Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

ii

ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84173-X 1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Popular works. I. Title.

iii

Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

iv

Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on post-traumatic stress disorder. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

v

About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

vi

About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

vii

Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ...................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 13 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ............................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding Nutrition Studies on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder .................................................. 59 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ...................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 63 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 69 General References ....................................................................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ........................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ....................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Recent Trials on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ....................................................................... 77 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 82 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ................................................... 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patents on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ................................................................................ 85 Patent Applications on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder............................................................. 91 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ....................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 99 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 100 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 104 Chapters on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ............................................................................ 104 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER .......................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 Bibliography: Multimedia on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ................................................. 105 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ....................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 107 Academic Periodicals covering Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder............................................... 109 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 113 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 115 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 118 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 119

viii Contents

Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 127 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 129 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 129 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 129 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 135 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 136 POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER DICTIONARY .................................................. 137 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 175

1

FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about post-traumatic stress disorder, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to post-traumatic stress disorder, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on post-traumatic stress disorder. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to posttraumatic stress disorder, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on post-traumatic stress disorder. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

3

CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on post-traumatic stress disorder.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and post-traumatic stress disorder, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Sexual Violence, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Dementia Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 45(1): 76-78. 1997. Summary: This article presents a case study of an 82-year-old white woman who was transferred from an assisted living facility to a nursing home facility following confusion and wandering. The patient was exposed to sexual assault and developed symptoms clearly compatible with the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The resident also was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, glaucoma, and arthritis. She responded therapeutically to psychopharmacological intervention classically applied to PTSD. The article explains that the diagnosis of PTSD in older patients can be difficult,

4

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

especially when the person is cognitively impaired. This case supports the need for research on the incidence of sexual violence in the older population and the manifestation of PTSD in that same population. 10 references.

Federally Funded Research on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to post-traumatic stress disorder. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to post-traumatic stress disorder. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore post-traumatic stress disorder. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for posttraumatic stress disorder: •

Project Title: BRIEF INTEGRATIVE THERAPY FOR PTSD Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcdonagh-Coyle, Annmarie S.; Psychiatry; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: We are developing Brief Integrative Therapy (BIT) for post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse (PTSD-CSA). The following problems are associated with PTSD-CSA and have guided the development of BIT: affect regulation difficulties, interpersonal problems, and feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem that interfere with effective problem solving. Therefore, BIT integrates interpersonal, problem solving, affect regulation, and psycho-educational components. Results from our ongoing randomized clinical trial support the use of problem-solving therapy for PTSD-CSA. We believe that the addition of the above components to problem-solving therapy will result in a more effective treatment for PTSD-CSA. To date BIT is still in development and has not been tested. We propose to refine BIT and to complete our treatment manual based both on our experience with problem-solving therapy and on clinical experience with 4-6 pilot participants. We then propose to teach master's level therapists to deliver BIT with high levels of integrity and competency. To this end, we propose to develop and to apply a treatment integrity checklist and competency. To this end, we propose to develop and to apply a treatment integrity checklist and to select and to apply a therapist competency measure. Following extensive training, and guided by our BIT manual and ongoing supervision, three master's level therapists will each treat five volunteer participants. Therapy session videotapes from each therapist will be rated using the integrity and competency measures. We also propose to assess the

2

Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

immediate and short-term effectiveness of BIT in a one-group, pre-post-follow-up design, studying the 15 volunteer participants treated by the master's level therapists. We hypothesize that BIT will: 1) reduce PTSD symptoms assessed with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; 2) improve quality of life, social adjustment, beliefs about safety, and self-efficacy; and 3) reduce self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms. The immediate post-treatment effects of BIT will be examined with paired t-tests, and the three-month follow- up data will be analyzed by repeated measures MANOVA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNITY VIOLENCE & YOUTH: PREVENTING ANXIETY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cooley, Michele R.; Assistant Professor; Mental Hygiene; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: Community violence is a major public health problem most visible in lowincome, inner-city, predominantly ethnic minority communities. The public mental health impact of living in violent communities is significant, particularly for children. Most of the extant treatment and preventive interventions focus on the perpetrators of the violence, not on the youth who are its direct or indirect victims. Among the psychological correlates of community violence exposure are anxiety symptoms (e.g., fears, social withdrawal, intrusive thoughts, poor concentration, worry) and disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder). This is a request for a NIMH Pilot Effectiveness Trial for Mental Disorders Grant (R21) to support a 3- year pilot study of a school-based prevention and early intervention program with inner-city, primarily African American children at risk for anxiety disorders. This cognitivebehavioral intervention is based on the FRIENDS Anxiety Prevention Program that has demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rate of anxiety disorders and preventing the onset of new disorders in school samples of Australian children. Maintaining therapeutic integrity, the proposed project will broaden the FRIENDS target population by modifying the intervention to be culturally and contextually appropriate for inner-city ethnic minority youth exposed to community violence. Four-hundred 3rd-5th graders will be screened to identify those at risk for anxiety symptoms and disorders. 180 elementary school students from low-SES, high crime communities will be randomly assigned to either an anxiety prevention and early intervention group or a nonintervention comparison group. Child, parent and teacher assessments will be made at pre- and post- intervention, and 6-month follow-up. This project will contribute to the applicant's goal of studying and preventing the mental health effects of community violence by achieving the following aims: 1) To broaden the target population of an existing efficacious preventive and early intervention program from Australian children to inner-city, low-SES primarily African American children; and 2) To maintain the therapeutic integrity of the modified FRIENDS preventive and early intervention program among children from schools located in inner- city, high crime, low-SES communities. The results of this R21 project will facilitate the design and later implementation of a full-scale NIMH R01 preventive intervention effectiveness trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Runyon, Melissa K.; Center for Children's Support; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-Sch Osteopathic Med Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, Nj 08084

6

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Child physical abuse (CPA) has been associated with a wide range of debilitating psychosocial sequelae, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, aggressive behavior, poor social problem-solving skills and communication skills, as well as lower levels of empathy and sensitivity towards others. Without treatment, these behaviors may also escalate into violent, criminal behavior in adolescence and adulthood, as well as abusive or coercive behaviors in dating relationships. The behavior may persist throughout CPA victims' lives in adult relationships and parent-child interactions. Although it is critical to include the parent and stop the ongoing abuse, it is necessary to help the child heal to prevent long-term emotional difficulties and to break an eventual cycle of violence. The present study is aimed at developing and examining the relative efficacy of a group cognitive-behavioral treatment model that involves the child and parent in families at risk for repeated CPA. It is hypothesized that the Combined Parent-Child Group CBT intervention will be superior to the Parent-Only Group CBT intervention for reducing children's PTSD and depressive symptoms, abuse-specific attributions, and behavioral difficulties, as well as overall parenting skills, parental attributions about children's behavior, and anger arousal. Parental attributions about failure associated with child rearing situations, and children's abuse-related attributions will be examined for their moderating influences on an exploratory basis. Participants will be children (ages 8 to 13) and their offending family members. Standardized evaluations will be conducted to assess parents' anger arousal, beliefs about children's behavior, parenting practices, parent reports of children's behavior patterns and PTSD symptoms, children's self-reports of PTSD, depression, anger, and perception of parenting style, as well as the use of violent disciplining strategies. After the initial assessment, children and/or their parents will receive a randomly determined group treatment type (Combined Parent-Child Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) vs. Parent-Only CBT). Assessments will be conducted at pre- and post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPING GROUP TREATMENTS FOR ACUTE STRESS DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Zimering, Rose T.; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 tragically demonstrate that civilian exposure to traumatic events has reached significant and unprecedented proportions in American society. Prior to 9/11/01, rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had reached nine percent in the general population and twice that in populations with repetitive exposure to critical incidents, such as emergency rescue workers (e.g. firefighters). The recent terrorist attacks and the continued threat of attacks against Americans at home underscore a pressing need to examine prevention models in addition to treatment models to avert the growing incidence of this disabling psychiatric disorder and its precursor- acute stress disorder. Acute stress disorder (ASD) is a new DSM-IV diagnostic disorder targeted to identify individuals who suffer from serious stress reactions that may develop into PTSD in the first four weeks following a trauma or disaster. Consequently, effective treatments for ASD may provide an important avenue for secondary prevention of PTSD. In fact, cognitive behavioral treatment of individuals with ASD has resulted in significant reductions in the later development of PTSD. Although this CBT represents the clinical

Studies

7

state of the art in individual post trauma psychological interventions, no empirical studies exist that have evaluated their efficacy for group treatment. Group treatment following trauma or disasters involving many individuals, such as airline, terrorist or natural disasters, will be the most efficient public health intervention to treat acute stress reactions in survivors, and prevent the chronic and debilitating disorder of PTSD. In the proposed project, two standardized group treatment manuals for ASD will be developed: a cognitive behavioral treatment and a psychoeducational treatment. Feasibility and outcome of the two treatment manuals will be systematically tested in a group of 80 Boston metropolitan firefighters who exhibit ASD symptoms following exposure to a critical on-duty incident. Participants who exhibit acute stress symptoms will be randomly assigned 72-96 hours post event to one of the two group treatment conditions. Outcome evaluation will include psychological, physical health and work performance indices. Psychometric evaluations will be conducted at baseline preceding the critical incident, pretreatment, post-treatment and at one and three months following treatment completion. Long-term research objectives for an NIMH R01 submission include a large-scale group treatment outcome study for PTSD prevention following trauma exposure and a prospective study of pre- and post-trauma factors related to ASD and PTSD in a population of firefighter recruits. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DISORDERS

NEUROBIOLOGICAL

PREDICTORS

OF

STRESS-RELATED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Liberzon, Israel; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Stress-related psychiatric disorders in general, and post-operative depression in particular, constitute a major challenge. Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) often develop after various stressors like surgery, serious illnesses, motor vehicle accidents, and natural disasters, and vulnerability factors are likely shared by these disorders. Distinct profiles of hypothalamo-pituitary - adrenal (HPA) abnormalities, are well-established in depression and PTSD, but those alterations which are pre-existing, those which are a response to stress/trauma, and those which are a component of the active illness, remain to be identified. Only prospective study of markers prior to a predictable stressful event will be able to address this question effectively and clarify the role of a neuroendocrine response to stress in the this process prospectively. Studying candidate markers of susceptibility in subjects who undergo a predictable stressful event, such as major surgery, will be important not only for study of post-operative depression but also for study of stress-related disorders in general. Our hypothesis is that postoperative depression develops in patients with pre-stress alteration of neuroendocrine function in concert with specific premorbid risk factors. Our pilot findings suggest that major abdominal surgery constitutes a predictable stressful event leading to a de novo depression in a subgroup of postoperative patients. Therefore, we will test the hypothesis that pre-stress markers of HPA axis and catecholaminergic system will predict the development of depressive disorder following predictable stress of abdominal surgery. We predict that hypercortisolemia and DST non-suppression will predict depression. A cohort of 2lO patients undergoing elective endovascular or abdominal aortic operation for aneurysmal or occlusive disease and 70 "control" patients with aortic disease treated conservatively will be studied (4 groups). Surgical patients

8

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

will be assessed preoperatively, and at three times postoperatively (3, 9, and 18 mo.) to document preoperative and postoperative neuroendocrine function and psychiatric morbidity. Control patients will be assessed to determine frequency of spontaneous onset of psychiatric abnormalities. Using mixed model regression, we will examine the role of psychological and neuroendocrine abnormalities in post-operative depression and determine the stability of specific factors (neuroendocrine measures, psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses) and whether they reliably predict the development of comorbid disorders postoperatively. We will also determine if the ability to terminate neuroendocrine stress response after surgery or in response to dexamethasone predicts outcome, and if this is linked to pre-stress abnormalities. Identification of pre-stress markers of vulnerability clearly has profound implications for our understanding of stress-related dysfunction, the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVALENCE/CORRELATES: PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF WTC Principal Investigator & Institution: Vlahov, David H.; Director; New York Academy of Medicine 1216 5Th Ave New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this study is to assess prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among residents of the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area 6 months after the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD). This study will also serve as a wave 1 interview for a planned longitudinal cohort study that will investigate long-term sequelae of the WTCD. The WTCD has had a profound impact on all aspects of life in and around NYC. The practical, and psychological, effects of the WTCD are only now being felt. Previous post-disaster research suggests that 4-5 percent or more of all residents of NYC may have chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 6 months after the incident; this would represent 400,000 New Yorkers. Given the density of NYC and the unparalleled human and financial losses resulting from the WTCD, the prevalence of psychological distress among residents of the NYC metropolitan area may be even higher. Assessment of the extent of psychological distress and its correlates is necessary to guide both current provision of services in NYC as well as future disaster planning and response. In addition, the scope of the WTCD in NYC presents a unique opportunity to assess hypotheses that have previously been formulated through research after smaller disasters. This research will provide a point estimate of the prevalence of psychological distress (particularly PTSD and depression) in the NYC metropolitan area. We will assess the role of correlates of psychological distress including event experiences (e.g., distance from WTC), demographics (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, occupation), socioeconomic factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, social support); lifetime traumatic events, past victimization, past exposure to stressors and trauma, acute emotional events, and commonly occurring comorbidities (e.g., substance use). We will also inventory availability of mental health and health care services related to post-WTCD sequelae and measure service utilization and perceived organizational responsiveness 6 months post-WTCD. In order to answer these questions we will carry out a random digit dial phone survey of the NYC metropolitan area, selecting participants from four zones radiating concentrically from the WTC site. We will oversample the central city area. We will administer wellvalidated diagnostic survey measures to respondents. We will recruit 2,670 persons for this study in anticipation of extending this research to a longitudinal cohort (and expecting 25 percent attrition over a 2 year period; i.e., n = 2,000 for the final cohort). Additional funding separate from this RAPID application will be sought for the

Studies

9

longitudinal follow-up. By establishing a baseline for cohort follow-up through this study we will eventually be able to assess the prognostic role of the correlates of psychological distress. We will use multivariable analyses and hierarchical modeling to address key research hypotheses in this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: QUALITY SURVIVORS*

OF

LIFE,

ETHNICITY,

AND

BREAST

CANCER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Risendal, Betsy C.; Instructor; Preventive Med and Biometrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is to carry out a pilot study of breast cancer survivorship among Hispanic and Anglo women in Colorado who are recent subjects in a population-based case-control study (Southwest Hormone, Insulin, Nutrition, and Exercise - SHINE Women's Health Study; Dr. Tim Byers, Principal Investigator). Hispanics as a group present with an overall less favorable disease stage and experience lower breast cancer survival. A recent study among New Mexico Hispanic, Native American, and non-Hispanic White women suggests that not all of the ethnic differences in survival can be fully explained by stage at diagnosis. Our understanding of ethnic disparities in cancer is further complicated by the fact that most of our knowledge of the factors that contribute to both risk and prognosis is derived from studies of predominantly non-Hispanic White populations. Similarly, very little information is available regarding quality of life (QOL) among minority cancer survivors. This proposal is to develop and demonstrate the methods we intend to use in longitudinal follow-up of the SHINE Study participants (Hispanic and non-Hispanic White breast cancer cases and controls). Lifetime body weight, physical activity, medical history, and nutritional factors are being collected from breast cancer cases and controls in this retrospective study, as well as blood samples for genetic and metabolic factors that might predict outcome. We are therefore in the unique position to be able to document risk-related behaviors as well as evaluate changes in diet and lifestyle after the experience of cancer by re-administering selected portions of the existing SHINE questionnaire. Including control subjects from the same study population in this reassessment will allow us to also understand whether any of the observed differences are due to the cancer experience or differences in ethnicity. We propose to expand the existing questionnaire to include QOL measurements specific to breast cancer survivors who are 1 to 3 years post-diagnosis, which has been suggested to be a particularly stressful time. In addition to self-reports of perceived stress, we also propose to document diurnal variation in salivary cortisol levels in this pilot study as a physiologic measure of stress. Of critical importance to this proposal is the observation that women with metastatic breast disease who fail to show the normal diurnal decline in salivary cortisol have significantly poorer prognosis than those with typical measurements. A potential interpretation of the flattened diurnal cortisol decline among cancer patients might be analogous to post-traumatic stress disorder, which impacts critical immune system functions. Assessment of both subjective (QOL) and objective (salivary cortisol) measures of stress among cases and controls in this ethnically diverse group will further lay the groundwork for better understanding of the role of perceived and physiologic stress in cancer survivorship. In addition to these specific results, we anticipate that this pilot project will demonstrate the feasibility of future studies of the cancer experience among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women currently enrolled in the SHINE

10

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Women's Health Study. We anticipate enrolling 1300 women in Colorado and 4500 women study-wide (4-Corners states) by the end of 2003. The information collected in follow-up studies with this study population can be used to assess psychosocial and physiologic factors both as outcome of the cancer experience and determinants of recurrence and survival. The rapid increase of the Hispanic population in the United States, particularly in the Southwestern states, makes research such as this on the cancer experience of Hispanics a high priority. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in both Anglo and Hispanic women in the United States, and knowledge gained from studying groups with varying survival rates may benefit all women who suffer from this serious disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRESS AND MEMORY FORMATION ACROSS THE FEMALE LIFESPAN Principal Investigator & Institution: Shors, Tracey J.; Professor; Psychology; Rutgers the St Univ of Nj New Brunswick Asb Iii New Brunswick, Nj 08901 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): It has become increasingly clear that males and females differ even more dramatically than we previously thought. Not only do they exhibit differing responses to stress and environmental experience, but they can also respond in opposite directions. In rats, exposure to an acute stressful event enhances associative learning in males while dramatically impairing performance in females (Wood et al 2001, Wood & Shors 1998; Shors et al., 1998, 2002). These opposite effects of stress on memory formation are accompanied by similarly opposite effects on the presence of dendritic spines in the hippocampal formation (Shors et al 2001). Moreover, these opposite effects of stress are mediated by different hormonal systems between the sexes (Wood et al 2001, Beylin & Shors 2002). Sex differences usually arise from activational and organizational effects of sex hormones which fluctuate across the lifespan, especially in females. The experiments described in this competing continuation capitalize on hormonal fluctuations and changes in emotionality that occur during very early development, puberty, post-partum and menopause. They are designed to associate and dissociate changes in learning ability and responses to stressful experience with changes in hormones and density of dendritic spines in the hippocampal formation. Finally, experiments are designed to explore a potential relationship between sex differences in learning and the expression of growth hormone (GH) in the hippocampus, a gene that is preferentially induced by learning (Donahue et al., 2002). Techniques include trace eyeblink conditioning in the rat, Golgi impregnation and light microscope analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, radioimmunoassay, and surgical manipulation of glucocorticoids and ovarian hormones. Overall, these studies will identity the neuronal and hormonal mechanisms that underlie sex differences in learning and opposite responses to stressful experience in males versus females. Because mental disorders often emerge or are exacerbated during these life changes, the studies will provide insight into sex differences in mental illness, especially those experienced so frequently by women: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), unipolar, post-partum and post-menopausal depression, as well as Alzheimer's disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

•

11

Project Title: STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME AFTER TRAUMA IN ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Holbrook, Troy L.; Associate Professor; Family and Preventive Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: Little is known about the degree of disability, quality of life, and psychological well-being after major trauma in adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. This is a proposal to determine by prospective epidemiologic study the incidence and determinants of functional limitation after major trauma in adolescent children aged 12 to 17 years. Using the computerized San Diego County Regional Trauma System Registry (TREG) trauma patient data base (Appendix I), we propose to determine the incidence and predictors of functional limitation after major trauma in approximately 525 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 17 years admitted prospectively to six trauma centers in San Diego County. Functional limitation after major trauma will be measured using the Quality of Well-being (QWB) scale at six time points; at discharge, and 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after discharge. Multiple possible predictors of functional limitation after major trauma that will be determined include: (1) injury severity and body area(s) injured, injury event-related factors including mechanism, (2) clinical course and treatment of the trauma, (3) sociodemographic characteristics, (4) social support and (5) post-injury psychological sequelae including depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. The proposed project is designed to provide an ideal opportunity to itegrate with the existing enrollment protocol of the TRP study, which successfully recruited adult research subjects from four of the six Trauma Center hospitals targeted for enrollment of adolescents. Significantly, this proposal will provide a large outcome database on approximately 525 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 17 years that will allow us to determine not only the incidence of functional limitation after major trauma but also the strength and independence of predictors of functional limitation. Understanding the factors which lead to functional limitation in adolescents will allow physicians and health care personnel to target high risk patients for appropriate intervention and therapy. It will also provide necessary data for the effective delivery of rehabilitative and support services to adolescent trauma victims. The true efficacy of trauma care systems in this country can only be demonstrated by addressing whether these systems return trauma victims to active functional roles in society. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: THE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DYNAMICS OF DISASTER RECOVERY Principal Investigator & Institution: Norris, Fran H.; Professor; Psychology; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, Ga 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): In October, 1999, devastating floods left 400 people dead and 200,000 people homeless across a nine state area of Mexico. Officials in Mexico have characterized this event as the country's worst flooding disaster of the decade, if not of the century. The proposed study on the consequences of this event will yield insights into the impact of disasters that occur in poor and developing countries. Although the majority of disasters occur in the developing world, very little of the research has. The proposed research builds directly upon studies conducted since this

12

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

grant was last competitively renewed. These studies included (a) an ethnographic study of disaster recovery in Mexico, (b) a pilot study of Hurricane Flaulina that allowed the construct validity and reliability of measures to be examined, and (c) a four-city epidemiologic study that has provided data on normative levels of symptoms and resources, including the prevalence of major depression (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Mexico. The data provided by the epidemiologic survey will facilitate the interpretation of data yielded by the same measures when they are administered in the aftermath of disaster. A RAPID grant was submitted simultaneously with this one to fund interviews with 600 randomly selected adults from Villahermosa, Tobasco and Teziutlan, Puebla 4 months post-event. The present proposal would fund collection of data from the same adults at 8, 12, 16, and 20 months post-event. The study's resulting longitudinal design would allow examination of the severity, timing, and course of psychological reactions to the disaster. The study would have adequate power to examine whether trends in post-disaster symptoms and resources vary across gender, economic class, and psychiatric history. Specific models and hypotheses are advanced that may explain why women, the poor, and psychiatric cases suffer more adversity in the aftermath of disasters. Meta-analytic methods will be employed to synthesize and integrate the proposed study's findings into a growing international database. The research team combines expertise in trauma, Latino culture, and Mexican society. Collaborative relationships between the applicant organization and researchers in Mexico have been established. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TREATMENT OF PTSD IN SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Judith A.; Professor; Allegheny-Singer Research Institute 320 E North Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15212 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Child sexual abuse is a common experience which has serious mental health consequences, including the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other abuse-related and general psychopathological symptoms. The current project will evaluate the comparative efficacy of Sexual Abuse Specific Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (SAS-CBT) and nondirective supportive therapy (NST) in decreasing these symptoms following recent sexual abuse. Two hundred forty (240) subjects will be randomly assigned to one of these treatments at each of two sites, and will be provided with 12 weeks of individual therapy for children and parents. Treatment will be monitored for compliance with the respective treatment models through intensive supervision, audiotaping of sessions, rating of sessions with use of adherence checklists, and independent blind rating of audiotapes. Treatment outcome will be evaluated through the use of several self-, parent-, and teacher-report standardized instruments, to be administered at pre- and post-treatment and 6- and 12-month follow-up evaluations. In addition to evaluating main treatment effects, the project will assess differential treatment impact by gender and ethnicity. It will also attempt to evaluate the impact of specific components of the treatment process in mediating treatment outcome. Specifically, the project will evaluate the differential effectiveness of the two treatment modalities in improving the subject's abuse-related attributions and perceptions, parenting practices, familial adaptability and cohesiveness, parent support, and parental emotional reaction to the abuse will be evaluated, and the impact of improving these variables on treatment outcome will be assessed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

Studies

13

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for posttraumatic stress disorder in the PubMed Central database: •

Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents. by Stallard P, Velleman R, Baldwin S.; 1998 Dec 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28739

•

Questionnaire survey of post-traumatic stress disorder in doctors involved in the Omagh bombing. by Firth-Cozens J, Midgley SJ, Burges C.; 1999 Dec 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28306

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “posttraumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for post-traumatic stress disorder (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

3 4

A brief behavioural treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors: results from an open clinical trial. Author(s): Basoglu M, Livanou M, Salcioglu E, Kalender D. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2003 May; 33(4): 647-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12785466&dopt=Abstract

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

14

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

A different opinion regarding the use of opiate antagonists in PTSD: comments on “An unusual reaction to opioid blockade with naltrexone in a case of post-traumatic stress disorder”. Author(s): Glover H. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995 July; 8(3): 483-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7582612&dopt=Abstract

•

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-center study of brofaromine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Baker DG, Diamond BI, Gillette G, Hamner M, Katzelnick D, Keller T, Mellman TA, Pontius E, Rosenthal M, Tucker P, et al. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1995 December; 122(4): 386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8657838&dopt=Abstract

•

A family study of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder following rape trauma. Author(s): Davidson JR, Tupler LA, Wilson WH, Connor KM. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1998 September-October; 32(5): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9789209&dopt=Abstract

•

A pilot study of mirtazapine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Connor KM, Davidson JR, Weisler RH, Ahearn E. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 January; 14(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10221639&dopt=Abstract

•

A retrospective study on improvements in nightmares and post-traumatic stress disorder following treatment for co-morbid sleep-disordered breathing. Author(s): Krakow B, Lowry C, Germain A, Gaddy L, Hollifield M, Koss M, Tandberg D, Johnston L, Melendrez D. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000 November; 49(5): 291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164053&dopt=Abstract

•

A review of post-traumatic stress disorder. Part II: Treatment. Author(s): Turnbull GJ. Source: Injury. 1998 April; 29(3): 169-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9709416&dopt=Abstract

•

A simple mnemonic for the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Khouzam HR. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2001 June; 174(6): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11381013&dopt=Abstract

Studies

15

•

A student-directed community project to support sexually abused women veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Wing DM, Oertle JR, Cabioc AR, Evans CM, Smith DJ, Stangeby BL. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 2000 July-August; 17(4): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943771&dopt=Abstract

•

A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Vaughan K, Armstrong MS, Gold R, O'Connor N, Jenneke W, Tarrier N. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1994 December; 25(4): 283-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7706505&dopt=Abstract

•

A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, panic disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in men. Author(s): Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Xian H, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 September 20; 103(2-3): 133-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11549402&dopt=Abstract

•

A twin study of the association of post-traumatic stress disorder and combat exposure with long-term socioeconomic status in Vietnam veterans. Author(s): McCarren M, Janes GR, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, True WR, Henderson WG. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995 January; 8(1): 111-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712050&dopt=Abstract

•

Absence of selected neurological soft signs in Vietnam nurse veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Gurvits TV, Carson MA, Metzger L, Croteau HB, Lasko NB, Orr SP, Pitman RK. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 May 15; 110(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007596&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute and post-traumatic stress disorder after spontaneous abortion. Author(s): Bowles SV, James LC, Solursh DS, Yancey MK, Epperly TD, Folen RA, Masone M. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 March 15; 61(6): 1689-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10750876&dopt=Abstract

16

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Acute stress disorder and subsequent post-traumatic stress disorder in a group of exposed disaster workers. Author(s): Grieger TA, Staab JP, Cardena E, McCarroll JE, Brandt GT, Fullerton CS, Ursano RI. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2000; 11(4): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10945140&dopt=Abstract

•

Adjunctive risperidone treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder: a preliminary controlled trial of effects on comorbid psychotic symptoms. Author(s): Hamner MB, Faldowski RA, Ulmer HG, Frueh BC, Huber MG, Arana GW. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 January; 18(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490768&dopt=Abstract

•

Aggressive behavior in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Begic D, Jokic-Begic N. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 August; 166(8): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515314&dopt=Abstract

•

Alcohol use, cigarette consumption and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Op Den Velde W, Aarts PG, Falger PR, Hovens JE, Van Duijn H, De Groen JH, Van Duijn MA. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 July-August; 37(4): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107038&dopt=Abstract

•

Alterations in brain structure and function associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bremner JD. Source: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999 October; 4(4): 249-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553030&dopt=Abstract

•

An experimental investigation of hypervigilance for threat in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Dalgleish T, Moradi AR, Taghavi MR, Neshat-Doost HT, Yule W. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 April; 31(3): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305862&dopt=Abstract

•

An open trial of citalopram in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Seedat S, Lockhat R, Kaminer D, Zungu-Dirwayi N, Stein DJ. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 January; 16(1): 21-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11195256&dopt=Abstract

Studies

17

•

An open trial of exposure therapy based on deconditioning for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Thompson JA, Charlton PF, Kerry R, Lee D, Turner SW. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1995 September; 34 ( Pt 3): 407-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8845779&dopt=Abstract

•

An open trial of moclobemide in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Neal LA, Shapland W, Fox C. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 July; 12(4): 231-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9347385&dopt=Abstract

•

An unusual reaction to opioid blockade with naltrexone in a case of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Ibarra P, Bruehl SP, McCubbin JA, Carlson CR, Wilson JF, Norton JA, Montgomery TB. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1994 April; 7(2): 303-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8012749&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment of a new self-rating scale for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR, Book SW, Colket JT, Tupler LA, Roth S, David D, Hertzberg M, Mellman T, Beckham JC, Smith RD, Davison RM, Katz R, Feldman ME. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1997 January; 27(1): 153-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9122295&dopt=Abstract

•

Assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbidity. Author(s): Kozaric-Kovacic D, Kocijan-Hercigonja D. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 August; 166(8): 677-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515315&dopt=Abstract

•

Attitudes to emotional expression and personality in predicting post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Nightingale J, Williams RM. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2000 September; 39 ( Pt 3): 243-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033747&dopt=Abstract

•

Autonomic dysregulation in panic disorder and in post-traumatic stress disorder: application of power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability at rest and in response to recollection of trauma or panic attacks. Author(s): Cohen H, Benjamin J, Geva AB, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Kotler M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 September 25; 96(1): 1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10980322&dopt=Abstract

18

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Behavioural treatments in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Lovell K, Richards D. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1995 September 14-27; 4(16): 934-6, 953. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7549397&dopt=Abstract

•

Beliefs, sense of control and treatment outcome in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Livanou M, Basoglu M, Marks IM, De SP, Noshirvani H, Lovell K, Thrasher S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 January; 32(1): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883725&dopt=Abstract

•

Biologic findings of post-traumatic stress disorder and child maltreatment. Author(s): De Bellis MD, Thomas LA. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2003 June; 5(2): 108-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685990&dopt=Abstract

•

Biologic models of traumatic memories and post-traumatic stress disorder. The role of neural networks. Author(s): McFarlane AC, Yehuda R, Clark CR. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 253-70, V. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136500&dopt=Abstract

•

Bipolar disorder in post-traumatic stress disorder--a difficult diagnosis: case reports. Author(s): Lucking RG. Source: Military Medicine. 1986 May; 151(5): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3086777&dopt=Abstract

•

Borderline disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: an equivalence? Author(s): Lonie I. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 June; 27(2): 233-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8363532&dopt=Abstract

•

Brain blood flow in anxiety disorders. OCD, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and post-traumatic stress disorder on 99mTcHMPAO single photon emission tomography (SPET). Author(s): Lucey JV, Costa DC, Adshead G, Deahl M, Busatto G, Gacinovic S, Travis M, Pilowsky L, Ell PJ, Marks IM, Kerwin RW. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1997 October; 171: 346-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373423&dopt=Abstract

Studies

19

•

Brain function in a patient with torture related post-traumatic stress disorder before and after fluoxetine treatment: a positron emission tomography provocation study. Author(s): Fernandez M, Pissiota A, Frans O, von Knorring L, Fischer H, Fredrikson M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 January 12; 297(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121880&dopt=Abstract

•

Brief report: prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after severe traumatic brain injury in a representative community sample. Author(s): Williams WH, Evans JJ, Wilson BA, Needham P. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2002 August; 16(8): 673-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167192&dopt=Abstract

•

Brief screening instrument for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Brewin CR, Rose S, Andrews B, Green J, Tata P, McEvedy C, Turner S, Foa EB. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 August; 181: 158-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151288&dopt=Abstract

•

Can models of post-traumatic stress disorder contribute to the application of cognitive therapy by nurse therapists when dealing with individuals affected by the Omagh bombing? An overview. Author(s): McGarvey B, Collins S. Source: Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2001 December; 8(6): 477-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11842475&dopt=Abstract

•

Can post-traumatic stress disorder be put on hold? Author(s): Larkin M. Source: Lancet. 1999 September 18; 354(9183): 1008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10501375&dopt=Abstract

•

Care of a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Ashmore R. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1996 November 14-27; 5(20): 1259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004564&dopt=Abstract

•

Cell-mediated immunity in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Morris P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 April 4; 160(7): 453-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8007884&dopt=Abstract

20

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma beta-endorphin in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Baker DG, West SA, Orth DN, Hill KK, Nicholson WE, Ekhator NN, Bruce AB, Wortman MD, Keck PE Jr, Geracioti TD Jr. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997 October; 22(7): 517-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9373885&dopt=Abstract

•

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma testosterone levels in post-traumatic stress disorder and tobacco dependence. Author(s): Mulchahey JJ, Ekhator NN, Zhang H, Kasckow JW, Baker DG, Geracioti TD Jr. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001 April; 26(3): 273-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166490&dopt=Abstract

•

Challenges in treating post-traumatic stress disorder and attachment trauma. Author(s): Allen JG. Source: Curr Womens Health Rep. 2003 June; 3(3): 213-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734032&dopt=Abstract

•

Characterizing the effects of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR, Landerman LR, Farfel GM, Clary CM. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 May; 32(4): 661-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102380&dopt=Abstract

•

Childbirth: preventing post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Weaver J. Source: Prof Care Mother Child. 1997; 7(1): 2-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9137039&dopt=Abstract

•

Classification of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder using visual brain evoked P3s to traumatic stimuli. Author(s): Attias J, Bleich A, Gilat S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 January; 168(1): 110-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8770439&dopt=Abstract

•

Clinical assessment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Finnegan AP. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1998 February 26-March 11; 7(4): 212-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9661347&dopt=Abstract

Studies

21

•

Cocaine dependence with and without post-traumatic stress disorder: a comparison of substance use, trauma history and psychiatric comorbidity. Author(s): Back S, Dansky BS, Coffey SF, Saladin ME, Sonne S, Brady KT. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2000 Winter; 9(1): 51-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10914293&dopt=Abstract

•

Cognitive processing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Weinstein AM, Neal L, Lillywhite A, Potokar J, Nutt DJ. Source: Anxiety. 1996; 2(3): 130-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160614&dopt=Abstract

•

Cognitive therapy or imaginal exposure in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Twelve-month follow-up. Author(s): Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H, Humphreys L. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 December; 175: 571-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789356&dopt=Abstract

•

Combat trauma and the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in female and male veterans. Author(s): Pereira A. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 January; 167(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799808&dopt=Abstract

•

Commentary on “Incest revisited: delayed post-traumatic stress disorder in mothers following the sexual abuse of their children”. Author(s): Berliner L. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1995 October; 19(10): 1311-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556445&dopt=Abstract

•

Comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain: implications for clinical and forensic assessment. Author(s): Kulich RJ, Mencher P, Bertrand C, Maciewicz R. Source: Current Review of Pain. 2000; 4(1): 36-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10998714&dopt=Abstract

•

Corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Kasckow JW, Baker D, Geracioti TD Jr. Source: Peptides. 2001 May; 22(5): 845-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11337099&dopt=Abstract

22

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 receptor in post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Author(s): Miller RJ, Sutherland AG, Hutchison JD, Alexander DA. Source: Cytokine. 2001 February 21; 13(4): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11237435&dopt=Abstract

•

Current status of cortisol findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Yehuda R. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 341-68, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136504&dopt=Abstract

•

Delayed emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Lim LC. Source: Singapore Med J. 1991 February; 32(1): 92-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2017718&dopt=Abstract

•

Delayed onset post-traumatic stress disorder in World War II veterans. Author(s): Herrmann N, Eryavec G. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1994 September; 39(7): 439-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7987788&dopt=Abstract

•

Delta sleep response to metyrapone in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Neylan TC, Lenoci M, Maglione ML, Rosenlicht NZ, Metzler TJ, Otte C, Schoenfeld FB, Yehuda R, Marmar CR. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 September; 28(9): 1666-76. Epub 2003 June 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799616&dopt=Abstract

•

Dental management considerations for the patient with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Friedlander AH, Mills MJ, Wittlin BJ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987 June; 63(6): 669-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2954009&dopt=Abstract

•

Dento-facial pathology in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Author(s): Friedlander AH, Kreinik-Friedlander I. Source: Refuat Hashinayim. 1989 July; 7(3): 3-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2534750&dopt=Abstract

Studies

23

•

Depressive features in Holocaust survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Yehuda R, Kahana B, Southwick SM, Giller EL Jr. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1994 October; 7(4): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7820358&dopt=Abstract

•

Derivation of the SPAN, a brief diagnostic screening test for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Meltzer-Brody S, Churchill E, Davidson JR. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 October 18; 88(1): 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641587&dopt=Abstract

•

Development and validation of the computerized clinician administered posttraumatic stress disorder scale-1-revised. Author(s): Neal LA, Busuttil W, Herapath R, Strike PW. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1994 August; 24(3): 701-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7991752&dopt=Abstract

•

Differential symptom pattern of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in maltreated children with and without concurrent depression. Author(s): Runyon MK, Faust J, Orvaschel H. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 2002 January; 26(1): 39-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860162&dopt=Abstract

•

Differentiating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from major depression (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Author(s): Keane TM, Taylor KL, Penk WE. Source: Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 1997 May-June; 11(3): 317-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9220303&dopt=Abstract

•

Dissociation and post-traumatic stress disorder: two prospective studies of road traffic accident survivors. Author(s): Murray J, Ehlers A, Mayou RA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 April; 180: 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925361&dopt=Abstract

•

Do post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms worsen during trauma focus group treatment? Author(s): Ruzek JI, Riney SJ, Leskin G, Drescher KD, Foy DW, Gusman FD. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 October; 166(10): 898-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603243&dopt=Abstract

24

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Do tricyclic antidepressants have a protective effect in post-traumatic stress disorder? Author(s): Turchan SJ, Holmes VF, Wasserman CS. Source: N Y State J Med. 1992 September; 92(9): 400-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1407803&dopt=Abstract

•

Does post-traumatic stress disorder occur after stroke: a preliminary study. Author(s): Sembi S, Tarrier N, O'Neill P, Burns A, Faragher B. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1998 May; 13(5): 315-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9658264&dopt=Abstract

•

Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. Author(s): Mollica RF, McInnes K, Poole C, Tor S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 December; 173: 482-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926076&dopt=Abstract

•

Drug therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bisson JI, Jones N. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 July; 161: 130. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1638319&dopt=Abstract

•

Drug therapy of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Davidson J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 March; 160: 309-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1472181&dopt=Abstract

•

Drug treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): McIvor RJ, Turner SW. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1995 May 17-June 6; 53(10): 501-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640808&dopt=Abstract

•

Effect of repeated visual traumatic stimuli on the event related P3 brain potential in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bleich AV, Attias J, Furman V. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1996 March; 85(1-2): 45-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727681&dopt=Abstract

Studies

25

•

Effects of mirtazapine in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder in Korea: a pilot study. Author(s): Bahk WM, Pae CU, Tsoh J, Chae JH, Jun TY, Chul-Lee, Kim KS. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 October; 17(7): 341-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415552&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of premilitary and military trauma on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in female and male active duty soldiers. Author(s): Stretch RH, Knudson KH, Durand D. Source: Military Medicine. 1998 July; 163(7): 466-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9695612&dopt=Abstract

•

Effects of varying scoring rules of the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident victims. Author(s): Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Taylor AE, Forneris CA, Loos W, Jaccard J. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1995 May; 33(4): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755537&dopt=Abstract

•

Electroencephalographic comparison of veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and healthy subjects. Author(s): Begic D, Hotujac L, Jokic-Begic N. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2001 March; 40(2): 167-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11165355&dopt=Abstract

•

Elevated circulatory level of GABA(A)--antagonistic neurosteroids in patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Spivak B, Maayan R, Kotler M, Mester R, Gil-Ad I, Shtaif B, Weizman A. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 September; 30(5): 1227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027057&dopt=Abstract

•

Elevated cytotoxicity in combat veterans with long-term post-traumatic stress disorder: preliminary observations. Author(s): Laudenslager ML, Aasal R, Adler L, Berger CL, Montgomery PT, Sandberg E, Wahlberg LJ, Wilkins RT, Zweig L, Reite ML. Source: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 1998 March; 12(1): 74-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9570863&dopt=Abstract

•

Elevation of serum total triiodothironine and free triiodothironine in Croatian veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Kozaric-Kovacic D, Karlovic D, Kocijan-Hercigonja D. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 October; 167(10): 846-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392253&dopt=Abstract

26

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Emotional outbursts and post-traumatic stress disorder during intracarotid amobarbital procedure. Author(s): Masia SL, Perrine K, Westbrook L, Alper K, Devinsky O. Source: Neurology. 2000 April 25; 54(8): 1691-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10762519&dopt=Abstract

•

Epidemiologic and phenomenological aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder: DSMIII-R diagnosis and diagnostic criteria not validated. Author(s): Maes M, Delmeire L, Schotte C, Janca A, Creten T, Mylle J, Struyf A, Pison G, Rousseeuw PJ. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1998 November 16; 81(2): 179-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9858035&dopt=Abstract

•

Errors in diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder after traumatic brain injury. Author(s): McMillan TM. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 2001 January; 15(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11201313&dopt=Abstract

•

Escaping the prison of a past trauma. New treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Nordenberg T. Source: Fda Consumer. 2000 May-June; 34(3): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11521250&dopt=Abstract

•

Event-related potentials in post-traumatic stress disorder of combat origin. Author(s): Attias J, Bleich A, Furman V, Zinger Y. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 September 1; 40(5): 373-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874838&dopt=Abstract

•

Exposure to violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in urban adolescents. Author(s): Berton MW, Stabb SD. Source: Adolescence. 1996 Summer; 31(122): 489-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726906&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye movement and electrodermal responses to threat stimuli in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Gordon E, Barry RJ. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 1995 December; 20(3): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8788223&dopt=Abstract

Studies

27

•

Eye movement desensitisation treatment utilises the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex to inhibit the memories of post-traumatic stress disorder: a theoretical analysis. Author(s): MacCulloch MJ, Feldman P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 November; 169(5): 571-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932885&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of an emerging therapy. Author(s): Shepherd J, Stein K, Milne R. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 July; 30(4): 863-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037095&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye-movement desensitisation to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Walsh JB. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 November; 163: 697. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8298851&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye-movement desensitisation. Symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Vaughan K, Wiese M, Gold R, Tarrier N. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 April; 164(4): 533-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7913653&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye-movements and visual imagery: a working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Andrade J, Kavanagh D, Baddeley A. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1997 May; 36 ( Pt 2): 209-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167862&dopt=Abstract

•

Factors associated with outcome of cognitive-behavioural treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H, Faragher B. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2000 February; 38(2): 191-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10661003&dopt=Abstract

28

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Familial vulnerability factors to post-traumatic stress disorder in male military veterans. Author(s): Reich J, Lyons M, Cai B. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 February; 93(2): 105-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686479&dopt=Abstract

•

Family and past history of mental illness as predisposing factors in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): McKenzie N, Marks I, Liness S. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 May-June; 70(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340419&dopt=Abstract

•

Father kills mother: post-traumatic stress disorder in the children. Author(s): Black D, Harris-Hendriks J, Kaplan T. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1992; 57(4): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1410190&dopt=Abstract

•

Fibromyalgia and post-traumatic stress disorder: another piece in the biopsychosocial puzzle. Author(s): Goldenberg DL, Sandhu HS. Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 August; 32(1): 1-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12219316&dopt=Abstract

•

Finding a home for post-traumatic stress disorder in biological psychiatry. Is it a disorder of anxiety, mood, stress, or memory? Author(s): Sullivan GM, Gorman JM. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 463-8, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136510&dopt=Abstract

•

Fire-related post-traumatic stress disorder: brain 1H-MR spectroscopic findings. Author(s): Lim MK, Suh CH, Kim HJ, Kim ST, Lee JS, Kang MH, Kim JH, Lee JH. Source: Korean Journal of Radiology : Official Journal of the Korean Radiological Society. 2003 April-June; 4(2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845302&dopt=Abstract

•

First night effects in post-traumatic stress disorder inpatients. Author(s): Woodward SH, Bliwise DL, Friedman MJ, Gusman FD. Source: Sleep. 1996 May; 19(4): 312-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8776789&dopt=Abstract

Studies

29

•

Five psychosocial variables related to the existence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Author(s): Green MA, Berlin MA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1987 November; 43(6): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3693553&dopt=Abstract

•

Flashback as a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom in a World War II veteran. Author(s): Brockway S. Source: Military Medicine. 1988 July; 153(7): 372-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3137502&dopt=Abstract

•

Flashbacks and post-traumatic stress disorder: the genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis. Author(s): Jones E, Vermaas RH, McCartney H, Beech C, Palmer I, Hyams K, Wessely S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 February; 182: 158-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562745&dopt=Abstract

•

Flow cytometric determination of glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) expression in lymphocyte subpopulations: lower quantity of GCR in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Author(s): Gotovac K, Sabioncello A, Rabatic S, Berki T, Dekaris D. Source: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 2003 February; 131(2): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562397&dopt=Abstract

•

Fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Randomised, double-blind study. Author(s): Connor KM, Sutherland SM, Tupler LA, Malik ML, Davidson JR. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 July; 175: 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621763&dopt=Abstract

•

Fluoxetine v. placebo in prevention of relapse in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Martenyi F, Brown EB, Zhang H, Koke SC, Prakash A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 October; 181: 315-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356658&dopt=Abstract

•

Fluvoxamine treatment in veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Escalona R, Canive JM, Calais LA, Davidson JR. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 15(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816050&dopt=Abstract

30

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Free radicals in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Tezcan E, Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Ustundag B. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 April; 253(2): 89-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799747&dopt=Abstract

•

From post-traumatic stress disorder to cultural bereavement: diagnosis of Southeast Asian refugees. Author(s): Eisenbruch M. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1991; 33(6): 673-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1957187&dopt=Abstract

•

From PSDA to PTSD: the Patient Self-Determination Act and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bursztajn HJ. Source: J Clin Ethics. 1993 Spring; 4(1): 71-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8490227&dopt=Abstract

•

From the jumping Frenchmen of Maine to post-traumatic stress disorder: the startle response in neuropsychiatry. Author(s): Howard R, Ford R. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1992 August; 22(3): 695-707. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1410093&dopt=Abstract

•

Future pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: prevention and treatment. Author(s): Friedman MJ. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 427-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136508&dopt=Abstract

•

GABA(A) receptor beta 3 subunit gene and psychiatric morbidity in a post-traumatic stress disorder population. Author(s): Feusner J, Ritchie T, Lawford B, Young RM, Kann B, Noble EP. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 November 1; 104(2): 109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11711165&dopt=Abstract

•

Gender differences in risk factors for trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among inner-city drug abusers in and out of treatment. Author(s): Cottler LB, Nishith P, Compton WM 3rd. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2001 March-April; 42(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244146&dopt=Abstract

Studies

31

•

Glutamate and post-traumatic stress disorder: toward a psychobiology of dissociation. Author(s): Chambers RA, Bremner JD, Moghaddam B, Southwick SM, Charney DS, Krystal JH. Source: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999 October; 4(4): 274-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553033&dopt=Abstract

•

Group and family treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Allen SN, Bloom SL. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1994 June; 17(2): 425-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937368&dopt=Abstract

•

Group therapy for partners of combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Armstrong MA, Rose P. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1997 October-December; 33(4): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429527&dopt=Abstract

•

Group treatment for older veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Snell FI, Padin-Rivera E. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1997 February; 35(2): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9044175&dopt=Abstract

•

Guilty verdict in a murder committed by a veteran with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Author(s): Grant BL, Coons DJ. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1983; 11(4): 355-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6661564&dopt=Abstract

•

Harmful drinking in military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: association with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Author(s): Young RM, Lawford BR, Noble EP, Kann B, Wilkie A, Ritchie T, Arnold L, Shadforth S. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 2002 September-October; 37(5): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12217937&dopt=Abstract

•

Health-related quality of life and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients after cardiac surgery and intensive care treatment. Author(s): Stoll C, Schelling G, Goetz AE, Kilger E, Bayer A, Kapfhammer HP, Rothenhausler HB, Kreuzer E, Reichart B, Peter K. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2000 September; 120(3): 505-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10962412&dopt=Abstract

32

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Help-seeking in Vietnam veterans: post-traumatic stress disorder and other predictors. Author(s): Marshall RP, Jorm AF, Grayson DA, Dobson M, O'Toole B. Source: Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997 April; 21(2): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9161080&dopt=Abstract

•

Higher serum prolyl endopeptidase activity in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Maes M, Lin AH, Bonaccorso S, Goossens F, Van Gastel A, Pioli R, Delmeire L, Scharpe S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 April; 53(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10363664&dopt=Abstract

•

How robust is the concept of post-traumatic stress disorder? Author(s): Herbert J. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1997 June 18-July 8; 58(1): 4-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337910&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypersensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to naloxone in posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Hockings GI, Grice JE, Ward WK, Walters MM, Jensen GR, Jackson RV. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1993 April 15-May 1; 33(8-9): 585-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8392385&dopt=Abstract

•

Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity in endogenously depressed post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Author(s): Halbreich U, Olympia J, Carson S, Glogowski J, Yeh CM, Axelrod S, Desu MM. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1989; 14(5): 365-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2813658&dopt=Abstract

•

Imaginal exposure or cognitive therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Fahy TJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2000 June; 176: 597. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10974974&dopt=Abstract

•

Impact of threat relevance on P3 event-related potentials in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Stanford MS, Vasterling JJ, Mathias CW, Constans JI, Houston RJ. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 June 1; 102(2): 125-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408052&dopt=Abstract

Studies

33

•

Implications of biological findings for psychological treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Rabois D, Batten SV, Keane TM. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 443-62, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136509&dopt=Abstract

•

Implicit and explicit memory bias for threat in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Zeitlin SB, McNally RJ. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1991; 29(5): 451-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1741732&dopt=Abstract

•

Incest revisited: delayed post-traumatic stress disorder in mothers following the sexual abuse of their children. Author(s): Green AH, Coupe P, Fernandez R, Stevens B. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1995 October; 19(10): 1275-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556441&dopt=Abstract

•

Incidence, correlates and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in the pregnancy after stillbirth. Author(s): Turton P, Hughes P, Evans CD, Fainman D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 June; 178: 556-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11388974&dopt=Abstract

•

Incorporating psychological debriefing techniques within a brief group psychotherapy programme for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Busuttil W, Turnbull GJ, Neal LA, Rollins J, West AG, Blanch N, Herepath R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 October; 167(4): 495-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829719&dopt=Abstract

•

Increase of frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder in disabled war veterans during prolonged stay in a rehabilitation hospital. Author(s): Gregurek R, Pavic L, Vuger-Kovacic H, Potrebica S, Bitar Z, Kovacic D, Danic S, Klain E. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2001 April; 42(2): 161-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259738&dopt=Abstract

34

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Increased 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and patients with major depression, but not in patients with fibromyalgia. Author(s): Maes M, Lin A, Bonaccorso S, van Hunsel F, Van Gastel A, Delmeire L, Biondi M, Bosmans E, Kenis G, Scharpe S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 October; 98(4): 328-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9821456&dopt=Abstract

•

Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Yehuda R, Levengood RA, Schmeidler J, Wilson S, Guo LS, Gerber D. Source: Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1996 January; 21(1): 1-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8778898&dopt=Abstract

•

Increased regional cerebral perfusion by 99mTc hexamethyl propylene amine oxime single photon emission computed tomography in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Sachinvala N, Kling A, Suffin S, Lake R, Cohen M. Source: Military Medicine. 2000 June; 165(6): 473-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10870367&dopt=Abstract

•

Individual psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): McFarlane AC. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1994 June; 17(2): 393-408. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937366&dopt=Abstract

•

Information processing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Thrasher SM, Dalgleish T, Yule W. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1994 February; 32(2): 247-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8155064&dopt=Abstract

•

Inositol treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Kaplan Z, Amir M, Swartz M, Levine J. Source: Anxiety. 1996; 2(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160600&dopt=Abstract

•

Intimate violence and post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with cocaine dependence. Author(s): Dansky BS, Byrne CA, Brady KT. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1999 May; 25(2): 257-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395159&dopt=Abstract

Studies

35

•

Intrusive cognitions, coping strategies and emotional responses in depression, posttraumatic stress disorder and a non-clinical population. Author(s): Reynolds M, Brewin CR. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1998 February; 36(2): 135-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613021&dopt=Abstract

•

Intrusive memories, post-traumatic stress disorder and myocardial infarction. Author(s): Bennett P, Brooke S. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1999 November; 38 ( Pt 4): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10590829&dopt=Abstract

•

Invited review: post-traumatic stress disorder; a new clinical entity? Author(s): Ramsay R. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1990; 34(4): 355-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2198345&dopt=Abstract

•

Is borderline personality disorder a post-traumatic stress disorder of early childhood? Author(s): Thorpe M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 June; 38(5): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348481&dopt=Abstract

•

Is simple screening effective in detecting cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder? Author(s): Birchall HM. Source: Anxiety. 1994-95; 1(3): 148-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9160566&dopt=Abstract

•

Judgements about emotional events in children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder and controls. Author(s): Dalgleish T, Moradi A, Taghavi R, Neshat-Doost H, Yule W, Canterbury R. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2000 November; 41(8): 981-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099115&dopt=Abstract

•

Lateral preference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Spivak B, Segal M, Mester R, Weizman A. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1998 January; 28(1): 229-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9483701&dopt=Abstract

36

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Legal aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Slovenko R. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1994 June; 17(2): 439-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937369&dopt=Abstract

•

Lesson of the week: Post-traumatic stress disorder following military combat or peace keeping. Author(s): Gabriel R, Neal LA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 February 9; 324(7333): 340-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834563&dopt=Abstract

•

Life events, combat stress reaction and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Solomon Z, Flum H. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1988; 26(3): 319-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3347854&dopt=Abstract

•

Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity rate in Israeli non-help-seeking patients with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Spivak B, Segal M, Laufer N, Mester R, Weizman A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 January-March; 57(1-3): 185-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708830&dopt=Abstract

•

Linking the neuroendocrinology of post-traumatic stress disorder with recent neuroanatomic findings. Author(s): Yehuda R. Source: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999 October; 4(4): 256-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553031&dopt=Abstract

•

Lithium for irritability in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Forster PL, Schoenfeld FB, Marmar CR, Lang AJ. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995 January; 8(1): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712052&dopt=Abstract

•

Living with post-traumatic stress disorder: the wives'/female partners' perspective. Author(s): Lyons MA. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2001 April; 34(1): 69-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430608&dopt=Abstract

Studies

37

•

Locus of control and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: the intervening role of battle intensity, threat appraisal and coping. Author(s): Solomon Z, Mikulincer M, Benbenishty R. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1989 May; 28 ( Pt 2): 131-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2743053&dopt=Abstract

•

Longitudinal course of salivary cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Kellner M, Yehuda R, Arlt J, Wiedemann K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 February; 105(2): 153-5; Discussion 155-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11954544&dopt=Abstract

•

Loss of consciousness and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): McCarthy G, Lyons I, Koutzoukis C, Deb S. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 December; 173: 537. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9926089&dopt=Abstract

•

Loss of consciousness and post-traumatic stress disorder. A clue to aetiology and treatment. Author(s): O'Brien M, Nutt D. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1998 August; 173: 102-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9850219&dopt=Abstract

•

Low plasma beta-endorphin in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Hoffman L, Burges Watson P, Wilson G, Montgomery J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 June; 23(2): 269-73. Erratum In: Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1989 December; 23(4): 442. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2549947&dopt=Abstract

•

Lower cortisol levels in depressed patients with comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Oquendo MA, Echavarria G, Galfalvy HC, Grunebaum MF, Burke A, Barrera A, Cooper TB, Malone KM, John Mann J. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 March; 28(3): 591-8. Epub 2002 August 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629542&dopt=Abstract

38

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Major depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity in female victims of intimate partner violence. Author(s): Stein MB, Kennedy C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 October; 66(2-3): 133-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11578665&dopt=Abstract

•

Many patients suffer from 'battle fatigue': survey. Author(s): Farthing CF. Source: Aids Alert. 2001 June; 16(6): 73-7, 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569967&dopt=Abstract

•

Massachusetts' post-traumatic stress disorder program: a public health treatment model for Vietnam veterans. Author(s): Forman SI, Havas S. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1990 March-April; 105(2): 1729. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2108464&dopt=Abstract

•

Media triggers of post-traumatic stress disorder 50 years after the Second World War. Author(s): Hilton C. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1997 August; 12(8): 862-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9283932&dopt=Abstract

•

Mild traumatic brain injury does not produce post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Sbordone RJ, Liter JC. Source: Brain Injury : [bi]. 1995 May-June; 9(4): 405-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7640686&dopt=Abstract

•

Misidentification of the self in a patient with a psychotic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Miller MA, Silva JA. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2003; 40(2): 145-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509205&dopt=Abstract

•

Motor vehicle accidents, headaches and post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment findings in a consecutive series. Author(s): Hickling EJ, Blanchard EB, Silverman DJ, Schwarz SP. Source: Headache. 1992 March; 32(3): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1563947&dopt=Abstract

Studies

39

•

Multi-cultural methods of treating Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Krippner S, Colodzin B. Source: Int J Psychosom. 1989; 36(1-4): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689376&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiple personality as a post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Spiegel D. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1984 March; 7(1): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6718261&dopt=Abstract

•

Myocardial infarction and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): van Driel RC, Op den Velde W. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995 January; 8(1): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712053&dopt=Abstract

•

Narcissistic personality as a mediating variable in manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Johnson WB. Source: Military Medicine. 1995 January; 160(1): 40-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7746434&dopt=Abstract

•

Nefazodone in post-traumatic stress disorder: results from six open-label trials. Author(s): Hidalgo R, Hertzberg MA, Mellman T, Petty F, Tucker P, Weisler R, Zisook S, Chen S, Churchill E, Davidson J. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 March; 14(2): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220119&dopt=Abstract

•

Neurobiological sensitization models of post-traumatic stress disorder: their possible relevance to multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome. Author(s): Friedman MJ. Source: Toxicology and Industrial Health. 1994 July-October; 10(4-5): 449-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778107&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review. Author(s): Hull AM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 August; 181: 102-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151279&dopt=Abstract

40

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Neuroimaging studies in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Grossman R, Buchsbaum MS, Yehuda R. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 317-40, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136503&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroimaging studies in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bremner JD. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 August; 4(4): 254-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126593&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroleptic use in the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Author(s): Sernyak MJ, Kosten TR, Fontana A, Rosenheck R. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2001 Fall; 72(3): 197-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467155&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuropsychological processes in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Golier J, Yehuda R. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 295-315, Vi. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136502&dopt=Abstract

•

Neutrophil beta2-adrenergic receptor coupling efficiency to Gs protein in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder and normal controls. Author(s): Gurguis GN, Andrews R, Antai-Otong D, Vo SP, Blakeley JE, Orsulak PJ, Rush AJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 143(2): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10326775&dopt=Abstract

•

New drug development for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Berlant J. Source: Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003 January; 4(1): 37-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625026&dopt=Abstract

•

No evidence of sleep disturbance in post-traumatic stress disorder: a polysomnographic study in injured victims of traffic accidents. Author(s): Klein E, Koren D, Arnon I, Lavie P. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2002; 39(1): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013708&dopt=Abstract

Studies

41

•

Noise-induced psychogenic tremor associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Walters AS, Hening WA. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1992 October; 7(4): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1484527&dopt=Abstract

•

Normalization of heart rate variability in post-traumatic stress disorder patients following fluoxetine treatment: preliminary results. Author(s): Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar M, Kaplan Z. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 April; 2(4): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10804906&dopt=Abstract

•

Nurse seeks post-traumatic stress disorder compensation. Case in point: Renter v. Willis-Knighton Med. Center 679 So. 2d 603--LA (1996). Author(s): Tammelleo AD. Source: Regan Rep Nurs Law. 1996 November; 37(6): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9025576&dopt=Abstract

•

Olanzapine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Author(s): Butterfield MI, Becker ME, Connor KM, Sutherland S, Churchill LE, Davidson JR. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 July; 16(4): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459333&dopt=Abstract

•

Olanzapine treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: an open-label study. Author(s): Petty F, Brannan S, Casada J, Davis LL, Gajewski V, Kramer GL, Stone RC, Teten AL, Worchel J, Young KA. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 November; 16(6): 331-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712621&dopt=Abstract

•

Outcome of treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in a primary care unit serving Vietnam veterans. Author(s): Hammarberg M, Silver SM. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1994 April; 7(2): 195-216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8012743&dopt=Abstract

•

Outcomes monitoring and the testing of new psychiatric treatments: work therapy in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Rosenheck R, Stolar M, Fontana A. Source: Health Services Research. 2000 April; 35(1 Pt 1): 133-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10778827&dopt=Abstract

42

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Pharmacology for post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood sexual abuse: a literature review. Author(s): Kreidler MC, Briscoe LA, Beech RR. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2002 October-December; 38(4): 135-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629952&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder among family physicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Author(s): Hodgetts G, Broers T, Godwin M, Bowering E, Hasanovic M. Source: Family Practice. 2003 August; 20(4): 489-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12876127&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Author(s): Kang HK, Natelson BH, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 January 15; 157(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522021&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotional distress in persons with spinal cord lesion. Author(s): Nielsen MS. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2003 May; 41(5): 296-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714993&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in female victims of intimate partner violence. Author(s): Laffaye C, Kennedy C, Stein MB. Source: Violence Vict. 2003 April; 18(2): 227-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816406&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with suspected lung cancer and bereavement: 4-year follow-up and review of the literature. Author(s): Onishi H, Onose M, Yamada T, Mizuno Y, Ito M, Sato H, Sato H, Kosaka K. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 February; 11(2): 123-5. Epub 2002 November 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560942&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder in a group of Australian general practices. Author(s): Gauvin CL, Wilson IG. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2002 November; 31(11): 1049-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471967&dopt=Abstract

Studies

43

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder in burned patients. Author(s): El hamaoui Y, Yaalaoui S, Chihabeddine K, Boukind E, Moussaoui D. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2002 November; 28(7): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417158&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents with motor vehicle-related injuries. Author(s): Zink KA, McCain GC. Source: Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing : Jspn. 2003 July-September; 8(3): 99106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12942888&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder in pre-school aged children after a gas explosion. Author(s): Ohmi H, Kojima S, Awai Y, Kamata S, Sasaki K, Tanaka Y, Mochizuki Y, Hirooka K, Hata A. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 December; 161(12): 643-8. Epub 2002 October 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12447662&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Dhaliwal N, Pedley L, Sahner C, Greenberg R, Manshadi MS. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 2002 September; 100(9): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357916&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder in women: current concepts and treatments. Author(s): Butterfield MI, Becker M, Marx CE. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 December; 4(6): 474-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441028&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bisson J. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 913-9. Review. No Abstract Available. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230715&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder. A brief overview. Author(s): Howard S, Hopwood M. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2003 September; 32(9): 683-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14524201&dopt=Abstract

44

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder: advances in psychoneuroimmunology. Author(s): Wong CM. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 369-83, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136505&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder: case report. Author(s): Nyamai CM, Njenga FG. Source: East Afr Med J. 2000 April; 77(4): 228-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858909&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder: symptom profiles in men and women. Author(s): Green B. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2003; 19(3): 200-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803734&dopt=Abstract

•

Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in fibromyalgia patients: overlapping syndromes or post-traumatic fibromyalgia syndrome? Author(s): Clin Evid. 2002 Dec;(8):1010-8 Source: Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 August; 32(1): 38-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12603926

•

Processing angry and neutral faces in post-traumatic stress disorder: an event-related potentials study. Author(s): Felmingham KL, Bryant RA, Gordon E. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 April 15; 14(5): 777-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692482&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychobiology of the acute stress response and its relationship to the psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Marshall RD, Garakani A. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 385-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136506&dopt=Abstract

•

Questionnaire survey of post-traumatic stress disorder in doctors involved in the Omagh bombing. Author(s): Firth-Cozens J, Midgley SJ, Burges C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 December 18-25; 319(7225): 1609. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10600958&dopt=Abstract

Studies

45

•

Quetiapine for treatment of refractory symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Sokolski KN, Denson TF, Lee RT, Reist C. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 June; 168(6): 486-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834142&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognition and treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder in the burn victim. Author(s): Courtemanche DJ, Robinow O. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1989 May-June; 10(3): 247-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2745501&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognizing a post-traumatic stress disorder in a nursing student. Author(s): Shearer RA, Davidhizar RE. Source: The Journal of Nursing Education. 1998 May; 37(5): 222-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9605198&dopt=Abstract

•

Recognizing and responding to post-traumatic stress disorder in people with cancer. Author(s): Kwekkeboom KL, Seng JS. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 2002 May; 29(4): 643-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011911&dopt=Abstract

•

Recurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms after initiation of antiretrovirals including efavirenz: a report of two cases. Author(s): Moreno A, Labelle C, Samet JH. Source: Hiv Medicine. 2003 July; 4(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859331&dopt=Abstract

•

Refugee children in Sweden: post-traumatic stress disorder in Iranian preschool children exposed to organized violence. Author(s): Almqvist K, Brandell-Forsberg M. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1997 April; 21(4): 351-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9134264&dopt=Abstract

•

Regional cerebral blood flow in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Mirzaei S, Knoll P, Keck A, Preitler B, Gutierrez E, Umek H, Kohn H, Pecherstorfer M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2001; 43(4): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11340366&dopt=Abstract

46

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Relationship between sense of coherence and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among firefighters. Author(s): Dudek B, Koniarek J. Source: International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health. 2000; 13(4): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276843&dopt=Abstract

•

Rem sleep behavior disorder: potential relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Husain AM, Miller PP, Carwile ST. Source: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society. 2001 March; 18(2): 148-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11435805&dopt=Abstract

•

Reported trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among primary care patients. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD000560 Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 October; 31(7): 1249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12076399

•

Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. Author(s): King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Adams GA. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998 February; 74(2): 420-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491585&dopt=Abstract

•

Response characteristics to antidepressants and placebo in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Davidson JR, Malik ML, Sutherland SN. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 November; 12(6): 291-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547130&dopt=Abstract

•

Response to venlafaxine in a previously antidepressant treatment-resistant combat veteran with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Hamner MB, Frueh BC. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 September; 13(5): 233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9817630&dopt=Abstract

•

Review of sertraline in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Schwartz AC, Rothbaum BO. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 October; 3(10): 1489-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387695&dopt=Abstract

Studies

47

•

Reviewing Frankl's Will to meaning and its implications for psychotherapy dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Chung MC. Source: Med War. 1995 January-March; 11(1): 45-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7731412&dopt=Abstract

•

Risk and preventive factors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): alcohol consumption and intoxication prior to a traumatic event diminishes the relative risk to develop PTSD in response to that trauma. Author(s): Maes M, Delmeire L, Mylle J, Altamura C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 March; 63(1-3): 113-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246087&dopt=Abstract

•

Risperidone as an adjunct therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Krashin D, Oates EW. Source: Military Medicine. 1999 August; 164(8): 605-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459276&dopt=Abstract

•

Road to recovery. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the hidden victim. Author(s): Bille DA. Source: Todays or Nurse. 1994 March-April; 16(2): 36-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8140608&dopt=Abstract

•

Road to recovery. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the hidden victim. Author(s): Bille DA. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1993 September; 31(9): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8229910&dopt=Abstract

•

Screening for post-traumatic stress disorder in female Veteran's Affairs patients: validation of the PTSD checklist. Author(s): Dobie DJ, Kivlahan DR, Maynard C, Bush KR, McFall M, Epler AJ, Bradley KA. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490337&dopt=Abstract

•

Secondary enuresis: post-traumatic stress disorder in children after car accidents. Author(s): Eidlitz-Markus T, Shuper A, Amir J. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 February; 2(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10804937&dopt=Abstract

48

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Hidalgo RB, Davidson JR. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2000 March; 14(1): 70-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757257&dopt=Abstract

•

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Stein DJ, Seedat S, van der Linden GJ, Zungu-Dirwayi N. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 August; 15 Suppl 2: S31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11110017&dopt=Abstract

•

Selectively reduced regional cortical volumes in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Rauch SL, Shin LM, Segal E, Pitman RK, Carson MA, McMullin K, Whalen PJ, Makris N. Source: Neuroreport. 2003 May 23; 14(7): 913-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802174&dopt=Abstract

•

Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test to document traumatic experiences and to diagnose post-traumatic stress disorder in ARDS patients after intensive care treatment. Author(s): Stoll C, Kapfhammer HP, Rothenhausler HB, Haller M, Briegel J, Schmidt M, Krauseneck T, Durst K, Schelling G. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1999 July; 25(7): 697-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10470573&dopt=Abstract

•

Sensitization components of post-traumatic stress disorder: implications for therapeutics. Author(s): Post RM, Weiss SR, Li H, Leverich GS, Pert A. Source: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999 October; 4(4): 282-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553034&dopt=Abstract

•

Serotonergic and noradrenergic markers of post-traumatic stress disorder with and without major depression. Author(s): Maes M, Lin AH, Verkerk R, Delmeire L, Van Gastel A, Van der Planken M, Scharpe S. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 February; 20(2): 188-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9885798&dopt=Abstract

Studies

49

•

Sertraline approved for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Gottlieb S. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 October 23; 319(7217): 1089. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610144&dopt=Abstract

•

Serum cholesterol, uric acid and cholinesterase in victims of the Tokyo subway sarin poisoning: a relation with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Tochigi M, Umekage T, Otani T, Kato T, Iwanami A, Asukai N, Sasaki T, Kato N. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2002 November; 44(3): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12413655&dopt=Abstract

•

Severity and the stressor criterion in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Simpson MA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 May; 164(5): 704-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7921735&dopt=Abstract

•

Sexual dysfunction in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Cosgrove DJ, Gordon Z, Bernie JE, Hami S, Montoya D, Stein MB, Monga M. Source: Urology. 2002 November; 60(5): 881-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429320&dopt=Abstract

•

Short-term treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder with naltrexone: an open-label preliminary study. Author(s): Lubin G, Weizman A, Shmushkevitz M, Valevski A. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 June; 17(4): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404685&dopt=Abstract

•

Sleep complaints are not corroborated by objective sleep measures in post-traumatic stress disorder: a 1-year prospective study in survivors of motor vehicle crashes. Author(s): Klein E, Koren D, Arnon I, Lavie P. Source: Journal of Sleep Research. 2003 March; 12(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603785&dopt=Abstract

•

Social and health functioning in female primary care patients with post-traumatic stress disorder with and without comorbid substance abuse. Author(s): Zlotnick C, Bruce SE, Weisberg RB, Shea MT, Machan JT, Keller MB. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 May-June; 44(3): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12764704&dopt=Abstract

50

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

SPRINT: a brief global assessment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Connor KM, Davidson JR. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 September; 16(5): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552771&dopt=Abstract

•

Stressor characteristics and post-traumatic stress disorder symptom dimensions in war victims. Author(s): Henigsberg N, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Moro L. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2001 October; 42(5): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11596171&dopt=Abstract

•

Subtle presentations of post-traumatic stress disorder. Diagnostic issues. Author(s): Jacobs WJ, Dalenberg C. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1998 December; 21(4): 835-45, Vii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9890125&dopt=Abstract

•

Symptom structure and psychiatric comorbidity of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Vuksic-Mihaljevic Z, Mandic N, Mihaljevic S, Ivandic A. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 June; 53(3): 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459735&dopt=Abstract

•

Symptom-specific effects of fluoxetine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Meltzer-Brody S, Connor KM, Churchill E, Davidson JR. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 July; 15(4): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954063&dopt=Abstract

•

The ability of naive participants to report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Burges C, McMillan TM. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 2001 June; 40(Pt 2): 209-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11446242&dopt=Abstract

•

The aftermath of bone marrow transplant for parents of pediatric patients: a posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Heiney SP, Neuberg RW, Myers D, Bergman LH. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 1994 June; 21(5): 843-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937246&dopt=Abstract

Studies

51

•

The black mask of humanity: racial/ethnic discrimination and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Butts HF. Source: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002; 30(3): 336-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12380410&dopt=Abstract

•

The clinical experience of citalopram in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a report of two Persian Gulf War veterans. Author(s): Khouzam HR, el-Gabalawi F, Donnelly NJ. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 October; 166(10): 921-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603249&dopt=Abstract

•

The concept of the Second Generation program in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans. Author(s): Johnson DR, Feldman SC, Southwick SM, Charney DS. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1994 April; 7(2): 217-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8012744&dopt=Abstract

•

The course of post-traumatic stress disorder after the Oklahoma City bombing. Author(s): North CS. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 December; 166(12 Suppl): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11778434&dopt=Abstract

•

The development of acute post-traumatic stress disorder after orofacial injury: a prospective study in a large urban hospital. Author(s): Glynn SM, Asarnow JR, Asarnow R, Shetty V, Elliot-Brown K, Black E, Belin TR. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2003 July; 61(7): 785-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12856251&dopt=Abstract

•

The neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of stress. Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder from a basic science perspective. Author(s): McEwen BS. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 469-94, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136511&dopt=Abstract

•

The phenomenology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Tomb DA. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1994 June; 17(2): 237-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937356&dopt=Abstract

52

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

The relationship between trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Author(s): Neria Y, Bromet EJ, Marshall R. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 November; 32(8): 1479-80; Author Reply 1480-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12455947&dopt=Abstract

•

The relative effects of intimate partner physical and sexual violence on post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Author(s): Bennice JA, Resick PA, Mechanic M, Astin M. Source: Violence Vict. 2003 February; 18(1): 87-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733621&dopt=Abstract

•

The role of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in fatigued Cambodia veterans. Author(s): de Vries M, Soetekouw PM, van der Meer JW, Bleijenberg G. Source: Military Medicine. 2002 September; 167(9): 790-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363173&dopt=Abstract

•

The uniqueness of the DSM definition of post-traumatic stress disorder: implications for research. Author(s): Breslau N, Chase GA, Anthony JC. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 May; 32(4): 573-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12102371&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of clonidine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Porter DM, Bell CC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1999 August; 91(8): 475-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656438&dopt=Abstract

•

The weaker sex? Gender and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Gavranidou M, Rosner R. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2003; 17(3): 130-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768647&dopt=Abstract

•

Time, gender, and regional trends in the application for service-related post-traumatic stress disorder disability benefits, 1980-1998. Author(s): Murdoch M, Nelson DB, Fortier L. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 August; 168(8): 662-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943044&dopt=Abstract

Studies

53

•

Transcranial Doppler sonography for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Marinko D, Dragutin K, Basic-Kes V, Seric V, Demarin V. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 November; 166(11): 955-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11725323&dopt=Abstract

•

Translating the psychobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder into clinically useful analogy. Author(s): Scott MJ, Stradling SG. Source: The British Journal of Medical Psychology. 2001 June; 74(Pt 2): 249-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453175&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder: need for brief and effective interventions. Author(s): Kilic C. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 December; 104(6): 409-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782233&dopt=Abstract

•

Trends of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Author(s): Galea S, Vlahov D, Resnick H, Ahern J, Susser E, Gold J, Bucuvalas M, Kilpatrick D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 September 15; 158(6): 514-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12965877&dopt=Abstract

•

Unconsciousness and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Freeman HL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 January; 174: 79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10211157&dopt=Abstract

•

Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model. Author(s): Foa EB, Zinbarg R, Rothbaum BO. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1992 September; 112(2): 218-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1454893&dopt=Abstract

•

Uncontrolled pain following physical injury as the core-trauma in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Schreiber S, Galai-Gat T. Source: Pain. 1993 July; 54(1): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8378097&dopt=Abstract

54

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Author(s): McFarlane AC. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 May 2; 160(9): 586. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164564&dopt=Abstract

•

Undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Author(s): Dinnen AH. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1994 February 7; 160(3): 161. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8295588&dopt=Abstract

•

Undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Author(s): Green MM, McFarlane AC, Hunter CE, Griggs WM. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1993 October 18; 159(8): 529-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8412952&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of thioridazine in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Dillard ML, Bendfeldt F, Jernigan P. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 November; 86(11): 1276-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8235786&dopt=Abstract

•

Usefulness and validity of post-traumatic stress disorder as a psychiatric category. Author(s): Mezey G, Robbins I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 September 8; 323(7312): 561-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11546705&dopt=Abstract

•

Using EMDR to treat post-traumatic stress disorder in a prison setting. Author(s): Kitchiner NJ. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2000 January; 5(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784790&dopt=Abstract

•

Utility: Sensitivity and specificity in developing diagnostic tests of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Author(s): Gerardi R, Keane TM, Penk W. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1989 September; 45(5): 691-703. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2681277&dopt=Abstract

•

Valproate as an alternative in post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Author(s): Berigan TR, Holzgang A. Source: Military Medicine. 1995 June; 160(6): 318. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7659233&dopt=Abstract

Studies

55

•

Variceal haemorrhage and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): O'Carroll RE, Masterton G, Gooday R, Cossar JA, Couston MC, Hayes PC. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1999 June; 38 ( Pt 2): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389601&dopt=Abstract

•

Verbally mediated childhood post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Saigh PA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1992 November; 161: 704-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1422625&dopt=Abstract

•

Veterans and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Weir E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 October 31; 163(9): 1187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11079072&dopt=Abstract

•

Veterans sue ministry of defence over post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 March 9; 324(7337): 563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884310&dopt=Abstract

•

Victims of traffic accidents: incidence and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Brom D, Kleber RJ, Hofman MC. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1993 March; 49(2): 131-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8486794&dopt=Abstract

•

Victims of violence and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Sonnenberg SM. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1988 December; 11(4): 581-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3062592&dopt=Abstract

•

Violent aftershocks. Children are particularly vulnerable to post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Gupta S. Source: Time. 2003 August 18; 162(7): 66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12931410&dopt=Abstract

56

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Virtual reality exposure therapy for World Trade Center Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a case report. Author(s): Difede J, Hoffman HG. Source: Cyberpsychology & Behavior : the Impact of the Internet, Multimedia and Virtual Reality on Behavior and Society. 2002 December; 5(6): 529-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556115&dopt=Abstract

•

Visual effects. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Bland J, Gresham L. Source: Nurs Times. 1993 July 28-August 3; 89(30): 30-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7901840&dopt=Abstract

•

Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1999 July; 29(4): 813-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10473308&dopt=Abstract

•

War trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Niles DP. Source: American Family Physician. 1991 November; 44(5): 1663-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1950963&dopt=Abstract

•

What determines post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology for survivors of childhood sexual abuse? Author(s): Briggs L, Joyce PR. Source: Child Abuse & Neglect. 1997 June; 21(6): 575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9192145&dopt=Abstract

•

When the dream goes wrong. post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Charles C. Source: Midwives. 1997 October; 110(1317): 250-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9386459&dopt=Abstract

•

Whiplash and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Jaspers JP. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 1998 November; 20(11): 397-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9846239&dopt=Abstract

Studies

57

•

Work-related post-traumatic stress disorder: use of exposure therapy in worksimulation activities. Author(s): Phillips ME, Bruehl S, Harden RN. Source: Am J Occup Ther. 1997 September; 51(8): 696-700. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279441&dopt=Abstract

•

Worsening of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with cognitive decline: case series. Author(s): Mittal D, Torres R, Abashidze A, Jimerson N. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2001 Spring; 14(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281311&dopt=Abstract

59

CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

60

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or a synonym): •

An unusual reaction to opioid blockade with naltrexone in a case of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0086. Source: Ibarra, P Bruehl, S P McCubbin, J A Carlson, C R Wilson, J F Norton, J A Montgomery, T B J-Trauma-Stress. 1994 April; 7(2): 303-9 0894-9867

•

CCK-antagonists in a rat exposed to acute stress: implication for anxiety associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Ministry of Health Mental Health Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, BenGurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. [email protected] Source: Cohen, H Kaplan, Z Kotler, M Depress-Anxiety. 1999; 10(1): 8-17 1091-4269

•

Inositol treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. Source: Kaplan, Z Amir, M Swartz, M Levine, J Anxiety. 1996; 2(1): 51-2 1070-9797

•

Multi-cultural methods of treating Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Source: Krippner, S Colodzin, B Int-J-Psychosom. 1989; 36(1-4): 79-85 0884-8297

•

Persistent changes in corticotropin-releasing factor systems due to early life stress: relationship to the pathophysiology of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Source: Heim, C Owens, M J Plotsky, P M Nemeroff, C B Psychopharmacol-Bull. 1997; 33(2): 185-92 0048-5764

•

Platelet adenylate cyclase activity in Israeli victims of Iraqi Scud missile attacks with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Tel Aviv Community Mental Health Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. Source: Weizmann, R Gur, E Laor, N Reiss, A Muller, U Yoresh, A Lerer, B Newman, M E Psychopharmacology-(Berl). 1994 April; 114(3): 509-12 0033-3158

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder: a biopsychological perspective. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Center for Traumatic Stress, Hadassah University Hospital. Source: Shalev, A Y Isr-J-Psychiatry-Relat-Sci. 1993; 30(2): 102-9 0333-7308

•

Sensitization components of post-traumatic stress disorder: implications for therapeutics. Author(s): Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20891-72, USA. Source: Post, R M Weiss, S R Li, H Leverich, G S Pert, A Semin-Clin-Neuropsychiatry. 1999 October; 4(4): 282-94 1084-3612

•

The neurobiology and neuroendocrinology of stress. Implications for post-traumatic stress disorder from a basic science perspective. Author(s): Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Box 165, 1230 York Avenue, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. [email protected] Source: McEwen, B S Psychiatr-Clin-North-Am. 2002 June; 25(2): 469-94, ix 0193-953X

Nutrition

•

61

Valproate as an alternative in post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler AMC, HI 96859-5000, USA. Source: Berigan, T R Holzgang, A Mil-Med. 1995 June; 160(6): 318 0026-4075

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

63

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

AND

POST-

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to post-traumatic stress disorder. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to post-traumatic stress disorder and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to post-traumatic stress disorder: •

“Back from the future”: a powerful age-progression technique. Author(s): Torem MS. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 1992 October; 35(2): 81-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1442647&dopt=Abstract

•

“Pastoral crisis intervention”: toward a definition. Author(s): Everly GS Jr. Source: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2000 Spring; 2(2): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11232175&dopt=Abstract

•

A new technique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Muss DC.

64

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1991 February; 30 ( Pt 1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2021791&dopt=Abstract •

A student-directed community project to support sexually abused women veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Wing DM, Oertle JR, Cabioc AR, Evans CM, Smith DJ, Stangeby BL. Source: Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.). 2000 July-August; 17(4): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943771&dopt=Abstract

•

A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Vaughan K, Armstrong MS, Gold R, O'Connor N, Jenneke W, Tarrier N. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1994 December; 25(4): 283-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7706505&dopt=Abstract

•

An auditory variant of eye movement desensitization in a case of childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Cocco N, Sharpe L. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1993 December; 24(4): 373-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077456&dopt=Abstract

•

Borderline disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: an equivalence? Author(s): Lonie I. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 June; 27(2): 233-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8363532&dopt=Abstract

•

Brain function in a patient with torture related post-traumatic stress disorder before and after fluoxetine treatment: a positron emission tomography provocation study. Author(s): Fernandez M, Pissiota A, Frans O, von Knorring L, Fischer H, Fredrikson M. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 January 12; 297(2): 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121880&dopt=Abstract

•

Care of a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Ashmore R. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1996 November 14-27; 5(20): 1259-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004564&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 65

•

Cognitive therapy or imaginal exposure in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Twelve-month follow-up. Author(s): Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Pilgrim H, Humphreys L. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 December; 175: 571-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789356&dopt=Abstract

•

Elevated awakening thresholds in sleep stage 3-4 in war-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Dagan Y, Lavie P, Bleich A. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 September 15; 30(6): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1932409&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye movement desensitisation treatment utilises the positive visceral element of the investigatory reflex to inhibit the memories of post-traumatic stress disorder: a theoretical analysis. Author(s): MacCulloch MJ, Feldman P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 November; 169(5): 571-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932885&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a review of an emerging therapy. Author(s): Shepherd J, Stein K, Milne R. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 July; 30(4): 863-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037095&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye movement desensitization: a new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Shapiro F. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1989 September; 20(3): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2576656&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye-movement desensitisation to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Spector J, Huthwaite M. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 July; 163: 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8102584&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye-movement desensitisation. Symptom change in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Vaughan K, Wiese M, Gold R, Tarrier N.

66

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 April; 164(4): 533-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7913653&dopt=Abstract •

Eye-movement desensitisation: a simple treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder? Author(s): Page AC, Crino RD. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 June; 27(2): 288-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103321&dopt=Abstract

•

Eye-movements and visual imagery: a working memory approach to the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Andrade J, Kavanagh D, Baddeley A. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1997 May; 36 ( Pt 2): 209-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167862&dopt=Abstract

•

Multi-cultural methods of treating Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Krippner S, Colodzin B. Source: Int J Psychosom. 1989; 36(1-4): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2689376&dopt=Abstract

•

Multiple personality as a post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Spiegel D. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1984 March; 7(1): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6718261&dopt=Abstract

•

Neuroimaging findings in post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review. Author(s): Hull AM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 August; 181: 102-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12151279&dopt=Abstract

•

Physiologic responses to non-startling tones in Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Orr SP, Lasko NB, Metzger LJ, Pitman RK. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 November 14; 73(1-2): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9463843&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder after car accidents. Author(s): Kuch K, Swinson RP, Kirby M.

Alternative Medicine 67

Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1985 October; 30(6): 426-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4063939&dopt=Abstract •

Post-traumatic stress disorder due to devastating burns overcome by a single session of eye movement desensitization. Author(s): McCann DL. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1992 December; 23(4): 319-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1363821&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder following myocardial infarction. Author(s): Kutz I, Garb R, David D. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1988 May; 10(3): 169-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3288535&dopt=Abstract

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder overcome by eye-movement desensitization: a case report. Author(s): Wolpe J, Abrams J. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1991 March; 22(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1680883&dopt=Abstract

•

Pseudoneurologic symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Hunt SC, Richardson RD. Source: American Family Physician. 1998 December; 58(9): 1970-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861874&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychophysiologic testing for post-traumatic stress disorder: forensic psychiatric application. Author(s): Pitman RK, Orr SP. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1993; 21(1): 37-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8477104&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychophysiological alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Pitman RK, Orr SP, Shalev AY, Metzger LJ, Mellman TA. Source: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1999 October; 4(4): 234-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553028&dopt=Abstract

•

Psychophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Orr SP, Metzger LJ, Pitman RK.

68

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2002 June; 25(2): 271-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136501&dopt=Abstract •

Psychosomatic treatment of phantom limb pain with post-traumatic stress disorder: a case report. Author(s): Muraoka M, Komiyama H, Hosoi M, Mine K, Kubo C. Source: Pain. 1996 August; 66(2-3): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8880863&dopt=Abstract

•

Road to recovery. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the hidden victim. Author(s): Bille DA. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1993 September; 31(9): 19-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8229910&dopt=Abstract

•

The aftermath of bone marrow transplant for parents of pediatric patients: a posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Heiney SP, Neuberg RW, Myers D, Bergman LH. Source: Oncology Nursing Forum. 1994 June; 21(5): 843-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7937246&dopt=Abstract

•

The therapeutic use of ritual and ceremony in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Johnson DR, Feldman SC, Lubin H, Southwick SM. Source: Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995 April; 8(2): 283-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7627444&dopt=Abstract

•

Through a glass darkly: the psychoanalytic use of hypnosis with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Peebles MJ. Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1989 July; 37(3): 192-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2753571&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment of reactivated post-traumatic stress disorder. Imaginal exposure in an older adult with multiple traumas. Author(s): Russo SA, Hersen M, Van Hasselt VB. Source: Behavior Modification. 2001 January; 25(1): 94-115. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11151488&dopt=Abstract

•

Treatment variables and the use of hypnosis in the brief therapy of post-traumatic stress disorders. Author(s): MacHovec FJ.

Alternative Medicine 69

Source: Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1985 January; 33(1): 6-14. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3988386&dopt=Abstract •

Using EMDR to treat post-traumatic stress disorder in a prison setting. Author(s): Kitchiner NJ. Source: British Journal of Community Nursing. 2000 January; 5(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784790&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to post-traumatic stress disorder; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

70

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Relaxation Techniques Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

•

Herbs and Supplements Yohimbe Alternative names: Pausinystalia yohimbe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

71

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS STRESS DISORDER

ON

POST-TRAUMATIC

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to posttraumatic stress disorder. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on post-traumatic stress disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to posttraumatic stress disorder. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Vietnam Combat Participation on Adult Psycho-Social Functioning among Army and Air Force Reserve Personnel (PostTraumatic Stress Disorder) by Kirk, Alan Brian, PhD from The Florida State University, 1986, 286 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8609673

•

A Discriminant Analysis of Variables Related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among a Group of Vietnam Veterans by Frye, James Stephen, EDD from Indiana University, 1980, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8103414

72

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

A Quantitative Analysis of Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography Scans of Vietnam War Veterans Diagnosed with Immediate Onset Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Delayed Onset Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Gupta, Sonali Priyanka; PsyD from Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2002, 84 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061512

•

A Transitional Day Treatment Program for Soldiers with Severe Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by James, Dexter Anthony; PsyD from Carlos Albizu University, 2002, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057614

•

An Analysis of Variables Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Adult Women Incest Survivors by Ryan-Blaney, Bonnie, EDD from Boston University, 1989, 371 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8918312

•

Assessment of Social Support among Veterans with Military-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a Study of the Social Support Questionnaire by Daniels, Lori Rae; PhD from University of Hawaii, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070696

•

Everyday Sexism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women: A Correlational Study by Berg, Susan Hope; DSW from City University of New York, 2001, 309 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3008808

•

Examination of the Efficacy of Behavioral Activation in the Treatment of Comorbid Major Depressive Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Mulick, Patrick Sean; PhD from Western Michigan University, 2003, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080104

•

Facial Affect Recognition in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Stamaria, Nelly Lorenzo; PhD from St. John's University (new York), 2002, 49 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058274

•

Factors Influencing the Extent of Mourning, the Extent of Grieving, and PostTraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in Surviving Family Members after a Drunk Driving Fatality (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) by Sprang, Mary Virginia, PhD from The University of Texas at Arlington, 1991, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9131760

•

Factors Related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Police Officers (stress Disorders, Deadly Force, Child Victims, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) by Williams, Jimmie Lee, EDD from Oklahoma State University, 1992, 98 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9302782

•

Identity Diffusion, Moral Conflict, and Low Self-esteem As Contributing Factors to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Vietnam Combat Veterans by Martin, Leland Karl, PhD from Loyola University of Chicago, 1986, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616194

•

Learned Helplessness Attributional Style As a Predictor of and a Precursor to PostTraumatic Stress Disorder: Individual and Family Considerations by Harris, Chrys Jay, PhD from Purdue University, 1988, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8900671

Dissertations 73

•

Local Vs. Global Visual Processing in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Holley, Keisha Lanette; Ms from The Herman M. Finch U. of Health Sciences - the Chicago Medical Sch., 2002, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410257

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Specific Diagnostic Indicators of PTSD in Battered Women by Leneau, Richard Henry, PhD from United States International University, 1990, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9023355

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Spirituality: the Role of the Chaplain in the Canadian Armed Forces Operational Trauma, Stress and Support Centres by Lancia, Robert Bernardo; DMIN from United Theological Seminary, 2000, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3010493

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in African-American Vietnam Veterans: An Ethnographic Case Study by Satterfield, Terry Lee, Sr., EDD from The George Washington University, 1989, 349 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9022577

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Sri Lankan Children Exposed to War: the Roles of Culture, the Nature of the Stressor, Temperament, Coping Strategies, and Perceived Social Support by Soysa, Champika Keshini; PhD from Clark University, 2002, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045795

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in United States Legal Culture: An Historical Perspective from World War I Through the Vietnam Conflict by Jones, Barbara Minette, PhD from University of Minnesota, 1995, 329 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9610368

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault: Predicting Severity of Symptoms Considering Rape Situation Variables and Social Support by Burge, Sandra Kay, PhD from Purdue University, 1984, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8507663

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression and Heavy Alcohol Use among Chinese Americans: The Salience of Trauma by Tracy, Lisa Cousins; PhD from University of California, Berkeley, 2001, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3019833

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Repressed Memories, and the Creative Art Process by McMillen, Susan; MA from Ursuline College, 2003, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1414206

•

Prevalence and Patterns of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Persons with Severe Mental Illness by Albert, David Brian; PhD from Northwestern University, 2002, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050481

•

Relationship of Child Sexual, Physical, and Psychological Abuse to Eating Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Women by Garabedian, Melinda Judith, PhD from University of Southern California, 1993 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f2402515

•

Self-Concept As a Moderating Variable in Emergence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Resulting from Sexual Assault in College Women (Women Students,

74

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Colorado) by Barbieri, James Anthony, PhD from University of Northern Colorado, 1992, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9235572 •

The Applicability of Canon 1095, Tertio to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders in Vietnam Veterans by Moran, Thomas Anthony, JCD from The Catholic University of America, 1988, 524 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8810411

•

The Effect of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Marital Satisfaction, Parental Satisfaction, Cohesion, Expressiveness, and Conflict: A Study of Vietnam Veterans by Hendrix, Charles C., PhD from Kansas State University, 1989, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9005058

•

The Incest Syndrome: Chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Victims of Childhood Incest by Selwood, Alexis, PhD from University of Southern California, 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f714277

•

The Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Effectiveness for Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Wazana, Ashley Daniel; MSC from McGill University (Canada), 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78974

•

The Relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Six Psychosocial Variables (Vietnam Veteran, Pre-Disposition, Social Support) by Green, Monica Anne, PhD from Michigan State University, 1984, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8507497

•

The Relationship of Social Support to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Hispanic and White Vietnam Combat Veterans by Martinez, Gustavo Ricardo, DSW from The Catholic University of America, 1990, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9027954

•

The Relationship of Violence-Related Trauma and Length of Trauma Exposure to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Emergency Medical Services Personnel by Hafeez, Sanam; PsyD from Hofstra University, 2003, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072174

•

The Relationships between Self-Reported Unwanted Sexual Experiences, PostTraumatic Stress Disorder and Premenstrual Tension Symptomatology (Women's Health, Gynecologic, Psychosomatic, Abuse) by Dekker, Diane L. S., PhD from The University of New Mexico, 1986, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8620985

•

The Roles of Spirituality and Adult Romantic Attachment in Responses to Exposure to Trauma and the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Nonclinical Military Couples by Tilus, Michael Ray; PsyD from Alliant International University, San Diego, 2003, 302 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078518

•

Utilization of Selected Demographic Data to Predict Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in United States Navy Vietnam Veterans by Peavy, Thomas Ostine, EDD from Mississippi State University, 1996, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9711760

Dissertations 75

•

Vietnam Veterans: Waking and Nonwaking Cognitive Responses to Life-threatening Stressors (Nightmares, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Intrusive Thoughts) by Cook, Cynthia Ann Loveland, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1986, 224 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8702710

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

77

CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning post-traumatic stress disorder.

Recent Trials on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to post-traumatic stress disorder.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Acupuncture for the Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Condition(s): Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate acupuncture as a treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and to correlate the diagnosis of PTSD with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) diagnostic patterns. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00055354

•

Brain Chemical Receptor Effects in Patients with Panic Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Panic Disorder; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Major Depressive Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

78

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine how certain brain chemicals work in patients with Panic Disorder (PD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025974 •

Brain Receptor Function in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the function of cortisol receptors in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046553

•

Clonazepam and Paroxetine for Rapid Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that follows exposure to an extremely traumatic stressors. PTSD is associated with serious symptoms. While numerous approaches have been used to treat PTSD, these treatments have several limiting factors. This study will evaluate a combination of the drugs clonazepam and paroxetine for the treatment of PTSD symptoms. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025740

•

Effects of Hydrocortisone in Patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders; Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether people who develop Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) after a trauma have increased sensitivity to the effects of a stress hormone. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00039715

Clinical Trials 79

•

Evaluation of Single and Dual Treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of one- and two-component treatments in women with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00069381

•

Evaluation of Stress Disorders Condition(s): Acute Traumatic Stress Disorders; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the short-term consequences of trauma and to determine the effectiveness of the drug sertraline in preventing and treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050804

•

Guanfacine for the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Condition(s): Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service Purpose - Excerpt: This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study lasting 8 weeks. Purpose of the study is two-fold: first, to use a pharmacological agent to treat symptoms of PTSD, and second, to explore neurobiological mechanisms of action of guanfacine. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018603

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptom Study Condition(s): PTSD Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service

80

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Purpose - Excerpt: The primary goals for this investigation are to quantify: (1) fluctuations in PTSD symptom reports when assessed at bi-weekly intervals; (2) change in PTSD symptoms associated with stressful life events; and (3) change in PTSD symptoms associated with perceived social support. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018798 •

Treatment for Alcoholism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (naltrexone) Condition(s): Alcoholism; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate naltrexone and cognitive-behavioral therapy treatments for alcohol dependence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Subjects will be randomly assigned a 6-month treatment of either: 1) naltrexone alone, 2) naltrexone with PTSD psychosocial therapy, 3) a placebo with PTSD psychosocial therapy, or 4) placebo alone. An enhanced medication management intervention will accompany all treatment conditions. Followup assessments will be completed at 9 and 12 months after treatment. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006489

•

Brief Integrative Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to refine Brief Integrative Therapy (BIT) and to evaluate its effectiveness in treating women with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following childhood sexual abuse. This study will also promote the development of skills that are necessary for increasing quality of life and improving selfesteem. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047684

•

Fluoxetine vs EMDR to Treat Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Condition(s): Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare two treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): fluoxetine (an antidepressant) and Eye Movement

Clinical Trials 81

Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR, a psychological treatment in which the patient is led through the memory of a traumatic experience in order to heal him/herself). There are a variety of therapies used to treat PTSD, but the effectiveness of medication alone vs an exposure treatment, such as EMDR, has not been tested. Patients will be assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to one of three groups for 8 weeks of treatment. Group 1 will receive fluoxetine; Group 2 will receive EMDR; and Group 3 will receive inactive placebo. Patients will then stop treatment and have evaluations, including psychological tests, at the time treatment is stopped, 8 weeks later, and at 6 months. An individual may be eligible for this study if he/she: Has PTSD and is 18 to 65 years old. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000379 •

Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Sexually Abused Children Condition(s): Child Abuse, Sexual; Sexual abuse Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two psychological therapies used to treat PTSD in children who have recently been sexually abused: Sexual Abuse-Specific Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (SAS-CBT) vs nondirective supportive therapy (NST). Child sexual abuse is a common experience that has serious mental health consequences, including the development of PTSD and other abuserelated problems. All children will be assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to receive either SAS-CBT or NST at each of two sites. In addition, the parents and the child will receive individual therapy for 12 weeks. The child will be monitored to evaluate his/her response to therapy. Assessments will take place before and just following treatment, and then 6 and 12 months post-treatment. A child may be eligible for this study if he/she: Has been sexually abused, is suffering from PTSD as a result of the abuse, and is 8 to 14 years old. Phase(s): Phase III; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000383

•

Wounded Spirits, Ailing Hearts: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease in Indians Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in American Indians. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below

82

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00073788 •

Compare the Medical Conditions of Gulf War Veterans to Non-Deployed Veterans Condition(s): Chronic Fatigue Syndrome; Fibromyalgia; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; neurologic abnormalities; general health status Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Purpose - Excerpt: Primary Hypothesis: Gulf War veterans will have an equal prevalence or mean level of the following medical and psychological conditions frequently reported in the literature compared to a control group of nondeployed veterans: (1) chronic fatigue syndrome, (2) fibromyalgia, (3) post-traumatic stress disorder, (4) neurologic abnormalities, including peripheral neuropathy and cognitive dysfunction, and (5) general health status. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00032461

•

Drug Treatment for Alcoholics with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Condition(s): Alcoholism; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will investigate the use of sertraline (Zoloft) to decrease alcohol consumption and crime-related post-traumatic stress disorder in those individuals with both disorders. This will be a 12-week, placebo-controlled, doubleblind outpatient trial. All subjects will receive cognitive behavioral therapy in addition to a placebo or sertraline. Comprehensive evaluation will be done at study entry; treatment termination; and 6, 9, and 12 months after study entry. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000446

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at

Clinical Trials 83

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and synonyms).

search

by

“post-traumatic stress

disorder” (or

While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

•

For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

•

For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

•

For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

•

For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

•

For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

•

For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

•

For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

•

For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

•

For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

•

For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

•

For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

•

For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

85

CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “posttraumatic stress disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on post-traumatic stress disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder By performing a patent search focusing on post-traumatic stress disorder, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

86

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on post-traumatic stress disorder: •

Method and apparatus for monitoring of cumulative-trauma-syndrome-inducing activities Inventor(s): Sitte; Hans (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Agilent Technologies, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) Patent Number: 6,402,708 Date filed: April 26, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus and method for monitoring potentially-cumulative-traumasyndrome-inducing activities by a wearer is provided. A wearable monitor and wireless transmitter are attached to a body part of the wearer. The monitor monitors activities of the body part of the wearer. The transmitter transmits signals from the monitor to a receiver. The receiver provides the transmitted signals to a processor, which analyzes the received signals and, in response to a determination that a pre-defined threshold has been exceeded, provides feedback to the wearer. The processor is connected via a localarea-network (LAN) connection to a local area-network. Ergonomics personnel can monitor the wearer and set the threshold remotely via the LAN and the LAN connection. Ergonomics personnel can also determine when the monitor is not being worn by the wearer. The monitor is adapted to resist disablement by the wearer. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to the field of biofeedback systems, and in particular, by way of example but not limitation, to monitoring of potentially cumulative-trauma-syndrome-inducing activities. Many people suffer from repetitivestress injuries, also known as cumulative-trauma syndrome (CTS). Carpal tunnel syndrome is an example of a CTS. CTS also includes tendonitis, cysts, and bursitis. CTS is one of the most common occupational health hazards in industrialized countries today. Numbness, tingling, burning and throbbing, weakness, and even paralysis of fingers, hands, and arms are typical symptoms of CTS. People who suffer from CTS often require surgery, lose time and productivity at work, and, in extreme cases, become unemployed. In some cases, sufferers from CTS cannot perform simple tasks such as picking up a tennis ball. Even if such a simple task can be performed by a person with CTS, it is often excruciatingly painful. Biofeedback can be an important tool for helping those susceptible to CTS. However, it is an effective tool only if it can be employed in a way that allows a susceptible person to avoid behaviors that might lead CTS. Oftentimes, a person will develop CTS after performing a given motion an excessive number of times and/or in a less-than-biomechanically-ideal fashion without knowing that their behavior is contributing to or even causing CTS. Once the person has developed CTS, cessation of the activities that led to its development are often not effective in reversing the condition. In the case of CTS, the axiom that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" undoubtedly applies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06402708__

Patents 87

•

Paroxetine in the treatment of depression associated with withdrawal from heroin abuse and post-traumatic stress disorder Inventor(s): Gleason; Maurice (Newbury, GB) Assignee(s): SmithKline Beecham plc (Brentford, GB) Patent Number: 6,121,291 Date filed: February 11, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of paroxetine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression associated with withdrawal from heroin abuse. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the treatment and/or prevention of specific types of depression. U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,196 discloses the compound, (-)-trans-4-(4'fluorophenyl)-3-(3'4'-methylenedioxy-phenoxymethyl) piperidine, and, in Example 2, a process by which it can be prepared. The compound, which is referred to herein by its common name, paroxetine, is described in the patent as an inhibitor of 5hydroxytryptamine uptake and, therefore, is of use in the treatment of depression in general. It has now been surprisingly discovered that paroxetine has particularly effective therapeutic utility for treating and/or preventing specific types of depression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06121291__

•

Substituted azole derivatives as inhibitors of corticotropin releasing factor Inventor(s): Dubowchik; Gene M. (Middlefield, CT), Zuev; Dmitry S. (Wallingford, CT) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Princeton, NJ) Patent Number: 6,515,005 Date filed: September 17, 2001 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to thiazoles, oxazoles, imidazoles and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds antagonizing the corticotropin releasing factor receptor ("CRF receptor") and useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety, affective disorders, feeding disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, headache, drug addiction, inflammatory disorders, drug or alcohol withdrawal symptoms and other conditions the treatment of which can be effected by the antagonism of the CRF-1 receptor. It has been shown that the neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor ("CRF"), acting through its binding to the CRF-1 receptor, is a primary mediator of stress- and anxiety-related physiological responses in humans and other mammals by stimulating ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. See A. J. Dunn, et al., Brain Res. Rev., 15: 71-100 (1990). Antagonists of the CRF-1 receptor, both peptides (J. Gulyas, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92: 10575-10579 (1995) and small molecules (J. R. McCarthy, et al., Curr. Pharm. Design, 5: 289-315 (1999), have demonstrated the ability to ameliorate the effects of stressful stimuli in several animal models. In addition, marked elevations of CRF in cerebrospinal fluid have been detected in a large portion of individuals diagnosed with major depression and anxiety disorders, and the levels correlate with severity of the disease. See F. Holsboer, J. Psychiatric Res., 33: 181-214 (1999). Following antidepressant treatment, the increased CRF levels observed in depressed patients were reduced. See C. M. Banki, et al., Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2: 107-113 (1992). CRF has also been shown to be a key mediator of several immune system functions through its effect on glucocorticoid

88

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

plasma levels. See E. L. Webster, et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 840: 21-62 (1998). Recent reviews of the activity of CRF-1 antagonists, P. J. Gilligan, et al., J. Med. Chem., 43: 16411660 (2000) and J. R. McCarthy, et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., 34: 11-20 (1999) are incorporated herein by reference. There appears a need to discover novel small molecule CRF antagonists in order to treat a wide variety of human disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and other stress-related illnesses. See WO 95/10506, WO 95/33750, WO 97/14684, WO 97/35580, WO 98/11075, WO 98/42699, WO 99/01439 and EP 773023. R.sup.5, R.sup.6 and R.sup.7 are each the same or different and selected from the group consisting of H, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, C.sub.1-6 thioalkyl, CN, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl and halo. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06515005__ •

Surface stimulation of specific acupuncture points to reduce anxiety Inventor(s): Garcia-Rill; Edgar (Roland, AR), Gellman; Harris (Little Rock, AR), Skinner; Robert D. (Little Rock, AR) Assignee(s): Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas (Little Rock, AR) Patent Number: 5,950,635 Date filed: January 20, 1998 Abstract: A method of treating various anxiety-related disorders, such as PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, panic attacks, or general anxiety disorder is disclosed. It has been found that the P1 midlatency auditory evoked potential of such patients undergoes increased amplitude and decreased habituation. Stimulation of three specific acupuncture points LR3, HT3, and PC6) on three different acupuncture meridians has been found to reduce the amplitude of the P1 potential using 20-minute periods of stimulation. Low frequency stimulation (around 5 Hz) was found to be most effective. Repeated periods of stimulation were also found to increase the effect of the treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the stimulation of acupuncture points to effect medical treatment. The present invention relates particularly to the stimulation of three acupuncture points to treat anxiety-related disorders. For more than three thousand years, Chinese physicians have used acupuncture to alleviate pain and treat a myriad of diseases. While the principles underlying the effectiveness of acupuncture as a treatment form are not yet completely understood, it has been well recognized that the stimulation of certain points on the human body has therapeutic effects. Such stimulation may be effected through the insertion of needles, activation of surface electrodes, or other means. The practice of acupuncture is based on the theory that certain lines running across the human body, referred to as meridians, are each associated with a certain organ. For example, the Lung Meridian (designated "L") runs from the tip of the thumb, along the forearm above the radius, and up to the shoulder. Other meridians include the Liver Meridian ("LR"), Stomach Meridian ("S"), Spleen Meridian ("SP"), Heart Meridian ("HT"), and Pericardium Meridian ("PC"). Along these meridians are certain points that, when stimulated, have certain effects (either therapeutic or deleterious) on the human body. Points along a meridian are designated by the meridian symbol combined with a number for that point; for example, the point on the Lung Meridian that lies just above the joint between the radius and the humerus is designated "L5". The stimulation of each point along a meridian is believed to have an effect different from the stimulation of other points along the same meridian. Thus according to acupuncture theory, the correct location of the proper meridian, and the correct location of the proper point along that meridian, is crucial to effecting a proper

Patents 89

treatment. In particular, the traditional acupuncture treatment to relieve anxiety-related disorders requires the insertion of needles at two specific points, LR3 and HT3. A standard reference work identifying the acupuncture meridians and points, and the believed effects of stimulating many of those points, is Charles A. Meeker, Acupuncture for the Practitioner or Advanced Student (3d Ed. 1979), which is incorporated by reference herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05950635__ •

Use of guanfacine in the treatment of behavioral disorders Inventor(s): Arnsten; Amy F. T. (376 Sperry Rd., Bethany, CT 06524), Goldman-Rakic; Patricia S. (New Haven, CT), Hunt; Robert H. (1701 Cedar La., Nashville, TN 37212) Assignee(s): Arnsten; Amy F. T. (Bethany, CT), Goldman-Rakic; Patricia (New Haven, CT), Hunt; Robert H. (Nashville, TN) Patent Number: 5,854,290 Date filed: September 21, 1995 Abstract: Disclosed is a method of treating disorders which have prominent symptoms of behavioral disinhibition (e.g., Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, or the disinhibitory symptoms accompanying Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or dementia) in a primate with minimal sedative side effects by administering thereto a therapeutically effective amount of guanfacine. Excerpt(s): Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity is a major disorder of childhood which often continues into the adult years. Patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity have difficulty concentrating and organizing their behavior. In addition, they are impulsive and easily distracted. Some display major hyperactivity while others outgrow or never show the motor symptoms. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity affects about 3.5 million children and adolescents in the United States, about half of whom retain attentional difficulties into adulthood (Cantwell and Baker, 1988). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity can result in low selfe-steem, poor relationships with peers and adults, and inferior performance in school. These difficulties can lead to serious emotional problems, truancy, drug abuse and criminal behavior (Pelham and Murphy, 1986). Moreover, the symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity commonly accompany those of Conduct Disorder (inappropriate aggression) and Tourette's Syndrome (inappropriate movements). Many of these same symptoms of disinhibited, inappropriate behaviors are also observed in elderly, demented individuals (e.g., agitation, wandering, inappropriate aggression). These disinhibited behaviors pose a serious problem to nursing homes and other caregivers. This spectrum of disinhibited behaviors may arise from a dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (A. F. T. Arnsten, J. C. Steere and R. Hunt, 1995). The prefrontal cortex projects to the brain's motor areas (striatum, motor cortices; Goldman-Rakic, P. S. et al., (1992) The Prefrontal Cortex and Internally Generated Motor Acts, Current Opinion Neurobiol. 2:830-835) and thus functions to guide behavior appropriately. In addition, the prefrontal cortex may perform this function for intellectual and affective behaviors. Degeneration of the prefrontal cortex may produce disinhibited behavior in elderly demented individuals, while altered development of these systems may lead to childhood disorders such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Conduct Disorder, and Tourette's Syndrome. Because recent research efforts have focused almost exclusively on developing treatments for the memory problems of dementia, there have been few new treatments for this spectrum of disorders. This focus

90

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

has resulted in little research directed to the disorders of childhood. AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity is usually treated with methylphenidate (Ritalin.TM. commercially available from Ciba Pharmaceutical), an amphetamine-like compound which is helpful for many patients (Hunt et al., 1991). However, methylphenidate has many deleterious side-effects including insomnia, appetite suppression, irritability, attentional "sticking", perseverative thoughts, increased aggression, and stunted growth (Hunt, R. D. (1988) Attention Deficit Disorder: Diagnosis, Assessment and Treatment. In Handbook of Clinical Assessment of Children and Adolescents--A Biopsychosocial Approach. C. Kestenbaum and D. Williams (eds.), pp. 519-561; McBurnett et al., 1991; Tannock and Schachar, 1992). Moreover, methylphenidate is contraindicated in patients with Conduct Disorder or Tourette's Syndrome because it can aggravate aggression and tics. Because many patients cannot tolerate methylphenidate, or find it only partially effective, alternative medications would be beneficial. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05854290__ •

Vibratory sleeve and method for the treatment of repetitive trauma syndrome Inventor(s): Davis; William M. (730 Shady Hollow La., Akron, OH 44313), Yanke; Mark J. (Akron, OH) Assignee(s): Davis; William M. (Akron, OH) Patent Number: 6,093,164 Date filed: July 17, 1998 Abstract: A device for the delivery of low amplitude vibration to limbs comprises a flexible sleeve adaptable to fit circumferentially around the limb of a living being; means for mounting the sleeve about the limb; means for generating a low amplitude vibration, carried by said sleeve; and means for transmitting the vibrations to said limb. A method for the treatment of repetitive trauma syndrome comprises affixing a device providing a flexible sleeve circumferentially about the limb affected and transmitting a low amplitude vibration from the device to the limb. Excerpt(s): This present invention provides a vibratory sleeve which can be worn in the work place and/or at rest to decrease the effect of repetitive trauma to the anatomical structures of the forearm which in turn causes pain, limitation of normal movement and compromised performance of vocational and avocational activities. The vibratory sleeve can be used both in stationary and ambulatory activities as it is capable of either battery or AC/DC activation. It is recommended for either prophylactic or acute symptom alleviation. The present invention also provides a method for treating repetitive or cumulative trauma syndrome. Repetitive trauma syndrome (RTS) is well documented in the literature and is a common diagnosis in the charts located in orthopaedic and rehabilitation offices across the world, and has proliferated with the popularity of computers, both at work and at home. Modalities directed toward the treatment and/or infringement of pain and discomfort associated with repetitive trauma syndrome (RTS) or overuse syndrome employ various splints, physical and/or occupation therapy, massage, heat and cold packs and/or exercise(s) in various combinations. The ultimate mode of treatment is surgery, which does not assume a curative role but offers some degree of immediate relief. All of these modalities either restrict activities and/or remove the afflicted from the work place or from avocational activities for prescribed times of treatment. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most prevalent of the repetitive trauma maladies and treatment employs the traditional modalities outlined hereinabove. Therefore, limitations of activities and time constraints are placed upon the

Patents 91

afflicted person, whereas the device of the present invention does not further compromise the afflicted; wrists and hands are free, the device is contoured for a comfortable fit and there is neither weight nor bulk to confound the wearer. The wearer does not have to leave the work place for prescriptive therapies or more constrictive modalities. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06093164__

Patent Applications on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to post-traumatic stress disorder: •

3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione derivatives as CRF receptor ligands Inventor(s): Hartz, Richard A.; (Kennett Square, PA) Correspondence: Stephen B. Davis; Bristol-myers Squibb Company; Patent Department; P O Box 4000; Princeton; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20030119831 Date filed: November 7, 2002 Abstract: Compounds provided herein are 3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione derivatives of Formula (I): 1Such compounds are particularly useful as CRF receptor ligands, and hence, in the treatment of various neurologically-related disorders such as affective disorder, anxiety and depression, headache, irritable bowel syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, supranuclear palsy, immune suppression, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal diseases, anorexia nervosa or other feeding disorder, drug addiction, drug or alcohol withdrawal symptoms, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular or heartrelated diseases, fertility problems, human immunodeficiency virus infections, hemorrhagic stress, obesity, infertility, head and spinal cord traumas, epilepsy, stroke, ulcers, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or hypoglycemia. Excerpt(s): This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Appl No. 60/331,829, filed Nov. 20, 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This invention relates to 3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione derivatives as CRF antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same in the treatment of psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases including affective disorder, anxiety related disorders, depression, headache, post-traumatic stress disorder, supranuclear palsy, Alzheimer's disease, head and spinal cord traumas, anorexia nervosa or other feeding disorders, as well as treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular or heart-related diseases, immune supression, human immunodeficiency virus infections, fertility problems, or a disorder the treatment of which can be effected or facilitated by antagonizing CRF, including but not limited to disorders induced or facilitated by CRF. Corticotropin releasing factor (herein referred to as CRF), a 41 amino acid peptide, is the primary physiological regulator of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide secretion from the anterior pituitary gland [J. Rivier et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA)

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

92

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

80:4851 (1983); W. Vale et al., Science 213:1394 (1981)]. In addition to its endocrine role at the pituitary gland, immunohistochemical localization of CRF has demonstrated that the hormone has a broad extrahypothalamic distribution in the central nervous system and produces a wide spectrum of autonomic, electrophysiological and behavioral effects consistent with a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator role in brain [W. Vale et al., Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 39:245 (1983); G. F. Koob, Persp. Behav. Med. 2:39 (1985); E. B. De Souza et al., J. Neurosci. 5:3189 (1985)]. There is also evidence that CRF plays a significant role in integrating the response of the immune system to physiological, psychological, and immunological stressors [J. E. Blalock, Physiological Reviews 69:1 (1989); J. E. Morley, Life Sci. 41:527 (1987)]. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Aminoalkyl substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9H-pyridino[2,3-b]indole and tetrahydro-9H-pyrimidino[4,5-b]indole derivatives: CRF1 specific ligands

5,6,7,8-

Inventor(s): Darrow, James W.; (Wallingford, CT), Horvath, Raymond F.; (North Branford, CT), Maynard, George D.; (Clinton, CT) Correspondence: Steven J. Sarussi; Mcdonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff; 32nd Floor; 300 S. Wacker Drive; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030105117 Date filed: August 27, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are compounds of the formula: 1whereinAr, R.sup.1, W, X and m are substituents as defined herein.These compounds are modulators of CRF receptors and are therefore useful for treating affective disorder, anxiety, depression, headache, irritable bowel syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, supranuclear palsy, immune suppression, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal diseases, anorexia nervosa or other feeding disorder, drug addiction, drug or alcohol withdrawal symptoms, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular or heart-related diseases, fertility problems, human immunodeficiency virus infections, hemorrhagic stress, obesity, infertility, head and spinal cord traumas, epilepsy, stroke, ulcers, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, hypoglycemia or a disorder the treatment of which can be effected or facilitated by antagonizing CRF, including but not limited to disorders induced or facilitated by CRF, in mammals, comprising: administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to aminoalkyl substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro9H-pyridino[2,3-b]indole and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-9H-pyrimidino[4,5-b]indole derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and their use in treating psychiatric disorders, neurological diseases, immunological, cardiovascular or heart-related diseases and colonic hypersensitivity associated with psychopathological disturbance and stress. Corticotropin releasing factor (herein referred to as CRF), a 41 amino acid peptide, is the primary physiological regulator of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptide secretion from the anterior pituitary gland [J. Rivier et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 80:4851 (1983); W. Vale et al., Science 213:1394 (1981)]. In addition to its endocrine role at the pituitary gland, immunohistochemical localization of CRF has demonstrated that the hormone has a broad extrahypothalamic distribution in the central nervous system and produces a wide spectrum of autonomic, electrophysiological and behavioral effects consistent with a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator role in brain [W. Vale et al., Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 39:245 (1983); G. F. Koob, Persp. Behav. Med. 2:39 (1985); E. B. De Souza et al., J. Neurosci. 5:3189 (1985)].

Patents 93

There is also evidence that CRF plays a significant role in integrating the response of the immune system to physiological, psychological, and immunological stressors [J. E. Blalock, Physiological Reviews 69:1 (1989); J. E. Morley, Life Sci. 41:527 (1987)]. Clinical data provide evidence that CRF has a role in psychiatric disorders and neurological diseases including depression, anxiety-related disorders and feeding disorders. A role for CRF has also been postulated in the etiology and pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as they relate to the dysfunction of CRF neurons in the central nervous system [for review see E. B. De Souza, Hosp. Practice 23:59 (1988)]. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Antidepressant azaheterocyclylmethyl derivatives of 1,4,5-trioxa-phenanthrene Inventor(s): Stack, Gary P.; (Ambler, PA), Tran, Megan; (Hoboken, NJ) Correspondence: Wyeth; Patent Law Group; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020193401 Date filed: April 25, 2002 Abstract: Compounds of the formula 1useful for the treatment of diseases such as depression (including but not limited to major depressive disorder, childhood depression and dysthymia), anxiety, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder attention deficit disorder (with and without hyperactivity), obsessive compulsive disorder (including trichotillomania), social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obesity, eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, vasomotor flushing, cocaine and alcohol addiction, sexual dysfunction and related illnesses. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from co-pending provisional application serial No. 60/287,448, filed Apr. 30, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Major depression is a serious health problem affecting more than 5% of the population, with a life-time prevalence of 15-20%. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have produced significant success in treating depression and related illnesses and have become among the most prescribed drugs. They nonetheless have a slow onset of action, often taking several weeks to produce their full therapeutic effect. Furthermore, they are effective in fewer than two-thirds of patients. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Combinations of SSRI and estrogenic agents Inventor(s): Jenkins, Simon N.; (Audubon, PA) Correspondence: Arnold S. Milowsky; American Home Products Corporation; Patent Law Department - 2B; Five Giralda Farms; Madison; NJ; 07940; US Patent Application Number: 20020042432 Date filed: June 29, 2001 Abstract: This invention comprises methods of depression, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), hot flush, post partum depression, premenstrual syndrome, obesity, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social phobia, disruptive

94

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

behavior disorders, impulse control disorders, borderline personality disorder, chronic fatigue disorder, premature ejaculation, pain, attention deficit disorders, with and without hyperactivity, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, bulimia nervosa, or Shy Drager Syndrome comprising administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and compound of the formulae I or II: 1wherein Z is a moiety selected from the group of: 2wherein: R.sub.1 is selected from H, OH or the C.sub.1-C.sub.12 esters or C.sub.1C.sub.12 alkyl ethers thereof, benzyloxy, or halogen; or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 halogenated ethers including trifluoromethyl ether and trichloromethyl ether; R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, and R.sub.6 are H, OH or C.sub.1-C.sub.12 esters or C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl ethers thereof, halogens, or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 halogenated ethers, cyano, C.sub.1C.sub.6 alkyl, or trifluoromethyl, with the proviso that, when R.sub.1 is H, R.sub.2 is not OH; Y is the moiety: 3R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are alkyl or concatenated together to form an optionally substituted, nitrogen-containing ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/216,408, filed Jul. 6, 2000. This invention relates to methods of using substituted indole compounds in the combination with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the treatment, prevention, inhibition or alleviation of depression, anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), hot flush, post partum depression, premenstrual syndrome, obesity, obsessive compulsive disorder, social phobia, disruptive behavior disorders, impulse control disorders, borderline personality disorder, chronic fatigue disorder, premature ejaculation, pain, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit disorders, with and without hyperactivity, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, bulimia nervosa, or Shy Drager Syndrome and related pharmaceutical compositions and kits. as well as their use as estrogenic agents, including the treatment of bone loss, cardiovascular disease, maladies associated with or resulting from the proliferation or abnormal development of endometrial or endometrial-like tissues, and disease states or syndromes associated with estrogen deficiency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

CRF2 ligands in combination therapy Inventor(s): Ho, Siew Peng; (Chadds Ford, PA) Correspondence: Bristol-myers Squibb Pharma Company; Patent Department; P.O. Box 4000; Princeton; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20020035083 Date filed: July 19, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to antisense oligonucleotides directed against the mRNA of the corticotropin releasing factor subtype-2 (CRF.sub.2) receptor which substantially reduce expression of CRF.sub.2 receptors in the rodent brain and the use of antisense oligonucleotides in in vivo CNS studies of gene function and to treat a wide range of psychiatric disorders including anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias and depression. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a CRF.sub.1 receptor ligand and a CRF.sub.2 receptor ligand, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof; and to a method of treating a disorder associated with CRF.sub.1, and CRF.sub.2 receptor activity, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a CRF.sub.1 receptor ligand and a

Patents 95

CRF.sub.2 receptor ligand, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or prodrugs thereof, wherein CRF receptor ligands of this invention are agonists or antagonists of the CRF receptors. In addition to the pharmaceutical target of the invention being the CRF receptors, this invention is also directed to pharmaceutical agents which target CRF.sub.1 and CRF.sub.2 receptor mRNA. Extensive studies have established the importance of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in controlling the pituitaryadrenocortical system and in mediating the behavioral, autonomic and immune responses to stress. Hence, this peptide is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Presently, two 7-transmembrane receptors, CRF.sub.1 and CRF.sub.2, have been identified which mediate the effects of CRF. Both receptors are widely expressed in brain although there is little significant overlap between the areas of highest expression of the two receptor sub-types. CRF-overexpressing transgenic mice have been reported to exhibit an increase in anxiogenic (anxiety-producing) behavior (Stenzel-Poore et al., Overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor in transgenic mice: A genetic model of anxiogenic behavior. J. Neuroscience 14, 2579-2584, 1995). Of particular importance is the question of whether these anxiogenic responses are mediated through CRF action on CRF.sub.1 receptors, CRF.sub.2 receptors or both. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonists are mentioned in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,605,642, 5,874,227, 5,962,479, 5,063,245, 5,861,398 and 6,083,948, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Several published patent applications also disclose corticotropin releasing factor antagonist compounds, among these are DuPont Merck PCT application US 94/11050, Pfizer WO 95/33750, Pfizer WO 95/34563, Pfizer WO 95/33727 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,311. Diseases considered treatable with CRF antagonists are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,063,245 and Pharm. Rev., 43: 425-473 (1991). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Imidazolyl derivatives as corticotropin releasing factor inhibitors Inventor(s): Dasgupta, Bireshwar; (Middletown, CT), Dubowchik, Gene M.; (Middlefield, CT), Han, Xiaojun; (Cheshire, CT), Michne, Jodi A.; (Middletown, CT), Vrudhula, Vivekananda M.; (Killingworth, CT), Zuev, Dmitry; (Wallingford, CT) Correspondence: Stephen B. Davis; Bristol-myers Squibb Company; Patent Department; P O Box 4000; Princeton; NJ; 08543-4000; US Patent Application Number: 20020183375 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel heterocyclic antagonists of Formula (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said antagonists of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor ("CRF receptor") 1useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety, affective disorders, feeding disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, headache, drug addiction, inflammatory disorders, drug or alcohol withdrawal symptoms and other conditions the treatment of which can be effected by the antagonism of the CRF-1 receptor. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application claims priority from provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/264,570 filed Jan. 26, 2001. The present invention relates to antagonists and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said antagonists of the corticotropin releasing factor receptor ("CRF receptor") useful for the treatment of depression, anxiety, affective disorders, feeding disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, headache, drug addiction, inflammatory disorders, drug or alcohol withdrawal symptoms and other conditions the treatment of which can be effected by the antagonism of the CRF-1

96

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

receptor. It has been shown that the neuropeptide, corticotropin releasing factor ("CRF"), acting through its binding to the CRF-1 receptor, is a primary mediator of stress- and anxiety-related physiological responses in humans and other mammals by stimulating ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. See A. J. Dunn, et al., Brain Res. Rev., 15: 71-100 (1990). Antagonists of the CRF-1 receptor, both peptides (J. Gulyas, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92: 10575-10579 (1995) and small molecules (J. R. McCarthy, et al., Curr. Pharm. Design, 5: 289-315 (1999), have demonstrated the ability to ameliorate the effects of stressful stimuli in several animal models. In addition, marked elevations of CRF in cerebrospinal fluid have been detected in a large portion of individuals diagnosed with major depression and anxiety disorders, and the levels correlate with severity of the disease. See F. Holsboer, J. Psychiatric Res., 33: 181-214 (1999). Following antidepressant treatment, the increased CRF levels observed in depressed patients were reduced. See C. M. Banki, et al., Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2: 107-113 (1992); see also Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. Zobel A W, Nickel T, Kunzel H E, Ackl N, Sonntag A. Ising M, Holsboer F J Psychiatr Res 2000, 34, 171-181. CRF has also been shown to be a key mediator of several immune system functions through its effect on glucocorticoid plasma levels. See E. L. Webster, et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 840: 21-32 (1998). Recent reviews of the activity of CRF-1 antagonists include P. J. Gilligan, et al., J. Med. Chem., 43: 1641-1660 (2000) and J. R. McCarthy, et al., Ann. Rep. Med. Chem., 34: 11-20 (1999). There appears a need to discover novel small molecule CRF antagonists in order to treat a wide variety of human disorders including depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and other stress-related illnesses. See WO 98/35967, WO 99/01454, WO 99/10350, wo 99/67247, 00/01675, WO 00/01697, WO 00/39127, WO 00/59907, WO 00/59908, EP 778277, EP 812831. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

New treatment using venlafaxine Inventor(s): Derivan, Albert T.; (Villanova, PA), Muth, Eric A.; (New Hope, PA), Rudolph, Richard L.; (Berwyn, PA), Upton, G. Virginia; (Radnor, PA) Correspondence: Egon E. Berg; Americans Home Products Corporation; Patent Law Department - 2B; One Campus Drive; Parisppany; NJ; 07054; US Patent Application Number: 20010012855 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides a method of treating obesity, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, late luteal phase disphoric disorder (premenstrual syndrome), attention deficit disorder, with and without hyperactivity, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, bulimia nervosa or Shy Drager Syndrome in a mammal by administering to the mammal an effective amount of a hydroxycycloalkanephenethyl amine of the following structural formula: 1in which A is a moiety of the formula 2where the dotted line represents optional unsaturation;R.sub.1 is hydrogen or alkyl;R.sub.2 is alkyl;R.sub.4 is hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, or alkanol;R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are, independently, hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkanoyloxy, cyano, nitro, alkylmercapto, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkanamido, halo, trifluoromethyl, or taken together, methylene dioxy;R.sub.7 is hydrogen or alkyl; andn is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Excerpt(s): The active ingredients of this invention include (1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(4methoxyphenyl) ethyl]cyclohexanol), or therapeutically acceptable salts thereof, which

Patents 97

are known generally as venlafaxine and its analogues. Venlafaxine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,186 (Husbands et al.) and has been previously reported to be useful as an antidepressant. U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,186 teaches the production of venlafaxine and its analogues and is incorporated herein as reference. For the purposes of this disclosure, and the claims that follow, the use of venlafaxine is understood to include the free base and pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of venlafaxine, the racemate and its individual enantiomers, and venlafaxine analogs, both as racemates and as their individual enantiomers. Venlafaxine has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of monoamine neurotransmitter uptake, a mechanism associated with clinical antidepressant activity. Due to its novel structure, venlafaxine has a mechanism of action unrelated to other available antidepressants, such as the tricyclic antidepressants desipramine, nostriptyline, protriptyline, imipramine, amitryptyline, trimipramine and doxepin. It is believed that venlafaxine's mechanism of action is related to potent inhibition of the uptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine. To a lesser degree, venlafaxine also inhibits dopamine reuptake, but it has no inhibitory activity on monoamine oxidase. O-desmethylvenlafaxine, venlafaxine's major metabolite in humans, exhibits a similar pharmacologic profile. Venlafaxine's ability to inhibit norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) uptake has been predicted to have an efficacy which rivals or surpases that of tricyclic antidepressants (Stuart A. Montgomery, M. D., J. Clin. Psychiatry, 54:3, March 1993). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on post-traumatic stress disorder. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning posttraumatic stress disorder. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

99

CHAPTER 7. DISORDER

BOOKS ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS

Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on post-traumatic stress disorder include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on post-traumatic stress disorder: •

Adolescent injuries: Epidemiology and prevention Source: Philadelphia, PA: Hanley and Belfus. 1995. 240 pp. Contact: Available from Hanley and Belfus, 210 South 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Telephone: (215) 546-4995. $33.00, no shipping and handling charge if prepaid. Summary: This book contains a collection of essays by individual authors; each addresses some aspect of the epidemiology and prevention of adolescent injuries. The individual essays follow a brief commentary on methodological and conceptual issues. Topics covered are: traffic-related injuries, drowning, suicide, the role of handguns in homicides among adolescents and young adults, family violence and development during adolescence, occupational injuries, adolescent injury prevention in primary care,

100 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

peer violence prevention programs in middle and high schools, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the role of mass media in injury causation and prevention. •

Mental Health Care for People With HIV Infection Contact: New York Department of Health, AIDS Institute, Room 359, Corning Tower, Albany, NY, 12237, (518) 486-1383. Summary: This monograph presents guidelines about providing mental health care to persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It includes the following chapters: (1) The Role of the Primary Care Practitioner in Assessing and Treating Mental Health in Persons with HIV, (2) Psychiatric/Mental Status Evaluations in Primary Care Settings, (3) Working with Patients' Personalities and Styles, (4) Family Issues for Patients with HIV/AIDS, (5) Cognitive Disorders and HIV/AIDS, (6) Depression and Mania in Patients with HIV/AIDS, (7) Suicidality in Patients with HIV/AIDS, (8) Anxiety Disorders in Patients with HIV/AIDS, and (9) Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with HIV/AIDS. The appendices include information on the relation between HIV-related and psychotropic medications, HIV-related causes of psychiatric symptoms, and mental health care resources in New York State.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “post-traumatic stress disorder” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “post-traumatic stress disorder” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Veterans Affairs Department Research, Mental Health Services (CD-ROM) by U.S. Government; ISBN: 159248459X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159248459X/icongroupinterna

•

A Clinical Handbook/Practical Therapist Manual for Assessing and Treating Adults with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) by Don Meichenbaum, Donald Meichenbaum (1995); ISBN: 0969884001; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969884001/icongroupinterna

•

African-American veterans and community : post-traumatic stress disorder and related issues : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, September 15, 1993 (SuDoc Y 4.V 64/3:103-25); ISBN: 0160442567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160442567/icongroupinterna

•

Autism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Ending Autistic Fixation by Ken Lenchitz (2000); ISBN: 0398070962; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398070962/icongroupinterna

Books

101

•

Brief Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder : Traumatic Incident Reduction and Related Techniques by Stephen Bisbey (Author), Lori Beth Bisbey (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0471975672; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471975672/icongroupinterna

•

Coping With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Guide for Families by Cheryl A. Roberts (2003); ISBN: 0786417366; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0786417366/icongroupinterna

•

Coping With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Dealing With Tragedy (Coping) by Carolyn Simpson, Dwain Simpson; ISBN: 082393456X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082393456X/icongroupinterna

•

Counselling for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Michael J Scott (Author), Stephen G Stradling (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0761965734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761965734/icongroupinterna

•

Crisis and Chaos: Life With the Combat Veteran: The Stories of Families Living and Coping With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd) by Colleen McCarty-Gould (1999); ISBN: 1560726172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560726172/icongroupinterna

•

Everything You Need to Know About Natural Disasters and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Need to Know Library) by Richard S. Lee, Mary Price Lee; ISBN: 0823920534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823920534/icongroupinterna

•

From Accidents to Assaults: How Organisational Response to Traumatic Incidents Can Prevent Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Workplace (Contract Research Report); ISBN: 0717616312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0717616312/icongroupinterna

•

From Vietnam to Hell: Interviews With Victims of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Shirley Dicks; ISBN: 0899504876; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899504876/icongroupinterna

•

Harmony of Illusions: Inventing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Allan Young (2001); ISBN: B00005NR0O; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005NR0O/icongroupinterna

•

Have you lived through a very scary and dangerous event? : a real illness : posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (SuDoc HE 20.8102:IL 6/PTSD) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B000112WSG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000112WSG/icongroupinterna

•

Horrific Traumata: A Pastoral Response to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by N. Duncan Sinclair (1993); ISBN: 1560242930; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560242930/icongroupinterna

•

Images of Trauma: From Hysteria to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by David Healy; ISBN: 0571163262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0571163262/icongroupinterna

•

Legal Research Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder As Related to Veterans (Leal Research Guides) by Steven R. Thorpe (1996); ISBN: 1575881128; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575881128/icongroupinterna

•

Overcoming Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - Client Manual by Larry Smyth (1999); ISBN: 1572241632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572241632/icongroupinterna

102 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Pastoral Care for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Healing the Shattered Soul by Dalene Fuller Rogers (2002); ISBN: 0789015420; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789015420/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (1992); ISBN: 082640555X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082640555X/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Bailliere's Clinical Psychiatry) by E.L. Giller, L. Weisaeth; ISBN: 070201950X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/070201950X/icongroupinterna

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder (SuDoc HE 20.8113:AN 9) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010WXOK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010WXOK/icongroupinterna

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder : diagnosis, treatment, and legal issues by C. B. Scrignar; ISBN: 0945032005; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0945032005/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the War Veteran Patient (Brunner Mazel Psychosocial Stress, Vol 5) by William E. Kelly (Editor); ISBN: 0876303866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876303866/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children by Spencer Eth, et al (1985); ISBN: 088048067X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088048067X/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents by Kedar Nath Dwivedi (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 1861561636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861561636/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Sourcebook by Glenn R. Schiraldi; ISBN: 0737302658; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737302658/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Rape Trauma, Delayed Stress and Related Conditions: A Bibliography; With a Directory of Veterans Outreach Programs by D. Cheryn Picquiet, et al; ISBN: 089950213X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089950213X/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Clinicians Guide (Plenum Series in Stress and Coping) by Kirtland C. Peterson, et al (1991); ISBN: 030643542X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030643542X/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Complete Treatment Guide by Aphrodite Matsakis, Leslie Tilley (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 1879237687; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879237687/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Victim's Guide to Healing and Recovery by Raymond B., Jr., Ph. D. Flannery (2003); ISBN: 1883581389; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1883581389/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Assessment, Differential Diagnosis and Forensic Evaluation by Carroll L. Meek (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0943158354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943158354/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Defining, Examining, Preventing and Treating by Charles R. Figley (1994); ISBN: 1574441663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574441663/icongroupinterna

Books

103

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis, Management and Treatment by David J. Nutt (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1853179264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853179264/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Victim's Guide to Healing and Recovery by Raymond B., Jr. Flannery; ISBN: 0824511948; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824511948/icongroupinterna

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: Concepts and Therapy by William Yule (Editor); ISBN: 0471970808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471970808/icongroupinterna

•

Prisoners of the Past: Overcoming Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Howard Levine; ISBN: 092916251X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/092916251X/icongroupinterna

•

Simple and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Strategies for Comprehensive Treatment in Clinical Practice by Mary Beth Williams (Editor), John F., Jr. Sommer (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0789002973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789002973/icongroupinterna

•

Soldier's Heart: Survivors' View of Combat Trauma by Sarah Hansel (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0962916463; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962916463/icongroupinterna

•

Straight Talk About Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Coping With the Aftermath of Trauma (Straight Talk Series) by Kay Marie Porterfield (1996); ISBN: 0816032580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816032580/icongroupinterna

•

Straight Talk: Child Abuse, Date Rape, Death & Dying, Learning Disabilities, Money, Parents, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Smoking, Student Life, Teenage Gambling, (2002); ISBN: 0816047545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816047545/icongroupinterna

•

Surviving Disaster Stress: What to Do Before, During, and After Any Crisis to Prevent Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders by Donald E., Ph.D. Dossey; ISBN: 0925640085; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0925640085/icongroupinterna

•

The Beast Within: Vietnam--The Cause and Effect of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by John O'Shea, Richard D. Ling (2003); ISBN: 0533143276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533143276/icongroupinterna

•

The Infinite Mind: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Memories of War by Lichtenstein Creative Media; ISBN: 1888064099; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888064099/icongroupinterna

•

Trauma and Its Wake: The Study and Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Brunner Mazel Psychosocial Stress, Vol 4) by Charles R. Figley (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0876303858; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876303858/icongroupinterna

•

Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Handbook and Practice Manual for Therapy by Donald Meichenbaum; ISBN: 047197241X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047197241X/icongroupinterna

•

Understanding Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder by Janet Gorman (2000); ISBN: 1874690278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1874690278/icongroupinterna

104 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis, treatment, and legal issues Author: Scrignar, C. B. (Chester B.); Year: 1963; New York: Praeger, 1984; ISBN: 0030715970 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0030715970/icongroupinterna

•

Post-traumatic stress disorders of the Vietnam veteran: observations and recommendations for the psychological treatment of the veteran and his family Author: Williams, Tom.; Year: 1949; Cincinnati, Ohio: Disabled American Veterans, 1980

•

Post-traumatic stress disorders.; Year: 1964; [New York, N.Y.]: Van Nostrand Reinhold, [c1983]

•

Selected bibliography, post-traumatic stress disorder with special attention to Vietnam veterans Author: Arnold, Arthur L.; Year: 1969; Phoenix, AZ: VA Medical Center, 1984

Chapters on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder In order to find chapters that specifically relate to post-traumatic stress disorder, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and post-traumatic stress disorder using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

105

CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on post-traumatic stress disorder. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in post-traumatic stress disorder (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on post-traumatic stress disorder: •

Diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder [videorecording] Source: Menninger Foundation; Year: 1987; Format: Videorecording; Topeka, KS: The Foundation, c1987

•

Hypnosis in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder [videorecording] Source: Menninger Foundation; Year: 1987; Format: Videorecording; Topeka, KS: The Foundation, c1987

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder [videorecording]: diagnosis Source: produced for Readjustment Counseling Service, VA Central Office by Regional Learning Resources Services, VA Medical Center, St. Louis; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; [Washington, D.C.]: Veterans Administration, 1988

107

CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

NEWS

ON

POST-

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover post-traumatic stress disorder.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on post-traumatic stress disorder is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to post-traumatic stress disorder. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for post-traumatic stress disorder: •

Most orthopaedic trauma patients experience post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 05, 2003

108 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Sleep problems may predict post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 13, 2002

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder high in NYC after September 11 Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 27, 2002

•

Inner-city girls at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 13, 2000

•

Nefazodone benefits Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 02, 2000

•

Zoloft approved for post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 07, 1999

•

Car accidents can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 23, 1999

•

Anxious children more vulnerable to post-traumatic stress disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 23, 1999

•

Exposure to violence linked to post-traumatic stress disorder in adolescents Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 18, 1999

•

Drug abuse among post-traumatic stress disorder patients may be attempt to selfmedicate Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 26, 1998

•

Post-traumatic stress disorder seen in prostitutes Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 18, 1998 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Researching Medications

109

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to post-traumatic stress disorder, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering post-traumatic stress disorder that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

111

APPENDICES

113

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

114 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

115

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

116 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “post-traumatic stress disorder” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “posttraumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

Fibromyalgia Source: New York, NY: Nidus Information Services. 1997. 8 p. Contact: Available from Nidus Information Services, 175 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2338, New York, NY 10010. (212) 260-4268. (800) 334-WELL. (212) 529-2349 (fax). Summary: This report for health professionals and individuals with fibromyalgia uses a question-and-answer format to present an overview of fibromyalgia. The symptoms of fibromyalgia are identified. The primary causes of fibromyalgia are outlined, including genetic and biologic factors, chronic sleep disturbance, post-traumatic stress disorder, and hypervigilance. Diagnostic criteria and tests for fibromyalgia are described. Other conditions that exhibit the same symptoms as fibromyalgia are discussed, including chronic fatigue syndrome, Lyme disease, other myalgias, rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, other medical conditions, major depression disorder, and sleep disturbances. Drug and alcohol use and exposure to chemicals and other toxins may also cause some symptoms of fibromyalgia. In addition, the treatment and management of fibromyalgia are reviewed, focusing on exercise, drug therapy, cognitive therapy, stress reduction techniques, and alternative therapies.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.”

15 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Physician Resources

117

The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7675 659 567 29 24 8954

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/. 17

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

118 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

119

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on post-traumatic stress disorder can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to post-traumatic stress disorder. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to post-traumatic stress disorder. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “post-traumatic stress disorder”:

120 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Guides on post-traumatic stress disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html

•

Other guides Angina http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/angina.html Arrhythmia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arrhythmia.html Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/arthritis.html Asperger's Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/aspergerssyndrome.html Bereavement http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bereavement.html Birth Defects http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html Carpal Tunnel Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carpaltunnelsyndrome.html Congenital Heart Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html Coronary Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/coronarydisease.html Developmental Disabilities http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/developmentaldisabilities.html Disasters and Emergency Preparedness http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/disastersandemergencypreparedness.html Down Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/downsyndrome.html Ergonomics http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ergonomics.html Fetal Alcohol Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fetalalcoholsyndrome.html Food Contamination/Poisoning http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/foodcontaminationpoisoning.html Heart Attack http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html Heart Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartdiseases.html Heart Failure http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartfailure.html

Patient Resources

121

Hip Injuries and Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hipinjuriesanddisorders.html Juvenile Diabetes http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/juvenilediabetes.html Osteoarthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoarthritis.html Polio and Post-Polio Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/polioandpostpoliosyndrome.html Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/reflexsympatheticdystrophy.html Rheumatoid Arthritis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rheumatoidarthritis.html Spinal Cord Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spinalcordinjuries.html Sports Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sportsinjuries.html Tourette Syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tourettesyndrome.html Traveler's Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/travelershealth.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to post-traumatic stress disorder, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Let's Talk Facts about Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Source: American Psychiatric Association http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZS560CT7C&s ub_cat=47

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Warning Signs of Trauma Related Stress Source: American Psychological Association http://www.apa.org/practice/ptsd.html

•

Treatment Medications Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/medicate.cfm Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress and Dissociative Conditions: What to Look for and How to Choose a Therapist Source: Sidran Institute http://www.sidran.org/howtochoose.html

122 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Treatment of PTSD Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/treatment/fs_treatment.html •

Coping Managing Stress and Recovering from Trauma: Facts and Resources for Veterans and Families Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/veterans/fs_managing_stress.html Managing Traumatic Stress: Tips for Recovering from Disasters and Other Traumatic Events Source: American Psychological Association http://helping.apa.org/therapy/traumaticstress.html Survivors of Human-Caused and Natural Disasters Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/disasters/fs_survivors_disaster.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Disaster Rescue and Response Workers Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/disasters/fs_rescue_workers.html Dissociative Disorders Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Dissociative_Disorder s.htm Help for Veterans with PTSD and Their Families Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/veterans/fs_help_for_vets.html How Do People Respond during Traumatic Exposure? http://www.aaets.org/during.pdf Mass Disasters, Trauma, and Loss Source: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies http://www.istss.org/terrorism/disaster_trauma_and_loss.htm Post-Traumatic Stress after a Traffic Accident Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/449.xml Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PDQ) Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/supportivecare/post-traumaticstress/patient/ PTSD and Physical Health Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/specific/fs_physical_health.html

Patient Resources

PTSD and the Family Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/specific/fs_family.html Remembering 9/11 with Your Family Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/misc/P_squarebanner.html Sudden Traumatic Loss Source: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies http://www.istss.org/terrorism/sudden_traumatic_loss.htm Trauma and Relationships Source: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies http://www.istss.org/terrorism/Trauma_and_Relationships.htm Traumatic Stress and Substance Use Problems Source: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies http://www.istss.org/terrorism/Traumatic_Stress_and_Substance_Abuse.htm What Is Psychological Trauma? Source: Sidran Institute http://www.sidran.org/whatistrauma.html •

Children Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Violence and Disasters Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/violence.cfm PTSD in Children Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/specific/fs_children.html Terrorist Attacks and Children Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD http://www.ncptsd.org/facts/disasters/fs_children_disaster.html

•

From the National Institutes of Health Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, a Real Illness Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/anxiety/ptsdri1.cfm Reliving Trauma: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/reliving.cfm

•

Organizations Center for Mental Health Services Source: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration http://www.mentalhealth.org/ National Center for PTSD Source: Dept. of Veterans Affairs http://www.ncptsd.org/

123

124 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ •

Research Anxiety Disorders Research at the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/anxresfact.cfm Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy May Counteract Psychological Symptoms Caused by Exposure to Violence Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/research/cbt_violence.html Depression, PTSD, Substance Abuse Increase in Wake of September 11 Attacks Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_notes/NNVol17N4/Depression.html

•

Teenagers Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/emotions/feelings/ptsd.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on post-traumatic stress disorder. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Glossary of symptoms and mental illnesses affecting teenagers Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997. 2 pp. Contact: Available from American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W, Washington, DC 20016. Telephone: (202) 966-7300 / fax: (202) 966-2891 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.aacap.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This glossary, written for health professionals, educators, parents, and adolescents, provides information about various mental health issues that affect many adolescents. Included in this list are: alcohol and drug use, anorexia nervosa, anxiety,

Patient Resources

125

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder (manic depression), bulimia nervosa, conduct disorder, depression, learning disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, physical abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia, sexual abuse, suicide, and Tourette's syndrome. A definition and list of symptoms are included for each of the disorders listed in the glossary. Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Crisis Fact Sheet: 10 Ways to Recognize Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Summary: This fact sheet was written for counseling professionals and the lay public. Source: American Counseling Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=3847

•

Facts About Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Summary: This 3-page fact sheet covers the prevalences, causes, and treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6629

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Summary: This page from MEDLINEplus links to news and general and specific information about post-traumatic stress disorder. Source: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6834

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Real Illness Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6566

•

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Information for Veterans Summary: Information and resources for veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), their families and their health care providers. Source: National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6166

126 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Published International Literature On Traumatic Stress (PILOTS) Database Summary: PILOTS is produced at the headquarters of the National Center for PostTraumatic Stress Disorder in White River Junction, Vermont. Although it is sponsored by the U.S. Source: National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=657

•

Research and Education on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Summary: Online resources for the clinician, researcher and members of the general public on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD). Includes research journals, study reports and assessment instruments. Source: National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=656 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to post-traumatic stress disorder. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Patient Resources

127

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to post-traumatic stress disorder. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with post-traumatic stress disorder. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about post-traumatic stress disorder. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “post-traumatic stress disorder”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “post-traumatic stress disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

128 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “posttraumatic stress disorder” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

129

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

130 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

131

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

132 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

133

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

134 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

135

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on post-traumatic stress disorder: •

Basic Guidelines for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000925.htm PTSD Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000925.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Agitation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Anxiety Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm Anxiety, stress, and tension Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm

136 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Heartbeat sensations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Paleness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003244.htm •

Background Topics for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Alcohol abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Drug abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

137

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acupuncture Points: Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction

138 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase.

Dictionary 139

Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU]

140 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aptitude: The ability to acquire general or special types of knowledge or skill. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign

Dictionary 141

and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Psychiatry: An interdisciplinary science concerned with studies of the biological bases of behavior - biochemical, genetic, physiological, and neurological - and applying these to the understanding and treatment of mental illness. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled

142 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU]

Dictionary 143

Cerebellar Diseases: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemical Warfare: Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases. [NIH] Child Rearing: The training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. It is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. It differs from parenting in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU]

144 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a

Dictionary 145

bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH]

146 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A neuropeptide released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary gland. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH]

Dictionary 147

Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Desensitisation: Gradually increasing the dose of a medicine in order to overcome severe allergic reactions. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and

148 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholingeric activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure that remains within the artery when the heart is at rest. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disaster Planning: Procedures outlined for the care of casualties and the maintenance of services in disasters. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH]

Dictionary 149

Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embolus: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH]

150 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Enuresis: Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed-wetting, nocturnal enuresis). [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Ergonomics: Study of the relationships between man and machines; adjusting the design of machines to the need and capacities of man; study of the effect of machines on man's behavior. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a

Dictionary 151

nuclear membrane. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Flush: Transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. [EU] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease. [NIH]

Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

152 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent. The drug lowers both systolic and diastolic blood pressure by activating the central nervous system alpha-2 adrenoreceptors, which results in reduced sympathetic outflow leading to reduced vascular tone. Its adverse reactions include dry mouth, sedation, and constipation. [NIH]

Dictionary 153

Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Halogens: A family of nonmetallic, generally electronegative, elements of group VIIa of the periodic table. They are all multivalent and have oxidation numbers of -1 (the most common), 1, 3, 5, and 7. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small

154 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]

Dictionary 155

Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] Impulse Control Disorders: Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification, or release of tension at the time of committing the act. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU]

156 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH]

Dictionary 157

Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH]

158 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Multiple Trauma: Physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously in several parts of the body. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH]

Dictionary 159

Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naive: Used to describe an individual who has never taken a certain drug or class of drugs (e. g., AZT-naive, antiretroviral-naive), or to refer to an undifferentiated immune system cell. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of naloxone. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Natural Disasters: Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrinology: The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the

160 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

nervous system and the endocrine system. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Occupational Health: The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of

Dictionary 161

prevalent cases. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1position and a nitrogen in the 3-position. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without

162 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

an outside stimulus. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phantom: Used to absorb and/or scatter radiation equivalently to a patient, and hence to estimate radiation doses and test imaging systems without actually exposing a patient. It may be an anthropomorphic or a physical test object. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU]

Dictionary 163

Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Post partum: After childbirth, or after delivery. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH]

164 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Preoperative: Preceding an operation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a

Dictionary 165

sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to imipramine. It may produce excitation. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychological Tests: Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychoneuroimmunology: The field concerned with the interrelationship between the brain, behavior and the immune system. Neuropsychologic, neuroanatomic and psychosocial studies have demonstrated their role in accentuating or diminishing immune/allergic responses. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU]

166 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process,

Dictionary 167

such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Rescue Work: Activities devoted to freeing persons or animals from danger to life or wellbeing in accidents, fires, bombings, floods, earthquakes, other disasters and life-threatening conditions. While usually performed by team efforts, rescue work is not restricted to organized services. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into

168 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sarin: An organophosphorous ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent. [NIH]

Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU]

Dictionary 169

Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sella: A deep depression in the shape of a Turkish saddle in the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone in the deepest part of which is lodged the hypophysis cerebri. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH]

170 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spontaneous Abortion: The non-induced birth of an embryo or of fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

Dictionary 171

tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the

172 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Torture: The intentional infliction of physical or mental suffering upon an individual or individuals, including the torture of animals. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a

Dictionary 173

protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trauma Centers: Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Trichotillomania: Compulsion to pull out one's hair. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]

174 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Venlafaxine: An antidepressant drug that is being evaluated for the treatment of hot flashes in women who have breast cancer. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

175

INDEX A Abdominal, 7, 137, 161, 164 Aberrant, 137, 144 Acetylcholine, 137, 160 Acidity, 137, 162 Acupuncture Points, 88, 137 Adaptability, 12, 137 Adenylate Cyclase, 60, 137 Adjustment, 5, 137 Adolescence, 6, 26, 99, 137 Adrenal Cortex, 137, 146 Adrenal Medulla, 137, 142, 150, 160 Adrenergic, 40, 137, 140, 149, 150, 171, 173 Adverse Effect, 137, 169 Aetiology, 37, 137 Afferent, 137, 164 Affinity, 96, 137, 138, 140, 148 Agonist, 138, 149, 159 Agoraphobia, 18, 138, 154, 161, 163 Algorithms, 138, 141 Alkaloid, 138, 144 Allergen, 138, 147, 169 Allylamine, 138 Alternative medicine, 109, 138 Amenorrhea, 138, 139 Amine, 34, 96, 138, 153 Amino acid, 91, 92, 138, 139, 141, 152, 156, 158, 160, 162, 165, 169, 171, 172, 173 Amino Acid Sequence, 138, 139, 141 Ammonia, 138 Amphetamine, 90, 138, 148 Anal, 12, 139, 151 Analogous, 9, 139, 172 Anatomical, 90, 139, 140, 143, 154, 158, 159, 168 Angina, 120, 139 Animal model, 53, 87, 96, 139 Annealing, 139, 163 Anorexia, 91, 92, 93, 124, 139 Anorexia Nervosa, 91, 92, 93, 124, 139 Antagonism, 87, 95, 139, 149 Antibacterial, 139, 170 Antibiotic, 139, 162, 170 Antibodies, 139, 153, 156 Antibody, 138, 139, 144, 153, 155, 157, 166, 169, 170 Anticholinergic, 139, 149 Anticonvulsant, 139, 143

Antidepressant, 46, 80, 87, 93, 96, 97, 139, 143, 151, 154, 165, 173, 174 Antigen, 138, 139, 145, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 166, 169 Antihypertensive, 139, 152 Anti-inflammatory, 140, 148, 152 Antipsychotic, 140, 168 Anus, 139, 140, 142 Anxiety Disorders, 5, 18, 23, 87, 96, 100, 124, 140, 161 Aptitude, 140, 165 Aqueous, 140, 141 Arrhythmia, 120, 140 Arterial, 138, 140, 146, 154, 165, 171 Arteries, 140, 141, 146, 158, 159, 166 Articular, 140, 161 Assay, 140, 166 Astrocytes, 140, 158 Atrial, 140, 146, 173 Atrioventricular, 140, 146 Atrium, 140, 146, 173, 174 Atypical, 140, 168 Auditory, 64, 88, 140, 164 Autoimmune disease, 116, 140 Autonomic, 17, 92, 95, 137, 140, 141, 160, 162 B Bacteria, 139, 141, 149, 170, 173 Bacterium, 141, 144 Base, 11, 97, 141, 147, 156, 171 Benign, 141, 153 Bereavement, 30, 42, 120, 141 Beta-Endorphin, 20, 37, 141 Biochemical, 141, 161, 169 Biological Psychiatry, 26, 28, 32, 60, 65, 141 Biotechnology, 13, 104, 109, 115, 141 Bipolar Disorder, 43, 88, 96, 125, 141 Bladder, 141, 145, 173 Blood Platelets, 141, 169 Blood pressure, 139, 141, 142, 154, 158, 166 Blood vessel, 141, 142, 143, 146, 153, 162, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174 Bone Marrow, 50, 68, 141, 154 Bowel, 91, 92, 139, 142, 148, 155 Bowel Movement, 142, 148 Branch, 60, 133, 142, 149, 162, 166, 170, 171, 172

176 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Breakdown, 142, 148, 152 Bulimia, 93, 94, 96, 125, 142 Burns, 24, 43, 67, 142 Burns, Electric, 142 Bursitis, 86, 142 C Carcinogenic, 142, 155, 170 Cardiac, 31, 138, 142, 146, 150, 159, 170 Cardiovascular, 31, 81, 91, 92, 94, 139, 142, 169 Cardiovascular disease, 81, 94, 142 Carrier Proteins, 142, 166 Case report, 18, 44, 54, 56, 61, 67, 68, 142 Case series, 57, 142 Catecholamine, 142, 149, 163 Cell, 19, 138, 141, 142, 145, 147, 150, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 163, 167, 168, 173, 174 Central Nervous System, 92, 137, 138, 142, 144, 148, 152, 153, 158, 169 Central Nervous System Infections, 142, 153 Cerebellar, 142, 143, 173 Cerebellar Diseases, 143, 173 Cerebellum, 142, 143, 146 Cerebral, 34, 45, 143, 150, 151, 152 Cerebrospinal, 20, 87, 96, 143 Cerebrospinal fluid, 20, 87, 96, 143 Cerebrovascular, 142, 143 Cerebrum, 143, 146 Chemical Warfare, 143, 168 Child Rearing, 6, 143 Chin, 143, 157 Cholesterol, 49, 143, 146, 170 Chronic, 7, 8, 13, 14, 16, 21, 27, 41, 42, 74, 82, 94, 116, 143, 155 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 42, 82, 116, 143 Citalopram, 16, 51, 143 Clinical Medicine, 143, 164 Clinical trial, 4, 13, 77, 83, 115, 143, 146, 149, 162, 165, 166 Clonazepam, 78, 143 Clonic, 143 Cloning, 141, 144 Coca, 144 Cocaine, 21, 34, 93, 144 Cofactor, 144, 165 Cognition, 144 Cognitive Therapy, 19, 32, 116, 144 Collagen, 138, 144 Combination Therapy, 94, 144 Comorbidity, 17, 21, 36, 38, 50, 144

Competency, 4, 144 Complement, 144, 145, 169 Complementary and alternative medicine, 63, 70, 145 Complementary medicine, 63, 145 Compliance, 12, 145 Compulsions, 145, 160 Computational Biology, 115, 145 Computed tomography, 34, 145 Computerized tomography, 145 Connective Tissue, 141, 144, 145, 151, 152, 168, 171 Consciousness, 37, 145, 147, 148, 165 Constipation, 140, 145, 152 Consumption, 16, 47, 82, 145, 148, 168 Contraindications, ii, 145 Control group, 82, 146 Cor, 21, 60, 87, 91, 92, 94, 95, 146 Coronary, 120, 142, 146, 158, 159 Coronary heart disease, 142, 146 Coronary Thrombosis, 146, 158, 159 Cortex, 89, 146, 150, 151, 164 Cortical, 48, 146, 164, 169 Cortices, 89, 146 Corticosteroids, 146, 152 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, 96, 146 Cortisol, 9, 22, 34, 37, 78, 146 Cortisone, 146, 148 Cranial, 143, 146, 153, 162 Craniocerebral Trauma, 146, 153 Criterion, 49, 147 Curative, 90, 147, 172 Cyclic, 137, 147 Cytotoxicity, 25, 138, 147 D De novo, 7, 147 Deamination, 147, 158 Degenerative, 147, 161 Delusions, 147, 165 Dementia, 3, 89, 140, 147 Denaturation, 147, 163 Dendrites, 147, 160 Dendritic, 10, 147 Density, 8, 10, 147, 161 Dentate Gyrus, 147, 153 Depersonalization, 147, 161, 168 Depressive Disorder, 7, 72, 77, 78, 93, 147 Derealization, 147, 161 Desensitisation, 27, 65, 66, 147 Desensitization, 15, 27, 64, 65, 67, 81, 147 Desipramine, 97, 147 Deuterium, 148, 154

Index 177

Developing Countries, 11, 148 Dexamethasone, 8, 148 Dextroamphetamine, 139, 148, 158 Diagnostic procedure, 85, 109, 148 Diastolic, 148, 152, 154 Diastolic blood pressure, 148, 152 Diencephalon, 148, 154, 164, 172 Digestion, 142, 148, 155, 156, 170 Digestive system, 83, 148 Direct, iii, 5, 143, 144, 148, 149, 167, 171 Disaster Planning, 8, 148 Discrimination, 51, 148 Disposition, 74, 148 Dissociation, 23, 31, 137, 148 Dissociative Disorders, 122, 148 Distal, 149, 162, 164 Diurnal, 9, 149 Dizziness, 136, 149, 161 Dopamine, 31, 97, 138, 140, 144, 148, 149, 158, 160, 168 Double-blind, 14, 29, 79, 82, 149 Doxepin, 97, 149 Drive, ii, vi, 59, 149, 155 Duct, 149, 168 Dyskinesia, 140, 143, 149 Dysphoric, 93, 147, 149 Dyspnea, 149, 161 E Eating Disorders, 73, 93, 149 Efficacy, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 72, 74, 97, 149, 173 Ejaculation, 94, 149, 169 Elective, 7, 48, 149 Electrophysiological, 92, 149 Embolus, 149, 155 Embryo, 149, 170 Empirical, 7, 149 Endocrine System, 150, 159, 160 Endogenous, 141, 149, 150 Endometrial, 94, 150 Endometrium, 150, 157 Endorphins, 150, 160 Enkephalin, 141, 150 Entorhinal Cortex, 150, 153 Enuresis, 47, 150 Environmental Health, 46, 114, 116, 150 Enzymatic, 138, 145, 150, 153, 163 Enzyme, 137, 150, 158, 163, 165, 174 Epinephrine, 137, 149, 150, 160, 173 Ergonomics, 86, 120, 150 Erythrocytes, 141, 150, 169 Esophagus, 148, 150, 170 Estrogen, 94, 150

Ethanol, 143, 150 Ether, 94, 150 Ethnic Groups, 143, 150 Eukaryotic Cells, 150, 155 Excitation, 151, 160, 165 Exhaustion, 139, 151 Extrapyramidal, 140, 149, 151 F Facial, 22, 72, 151 Family Planning, 115, 151 Fat, 141, 146, 149, 151, 168, 170 Fatigue, 38, 94, 143, 151 Fetus, 151, 170, 173 Fibrosis, 138, 151, 168 Fissure, 147, 151, 164 Fixation, 100, 151, 169 Flatus, 151, 152 Flexor, 151, 171 Fluoxetine, 19, 29, 41, 50, 64, 80, 151 Flush, 93, 94, 151 Flushing, 93, 151 Fold, 79, 151 Follow-Up Studies, 10, 151 Forearm, 88, 90, 141, 151, 166 Free Radicals, 148, 152 Frontal Lobe, 152, 164 G GABA, 25, 30, 143, 152 Gallbladder, 137, 148, 152 Ganglia, 137, 140, 152, 156, 159, 162 Gas, 43, 138, 151, 152, 154, 160, 174 Gastrin, 152, 153 Gastrointestinal, 91, 92, 150, 152, 169, 171 Gastrointestinal tract, 150, 152, 169 Gene, 10, 30, 87, 94, 95, 104, 141, 152 Genetic testing, 152, 163 Genetics, 152, 162 Gestation, 152, 170 Gland, 92, 137, 146, 152, 161, 163, 168, 170 Glucocorticoid, 29, 87, 96, 148, 152 Glutamic Acid, 152, 160 Glycine, 138, 152, 160 Governing Board, 152, 164 Growth, 10, 90, 137, 139, 148, 152, 158, 163, 173 Guanfacine, 79, 89, 152 H Habituation, 15, 64, 88, 153 Haematoma, 153 Haemorrhage, 55, 153 Halogens, 94, 153 Haptens, 138, 153, 166

178 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Headache, 38, 87, 91, 92, 95, 136, 153, 164 Headache Disorders, 153 Health Status, 82, 153 Heart attack, 142, 153 Hemorrhage, 146, 153, 166, 171 Hemostasis, 153, 169 Heredity, 152, 153 Heterogeneity, 138, 153 Hippocampus, 10, 147, 153, 156, 171 Histamine, 140, 149, 153 Homologous, 153, 158, 169, 171 Hormonal, 10, 153 Hormone, 9, 10, 21, 78, 92, 141, 146, 150, 152, 153, 168, 171 Hydrogen, 96, 137, 138, 141, 147, 148, 154, 158, 161, 162, 165 Hydroxyproline, 138, 144, 154 Hypersensitivity, 32, 92, 138, 147, 154, 168, 169 Hypertension, 142, 153, 154 Hypertrophy, 146, 154, 173 Hypoglycemia, 91, 92, 154 Hypothalamic, 32, 154 Hypothalamus, 146, 148, 150, 154, 156, 163 I Id, 61, 69, 126, 132, 134, 154 Imipramine, 97, 154, 165, 173 Immune response, 95, 139, 141, 146, 153, 154, 169, 171, 174 Immune system, 9, 87, 92, 93, 96, 154, 156, 159, 165, 173, 174 Immunity, 19, 25, 154 Immunization, 154, 169 Immunodeficiency, 91, 92, 100, 154 Immunogenic, 154, 166 Immunology, 29, 137, 154 Immunosuppressive, 152, 154 Immunotherapy, 147, 154 Impairment, 149, 154, 157, 165 Impregnation, 10, 155 Impulse Control Disorders, 94, 155 In situ, 10, 155 In Situ Hybridization, 10, 155 In vitro, 155, 163 In vivo, 94, 155 Indicative, 100, 155, 162, 173 Infarction, 155 Infection, 100, 154, 155, 156, 160, 162, 168, 174 Infertility, 91, 92, 155 Ingestion, 151, 155, 163 Inhalation, 155, 163

Initiation, 45, 155 Innervation, 149, 155 Inotropic, 149, 155 Inpatients, 28, 155 Insight, 10, 155 Insomnia, 69, 90, 155, 164 Intensive Care, 31, 48, 155 Intestine, 142, 155, 156 Intoxication, 47, 155, 174 Intrinsic, 138, 156 Invasive, 154, 156 Involuntary, 150, 156, 159, 167 Ions, 137, 141, 148, 154, 156, 158 J Joint, 88, 140, 151, 156, 161 K Kb, 114, 156 Kidney stone, 156, 173 L Large Intestine, 148, 155, 156, 167, 169 Leucine, 141, 156 Leukocytes, 141, 156 Library Services, 132, 156 Ligands, 91, 92, 94, 95, 156 Light microscope, 10, 156 Limbic, 156, 164 Limbic System, 156, 164 Liver, 88, 137, 148, 152, 156, 158 Localization, 92, 156 Localized, 151, 153, 155, 156, 158, 163 Luteal Phase, 96, 156 Lymphocyte, 29, 139, 156, 157 M Mania, 100, 157 Manic, 125, 140, 141, 157, 165 Manic-depressive psychosis, 157, 165 Mass Media, 100, 157 Mediate, 95, 149, 157 Mediator, 87, 96, 157, 169 Medical Records, 157, 168 MEDLINE, 115, 157 Membranes, 142, 157, 158 Memory, 10, 27, 28, 33, 66, 81, 89, 139, 147, 157 Meninges, 142, 146, 157 Menopause, 10, 157 Menstrual Cycle, 156, 157, 164 Menstruation, 138, 156, 157, 164 Mental Disorders, 5, 10, 83, 157, 165 Mental Processes, 148, 157, 165 Meta-Analysis, 48, 157 Metabolite, 97, 157, 164

Index 179

Metastasis, 157 Metastatic, 9, 157 Methionine, 141, 158 Methylphenidate, 90, 158 MI, 41, 43, 136, 158 Microglia, 140, 158 Moclobemide, 17, 158 Modeling, 9, 158 Modification, 68, 138, 158, 166 Molecular, 115, 117, 141, 145, 147, 158, 167, 173 Molecular Structure, 158, 173 Molecule, 88, 96, 139, 141, 145, 148, 151, 158, 161, 167 Monitor, 86, 158 Monoamine, 97, 138, 148, 158, 173 Monoamine Oxidase, 97, 138, 148, 158, 173 Motility, 158, 169 Multiple Trauma, 68, 158 Multivalent, 153, 158 Muscle Relaxation, 15, 64, 159 Musculoskeletal System, 159, 161 Myocardial infarction, 35, 39, 67, 146, 158, 159 Myocardium, 158, 159 N Naive, 50, 159 Naloxone, 32, 141, 159 Naltrexone, 14, 17, 49, 60, 80, 159 Narcolepsy, 148, 158, 159 Narcotic, 159 Natural Disasters, 7, 101, 122, 159 Nausea, 140, 159, 161, 164 NCI, 1, 83, 113, 159, 162 Need, 3, 4, 6, 53, 88, 94, 96, 99, 101, 104, 116, 127, 150, 159, 172 Nerve, 137, 143, 147, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 168, 170, 173 Nervous System, 93, 137, 139, 142, 157, 159, 160, 162, 168, 171, 173 Networks, 18, 159 Neural, 18, 137, 147, 158, 159 Neuroendocrine, 7, 159 Neuroendocrinology, 36, 51, 60, 159 Neurologic, 82, 160 Neuronal, 10, 143, 160 Neurons, 93, 144, 147, 152, 160, 171 Neuropathy, 160, 162 Neuropeptide, 87, 96, 146, 160 Neurosis, 160, 163

Neurotransmitter, 92, 97, 137, 138, 149, 152, 153, 160, 171, 173 Nitrogen, 94, 138, 151, 160, 161, 173 Nonverbal Communication, 160, 166 Norepinephrine, 97, 137, 147, 149, 160 Nucleic acid, 155, 160 Nucleus, 147, 148, 150, 160, 164, 165, 170 O Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 35, 94, 125, 160 Occupational Health, 86, 160 Odds Ratio, 160, 167 Opacity, 147, 161 Opiate, 14, 141, 150, 159, 161 Opium, 161 Orgasm, 149, 161 Orofacial, 51, 161 Orthopaedic, 90, 107, 161 Osteoarthritis, 121, 161 Outpatient, 82, 161 Ovulation, 156, 161 Oxazoles, 87, 161 Oxidation, 153, 161 P Palliative, 161, 172 Palsy, 91, 92, 93, 161 Pancreas, 137, 148, 161 Panic, 15, 17, 18, 77, 78, 88, 93, 94, 154, 161 Panic Disorder, 15, 17, 18, 77, 78, 93, 94, 154, 161 Paralysis, 86, 161 Paresthesias, 161 Paroxetine, 78, 87, 162 Pathologic, 146, 154, 162 Pathophysiology, 8, 60, 93, 95, 162 Patient Education, 124, 130, 132, 136, 162 PDQ, 122, 162 Penicillin, 139, 162 Penis, 149, 162 Peptide, 91, 92, 95, 138, 141, 162, 165 Perception, 6, 147, 162, 168 Perfusion, 34, 162 Peripheral Nervous System, 160, 161, 162, 164, 171 Peripheral Neuropathy, 82, 162 Petechiae, 153, 162 PH, 18, 34, 72, 162 Phantom, 68, 162 Pharmacologic, 97, 162, 172 Pharmacotherapy, 30, 46, 74, 163 Phobia, 93, 94, 163 Phobic Disorders, 163

180 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Physiologic, 9, 66, 138, 157, 163, 167, 173 Physiology, 149, 163 Pilot study, 5, 9, 12, 14, 22, 25, 41, 163 Pituitary Gland, 87, 91, 92, 96, 146, 163 Plants, 138, 144, 160, 163, 172 Plasma, 20, 37, 88, 96, 139, 153, 163, 169 Pneumonia, 145, 163 Poisoning, 49, 120, 155, 159, 163 Polymerase, 10, 163 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 10, 163 Post partum, 93, 94, 163 Posterior, 139, 143, 161, 163 Postoperative, 7, 163 Potentiates, 147, 164 Practicability, 164, 173 Practice Guidelines, 117, 164 Precursor, 6, 72, 149, 150, 160, 164, 173 Prefrontal Cortex, 89, 164 Premenstrual, 74, 93, 94, 96, 164 Premenstrual Syndrome, 93, 94, 96, 164 Preoperative, 8, 164 Presynaptic, 149, 160, 164 Presynaptic Terminals, 149, 164 Prevalence, 8, 12, 19, 44, 73, 74, 82, 93, 160, 164 Problem Solving, 4, 164 Prodrug, 164 Progression, 63, 139, 164 Progressive, 93, 147, 152, 161, 164 Projection, 160, 164 Prospective Studies, 23, 164 Prospective study, 7, 13, 49, 51, 165 Protease, 144, 165 Protein S, 104, 141, 165 Proteins, 138, 139, 142, 144, 158, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 169, 172 Protocol, 11, 165 Protons, 154, 165, 166 Protriptyline, 97, 165 Psychic, 157, 160, 165, 169 Psychoactive, 165, 174 Psychogenic, 41, 165 Psychological Tests, 81, 165 Psychology, 6, 10, 11, 17, 27, 29, 35, 37, 46, 50, 53, 54, 55, 64, 66, 72, 145, 148, 165 Psychoneuroimmunology, 44, 165 Psychosis, 125, 140, 165, 166 Psychotherapy, 28, 33, 34, 47, 74, 144, 166 Psychotomimetic, 139, 148, 166 Psychotropic, 100, 166 Puberty, 10, 166 Public Health, 5, 7, 15, 32, 38, 64, 117, 166

Public Policy, 115, 166 Pulmonary, 141, 145, 146, 166, 174 Pulmonary hypertension, 146, 166 Pulse, 158, 166 Purpura, 153, 166 Q Quality of Life, 5, 9, 11, 31, 42, 80, 166, 171 R Race, 8, 166 Radiation, 152, 162, 166, 174 Radioactive, 154, 166 Radioimmunoassay, 10, 166 Radius, 88, 166 Randomized, 4, 14, 48, 79, 149, 166 Randomized clinical trial, 4, 166 Randomized Controlled Trials, 48, 166 Rape, 14, 73, 102, 103, 164, 167 Reality Testing, 165, 167 Receptor, 22, 29, 30, 31, 40, 77, 78, 87, 91, 94, 95, 139, 143, 149, 166, 167, 169 Receptors, Serotonin, 167, 169 Rectum, 140, 142, 148, 151, 152, 156, 167 Recurrence, 10, 45, 141, 157, 167 Refer, 1, 144, 149, 150, 151, 156, 159, 165, 167 Reflex, 27, 65, 121, 167 Refraction, 167, 170 Refractory, 45, 167 Regimen, 149, 163, 167 Rehabilitative, 11, 167 Relapse, 29, 167 Relative risk, 47, 167 Reliability, 12, 167 Remission, 141, 157, 167 Rescue Work, 6, 167 Respiration, 158, 167 Retrospective, 9, 14, 168 Retrospective study, 9, 14, 168 Rheumatism, 28, 44, 168 Rheumatoid, 116, 121, 168 Rheumatoid arthritis, 116, 168 Risk factor, 7, 30, 81, 165, 167, 168 Risk patient, 11, 168 Risperidone, 16, 47, 168 S Saliva, 168 Salivary, 9, 37, 148, 168 Salivary glands, 148, 168 Sarin, 49, 168 Scatter, 162, 168 Schizoid, 168, 174 Schizophrenia, 43, 125, 168, 174

Index 181

Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 147, 168, 174 Sclerosis, 91, 92, 93, 168 Screening, 19, 23, 35, 47, 48, 143, 162, 168 Secretion, 87, 91, 92, 96, 153, 158, 168, 169 Sedative, 89, 154, 168, 173 Seizures, 143, 169 Sella, 163, 169 Semen, 149, 169 Sensitization, 39, 48, 60, 169 Sequencing, 163, 169 Serotonin, 48, 93, 94, 97, 140, 143, 148, 151, 158, 160, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169, 173 Sertraline, 20, 46, 49, 79, 82, 169 Serum, 25, 32, 49, 144, 166, 169 Serum Albumin, 166, 169 Sex Characteristics, 137, 166, 169, 171 Shock, 169, 173 Side effect, 89, 137, 140, 143, 165, 169, 171, 172 Signs and Symptoms, 167, 169 Skeleton, 156, 169 Small intestine, 154, 155, 169 Social Environment, 166, 169 Social Security, 167, 169 Social Support, 8, 11, 46, 72, 73, 74, 80, 170 Socioeconomic Factors, 8, 170 Soft tissue, 141, 169, 170 Somatic, 137, 156, 162, 164, 170 Specialist, 127, 170 Species, 150, 166, 170, 174 Specificity, 48, 54, 138, 170 Spectroscopic, 28, 170 Spectrum, 17, 89, 92, 158, 170 Spinal cord, 42, 91, 92, 140, 142, 143, 157, 159, 160, 162, 167, 170 Spontaneous Abortion, 15, 170 Sterility, 155, 170 Steroid, 146, 170 Stillbirth, 33, 170 Stimulant, 138, 148, 153, 158, 170 Stimulus, 149, 151, 155, 162, 163, 167, 170, 172 Stomach, 88, 137, 148, 150, 152, 153, 159, 169, 170 Strand, 163, 170 Striatum, 89, 171 Stroke, 24, 83, 91, 92, 114, 142, 171 Subarachnoid, 153, 171 Subiculum, 153, 171 Substance P, 157, 168, 171 Supportive care, 162, 171

Suppression, 7, 90, 91, 92, 171 Survival Rate, 10, 171 Sympathomimetic, 138, 148, 149, 150, 160, 171, 173 Symptomatology, 52, 56, 72, 74, 171 Synapse, 137, 147, 164, 171, 173 Synaptic, 160, 171 Systolic, 152, 154, 171 T Tardive, 140, 143, 171 Temporal, 153, 171 Tendon, 142, 171 Tendonitis, 86, 171 Testosterone, 20, 171 Thalamus, 148, 156, 164, 171 Therapeutics, 48, 60, 158, 172 Thermal, 148, 163, 172 Threshold, 86, 154, 172 Thrombosis, 165, 171, 172 Thrombus, 146, 155, 172 Tin, 86, 162, 172 Tissue, 139, 141, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 160, 162, 163, 168, 169, 170, 172 Tolerance, 137, 143, 172 Tomography, 18, 19, 64, 72, 145, 172 Tone, 152, 172 Tonic, 143, 172 Torsion, 155, 172 Torture, 19, 64, 172 Toxic, iv, 147, 154, 160, 168, 172 Toxicology, 39, 116, 172 Toxins, 116, 139, 155, 172 Trace element, 172 Transfection, 141, 172 Translation, 138, 172 Transmitter, 86, 137, 140, 149, 157, 160, 173 Trauma Centers, 11, 173 Treatment Outcome, 7, 12, 18, 173 Tremor, 41, 173 Trichotillomania, 93, 173 Tricuspid Atresia, 146, 173 Tricyclic, 24, 97, 143, 147, 149, 154, 165, 173 Trimipramine, 97, 173 Tryptophan, 144, 169, 173 Tyramine, 158, 173 Tyrosine, 149, 173 U Unconscious, 154, 173 Uric, 49, 173

182 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Urinary, 34, 150, 173 Urine, 141, 150, 156, 173 Uterus, 150, 157, 173 V Vaccine, 165, 173 Vascular, 138, 152, 153, 155, 172, 173 Vasodilator, 149, 153, 174 Vasomotor, 93, 174 Venlafaxine, 46, 96, 97, 174 Venous, 165, 173, 174 Ventricle, 140, 146, 153, 154, 166, 171, 173, 174 Ventricular, 146, 173, 174 Vertebrae, 170, 174

Veterinary Medicine, 115, 174 Virus, 91, 92, 100, 142, 174 Visceral, 27, 65, 156, 174 Vitro, 174 Vivo, 174 W War, 22, 29, 33, 38, 42, 47, 50, 51, 56, 65, 72, 73, 82, 102, 103, 164, 174 White blood cell, 139, 156, 174 Withdrawal, 5, 87, 91, 92, 95, 174 X Xenograft, 139, 174 X-ray, 145, 174

Index 183

184 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder