalore, IN) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030158265 Date filed: March 13, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration through a soft gelatin capsule drug delivery device, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation, in a preferred embodiment, contains Pseudoephedrine HCl and an expectorant as the active ingredients. The active pharmaceutical ingredient is embedded into an oily matrix. The formulation also includes an expectorant; a surfactant; a suspending agent; and a suspension medium, wherein, in a preferred embodiment, the expectorant is guaifenesin, the surfactant is lecithin, the suspending agent is yellow beeswax, and the suspension medium is soybean oil. In a preferred embodiment, the formulation consists essentially of about 30.5 mg by weight of Pseudoephedrine HCl, about 200 mg by weight of guaifenesin, about 0.1-5.0 mg by weight of yellow beeswax, about 10-15 mg by weight of lecithin; and about 200-300 mg by weight of soybean oil. Also disclosed is a process for preparing the formulation. Excerpt(s): This invention in general relates to orally administrable pharmaceutical formulations and in particular to a pharmaceutical formulation prepared into a soft gelatin capsule containing Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride as one of its active ingredients. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is a drug that has serious potential for abuse. This is so because Pseudoephedrine or Ephedrine could be extracted from various drug products containing Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and can be converted into amphetamines. Amphetamines have potentially lethal stimulant effects on the central nervous system and heart and it is thereof important if such abuse potential could be minimized. Pseudoephedrine HCl is a vasoconstrictor, which produces vasoconstriction by stimulating (alpha)-receptors within the mucous of the respiratory tract. Clinically Pseudoephedrine shrinks the swollen mucous membranes, reduces tissue hyperemia, edema and nasal congestion, and increases nasal airway patency. Its use is therefore significant in the relief from nasal congestion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Osmotic device containing pseudoephedrine and an H1antagonist Inventor(s): Faour, Joaquina; (Buenos Aires, AR), Ricci, Marcelo A.; (Buenos Aires, AR) Correspondence: Rick Matos, PH.D.; Innovar, L.L.C.; P. O. Box 250647; Plano; TX; 750250647; US Patent Application Number: 20020102305 Date filed: November 29, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides an osmotic device containing controlled release pseudoephedrine in the core in combination with a rapid release H1 antagonist in an external coat. A wide range of H1 antagonist antihistamines, especially fexofenadine, can be used in this device. Particular embodiments of the invention provide osmotic devices having predetermined release profiles. One embodiment of the osmotic device includes an external coat that has been spray coated rather compression coated onto the device. The device with spray coated external core is smaller and easier to swallow than the similar device having a compression coated external coat. The device is useful for the treatment of respiratory congestion related disorders and allergy related disorders. The present devices provide PS and an H1 antagonist according to specific release profiles in combination with specific formulations. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to an osmotic device containing pseudoephedrine and an H1 antagonist, or antihistamine. More particularly, it pertains to an osmotic device tablet, which provides a controlled release of pseudoephedrine and a rapid or immediate release of an H1 antagonist. Antihistamines, such as H1 antagonists, are used to treat seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR); however, antihistamines do not effectively treat nasal congestion, e.g., stuffed or blocked nasal passages. Pseudoephedrine (Ps, a nasal decongestant) is widely used for the treatment of nasal congestion and other related diseases or disorders; however, it does not effectively treat SAR. Therefore, antihistamine/nasal decongestant combinations are frequently used to more effectively treat SAR. The antihistamine and nasal decongestant can be administered in single or multiple dosage forms. Single dosage unit combination dosage forms containing a combination of Ps with an H1 antagonist, such as loratadine, cetirizine, fexofenadine, terfenadine, acrivastine or astemizole, are known. These combination tablet dosage forms generally provide a rapid release of the antihistamine and a controlled release of Ps. For example, Allegra-D.TM., Claritin-D.TM., Claritin-D.TM. 24-Hour, Seldane-D.TM. and Semprex-D.TM. (capsule) dosage forms are commercially available products that provide a rapid release of an H1 antagonist and a controlled or sustained release of Ps. These tablets are generally made for once- or twice-daily administration. U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,585 to Weinstein et al. discloses a combination formulation containing pseudoephedrine, with limited duration of action, and an antihistamine for treating SAR. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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•

Packaging regimen hydrochloride

of

pseudoephedrine

hydrochloride

and

fexofenadine

Inventor(s): Nicholas, James M.; (Overland Park, KS), Randall, Douglas E.; (Belle Meade, NJ) Correspondence: Aventis Pharmaceuticals, INC.; Patents Department; Route 202-206, P.O. Box 6800; Bridgewater; NJ; 08807-0800; US Patent Application Number: 20020022639 Date filed: May 3, 2001 Abstract: A package for dispensing two or more pharmaceutically active compounds is described and claimed. In one of the embodiments of this invention, the package dispenses essentially: a) a container 1 to dispense drug A having therapeutically effective amounts of fexofenadine or its pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt; and b) a container 2 to dispense drug B containing therapeutically effective amounts of a combination of fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine or their pharmaceutically effective addition salts. In this embodiment there is also provided an indicia to distinguish between the drugs A and B in the containers 1 and 2. Various preferred embodiments of the package of this invention are also described and claimed. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/202,323, filed May 5, 2000. The present invention relates to a mode of packaging of two separate drugs, via two separate dosage units, which proves useful from a convenience perspective. More specifically, this application details the packaging of two drugs which contain fexofenadine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride. The dosage unit containing pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is to be administered during the daytime and the dosage unit that is void of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride is to be administered during the nighttime. E. Knudsen describes in U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,567, a packaging regimen in the form of a blister pack which dispenses two separate dosage units that treat respiratory disorders. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of rhinitis Inventor(s): Martin, Jean-Pierre; (Montigny-Le-Tilleul, BE), Van de Venne, Herman; (Lasne, BE) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20010020023 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a mixture consisting essentially of(i) pseudoephedrine, an individual optical isomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and(ii) at least one compound selected from 2-[4-(diphenylmethyl)-1-piperazin- yl]-acetic acid or amide derivatives, an individual optical isomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention is in the area of pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment of diseases in humans. More particularly the invention relates to combinations of two or more than two pharmaceutical substances and methods of treatment of allergic disorders. or a non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

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The compounds of formula I possess interesting pharmacological properties. In particular, they are useful as antiallergic, antihistaminic, bronchodilatory and antispasmodic agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Pharmaceutical formulations pseudoephedrine

containing

epinastine,

belladonna,

and

Inventor(s): Seko, Noritaka; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Boehringer Ingelheim Corporation; 900 Ridgebury Road; P. O. Box 368; Ridgefield; CT; 06877; US Patent Application Number: 20030228359 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: Oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising as pharmaceutically active compounds a combination of an antihistaminic-effective amount of epinastine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an anticholinergic amount of Belladonna alkaloids (Belladonna) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and of a decongestant-effective amount of pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Optionally, the formulation includes methylephedrine (methylephrine) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a decongestant-effective amount. The composition further comprises suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Another aspect of the present invention relates methods of using such pharmaceutical compositions in the treatment of allergic diseases and/or disorders, in particular, seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising as pharmaceutically active compounds a combination of an antihistaminiceffective amount of epinastine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, an anticholinergic amount of Belladonna alkaloids (Belladonna) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and of a decongestant-effective amount of pseudoephedrine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Optionally, the formulation may comprise methylephedrine (methylephrine) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in a decongestant-effective amount. The formulation further comprises suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients. Another aspect of the present invention relates to methods for the preparation of these compositions and methods of using them in the treatment of allergic diseases and/or disorders. In particular, the inventive composition is useful in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) are allergic-driven diseases with a specific symptomatology. SAR is characterized by sneezing, itching, blocked nose ("congested nose") and runny nose, while SAC is characterized by eye itching, red eye, and sensation of foreign body. Both allergic reactions may occur separately of each other or at the same time. An adequate systemic symptomatological treatment of SAR and SAC should address all the symptoms. From the state of the art, there is not known any suitable substance able to deal with all these symptoms. It is known that H1 antihistamine will deal with the histamine-driven symptoms such as sneezing or itching. H1 antihistamine may also have an effect on runny noses or red eyes but to a lesser grade. Due to this fact they are not the first choice substances to treat the latter. Additionally, H1 antihistamines are unable treat blocked noses.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for preparing pseudoephedrine tannate Inventor(s): Chopdekar, Vilas M.; (Edison, NJ), Redkar, Sham N.; (Bound Brook, NJ), Schleck, James R.; (Somerset, NJ) Correspondence: Jack Matalon; Attorney AT Law; 32 Shelley RD.; Springfield; NJ; 07081-2529; US Patent Application Number: 20030114392 Date filed: December 20, 2002 Abstract: The invention pertains to a method for preparing pseudoephedrine tannate by reacting pseudoephedrine free base at a temperature of about 70 to about 110.degree. C. with tannic acid neat or as an aqueous slurry containing about 5 to about 30 wt. % water. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 10/017,131 filed Dec. 14, 2001. The invention pertains to a process for preparing pseudoephedrine tannate. Pseudoephedrine, i.e., (.alpha.S)-.alpha.-[(1,S)-1methylamino)ethy- l]benzenemethanol, is a well-known nasal decongestant. The compound has a melting point of 118-118.7.degree. C. and has an optical rotation of [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20+51.2.degree. in ethanol. Since pseudoephedrine is sparingly soluble in water, it typically is administered in the form of its hydrochloride salt. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride has the molecular formula C.sub.10H.sub.15NO.multidot.HCl, a melting point of 182.5-183.5.degree. C. and has an optical rotation of [.alpha.].sub.D.sup.20+62.05.degree. in ethanol. The hydrochloride is quite soluble in water (2 grams dissolve in 1 ml of water). It is typically administered to human beings in need of such medication in the form of a nasal spray, tablets and/or suspensions. It frequently is administered in combination with one or more other antihistamine and/or antitussive compositions, e.g., diphenhydramine hydrochloride, chlorpheniramine maleate, dextromethorphan hydrobromide monohydrate, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Process for the preparation of aryloctanoyl amides Inventor(s): Bellus, Daniel; (Riehen, CH), Dondoni, Alessandro; (Ferrara, IT) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20020082302 Date filed: December 14, 2001 Abstract: Compounds of formula I 1whereinR.sub.1 is for example 3-methoxyprop-3yloxy, R.sub.2 is for example methoxy, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are in each case for example isopropyl, and R.sub.5 is H.sub.2NC(O)--[C(CH.sub.3).sub.2]--CH.sub.2--, are obtainable by reaction of compounds of formula IV 2(IV) with a metal organic derivative of 1-(3R.sub.1-4-R.sub.2-phen-1-yl)-- 2-R.sub.3-3-halogen propanes to form a compound of formula VI, 3followed by removal of the pseudoephedrine protecting group and the OH group, reaction of the resulting lactone with an amine R.sub.5--NH.sub.2 and removal of protecting group Z.

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Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a stereospecific method for the preparation of 2(S),4(S),7(S)-2,7-dialkyl-4-hydroxy-5-amino-8-aryloctanoy- l amides in the form of 5(R)or 5(S)-diastereomers and mixtures thereof, as well as their physiologically acceptable salts; and new compounds used in the multistage process as intermediates. In EP-A-0 678 503,.delta.-amino-.gamma.-hydroxy-.omega.-aryl-alkanecarboxamides are described. which exhibit renin-inhibiting properties and could be used as antihypertensiive agents in pharmaceutical preparations. The manufacturing procedures described are unsatisfactory in terms of the number of process steps and yields and are not suitable for an industrial process. A disadvantage of these processes is also that the total yields of pure diastereomers that are obtainable are too small. The compound of formula A is obtained in a yield of only 51%, the R:S ratio, in relation to the OH group, being 85:15. The OH group is then converted to a leaving group (brosylate). The reaction with sodum azide yields the corresponding azido compound which with 3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropionamide on opening of the lactone ring gives the corresponding amide. Catalytic hydrogenation then yields the desired amine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Rapidly absorbed liquid compositions Inventor(s): Gelotte, Cathy Klech; (North Wales, PA), Hills, Joanna F.; (Glenside, PA), Pendley, Charles E. II; (Abington, PA), Shah, Manoj N.; (Norristown, PA) Correspondence: Philip S. Johnson, ESQ.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20010005729 Date filed: February 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method which provides for a faster absorption of pharmaceutically acceptable amines. The method provides a pharmaceutically acceptable amine in combination with a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug in a liquid form. A preferred embodiment employs pseudoephedrine and ibuprofen. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to medicaments that contain a combination of an analgesic/anti-inflammatory acidic compound and a pharmacologically active amine. In a preferred embodiment the present invention is related to the combination of materials in a liquid dosage form. Products which combine multiple pharmaceutically active ingredients are available commercially throughout the world. Consumers purchase these medicaments because they relieve several symptoms at the same time. For example, ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine are sold in combination in solid forms, such as tablets, capsules, and powders for re-constitution. Ibuprofen is an effective analgesic/antipyretic agent, whereas pseudoephedrine is an effective decongestant. The combination of these two active ingredients is particularly effective for releiving sinus headache, and symptoms of cold and flu. Ibuprofen and pseudoephedrine combinations are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,552,899. While these products are known to be effective, consumers who use them are seeking faster symptom relief. Consequently, there continues to be a long felt need to develop products which bring rapid relief to the consumer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Stable extended release oral dosage composition Inventor(s): Kou, Jim H.; (Basking Ridge, NJ) Correspondence: Schering-plough Corporation; Patent Department (k-6-1, 1990); 2000 Galloping Hill Road; Kenilworth; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20030086971 Date filed: June 19, 2002 Abstract: A film-coated extended release solid oral dosage composition containing a nasal decongestant, pseudoephedrine or salt thereof, e.g., pseudoephedrine sulfate in a core effective to provide a geometric maximum plasma concentration of pseudoephedrine of about 345 ng/mL to about 365 ng/mL at a time of about 7.60 hrs to about 8.40 hrs and having two or three film-coatings on the core, the second one containing an amount of the non-sedating antihistamine, desloratadine, effective to provide a geometric maximum plasma concentration of desloratadine of about 2.15 ng/mL to about 2.45 ng/mL at a time of about 4.0 hours to about 4.5 hours, and use of the composition for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with allergic and/or inflammatory conditions of the skin and airway passages are disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a film-coated extended release solid oral dosage composition containing a nasal decongestant, e.g., pseudoephedrine in a controlled release core and a film outer coating containing the non-sedating antihistamine, desloratadine. The solid oral dosage compositions of this invention are useful for treating patients showing the signs and symptoms associated with allergic and/or inflammatory conditions such as the common cold, as well as signs and symptoms associated with allergic and/or inflammatory conditions of the skin or upper and lower airway passages such as allergic rhinitis, seasonal allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. upper respiratory diseases, allergic rhinitis and nasal congestion. Desloratadine, also called descarbethoxyloratadine, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,716 as a non-sedating antihistamine useful as an anti-allergy agent. U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,274 discloses compositions containing desloratadine. U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,997 discloses methods and compositions for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms using desloratadine. Desloratadine, upon oral absorption, is hydroxylated at the 3 position to produce the metabolite, 3-hydroxyldesloratadine. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,990,535 and 5,100,675 disclose a twice-a-day sustained release coated tablet wherein the tablet coating comprises descarbethoxyloratadine and a hydrophilic polymer and polyethylene glycol, and the tablet core comprises acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine or a salt thereof, a swellable hydrophilic polymer and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Stable liquid and solid formulations Inventor(s): Ulloa, Sergio; (Delegacion Tlalpan, MX), Villacampa, Ramos; (Delegacion Benito Juarez, MX) Correspondence: Schering-plough Corporation; Patent Department (k-6-1, 1990); 2000 Galloping Hill Road; Kenilworth; NJ; 07033-0530; US Patent Application Number: 20030216423 Date filed: November 18, 2002

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Abstract: Stable pharmaceutical compositions containing non-sedating antihistamines such as loratadine and a nasal decongestant such as pseudoephedrine sulfate and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and stable pharmaceutical compositions containing non-sedating antihistamines such as loratadine, nasal decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, and an expectorant such as Ambroxol and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier which are stable to chemical and physical degradation and microbial contamination are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to stable liquid and solid pharmaceutical compositions containing loratadine and a nasal decongestant and optionally containing an expectorant and their use in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions with cough and/or nasal congestion. Loratadine is a long-acting, non-sedating antihistamine with selective peripheral histamines H1 reception approved for treatment of the symptoms of allergic reaction, for example, for the relief of nasal and non-nasal symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis or for treatment of chronic idopathic urticaria in human patients. Nasal decongestants such as phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine and their pharmaceutically acceptable salt such as the hydrogen chloride or hydrogen sulfate acid addition salts are useful for treating symptoms associated with allergic conditions such as seasonal allergic rhinitis or perennial allergic rhinitis as well as symptoms associated with the common cold including nasal congestion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Sustained release of guaifenesin combination drugs Inventor(s): Blume, Ralph W.; (Fort Worth, TX), Davis, Robert D.; (Arlington, TX), Keyser, Donald Jeffrey; (Southlake, TX) Correspondence: Hunton & Williams; Intellectual Property Department; 1900 K Street, N.W.; Suite 1200; Washington; DC; 20006-1109; US Patent Application Number: 20040022851 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a novel pharmaceutical sustained release formulation of guaifenesin and pseudoephedrine. The formulation may comprise a hydrophilic polymer, preferably a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and a water-insoluble polymer, preferably an acrylic resin, in a ratio range of about one-to-one (1:1) to about nine-to-one (9:1), more preferably a range of about three-to-two (3:2) to about six-to-one (6:1), and most preferably in a range of about two-to-one (2:1) to about four-to-one (4:1) by weight. This formulation capable of providing therapeutically effective bioavailability of guaifenesin for at least twelve hours after dosing in a human subject. The invention also relates to a modified release product which has two portions: a first portion having an immediate release formulation of guaifenesin and a second portion having a sustained release formulation of guaifenesin, wherein one or both portions further comprises pseudoephedrine. The modified release product has a maximum guaifenesin serum concentration equivalent to that of an immediate release guaifenesin tablet, and is capable of providing therapeutically effective bioavailability of guaifenesin for at least twelve hours after dosing in a human subject. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application No. 10/121,706 which was filed on Apr. 15, 2002 (pending) which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,252 which was filed on Apr. 28, 2000 as application Ser. No.

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09/559,542 and issued on Apr. 16, 2002 both of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference. The invention is directed to a sustained release formulation for oral administration comprising combinations of guaifenesin and optionally at least one additional drug and methods of manufacture thereof. In particular, the invention is directed to a sustained release formulation which maintains a therapeutically effective blood concentration of guaifenesin and optionally the additional drug for a duration of about twelve hours. The invention further relates to combinations which demonstrate a maximum serum concentration equivalent to an immediate release tablet, while maintaining therapeutically effective blood concentration for about twelve hours. Sustained release pharmaceutical formulations provide a significant advantage over immediate release formulations to both clinicians and their patients. Sustained release dosage forms provide for fewer daily dose administrations than their immediate release counterparts. For example, a standard dosage regimen for a 400 mg immediate release drug with a short half-life, such as guaifenesin, requires administration three times within twelve hours to maintain adequate bioavailability to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. This results in a series of three serum concentration profiles in the patient showing a rapid increase of drug followed by a similar rapid decrease. As a result, patients are provided with only a short window of the appropriate blood concentration of the medicament for optimum therapy. A 1200 mg sustained release dosage form, on the other hand, may require administration once every twelve hours to achieve therapeutic effect. Sustained release dosage forms generally control the rate of drug absorption, to avoid excessive drug absorption while maintaining effective blood concentration of the drug to provide a patient with a consistent therapeutic effect over an extended duration of time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with pseudoephedrine, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on pseudoephedrine. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning pseudoephedrine. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON PSEUDOEPHEDRINE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to pseudoephedrine. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on pseudoephedrine include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Chapters on Pseudoephedrine In order to find chapters that specifically relate to pseudoephedrine, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and pseudoephedrine using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on pseudoephedrine: •

Medication Use Source: in Dierich, M. and Froe, F. Overcoming Incontinence: A Straightforward Guide to Your Options. Somerset, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000. p. 49-56. Contact: Available from John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Distribution Center, 1 Wiley Drive, Somerset, NJ 08875-1272. (800) 225-5945 or (732) 469-4400. Fax (732) 302-2300. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.wiley.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0471347957. Summary: This chapter on medication use is from a practical guide that dispels the many myths associated with urinary incontinence, offering readers information about the latest options for treatment, from simple lifestyle changes and exercises to devices, medications, and surgery. The authors emphasize that incontinence can be prevented, is almost always treatable, and is often curable. In this chapter, the authors review the numerous medications used to treat incontinence. In general, drug therapy is used to

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treat urge incontinence (UI), sometimes for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and occasionally for overflow incontinence. Specific drugs covered are oxybutynin (Ditropan and Ditropan XL) which is an antispasmodic; tolterodine (Detrol), an antispasmodic with fewer side effects; hyoscyamine (Levsinex), an antispasmodic that can be taken on an as-needed basis; dicyclomine (Bentyl), traditionally used for intestinal spasms; imipramine (Tofranil), an antidepressant with side effects that can be beneficial to patients with incontinence; propantheline (Probanthine), similar to oxybutynin; flavoxate (Urispas), similar to oxybutynin; phenylpropanolamine, which increases the tone of the sphincter muscle that closes the urethra; pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), similar to phenylpropanolamine; terazoxin (Hytrin), for overflow incontinence caused by prostate or urethral blockage; doxazosin (Cardura), similar to terazoxin; tamsulosin (Flomax), similar to terazosin but with quick response rate; finasteride (Proscar) for treatment of bladder symptoms caused by enlarged prostate; and urecholine, for overflow incontinence due to poor bladder muscle function. The authors also include a section on estrogen, notably estrogen replacement therapy, and a section on herbal treatments for incontinence. The authors caution that, with any medication, interactions and side effects are possible. 2 tables.

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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS PSEUDOEPHEDRINE

AND

NEWS

ON

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover pseudoephedrine.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on pseudoephedrine is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to pseudoephedrine. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for pseudoephedrine: •

Pseudoephedrine ineffective for children with ear pain during air travel Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 14, 1999

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•

Perrigo gets FDA approval for generic pseudoephedrine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 08, 1999

•

OTC pseudoephedrine use linked to ischemic colitis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 15, 1998

•

Pseudoephedrine Sales To Be Limited Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 07, 1996

•

Eurand Develops New Pseudoephedrine Product Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 05, 1996

•

Pseudoephedrine Safe For Patients With Controlled Hypertension Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 14, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

Periodicals and News 77

you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to pseudoephedrine, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Pseudoephedrine Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to pseudoephedrine. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering pseudoephedrine that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for pseudoephedrine. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with pseudoephedrine. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to pseudoephedrine: Antihistamines and Decongestants •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: A.R.M. Maximum Strength Caplets; Actagen; Actifed; Actifed Allergy Nighttime Caplets 20; Alcomed; Alcomed 2-60; Allent; Allercon; Allerest Maximum Strength; Allerfrim; Allerphed; Amilon; Anamine; Anamine T.D.; Andec; Andec-TR; Aprodrine; Atrofed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202061.html

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aclophen; Actifed Cold & Sinus; Actifed Cold & Sinus Caplets; Actifed Sinus Nighttime; Actifed Sinus Nighttime Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Allergy Medicine Liqui-Gels; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine; Alka-Seltzer Plus Cold Medicine Liqui-Gels; Allerest http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202062.html

Antihistamines, Decongestants, and Anticholinergics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: AH-chew; D.A. Chewable; Dallergy; Dura-Vent/DA; Extendryl; Extendryl JR; Extendryl SR; Mescolor; OMNIhist L.A.; Stahist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202653.html

Decongestants and Analgesics •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actifed Sinus Daytime; Actifed Sinus Daytime Caplets; Advil Cold and Sinus; Advil Cold and Sinus Caplets; Alka-Seltzer Plus Sinus Medicine; Allerest No-Drowsiness Caplets; Aspirin-Free Bayer Select Sinus Pain Relief Caplets http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202184.html

Fexofenadine and Pseudoephedrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Allegra-D http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203579.html

Pseudoephedrine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cenafed; Decofed; Efidac/; Genaphed; Myfedrine; Sudafed http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202489.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing

Researching Medications 81

information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

85

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources 87

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3272 13 725 1 14 4025

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources 89

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on pseudoephedrine can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to pseudoephedrine. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to pseudoephedrine. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “pseudoephedrine”:

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Amphetamine Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amphetamineabuse.html Club Drugs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/clubdrugs.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Marijuana Abuse http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/marijuanaabuse.html Nose Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/nosedisorders.html Weight Loss and Dieting http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/weightlossanddieting.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Acute rhinosinusitis in adults Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 1996 May (revised 1999 Dec); 7 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2285&nbr=1511&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine

•

Acute sinusitis in adults Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1995 July (revised 2002 Dec); 30 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3673&nbr=2899&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine

Patient Resources 93

•

Allergic rhinitis Source: University of Michigan Health System - Academic Institution; 2002 July; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3373&nbr=2599&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine

•

Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma Source: Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma Workshop Group - Independent Expert Panel; 2001 November; 188 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3421&nbr=2647&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine

•

Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Continence for women. Source: Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses - Professional Association; 2000 January; 27 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2925&nbr=2151&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine

•

Recommendation for the management of stress and urge urinary incontinence in women Source: University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program - Academic Institution; 2002 May; 13 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3227&nbr=2453&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine

•

Viral upper respiratory infection (VURI) in adults and children Source: Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement - Private Nonprofit Organization; 1994 June (revised 2002 Dec); 31 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3658&nbr=2884&a mp;string=pseudoephedrine The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to pseudoephedrine. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.

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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to pseudoephedrine. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with pseudoephedrine. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about pseudoephedrine. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “pseudoephedrine” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received

Patient Resources 95

your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “pseudoephedrine”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “pseudoephedrine” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “pseudoephedrine” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

98

Pseudoephedrine

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries 99

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries 101

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

102 Pseudoephedrine

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

103

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

105

PSEUDOEPHEDRINE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenaline: A hormone. Also called epinephrine. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH] Adrenergic Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate adrenergic receptors. Adrenergic antagonists block the actions of the endogenous adrenergic transmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. [NIH] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the

106 Pseudoephedrine

complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkylation: The covalent bonding of an alkyl group to an organic compound. It can occur by a simple addition reaction or by substitution of another functional group. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane associated with hay fever; fits may be provoked by substances in the working environment. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

Dictionary 107

magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amylase: An enzyme that helps the body digest starches. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH]

108 Pseudoephedrine

Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihistamine: A drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU]

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Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidants: Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Artifacts: Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astemizole: A long-acting, non-sedative antihistaminic used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The drug is well tolerated and has no anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions)

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is not well understood. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Barotrauma: Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH]

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Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of asthma. [NIH] Belladonna: A species of very poisonous Solanaceous plants yielding atropine (hyoscyamine), scopolamine, and other belladonna alkaloids, used to block the muscarinic autonomic nervous system. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blister: Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis. [NIH] Blister pack: A package consisting of a clear plastic overlay affixed to a cardboard backing for protecting and displaying a product. [EU] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up

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of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion and is used to treat amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and female infertility, and has been proposed for Parkinson disease. [NIH] Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchodilator: A drug that relaxes the smooth muscles in the constricted airway. [NIH] Bulking Agents: Laxatives that make bowel movements soft and easy to pass. [NIH] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in

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cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH]

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Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than promethazine. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clemastine: Histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local

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anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques

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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Contact dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin with varying degrees of erythema, edema and vesinculation resulting from cutaneous contact with a foreign substance or other exposure. [NIH]

Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of the coronary arteries. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or

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whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatine Kinase: A transferase that catalyzes formation of phosphocreatine from ATP + creatine. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic isoenzymes have been identified in human tissues: MM from skeletal muscle, MB from myocardial tissue, and BB from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins. EC 2.7.3.2. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanide: An extremely toxic class of compounds that can be lethal on inhaling of ingesting in minute quantities. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cyclosporins: A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decongestant: An agent that reduces congestion or swelling. [EU] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH]

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Dermatosis: Any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or

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in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dobutamine: A beta-2 agonist catecholamine that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia. It is proposed as a cardiotonic after myocardial infarction or open heart surgery. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Doping: The action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. [EU] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxazosin: A selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker that lowers serum cholesterol. It is also effective in the treatment of hypertension. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyphylline: A theophylline derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used

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in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. [NIH] Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Earache: Pain in the ear. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of Togaviridae infections; Herpesviridae infections; Adenoviridae infections; Flaviviridae infections; Bunyaviridae infections; Picornaviridae infections; Paramyxoviridae infections; Orthomyxoviridae infections; Retroviridae infections; and Arenaviridae infections. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH]

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Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Ephedrine: An alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used in the treatment of several disorders including asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Ergot: Cataract due to ergot poisoning caused by eating of rye cereals contaminated by a fungus. [NIH] Ergot Alkaloids: Alkaloids isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). The ergot alkaloids were the first alpha-adrenergic antagonists discovered, but side effects generally prevent their administration in doses that would produce more than a minimal blockade in humans. Their smooth muscle-stimulating activities may be attributed to alpha-agonistic properties, thus characterizing these alkaloids as a series of partial agonists. They have many clinical applications, notably in obstetrics and the treatment of migraine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 28th ed, p662). [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythema Infectiosum: Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with rubella. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical

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disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Exanthema: Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (erythema infectiosum), and sixth (exanthema subitum) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue

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development. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as

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a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH]

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Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Half-Life: The time it takes for a substance (drug, radioactive nuclide, or other) to lose half of its pharmacologic, physiologic, or radiologic activity. [NIH] Hallucinogen: A hallucination-producing drug, a category of drugs producing this effect. The user of a hallucinogenic drug is almost invariably aware that what he is seeing are hallucinations. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hay Fever: A seasonal variety of allergic rhinitis, marked by acute conjunctivitis with lacrimation and itching, regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific allergens. [NIH]

Hazardous Waste: Waste products which, upon release into the atmosphere, water or soil, cause health risks to humans or animals through skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Hazardous waste sites which contain hazardous waste substances go here. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic

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decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH]

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Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH]

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Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Ischemic Colitis: Decreased blood flow to the colon. Causes fever, pain, and bloody diarrhea. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of epinephrine; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of

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action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Labetalol: Blocker of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors that is used as an antihypertensive. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of

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radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Miotic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. An agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. Meiotic: characterized by cell division. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic.

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Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit.

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Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH]

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Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otitis Media with Effusion: Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellowcolored transudate. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH]

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Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxymetazoline: Stimulant. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH]

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Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to ketamine in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (receptors, N-methyl-Daspartate). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylephrine: An alpha-adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent. [NIH] Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of norepinephrine but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH]

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Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polyp: A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the

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release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. [EU] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins

A:

(13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic

acid

(PGA(1));

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(5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH]

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Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Ras gene: A gene that has been found to cause cancer when it is altered (mutated). Agents that block its activity may stop the growth of cancer. A ras peptide is a protein fragment produced by the ras gene. [NIH] Ras Proteins: Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes. The protooncogene-derived protein (proto-oncogene protein P21(RAS)) plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (oncogene protein P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation). EC 3.6.1.-. [NIH] Reaction Time: The time from the onset of a stimulus until the organism responds. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH]

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Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory System: The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about. [NIH] Response rate: The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment. [NIH] Restless legs: Legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. [EU] Rhabdomyolysis: Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Ritalin: Drug used to treat hyperactive children. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent

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host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Scarlatina: Scarlet fever. [EU] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as

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the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol

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Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Splint: A rigid appliance used for the immobilization of a part or for the correction of deformity. [NIH] Sprayer: A device for converting a medicated liquid into a vapor for inhalation; an instrument for applying a spray which is a jet of fine medicated vapor used either as an application to a diseased part or to charge the air of a room with a disinfectant. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]

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Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress urinary: Leakage of urine caused by actions--such as coughing, laughing, sneezing, running, or lifting--that place pressure on the bladder from inside the body. Stress urinary incontinence can result from either a fallen bladder or weak sphincter muscles. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH]

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Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic. [NIH]

Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug is used in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis, asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, and chronic idiopathic urticaria. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or

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intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]

Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle

148 Pseudoephedrine

(pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis, asthma, and urticaria. It may cause drowsiness. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urge urinary incontinence: Urinary leakage when the bladder contracts unexpectedly by itself. [NIH] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urticaria: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH]

Dictionary 149

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

151

INDEX A Abdomen, 105, 112, 128, 129, 135, 144, 146 Aberrant, 105, 140 Acetaminophen, 16, 18, 25, 41, 43, 44, 52, 62, 70, 105 Acetic Acids, 57, 105 Actin, 105, 132 Adenine, 105 Adenosine, 45, 105, 112, 146 Adjustment, 6, 105 Adjuvant, 44, 63, 105, 107, 124 Adrenal Medulla, 105, 113, 121, 133 Adrenaline, 40, 105 Adrenergic, 40, 43, 57, 59, 105, 106, 119, 121, 128, 129, 136, 138, 145, 146, 148 Adrenergic Agonists, 40, 105 Adrenergic Antagonists, 105, 121 Adsorption, 51, 105 Adsorptive, 105 Adverse Effect, 57, 105, 143 Aerosol, 105, 111, 145 Affinity, 60, 63, 105, 106, 109, 118, 144 Agonist, 40, 106, 112, 119, 121, 128, 132, 136, 146 Agoraphobia, 106, 127, 135 Airway, 4, 8, 42, 55, 56, 64, 70, 106, 112, 143 Albumin, 106, 137 Albuterol, 40, 106 Alertness, 106, 112 Algorithms, 106, 111 Alimentary, 106, 128 Alkaline, 61, 106, 107, 112 Alkaloid, 106, 110, 112, 114, 131, 142, 146 Alkylation, 54, 106 Allergen, 26, 56, 106 Allylamine, 106, 107 Alpha-1, 106, 117, 119 Alternative medicine, 5, 76, 106 Aluminum, 19, 107 Aluminum Hydroxide, 19, 107 Amenorrhea, 107, 112 Amine, 47, 58, 59, 68, 69, 107, 125 Amino acid, 107, 108, 109, 117, 118, 121, 124, 126, 130, 135, 139, 142, 145, 148 Amino Acid Sequence, 107, 108, 124 Aminophylline, 40, 107 Ammonia, 61, 107

Amphetamine, 10, 57, 59, 63, 64, 92, 107, 118 Amylase, 61, 107 Anaerobic, 8, 107 Analgesic, 41, 44, 45, 52, 63, 69, 105, 107, 115, 126, 129, 131, 132, 134 Analog, 107, 118, 128 Analytes, 61, 107 Anesthesia, 34, 106, 107, 108, 128 Anesthetics, 108, 110, 121 Aneurysm, 108, 149 Angina, 10, 108, 138 Angina Pectoris, 108, 138 Angiotensinogen, 108, 141 Anhydrous, 47, 61, 108 Antagonism, 108, 112, 146 Antibiotic, 108, 110, 121 Antibodies, 60, 63, 108, 125, 129, 131, 137 Antibody, 60, 63, 106, 108, 115, 125, 126, 127, 131, 140, 144 Anticholinergic, 67, 108, 109, 114 Anticonvulsants, 108, 110 Antidepressant, 74, 108, 112, 127 Antiemetic, 108, 118 Antifungal, 108, 117 Antigen, 63, 106, 108, 115, 126, 127, 131, 140 Antihistamine, 33, 42, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 108 Antihypertensive, 108, 129 Anti-inflammatory, 41, 44, 48, 62, 69, 105, 109, 111, 124, 126, 127, 130, 132 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 44, 62, 109 Antineoplastic, 109, 117 Antioxidants, 42, 109 Antipyretic, 41, 69, 105, 109, 130, 132 Antispasmodic, 67, 74, 109, 118, 123, 134, 138, 142 Antitussive, 45, 68, 109, 118, 134 Anus, 109, 112, 115 Anxiety, 109, 135, 138 Aperture, 109, 140 Apnea, 45, 56, 109 Aqueous, 44, 47, 52, 68, 109, 111, 120 Arachidonic Acid, 109, 138 Arterial, 106, 109, 126, 139, 146 Arteries, 14, 109, 111, 116, 130, 132 Arterioles, 109, 111, 112, 132

Pseudoephedrine

Artery, 14, 108, 109, 116 Artifacts, 23, 109 Aspartate, 109, 118, 129, 136 Aspirin, 41, 44, 45, 62, 80, 109 Assay, 31, 109, 127, 140 Astemizole, 10, 14, 43, 46, 50, 65, 109 Astrocytes, 109, 131 Ataxia, 15, 110, 146 Atmospheric Pressure, 110, 126 Atropine, 110, 111, 142 Autacoids, 110, 127 Autonomic, 110, 111, 124, 133, 145 Autonomic Nervous System, 110, 111, 145 Azithromycin, 7, 110 B Bacteria, 105, 108, 110, 131, 147, 148 Bactericidal, 110, 121 Bacteriuria, 110, 148 Barbiturates, 45, 110, 142 Barotrauma, 3, 8, 19, 110 Basal cells, 110, 146 Basal Ganglia, 110 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 110 Base, 5, 47, 55, 68, 105, 110, 111, 117, 124, 128, 146 Beclomethasone, 40, 111 Belladonna, 67, 110, 111 Benign, 111, 123, 125, 133 Benzaldehyde, 49, 111 Benzene, 25, 111 Biliary, 111, 118 Bioavailability, 11, 12, 13, 16, 23, 34, 71, 72, 111 Biotechnology, 7, 76, 87, 111 Bipolar Disorder, 24, 111 Bladder, 74, 111, 115, 127, 139, 141, 145, 148, 149 Blister, 66, 111 Blister pack, 66, 111 Blood Glucose, 40, 111, 128 Blood pressure, 15, 17, 28, 33, 57, 108, 111, 126, 131, 144 Blood vessel, 40, 111, 113, 122, 125, 143, 146, 147, 149 Body Composition, 6, 111 Body Fluids, 61, 111, 119, 144 Bone Marrow, 111, 129 Bowel, 112, 128, 129, 145 Bowel Movement, 112, 145 Bradykinin, 112, 137 Branch, 101, 112, 114, 135, 144, 146 Breakdown, 45, 51, 112, 118, 123

152

Bromocriptine, 27, 112 Brompheniramine, 16, 52, 112 Bronchi, 112, 121, 122, 128, 146, 147 Bronchial, 40, 57, 107, 112, 126, 146 Bronchitis, 112, 120, 128 Bronchodilator, 8, 40, 49, 57, 112, 128, 146 Bulking Agents, 46, 112 Bupropion, 9, 112 C Caffeine, 44, 62, 63, 112 Calcium, 112, 115, 143 Capillary, 36, 61, 112, 149 Capsules, 12, 16, 23, 32, 45, 49, 52, 69, 112, 119, 124 Carboxymethylcellulose, 55, 112 Carcinogenic, 111, 113, 134 Cardiac, 9, 31, 34, 40, 106, 112, 113, 119, 120, 121, 122, 132 Cardiorespiratory, 24, 113 Cardioselective, 113, 138 Cardiotonic, 113, 119, 136 Cardiovascular, 8, 12, 14, 16, 25, 40, 107, 113, 118, 142 Cardiovascular System, 113, 118 Carrier Proteins, 113, 137, 140 Case report, 12, 15, 113, 114 Catecholamine, 5, 12, 113, 119 Caustic, 47, 113 Cell Differentiation, 113, 143 Cell Division, 110, 113, 131, 136 Cell proliferation, 54, 113, 143 Cellobiose, 113 Cellulose, 6, 51, 55, 61, 113, 123, 130, 136 Central Nervous System Infections, 113, 125 Cerebellar, 110, 113, 141 Cerebral, 45, 110, 113, 114, 121, 139 Cerebral Cortex, 110, 113 Cerebrospinal, 114, 129, 144 Cerebrospinal fluid, 114, 129, 144 Cerebrum, 113, 114 Cetirizine, 12, 13, 17, 18, 46, 50, 57, 65, 114 Character, 51, 108, 114, 117 Chemotherapeutic agent, 54, 114 Chemotherapy, 54, 114 Chlorpheniramine, 12, 20, 34, 45, 52, 68, 114 Cholesterol, 61, 114, 119 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 114, 146 Chronic, 50, 71, 109, 114, 127, 143, 145, 146 Clemastine, 18, 31, 114 Clinical study, 114, 116

153

Clinical trial, 4, 87, 114, 116, 119, 140 Cloning, 111, 114 Coagulation, 112, 114, 137, 147 Coal, 111, 114 Coca, 114 Cocaine, 59, 64, 114 Codeine, 64, 115, 118, 134 Colitis, 23, 30, 115 Collagen, 107, 115, 123 Collapse, 112, 115, 143 Colloidal, 106, 115, 120, 142, 145 Colon, 54, 115, 128, 129 Combination Therapy, 40, 115, 121 Complement, 115, 137 Compliance, 41, 115 Computational Biology, 87, 115 Congestion, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21, 40, 43, 46, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 70, 71, 116, 117, 121 Conjunctiva, 116 Conjunctivitis, 67, 109, 116, 125, 146 Connective Tissue, 112, 115, 116, 123, 132, 141 Consciousness, 107, 116, 119 Constriction, 40, 57, 116, 149 Constriction, Pathologic, 116, 149 Contact dermatitis, 33, 116 Contamination, 71, 116 Contractility, 40, 116 Contraindications, ii, 116 Control group, 4, 116, 140 Controlled clinical trial, 6, 8, 29, 44, 63, 116 Controlled study, 24, 27, 116 Coordination, 42, 116 Coronary, 14, 108, 116, 130, 132 Coronary Arteriosclerosis, 116, 132 Coronary Thrombosis, 116, 130, 132 Cranial, 114, 116, 122, 124, 125, 135, 144 Craniocerebral Trauma, 110, 116, 125, 146, 147 Creatine, 61, 117 Creatine Kinase, 61, 117 Creatinine, 117 Cryptosporidiosis, 110, 117 Crystallization, 42, 117 Curative, 117, 146 Cutaneous, 20, 116, 117 Cyanide, 32, 117 Cyclic, 112, 117, 138, 146 Cyclodextrins, 6, 117 Cyclosporins, 6, 117

Cytotoxic, 117, 143 D Deamination, 117, 131 Decarboxylation, 117, 126 Degenerative, 117, 132 Delusions, 117, 139 Density, 51, 117, 134, 137 Dentifrices, 107, 117 Depolarization, 117, 143 Dermatitis, 11, 14, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 42, 117 Dermatosis, 27, 118 Deuterium, 118, 126 Dextroamphetamine, 107, 118, 130 Dextromethorphan, 15, 25, 30, 45, 52, 68, 118 Diagnostic procedure, 39, 76, 118 Diarrhea, 117, 118, 128 Diastolic, 118, 126 Dicyclomine, 74, 118 Digestion, 106, 112, 118, 128, 129, 144 Digestive tract, 118, 143 Dilatation, 108, 118, 138, 149 Dilatation, Pathologic, 118, 149 Dilation, 57, 112, 118, 149 Dimethyl, 21, 118 Diphenhydramine, 45, 68, 118 Diploid, 118, 136 Direct, iii, 15, 34, 51, 79, 118, 119, 123, 126, 136, 141, 146 Discrete, 50, 51, 118 Disinfectant, 118, 122, 144 Dissociation, 105, 118 Diuresis, 112, 119, 146 Dizziness, 41, 119, 135, 149 Dobutamine, 40, 119 Dopamine, 63, 107, 112, 115, 118, 119, 131, 133 Doping, 34, 119 Dosage Forms, 36, 44, 46, 51, 57, 65, 72, 119 Double-blind, 3, 6, 8, 12, 24, 33, 119 Double-blinded, 6, 119 Doxazosin, 74, 119 Drip, 56, 119 Drug Interactions, 57, 81, 119 Drug Tolerance, 119, 147 Duct, 119, 148 Duodenum, 119, 144 Dyes, 111, 119 Dyphylline, 40, 119 Dysmenorrhea, 120, 132

Pseudoephedrine

Dyspareunia, 120, 121 Dyspnea, 120, 135 E Earache, 4, 120 Edema, 64, 116, 120, 132 Efficacy, 3, 4, 13, 17, 18, 19, 24, 26, 31, 33, 120 Elastic, 120, 145 Electrolyte, 120, 144 Electrophoresis, 36, 120 Elementary Particles, 120, 130, 139 Emphysema, 120, 128 Emulsions, 52, 120 Encapsulated, 45, 120 Encephalitis, 32, 120 Encephalitis, Viral, 120 Endemic, 5, 120 Endogenous, 63, 105, 119, 120 Enuresis, 19, 120 Environmental Health, 86, 88, 120 Enzymatic, 60, 107, 112, 115, 120, 125 Enzyme, 107, 117, 120, 121, 123, 127, 128, 131, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 149 Enzyme Inhibitors, 121, 137 Ephedrine, 5, 6, 8, 10, 14, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30, 34, 36, 40, 42, 47, 49, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 121 Epidermis, 110, 111, 121, 140 Epinephrine, 40, 105, 119, 121, 128, 133, 148 Erection, 121, 138 Ergot, 45, 112, 121, 142 Ergot Alkaloids, 45, 121 Erythema, 116, 121, 122, 148 Erythema Infectiosum, 121, 122 Erythromycin, 110, 121 Esophagus, 118, 121, 136, 144 Estrogen, 74, 121, 138 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 74, 121 Ethanol, 25, 68, 121, 123 Ethmoid, 122, 135 Euphoria, 5, 122 Eustachian tube, 110, 122 Exanthema, 25, 26, 122 Excipient, 6, 42, 55, 122 Excitability, 4, 122, 132 Exhaustion, 15, 108, 122 Exogenous, 105, 120, 122 Expectorant, 64, 71, 122 Extracellular, 109, 116, 122, 144 Extraction, 49, 122 Extrapyramidal, 119, 122

154

Exudate, 122, 134 F Facial, 114, 122, 146 Facial Nerve, 122, 146 Family Planning, 87, 122 Fat, 51, 109, 111, 122, 129, 141, 145 Fatigue, 45, 122, 125 Fatty acids, 106, 122, 138 Fermentation, 49, 123 Fibrinogen, 123, 137 Finasteride, 74, 123 Flatus, 123 Flavoxate, 74, 123 Fluorescence, 30, 123 Forearm, 111, 123 Fungi, 108, 117, 123, 131 Fungus, 121, 123, 142 G Ganglia, 110, 123, 133, 145 Gas, 21, 31, 62, 107, 123, 126, 133, 140, 141, 145 Gas exchange, 123, 141 Gasoline, 111, 123 Gastric, 107, 119, 123, 126 Gastrin, 123, 126 Gastrointestinal, 16, 48, 52, 112, 118, 121, 123, 142, 145 Gastrointestinal tract, 48, 52, 121, 123, 142 Gelatin, 52, 64, 123, 145 Gene, 54, 111, 124, 128, 134, 140 Genetic Code, 124, 134 Genital, 6, 124 Gland, 105, 124, 126, 135, 139, 142, 144, 147 Glomerular, 124, 141 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 124, 146 Glucans, 117, 124 Glucocorticoid, 111, 124 Glucose, 6, 61, 111, 113, 117, 124, 128 Glutamate, 118, 124 Gonadotropin, 6, 124 Gout, 124, 132 Governing Board, 124, 137 Grade, 67, 124 Graft, 117, 124, 126 Graft Rejection, 117, 124 Granule, 44, 125 Granulocytes, 125, 143, 149 Growth, 6, 54, 108, 113, 125, 128, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 140, 147 H Habitual, 114, 125

155

Haematoma, 125 Haemorrhage, 23, 125 Half-Life, 41, 43, 48, 50, 72, 125 Hallucinogen, 125, 136 Haploid, 125, 136 Haptens, 63, 106, 125, 140 Hay Fever, 49, 106, 114, 125 Hazardous Waste, 62, 125 Headache, 44, 63, 69, 112, 121, 125 Headache Disorders, 125 Heart failure, 121, 125 Hemorrhage, 117, 125, 136, 140 Heredity, 124, 125 Heterogeneity, 106, 125 Histamine, 14, 22, 33, 67, 108, 112, 114, 118, 125, 126, 129, 138, 146, 148 Histidine, 126 Homologous, 117, 126, 146 Hormonal, 6, 121, 126 Hormone, 12, 105, 121, 123, 126, 128, 138, 141, 143, 146, 147 Host, 126, 142, 148, 149 Hydrofluoric Acid, 126, 143 Hydrogen, 71, 107, 111, 114, 118, 126, 131, 135, 139 Hydrogenation, 69, 126 Hydrolysis, 54, 113, 126, 136 Hydrophilic, 43, 48, 70, 71, 126 Hyperbaric, 34, 126 Hyperbaric oxygen, 126 Hyperplasia, 123, 126, 132 Hypersensitivity, 22, 106, 118, 126, 141 Hypertension, 15, 20, 25, 33, 76, 119, 125, 126, 138, 147 Hyperthyroidism, 126, 138 Hypnotic, 118, 126 Hypotension, 29, 126 I Ibuprofen, 6, 41, 45, 48, 69, 126 Id, 37, 92, 93, 94, 100, 102, 126 Idiopathic, 50, 109, 126, 146 Imipramine, 28, 74, 127 Immune response, 105, 108, 124, 125, 127, 145, 148, 149 Immunoassay, 60, 127 Immunogenic, 127, 140 Immunoglobulin, 108, 127, 131 Immunologic, 127 Immunology, 13, 14, 18, 19, 25, 26, 33, 105, 106, 127 Immunosuppressive, 117, 124, 127 Impairment, 110, 127, 130, 139

Impotence, 6, 127 In situ, 5, 61, 127 In vitro, 22, 34, 127 In vivo, 22, 34, 127 Incision, 127, 128 Incontinence, 36, 73, 118, 121, 127, 138, 142, 145 Indicative, 127, 135, 149 Indomethacin, 19, 127 Infarction, 127 Infection, 4, 93, 110, 117, 120, 121, 127, 129, 141, 145, 147, 148, 149 Infertility, 112, 127 Ingestion, 9, 14, 125, 128, 137 Inhalation, 105, 125, 128, 137, 144 Inotropic, 40, 119, 128 Insomnia, 56, 128 Insulin, 6, 128 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 128 Insulin-like, 6, 128 Intermittent, 56, 128 Interstitial, 128, 141 Intestinal, 74, 117, 128 Intestine, 112, 128, 129 Intracellular, 112, 127, 128, 138, 143 Intrinsic, 106, 128 Invasive, 56, 128, 129 Involuntary, 110, 120, 128, 132, 143, 144 Ions, 111, 118, 120, 126, 128, 131 Iris, 128, 140 Ischemic Colitis, 76, 128 Isoenzyme, 117, 128 Isoetharine, 40, 128 Isopropyl, 68, 128 Isoproterenol, 40, 128 K Kb, 86, 128 Ketamine, 59, 128, 136 Kidney stone, 5, 129, 133 L Labetalol, 30, 129 Large Intestine, 118, 128, 129, 141, 143 Laxative, 113, 129, 130 Lethal, 64, 110, 117, 129 Leukocytes, 111, 125, 127, 129 Levorphanol, 118, 129 Library Services, 100, 129 Ligament, 129, 139 Ligands, 42, 129 Lipid, 120, 128, 129 Liver, 105, 106, 109, 111, 129, 131 Localized, 120, 125, 127, 129, 131, 136, 148

Pseudoephedrine

Locomotion, 129, 136 Loratadine, 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 33, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 65, 71, 129 Lubricants, 45, 129 Lumbar, 45, 129, 144 Lumbar puncture, 45, 129, 144 Lymphatic, 127, 129 Lymphocyte, 108, 129 Lymphoid, 108, 129 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 129, 130 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 36, 130 Malaise, 49, 130 Mania, 28, 130 Manic, 111, 130, 139 Manic-depressive psychosis, 130, 139 Maxillary, 130, 135 Meclofenamic Acid, 45, 130 Mediate, 119, 130 Medical Staff, 119, 130 Medicament, 52, 72, 130, 145 MEDLINE, 87, 130 Medullary, 118, 130 Membrane, 106, 109, 115, 116, 117, 122, 130, 132, 134, 136, 137, 141, 143 Meninges, 113, 116, 130 Meningitis, 130, 136 Menopause, 130, 137, 138 Mental, iv, 4, 15, 86, 88, 113, 118, 122, 130, 136, 139, 148 Mental Disorders, 130, 136, 139 Metabolite, 31, 60, 70, 118, 130 Methamphetamine, 10, 19, 22, 23, 58, 59, 61, 63, 130 Methionine, 118, 130 Methylcellulose, 44, 71, 130 MI, 10, 24, 47, 51, 103, 130 Microbe, 131, 147 Microglia, 109, 131 Microorganism, 49, 131, 149 Microspheres, 51, 131 Miotic, 131, 136 Modification, 56, 107, 131 Molecular, 5, 54, 57, 60, 63, 68, 87, 89, 107, 111, 116, 123, 131, 138, 147, 148 Molecular Conformation, 5, 131 Molecular Structure, 5, 131, 148 Molecule, 54, 60, 108, 111, 115, 118, 126, 131, 135, 140, 143 Monitor, 117, 131, 133 Monoamine, 56, 107, 118, 131, 148

156

Monoamine Oxidase, 56, 107, 118, 131, 148 Monoclonal, 63, 131 Monoclonal antibodies, 63, 131 Morphine, 60, 64, 115, 131, 132, 134 Motility, 127, 132, 142 Motion Sickness, 132, 133, 138, 142 Mucociliary, 132, 143 Mucus, 122, 132 Muscle Contraction, 8, 132 Mydriatic, 57, 118, 132, 136, 142 Myocardial infarction, 9, 14, 116, 119, 130, 132, 138 Myocardial Ischemia, 9, 108, 132 Myocardium, 108, 130, 132 Myosin, 132 N Naloxone, 40, 132 Naproxen, 6, 12, 32, 41, 132 Narcolepsy, 56, 118, 121, 132 Narcosis, 132 Narcotic, 40, 41, 49, 129, 131, 132 Nasal Cavity, 132, 135 Nasal Mucosa, 132 Nasal Polyps, 56, 132 Nausea, 44, 62, 108, 119, 132, 135, 148 Need, 3, 42, 52, 56, 68, 69, 73, 95, 133, 147 Neonatal, 45, 93, 133 Neoplasia, 133 Neoplasm, 133 Neoplastic, 54, 133, 140 Nephrolithiasis, 5, 133 Nerve, 59, 105, 107, 110, 114, 122, 124, 131, 133, 137, 144, 147, 148 Nerve Endings, 59, 133 Nervous System, 64, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 121, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 138, 142, 145, 146, 148 Neural, 131, 133 Neuroeffector Junction, 133 Neuromuscular, 133, 138 Neurons, 115, 123, 133, 145, 146 Neurotoxicity, 118, 133 Neurotransmitter, 105, 107, 112, 119, 124, 126, 133, 143, 145, 148 Nitrogen, 106, 107, 133 Norepinephrine, 34, 40, 59, 105, 119, 121, 133, 136 Nuclear, 32, 36, 110, 133 Nuclei, 129, 130, 134, 139 Nucleic acid, 59, 60, 124, 133, 134

157

O Observational study, 6, 134 Obstetrics, 16, 121, 134 Ointments, 119, 134 Oncogene, 134, 140 Oncogenic, 54, 134 Opacity, 117, 134 Opiate, 40, 131, 132, 134 Opium, 60, 131, 134 Organ Transplantation, 117, 134 Osmosis, 134 Osmotic, 46, 65, 106, 134, 142 Osteoporosis, 121, 134 Otitis, 7, 134 Otitis Media, 7, 134 Otitis Media with Effusion, 7, 134 Overdose, 15, 23, 63, 134 Oxidation, 109, 135 Oxymetazoline, 8, 135 P Palate, 124, 135, 143, 146, 148 Palliative, 135, 146 Pancreas, 128, 135 Pancreatic, 54, 135 Panic, 127, 135 Panic Disorder, 127, 135 Paranasal Sinuses, 16, 135, 143 Patch, 20, 135 Pathologic, 116, 126, 135 Patient Compliance, 45, 135 Pelvic, 135, 139 Pelvis, 105, 129, 135 Penis, 135, 138 Peptide, 107, 135, 139, 140 Perennial, 11, 12, 17, 42, 55, 56, 71, 135 Petechiae, 125, 135 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 69, 113, 122, 124, 136 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 119, 136 Pharmacokinetic, 16, 23, 26, 136 Pharmacologic, 52, 56, 107, 110, 125, 136, 147 Pharynx, 132, 136, 146 Phencyclidine, 60, 136 Phenyl, 21, 49, 136 Phenylephrine, 19, 40, 136 Phenylpropanolamine, 10, 15, 20, 22, 23, 27, 31, 63, 71, 74, 136 Phospholipases, 136, 143 Phospholipids, 122, 136 Photophobia, 44, 62, 136 Physiologic, 106, 125, 136, 138, 140

Pilocarpine, 56, 136 Pilot study, 6, 136 Plants, 49, 106, 110, 111, 114, 124, 133, 136, 137, 147 Plasma, 8, 15, 17, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 48, 70, 106, 108, 123, 124, 136, 137, 141, 142 Plasma cells, 108, 137 Plasma protein, 48, 106, 137, 142 Platelet Activation, 137, 143 Pneumonia, 116, 137 Poisoning, 121, 133, 137 Pollen, 114, 137 Polyethylene, 43, 44, 55, 70, 137 Polyp, 56, 137 Polysaccharide, 108, 113, 137 Posterior, 110, 124, 128, 135, 137, 144, 148 Postmenopausal, 121, 134, 137 Postsynaptic, 133, 137, 143 Postural, 29, 137 Potentiate, 40, 137 Potentiation, 137, 143 Practice Guidelines, 88, 92, 137 Precursor, 108, 109, 119, 120, 133, 137, 148 Presynaptic, 133, 137 Presynaptic Terminals, 133, 137 Priapism, 6, 138 Probe, 5, 138 Progressive, 113, 119, 121, 125, 137, 138, 141 Projection, 133, 138, 141 Prolactin, 112, 138 Promethazine, 114, 138 Propantheline, 74, 138 Prophylaxis, 3, 138, 148 Propranolol, 6, 138 Prostaglandin, 27, 130, 138 Prostaglandins A, 127, 138 Prostate, 74, 139 Protease, 115, 139 Protein S, 111, 121, 124, 139 Proteins, 54, 107, 108, 113, 115, 117, 121, 131, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142 Protons, 126, 130, 139, 140 Protozoa, 131, 139 Pruritus, 114, 118, 138, 139 Psychiatric, 56, 63, 130, 139 Psychiatry, 15, 23, 30, 31, 139, 145 Psychic, 130, 139 Psychomotor, 14, 139 Psychosis, 15, 27, 30, 139 Psychotomimetic, 107, 118, 139 Puberty, 6, 139

Pseudoephedrine

Public Policy, 87, 139 Pulmonary, 111, 139, 140, 141, 145 Pulmonary Artery, 111, 139 Pulmonary Ventilation, 140, 141 Pupil, 57, 118, 131, 132, 140 Purpura, 125, 140 R Race, 40, 52, 57, 106, 119, 140 Racemic, 40, 52, 57, 106, 140 Radiation, 108, 120, 123, 126, 140, 149 Radioactive, 125, 126, 131, 133, 134, 140 Radioimmunoassay, 19, 140 Random Allocation, 140 Randomization, 3, 140 Randomized, 3, 6, 33, 120, 140 Ras gene, 54, 140 Ras Proteins, 54, 140 Reaction Time, 47, 140 Reagent, 61, 140 Reality Testing, 139, 140 Receptor, 34, 45, 57, 58, 108, 118, 119, 129, 140, 142, 143, 146 Rectum, 109, 112, 115, 118, 123, 127, 129, 139, 141, 145 Recurrence, 111, 130, 141 Red Nucleus, 110, 141 Reductase, 123, 141 Refer, 1, 115, 119, 123, 129, 139, 141, 147 Regimen, 66, 72, 120, 135, 141 Remission, 111, 130, 141 Renal failure, 28, 29, 141 Renal pelvis, 129, 141 Renin, 69, 108, 141 Respiration, 109, 131, 141 Respiratory System, 14, 132, 141 Response rate, 74, 141 Restless legs, 56, 141 Rhabdomyolysis, 15, 141 Rheumatism, 126, 141 Rheumatoid, 132, 141 Rheumatoid arthritis, 132, 141 Rhinitis, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24, 31, 33, 34, 42, 46, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 93, 106, 109, 112, 114, 121, 125, 129, 138, 141, 146, 148 Ribose, 105, 141 Rigidity, 136, 141 Ritalin, 60, 141 Rye, 121, 141 S Scarlatina, 30, 142 Scopolamine, 60, 111, 142

158

Screening, 26, 60, 114, 142, 148 Scrotum, 142, 148 Secretion, 57, 112, 118, 126, 128, 131, 132, 142 Sedative, 109, 115, 118, 127, 138, 142 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 110, 142 Sediment, 142, 148 Semen, 139, 142 Seminal vesicles, 142, 148 Semisynthetic, 112, 142 Sensor, 59, 60, 142 Serologic, 127, 142 Serotonin, 131, 133, 142 Serum, 19, 71, 72, 106, 115, 117, 119, 124, 140, 142 Serum Albumin, 140, 142 Sex Characteristics, 139, 142, 146 Shock, 29, 40, 49, 142 Side effect, 4, 7, 57, 74, 79, 105, 109, 114, 121, 142, 147 Signal Transduction, 54, 143 Signs and Symptoms, 42, 53, 58, 70, 141, 143 Silicon, 45, 143 Silicon Dioxide, 45, 143 Sinusitis, 41, 52, 56, 92, 143 Skeletal, 117, 128, 141, 143, 144 Skeleton, 105, 138, 143 Skull, 116, 143, 146 Sleep apnea, 56, 143 Small intestine, 45, 119, 126, 128, 143 Smoking Cessation, 112, 143 Smooth muscle, 106, 110, 112, 121, 123, 126, 132, 143, 144, 145 Sneezing, 50, 53, 67, 143, 145 Snoring, 56, 143 Sodium, 12, 32, 41, 55, 61, 124, 132, 143 Solvent, 44, 49, 51, 55, 61, 62, 111, 122, 134, 136, 144 Soybean Oil, 64, 144 Spasm, 14, 109, 144 Spatial disorientation, 119, 144 Specialist, 94, 118, 144 Species, 49, 111, 117, 121, 131, 134, 140, 144, 145, 149 Specificity, 60, 106, 144 Spectroscopic, 5, 130, 144 Sphenoid, 135, 144 Sphincter, 74, 144, 145 Spinal cord, 109, 113, 114, 130, 133, 138, 144, 145 Spinal tap, 129, 144

159

Splint, 56, 144 Sprayer, 40, 144 Stabilizer, 113, 144 Steroids, 56, 60, 124, 144 Stimulant, 49, 63, 64, 107, 112, 118, 119, 126, 128, 130, 135, 144 Stimulus, 116, 140, 144, 147 Stomach, 45, 110, 118, 121, 123, 126, 132, 136, 143, 144 Stool, 115, 127, 129, 145 Stress, 56, 74, 93, 110, 113, 133, 141, 145, 148 Stress urinary, 74, 145 Stupor, 132, 145 Subacute, 127, 143, 145 Subarachnoid, 125, 136, 145 Subclinical, 127, 145 Subcutaneous, 120, 145 Subspecies, 144, 145 Substance P, 121, 130, 142, 145 Substrate, 60, 121, 145, 148 Suppositories, 124, 145 Surfactant, 55, 64, 145 Suspensions, 52, 68, 145 Sympathetic Nervous System, 59, 110, 145 Sympathomimetic, 34, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 107, 118, 119, 121, 128, 130, 133, 136, 145, 148 Symphysis, 139, 145 Symptomatic, 9, 18, 32, 33, 145 Symptomatic treatment, 9, 32, 145 Symptomatology, 67, 146 Synapse, 105, 133, 137, 146, 148 Synaptic, 133, 143, 146 Systemic, 14, 33, 67, 80, 111, 121, 127, 146 Systolic, 126, 146 T Tachycardia, 20, 119, 146 Talc, 48, 146 Taste Buds, 46, 146 Temporal, 14, 125, 146 Terbutaline, 27, 40, 146 Terfenadine, 7, 13, 17, 31, 34, 46, 50, 51, 65, 146 Testosterone, 6, 123, 141, 146 Thalamic, 110, 146 Thalamic Diseases, 110, 146 Theophylline, 40, 107, 119, 146 Therapeutics, 13, 27, 31, 81, 131, 146 Thorax, 105, 129, 146 Threshold, 122, 126, 146 Thrombosis, 139, 147

Thrombus, 116, 127, 132, 147 Thyroid, 12, 126, 147, 148 Tinnitus, 134, 147 Tolerance, 7, 16, 147 Tone, 74, 147 Tonus, 147 Topical, 8, 49, 121, 147 Toxic, iv, 29, 41, 48, 62, 63, 66, 110, 111, 117, 122, 142, 147 Toxicity, 5, 29, 119, 147 Toxicology, 10, 19, 23, 25, 88, 147 Toxin, 147 Toxoplasmosis, 110, 147 Trace element, 143, 147 Trachea, 112, 122, 136, 147 Transduction, 143, 147 Transfection, 111, 148 Transmitter, 109, 119, 133, 148 Tricyclic, 56, 127, 148 Triprolidine, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 28, 33, 43, 148 Tyramine, 131, 148 Tyrosine, 119, 148 U Unconscious, 108, 126, 148 Uremia, 141, 148 Ureters, 129, 148 Urethra, 74, 135, 139, 148 Urge urinary incontinence, 93, 148 Urinalysis, 21, 148 Urinary, 14, 34, 36, 73, 110, 118, 120, 121, 123, 127, 138, 142, 145, 148 Urinate, 148, 149 Urine, 10, 21, 23, 31, 32, 61, 110, 111, 117, 119, 120, 127, 129, 141, 145, 148 Urticaria, 50, 71, 109, 112, 114, 129, 146, 148 Uvula, 143, 148 V Vaccination, 32, 148 Vaccine, 105, 148 Vas Deferens, 11, 148 Vascular, 45, 57, 106, 125, 127, 147, 148, 149 Vasoconstriction, 45, 59, 64, 119, 121, 149 Vasodilation, 45, 149 Vasodilator, 112, 119, 126, 149 Vasomotor, 7, 121, 149 Vein, 108, 133, 149 Venules, 111, 112, 149 Vertigo, 134, 149 Veterinary Medicine, 87, 149

Pseudoephedrine

Viral, 41, 93, 120, 134, 147, 149 Virulence, 147, 149 Virus, 113, 147, 149 Viscosity, 55, 149 Vitro, 23, 149 Vivo, 23, 149

160

Void, 66, 149 W White blood cell, 108, 129, 132, 137, 149 Windpipe, 136, 147, 149 X X-ray, 123, 133, 144, 149

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