MANIC
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Manic Depressive Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00703-7 1. Manic Depressive Disorder-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on manic depressive disorder. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Manic Depressive Disorder........................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 4 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ................................ 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 27 General References ....................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER .................................................. 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Dissertations on Manic Depressive Disorder .............................................................................. 31 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ............................................................. 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Patents on Manic Depressive Disorder ....................................................................................... 33 Patent Applications on Manic Depressive Disorder.................................................................... 37 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER ................................... 43 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 43 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 43 Academic Periodicals covering Manic Depressive Disorder........................................................ 45 CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 47 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 48 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 53 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 55 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 59 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 63 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 67 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 67 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 67 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 73 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 74 MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER DICTIONARY ................................................................. 77
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INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 99
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with manic depressive disorder is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about manic depressive disorder, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to manic depressive disorder, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on manic depressive disorder. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to manic depressive disorder, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on manic depressive disorder. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on manic depressive disorder.
Federally Funded Research on Manic Depressive Disorder The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to manic depressive disorder. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to manic depressive disorder. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore manic depressive disorder. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for manic depressive disorder: •
Project Title: GENETIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Freimer, Nelson B.; Professor and Director; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2007
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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Manic Depressive Disorder
Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a revised application for competitive renewal of a grant aimed at identifying the genetic basis of severe bipolar disorder (BP-I), also termed manic depressive illness. The project aims to identify the full spectrum of genetic risk for BP-I in an isolated population that is exceptionally informative for genetic study, that of the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). The subjects include members of extended pedigrees, each with many individuals affected with BP-I. These pedigrees are hypothesized to segregate susceptibility alleles of relative high penetrance. Previous genome-wide linkage studies of two of these pedigrees have suggested localizations for such alleles on chromosomes 18q and 5q. In addition, a sample of BP-I probands, ascertained independently of each other, has been recruited from CVCR hospitals; this sample is most useful to identify susceptibility alleles of relatively low penetrance. Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping studies of this sample have suggested several localizations of BP-I susceptibility alleles. In the renewal of this grant, further genotyping studies will be carried out. These studies will include both fine-scale mapping studies in genome regions suggested to contain BP-I genes by the prior genotyping studies in the CVCR, and independent genome-wide screens in newly ascertained pedigrees and population samples. The genotyping studies will delineate candidate regions for identifying BP-I genes.Much improvement is needed in the statistical and laboratory methodology for identifying genes for complex traits such as BP. Developing such improved methodology has been a major emphasis of this grant in the past and will still be a focus in the renewal; in particular, substantial effort is devoted to genetic mapping approaches that are specific to population isolates. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for manic depressive disorder in the PubMed Central database: •
A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees. by McInnes LA, Escamilla MA, Service SK, Reus VI, Leon P, Silva S, Rojas E, Spesny M, Baharloo S, Blankenship K, Peterson A, Tyler D, Shimayoshi N, Tobey C, Batki S, Vinogradov S, Meza L, Gallegos A, Fournier E, Smith LB, Barondes SH, Sandkuijl LA, Freimer NB.; 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24046
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A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. by Kelsoe JR, Spence MA, Loetscher E, Foguet M, Sadovnick AD,
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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
Studies
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Remick RA, Flodman P, Khristich J, Mroczkowski-Parker Z, Brown JL, Masser D, Ungerleider S, Rapaport MH, Wishart WL, Luebbert H.; 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14631 •
Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. by Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss R, McCarthy E, Limb K.; 1999 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27688
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The Mood Disorder Questionnaire improves recognition of bipolar disorder in psychiatric care. by Isometsa E, Suominen K, Mantere O, Valtonen H, Leppamaki S, Pippingskold M, Arvilommi P.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=169168
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with manic depressive disorder, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for manic depressive disorder (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A 6-month, multicenter, open-label evaluation of beaded, extended-release carbamazepine capsule monotherapy in bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. Author(s): Ketter TA, Kalali AH, Weisler RH; SPD417 Study Group. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 May; 65(5): 668-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15163253
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A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Author(s): Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, Lewis G. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 April; 61(4): 354-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15066893
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. Author(s): Weisler RH, Kalali AH, Ketter TA; SPD417 Study Group. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 April; 65(4): 478-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15119909
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A pharmacotherapy algorithm for stabilization and maintenance of pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pavuluri MN, Henry DB, Devineni B, Carbray JA, Naylor MW, Janicak PG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 July; 43(7): 859-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15213587
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A systematic chart review of the naturalistic course and treatment of early-onset bipolar disorder in a child and adolescent psychiatry center. Author(s): Rajeev J, Srinath S, Girimaji S, Seshadri SP, Singh P. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2004 March-April; 45(2): 148-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999666
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A systematic review evaluating health-related quality of life, work impairment, and healthcare costs and utilization in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dean BB, Gerner D, Gerner RH. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2004; 20(2): 139-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15006007
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Abnormal left superior temporal gyrus volumes in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Author(s): Chen HH, Nicoletti MA, Hatch JP, Sassi RB, Axelson D, Brambilla P, Monkul ES, Keshavan MS, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Soares JC. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2004 June 3; 363(1): 65-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15157998
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Abnormalities of the NMDA Receptor and Associated Intracellular Molecules in the Thalamus in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Author(s): Clinton SM, Meador-Woodruff JH. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 July; 29(7): 1353-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15054476
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Anomalous prefrontal-subcortical activation in familial pediatric bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Author(s): Chang K, Adleman NE, Dienes K, Simeonova DI, Menon V, Reiss A. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 August; 61(8): 781-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15289277
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Auditory event-related potential abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): O'Donnell BF, Vohs JL, Hetrick WP, Carroll CA, Shekhar A. Source: International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology. 2004 June; 53(1): 45-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15172135
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Bipolar disorder among an isolated island community in Ethiopia. Author(s): Fekadu A, Shibre T, Alem A, Kebede D, Kebreab S, Negash A, Owen MJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 May; 80(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094252
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Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: convergent molecular data. Author(s): Berrettini W. Source: Neuromolecular Medicine. 2004; 5(1): 109-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001816
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Bipolar disorder ignored by the Mental Health National Service framework but not forgotten by the British Association for Psychopharmacology. Author(s): McAllister-Williams RH, Watson S. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2003 December; 17(4 Suppl): 7-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964625
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Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Wolf DV, Wagner KD. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 December; 8(12): 954-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14978470
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Bipolar disorder in later life. Older adults presenting with new onset manic symptoms usually have underlying medical or neurologic disorder. Author(s): Hoblyn J. Source: Geriatrics. 2004 June; 59(6): 41-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15224795
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Bipolar disorder. Author(s): Belmaker RH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2004 July 29; 351(5): 476-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15282355
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Bipolar disorder. III: Harm avoidance a risk factor for suicide attempts. Author(s): Engstrom C, Brandstrom S, Sigvardsson S, Cloninger CR, Nylander PO. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 April; 6(2): 130-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005751
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Bipolar disorder--a seriously underestimated health burden. Author(s): Angst J. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2004 April; 254(2): 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15146333
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Borderline personality disorder in patients with bipolar disorder and response to lamotrigine. Author(s): Preston GA, Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Strong RE, Hedges DW. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 April; 79(1-3): 297-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023511
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Brain metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dager SR, Friedman SD, Parow A, Demopulos C, Stoll AL, Lyoo IK, Dunner DL, Renshaw PF. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 May; 61(5): 450-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15123489
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Case of bipolar disorder successfully stabilized with clonazepam, valproate and lithium after numerous relapses for 47 years. Author(s): Mashiko H, Kurita M, Shirakawa H, Ohtomo K, Hashimoto M, Miyashita N, Niwa S. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004 June; 58(3): 340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15149305
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Caudate volume measurement in older adults with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Beyer JL, Kuchibhatla M, Payne M, Moo-Young M, Cassidy F, MacFall J, Krishnan KR. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2004 February; 19(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14758576
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Child- and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: development and preliminary results. Author(s): Pavuluri MN, Graczyk PA, Henry DB, Carbray JA, Heidenreich J, Miklowitz DJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 May; 43(5): 528-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15100559
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Clinical and legal correlates of inmates with bipolar disorder at time of criminal arrest. Author(s): Quanbeck CD, Stone DC, Scott CL, McDermott BE, Altshuler LL, Frye MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 February; 65(2): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003073
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Clinical case presentation: therapeutic challenges in adolescent-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Coffey B. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 42530. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977454
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Clinical characteristics and length of hospital stay among older adults with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, depression, and dementia. Author(s): Sajatovic M, Friedman SH, Sabharwal J, Bingham CR. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2004 March; 17(1): 3-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15018690
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Clinical correlates of childhood and adolescent adjustment in adult patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Ernst CL. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004 March; 192(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15091299
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Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Martinez-Aran A, Vieta E, Reinares M, Colom F, Torrent C, Sanchez-Moreno J, Benabarre A, Goikolea JM, Comes M, Salamero M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 February; 161(2): 262-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754775
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Cognitive functioning in late-life bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gildengers AG, Butters MA, Seligman K, McShea M, Miller MD, Mulsant BH, Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 April; 161(4): 736-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15056521
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Combination of mood stabilizers with quetiapine for treatment of acute bipolar disorder: an open label study. Author(s): Bahk WM, Yoon BH, Lee KU, Chae JH. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2004 April; 19(3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15079852
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Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years. Author(s): Youngstrom EA, Findling RL, Calabrese JR, Gracious BL, Demeter C, Bedoya DD, Price M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 July; 43(7): 847-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15213586
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Comparison of neurocognition between drug-free patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tam WC, Liu Z. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004 July; 192(7): 464-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15232316
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Defining a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder in a sample of nonreferred adults by age at onset. Author(s): Mick E, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Murray K, Wozniak J. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 45362. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977458
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Density of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 messenger RNA-containing neurons that express the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Woo TU, Walsh JP, Benes FM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 July; 61(7): 649-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15237077
Studies
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Development of a computerized assessment of clinician adherence to a treatment guideline for patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dennehy EB, Suppes T, John Rush A, Lynn Crismon M, Witte B, Webster J. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2004 May-June; 38(3): 285-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003434
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Divalproex versus valproate in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kablinger AS, Czerwinski WP, Minagar A. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2004 April; 24(2): 231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15206673
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Drug dreams in outpatients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Author(s): Yee T, Perantie DC, Dhanani N, Brown ES. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2004 March; 192(3): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15091306
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Dysfunctional assumptions in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lam D, Wright K, Smith N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 April; 79(1-3): 193-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023494
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Economic grand rounds: the economic burden of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Stimmel GL. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2004 February; 55(2): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14762232
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Elevated homocysteine levels in euthymic bipolar disorder patients showing functional deterioration. Author(s): Osher Y, Sela BA, Levine J, Belmaker RH. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 February; 6(1): 82-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996145
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Elevation of cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Thomas AJ, Davis S, Ferrier IN, Kalaria RN, O'Brien JT. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 March 15; 55(6): 652-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013836
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Enhancement of treatment adherence among patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sajatovic M, Davies M, Hrouda DR. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2004 March; 55(3): 264-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15001726
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Family caregiver functioning in late-life bipolar disorder. Author(s): Martire LM, Schulz R, Mulsant BH, Reynolds CF 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2004 May-June; 12(3): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15126235
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Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Author(s): Geller B, Tillman R, Craney JL, Bolhofner K. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 May; 61(5): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15123490
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Genetic linkage in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mathews CA, Reus VI. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 December; 8(12): 891-904. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14978466
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Genetics of bipolar disorder: where do we stand? Author(s): DePaulo JR Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 April; 161(4): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15056501
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Genomewide linkage analysis of bipolar disorder by use of a high-density singlenucleotide-polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay: a comparison with microsatellite marker assays and finding of significant linkage to chromosome 6q22. Author(s): Middleton FA, Pato MT, Gentile KL, Morley CP, Zhao X, Eisener AF, Brown A, Petryshen TL, Kirby AN, Medeiros H, Carvalho C, Macedo A, Dourado A, Coelho I, Valente J, Soares MJ, Ferreira CP, Lei M, Azevedo MH, Kennedy JL, Daly MJ, Sklar P, Pato CN. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2004 May; 74(5): 886-97. Epub 2004 April 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15060841
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Watson S, Gallagher P, Ritchie JC, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2004 June; 184: 496-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15172943
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Identification of PIK3C3 promoter variant associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Stopkova P, Saito T, Papolos DF, Vevera J, Paclt I, Zukov I, Bersson YB, Margolis BA, Strous RD, Lachman HM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 May 15; 55(10): 981-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15121481
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Imbalance of glial-neuronal interaction in synapses: a possible mechanism of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mitterauer B. Source: The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2004 June; 10(3): 199-206. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15155059
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Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dickerson FB, Boronow JJ, Stallings C, Origoni AE, Cole S, Krivogorsky B, Yolken RH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 March 15; 55(6): 588-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013827
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Interleukin-1 cluster is associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Papiol S, Rosa A, Gutierrez B, Martin B, Salgado P, Catalan R, Arias B, Fananas L. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 2004 March; 41(3): 219-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14985387
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Lamotrigine treatment of bipolar disorder: data from the first 500 patients in STEPBD. Author(s): Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Ketter TA, Bowden CL, Goldberg JF, Calabrese JR, Miyahara S, Miklowitz DJ, Sachs GS, Thase ME; STEP-BD Investigators. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 April; 6(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005752
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Lithium and motor vehicle crashes: perhaps bipolar disorder is the risk, not its treatment. Author(s): Dening TR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2004 April 10; 328(7444): 895-6; Author Reply 896. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15073078
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Lithium, a common drug for bipolar disorder treatment, regulates amyloid-beta precursor protein processing. Author(s): Su Y, Ryder J, Li B, Wu X, Fox N, Solenberg P, Brune K, Paul S, Zhou Y, Liu F, Ni B. Source: Biochemistry. 2004 June 8; 43(22): 6899-908. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15170327
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Long-term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Author(s): Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, Jamison K, Goodwin GM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 February; 161(2): 217-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14754766
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Long-term outcome with divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Henry CA, Zamvil LS, Lam C, Rosenquist KJ, Ghaemi SN. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977465
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Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of amygdala and other subcortical brain regions in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): DelBello MP, Zimmerman ME, Mills NP, Getz GE, Strakowski SM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 February; 6(1): 43-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996140
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Management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Author(s): Yonkers KA, Wisner KL, Stowe Z, Leibenluft E, Cohen L, Miller L, Manber R, Viguera A, Suppes T, Altshuler L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 April; 161(4): 608-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15056503
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Manic depressive disorder and lithium over the decades: the very educational case of Mrs. L. Author(s): Jefferson JW, Sen D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1994 August; 55(8): 340-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8071302
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Medication use in children and adolescents treated in the community for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bhangoo RK, Lowe CH, Myers FS, Treland J, Curran J, Towbin KE, Leibenluft E. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 51522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977464
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Molecular evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Konradi C, Eaton M, MacDonald ML, Walsh J, Benes FM, Heckers S. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004 March; 61(3): 300-8. Erratum In: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 June; 61(6): 538. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14993118
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Mood stabilizers and treatment adherence in bipolar disorder: addressing adverse events. Author(s): Berk M, Berk L. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 2003 September-December; 15(3-4): 217-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14971867
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New anticonvulsant medication uses in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wang PW, Ketter TA, Becker OV, Nowakowska C. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 December; 8(12): 930-2, 941-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14978468
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Patterns of comorbidity and dysfunction in clinically referred preschool and schoolage children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wilens TE, Biederman J, Forkner P, Ditterline J, Morris M, Moore H, Galdo M, Spencer TJ, Wozniak J. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 495505. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977462
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Pediatric bipolar disorder: the new perspective on severe mood dysfunction in children. Author(s): Wozniak J. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 44951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977457
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Pharmacotherapy and risk of suicidal behaviors among patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yerevanian BI, Koek RJ, Feusner JD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 February 25; 291(8): 939; Author Reply 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982905
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Pharmacotherapy and risk of suicidal behaviors among patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden C, Fawcett J. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2004 February 25; 291(8): 939; Author Reply 940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982904
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Presence of irritability during depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Deckersbach T, Perlis RH, Frankle WG, Gray SM, Grandin L, Dougherty DD, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS. Source: Cns Spectr. 2004 March; 9(3): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999163
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Psychopharmacology in the school setting: therapeutic challenges in an adolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, possible bipolar disorder, and other comorbidity. Author(s): Rappaport N, Coffey B. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2004 Spring; 14(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15142385
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Psychotic symptoms in pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pavuluri MN, Herbener ES, Sweeney JA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 May; 80(1): 19-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15094254
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Quality of life and its correlates in patients with bipolar disorder stabilized on lithium prophylaxis. Author(s): Chand PK, Mattoo SK, Sharan P. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004 June; 58(3): 311-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15149299
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Regional brain gray matter volume differences in patients with bipolar disorder as assessed by optimized voxel-based morphometry. Author(s): Lochhead RA, Parsey RV, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 June 15; 55(12): 1154-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15184034
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Relationship of parent and child informants to prevalence of mania symptoms in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Author(s): Tillman R, Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, Williams M, Zimerman B. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 July; 161(7): 1278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15229062
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Safety and tolerability of lamotrigine for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL, Asnis GM, Ginsberg LD, Bentley B, Leadbetter R, White R. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2004; 27(3): 173-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756579
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Schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorder within an epidemiologically complete, homogeneous population in rural Ireland: small area variation in rate. Author(s): Scully PJ, Owens JM, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2004 April 1; 67(2-3): 143-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14984873
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Significance of adolescent neurodevelopment for the neural circuitry of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Blumberg HP, Kaufman J, Martin A, Charney DS, Krystal JH, Peterson BS. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004 June; 1021: 376-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15251913
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Special considerations in treating bipolar disorder in women. Author(s): Burt VK, Rasgon N. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 February; 6(1): 2-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996136
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State- and trait-related deficits in sustained attention in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Clark L, Goodwin GM. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2004 April; 254(2): 61-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15146334
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Subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical neural responses to facial expressions distinguish patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Author(s): Lawrence NS, Williams AM, Surguladze S, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Andrew C, Frangou S, Ecker C, Phillips ML. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2004 March 15; 55(6): 578-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15013826
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Substance use and perceived symptom improvement among patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence. Author(s): Weiss RD, Kolodziej M, Griffin ML, Najavits LM, Jacobson LM, Greenfield SF. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 April; 79(1-3): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023508
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Temperament and character factors in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention deficit hyperactive and normal controls. Author(s): Tillman R, Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, Williams M, Zimerman B, Frazier J, Beringer L. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 53143. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977466
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The British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines for treatment of bipolar disorder: a summary. Author(s): Goodwin GM, Young AH. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2003 December; 17(4 Suppl): 3-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14964624
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The case for atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Shattell M, Keltner NL. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 2004 January-March; 40(1): 34-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15147051
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The mood spectrum in unipolar and bipolar disorder: arguments for a unitary approach. Author(s): Cassano GB, Rucci P, Frank E, Fagiolini A, Dell'Osso L, Shear MK, Kupfer DJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 July; 161(7): 1264-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15229060
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The neurobiology of bipolar disorder: findings using human postmortem central nervous system tissue. Author(s): Dean B. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 March; 38(3): 13540. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14961931
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The off-label use of clozapine in adolescents with bipolar disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Kant R, Chalansani R, Chengappa KN, Dieringer MF. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2004 Spring; 14(1): 57-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15142392
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The pharmacology of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Author(s): Dodd S, Berk M. Source: Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2004 May; 3(3): 221-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15155150
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The phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Alda M. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 May; 14 Suppl 2: S94-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15142614
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The prevalence and clinical correlates of anger attacks during depressive episodes in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Perlis RH, Smoller JW, Fava M, Rosenbaum JF, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2004 April; 79(1-3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15023510
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The real cost of pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Feinberg DT. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2003 Winter; 13(4): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14977455
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Treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Post RM, Chang KD, Suppes T. Source: Cns Spectr. 2004 February; 9(2): 1-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15032235
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Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a comparison of rapid cyclers and nonrapid cyclers. Author(s): Vo D, Dunner DL. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 December; 8(12): 948-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14978469
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Two peptidase activities decrease in treated bipolar disorder not schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Breen G, Harwood AJ, Gregory K, Sinclair M, Collier D, St Clair D, Williams RS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 April; 6(2): 156-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15005755
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Unitary or binary nature of classification of depressive illness and its implications for the scope of manic depressive disorder. Author(s): Roth M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 April; 64(1): 1-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11292515
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Unusual presentation of manic depressive disorder in adolescence. Author(s): Rogeness GA, Riester AE, Wicoff JS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1982 January; 43(1): 37-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7054156
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Using questionnaires to screen for psychiatric disorders: a comment on a study of screening for bipolar disorder in the community. Author(s): Zimmerman M, Posternak MA, Chelminski I, Solomon DA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 May; 65(5): 605-10; Discussion 721. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15163245
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Using technology to improve longitudinal studies: self-reporting with ChronoRecord in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bauer M, Grof P, Gyulai L, Rasgon N, Glenn T, Whybrow PC. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2004 February; 6(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14996143
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Women and bipolar disorder across the life span. Author(s): Sit D. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2004 Spring; 59(2): 91-100. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15134424
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to manic depressive disorder. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to manic depressive disorder and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to manic depressive disorder: •
A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocsis JH, Portera L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 November; 60(11): 733-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10584760
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Alternative therapies for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lerer B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 August; 46(8): 309-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3926754
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Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gnanadesikan M, Freeman MP, Gelenberg AJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 June; 5(3): 203-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12780874
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Children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Staton D, Lysne D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10230176
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Clinical features of antidepressant associated manic and hypomanic switches in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Serretti A, Artioli P, Zanardi R, Rossini D. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2003 August; 27(5): 751-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12921905
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Coping and medication adherence in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Greenhouse WJ, Meyer B, Johnson SL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 September; 59(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10854641
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Cross-national comparisons of seafood consumption and rates of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Noaghiul S, Hibbeln JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 December; 160(12): 2222-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14638594
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Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals in a bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Cluss PA, Houck PR, Stapf DA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 February; 63(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11874212
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Diagnosis and treatment of rapidly cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Maj M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: Ii62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824840
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Do lithium and anticonvulsants target the brain arachidonic acid cascade in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Rapoport SI, Bosetti F. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 July; 59(7): 592-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12090811
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Drug abuse and bipolar disorder: comorbidity or misdiagnosis? Author(s): Sherwood Brown E, Suppes T, Adinoff B, Rajan Thomas N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 105-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11356233
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Drug abuse in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Miller FT, Busch F, Tanenbaum JH. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1989; 15(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2763984
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Effect of different recruitment sources on the composition of a bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Scholle SH, Peele PB, Kelleher KJ, Frank E, Jansen-McWilliams L, Kupfer D. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2000 May; 35(5): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10941997
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Effective mood stabilization with a chelated mineral supplement: an open-label trial in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kaplan BJ, Simpson JS, Ferre RC, Gorman CP, McMullen DM, Crawford SG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 December; 62(12): 936-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11780873
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Effects of mood and subtype on cerebral glucose metabolism in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, George MS, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Benson BE, Willis MW, Danielson A, Frye MA, Herscovitch P, Post RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 January 15; 49(2): 97-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11164756
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Effects of the rate of discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Faedda GL, Suppes TR, Floris G, Rudas N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 October; 57(10): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8909329
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Emerging options in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Berk M, Segal J, Janet L, Vorster M.
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Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(10): 1407-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11558830 •
Features associated with the delayed initiation of mood stabilizers at illness onset in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Ernst CL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 November; 63(11): 985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12444811
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Fish oils and bipolar disorder: a promising but untested treatment. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 May; 56(5): 413-4; Discussion 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10232295
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Marijuana (cannabis) use is anecdotally said to precipitate anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder. Is there any research evidence to support this? Also, can marijuana use precipitate or expose paranoia in patients with an underlying bipolar disorder? Author(s): Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 February; 10(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2307743
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Methodological considerations in clinical studies of omega 3 fatty acids in major depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Stoll AL, Damico KE, Daly BP, Severus WE, Marangell LB. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 58-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11935971
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Modulation of carbachol-stimulated AP-1 DNA binding activity by therapeutic agents for bipolar disorder in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Pacheco MA, Jope RS. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 1999 October 1; 72(2): 138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10529472
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Novel treatments for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2001 April; 10(4): 661-71. Review. Erratum In: Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001 July; 10(7): Following 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11281816
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Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebocontrolled trial.
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Author(s): Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 May; 56(5): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10232294 •
Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: a review. Author(s): Stoll AL, Locke CA, Marangell LB, Severus WE. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1999 May-June; 60(5-6): 329-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10471117
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Outcome after rapid vs gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Suppes T, Tohen M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993 June; 50(6): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8498879
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Patient- and family-rated scale for bipolar disorder symptoms: Internal State Scale. Author(s): Huang CL, Yang YK, Chen M, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang MJ. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 April; 19(4): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12795346
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Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 161-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12633125
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Quetiapine in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vieta E, Parramon G, Padrell E, Nieto E, Martinez-Aran A, Corbella B, Colom F, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Torrent C. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 October; 4(5): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12479667
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Recent developments in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Berk M, Dodd S. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2003 October; 12(10): 1621-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14519084
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Researching the pathophysiology of pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Charney DS, Pine DS.
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Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 1009-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12788246 •
Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Suppes T. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 22(6): 599-609. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12454560
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Self-reported participation in nonpharmacologic treatments for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dennehy EB, Gonzalez R, Suppes T. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004 February; 65(2): 278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15003089
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Sexual health and women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): McCandless F, Sladen C. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 October; 44(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12956668
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Social support and the course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Johnson SL, Winett CA, Meyer B, Greenhouse WJ, Miller I. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 November; 108(4): 558-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10609420
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The Maudsley bipolar disorder project. Clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder I in a Catchment area treatment sample. Author(s): Raymont V, Bettany D, Frangou S. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 February; 18(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12648890
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The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. Author(s): Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998 April-June; 30(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9692379
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Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gitlin MJ. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 2001 Winter; 65(1): 26-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11280956
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Use of herbal products and symptoms of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Emmanuel NP, Jones C, Lydiard RB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 November; 155(11): 1627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9812133
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Utilization of psychosocial treatments by patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and substance dependence. Author(s): Weiss RD, Kolodziej ME, Najavits LM, Greenfield SF, Fucito LM. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2000 Fall; 9(4): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11256355
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Valproate in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Steingard S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 October; 9(5): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2507592
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of an academic psychologist. Author(s): Smith M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10622190
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to manic depressive disorder; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
•
Alternative Therapy Light Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html
•
Herbs and Supplements Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lithium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prochlorperazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,818,00.html St. John’s Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. DISSERTATIONS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to manic depressive disorder. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “manic depressive disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on manic depressive disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Manic Depressive Disorder ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to manic depressive disorder. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Evaluating compliance with bipolar disorder patients receiving lithium and psychotherapy whose treatment regimen is monitored by clinical social workers trained in psychopharmacology by Troy, Charles McGregor, II, DSW from BOSTON COLLEGE, 1988, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8904212
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Nonlinear dynamics/chaos theory: A bipolar disorder case study by Hanwright, Joan R. M., PhD from WALDEN UNIVERSITY, 2003, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3099938
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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 4. PATENTS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “manic depressive disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on manic depressive disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Manic Depressive Disorder By performing a patent search focusing on manic depressive disorder, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 7Adapted
from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on manic depressive disorder: •
Anticonvulsant derivatives useful in treating manic-depressive bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Shank; Richard P. (Blue Bell, PA) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 5,753,693 Date filed: June 23, 1997 Abstract: This application relates to the use of topiramate and related sulfonamides for the treatment of manic-depressive bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application No. 60/020,850, filed Jun. 28, 1996. Compounds of Formula I were initially found to possess anticonvulsant activity in the traditional maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in mice (SHANK, R. P., GARDOCKI, J. F., VAUGHT, J. L., DAVIS, C. B., SCHUPSKY, J. J., RAFFA, R. B., DODGSON, S. J., NORTEY, S. O., and MARYANOFF, B. E., Epilepsia 35 450-460, 1994). Subsequent studies revealed that Compounds of Formula I were also highly effective in the MES test in rats. More recently topiramate was found to effectively block seizures in several rodent models of epilepsy (J. NAKAMURA, S. TAMURA, T. KANDA, A. ISHII, K. ISHIHARA, T. SERIKAWA, J. YAMADA, and M. SASA, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 254 83-89, 1994), and in an animal model of kindled epilepsy (A. WAUQUIER and S. ZHOU, Epilepsy Res. 24, 73-77, 1996). Recent preclinical studies on topiramate have revealed previously unrecognized pharmacological properties which suggest that topiramate should be effective in treating manic-depressive bipolar disorder (MDBD). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05753693__
•
BDNF polymorphism and association with bipolar disorder Inventor(s): DePaulo; J. Raymond (Baltimore, MD), Lander; Eric S. (Cambridge, MA), McInnis; Melvin G. (Timonium, MD), Sklar; Pamela (Brookline, MA) Assignee(s): General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA), Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD), Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,458,541 Date filed: August 11, 2000 Abstract: Methods for diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric disorders, especially bipolar disorder, and to methods for identifying compounds for use in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders are disclosed. Also disclosed are novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions for use in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): Modem psychiatry typically subdivides mood disorders into bipolar disorders (episodes of mania or both mania and depression) and unipolar depressive disorder (episodes of depression). Symptoms of mania include expansive, elevated or irritable mood, inflated self-esteem, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with a high potential for painful
Patents 35
consequences. Depressive symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in activities, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, inability to concentrate or act decisively, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Several mental disorders have been proposed as alternate expressions of a bipolar genotype, including variants of schizoaffective disorder, recurrent unipolar depression and hypomania (bipolar II disorder). Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, attention deficit disorders, schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders and unipolar disorders, differ from neurological disorders in that anatomical or biochemical pathologies are readily detectable for the latter but not the former. Largely as a result of this difference, drugs which have been used to treat individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders, including lithium salts, valproic acid and carbamazepine, have not been predictably effective in treatment regimens across a variety of patients. Treatment regimens are further complicated by the fact that clinical diagnosis currently relies on clinical observation and subjective reports. Identification of the anatomical or biochemical defects which result in neuropsychiatric disorders is needed in order to effectively distinguish between the disorders and to allow the design and administration of effective therapeutics for these disorders. As described herein, it has been discovered that a polymorphism in the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is negatively correlated with incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder). In particular, it has been discovered that one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms within the nucleotide sequence encoding the 132 amino acid prepro portion of the BDNF gene product is correlated with reduced incidence of bipolar disorder in a sample population assessed as described herein. In one embodiment, a single nucleotide polymorphism from G to A at nucleotide position 424, resulting in an amino acid change from valine to methionine at amino acid position -63 (relative to the start of the mature protein), is correlated with a reduced incidence of bipolar disorder in the sample population assessed as described herein. That is, it has been determined that there is a variation from random (i.e., that which would be expected by chance) in the transmission of the reference (G) and variant (A) alleles from a parent who is heterozygous for the BDNF alleles to an offspring diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The variant allele (A) is transmitted less frequently (34 of 98 times) to the bipolar offspring than would be expected by chance, while the reference allele (G) is transmitted more frequently (64 of 98 times) than would be expected by chance (p=0.004). Thus, it appears that the variant allele may contribute to protection or reduction in symptomology with respect to bipolar disorder. Alternatively, this particular polymorphism may be one of a group of two or more polymorphisms in the BDNF gene which contributes to the presence, absence or severity of the neuropsychiatric disorder, e.g., bipolar disorder. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458541__ •
Choline in the treatment of bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Stoll; Andrew L. (Lincoln, MA) Assignee(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,585,118 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods in which a lithium source and a choline source act synergistically to reduce or eliminate the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.
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Manic Depressive Disorder
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical treatments for psychiatric disorders. More specifically, it deals with novel methods and compositions useful in treating patients with bipolar disorder. Patients with bipolar disorder suffer recurrent, alternating cycles of mania and depression. A number of anecdotal reports have suggested that lecithin (phosphotidylcholine), a dietary precursor of choline, has antimanic properties that might be useful in treating patients with this disorder (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 137:242-243 (1980); Schreier, Am. J. Psychiatry 139:108-110 (1982); Leiva, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 14:423-429 (1990)). In addition, a controlled clinical study performed more than a decade ago reported that lecithin has a modest anti-manic effects when given to patients with bipolar illness (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982)). At the time that lecithin administration was begun in the 1982 clinical study by Cohen et al., many patients were taking other medications, including lithium. The patients continued on such medications during the course of the study but no attempt was made to identify particular drugs that might contribute to the observed beneficial effects of lecithin. The possibility that lithium might be essential to the effect was not appreciated. In addition, it was uncertain, both from this paper as well as from the anecdotal reports mentioned above, whether the beneficial effects observed with lecithin were due to choline derived from the digestion of the compound. Lecithin is a major component of cellular membranes and the possibility was recognized that lecithin might be exerting its effects on mania by causing alterations in the membranes of neural cells (Cohen et at., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05585118__ •
Method for treating bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Bymaster; Franklin P (Brownsburg, IN), Shannon; Harlan E (Carmel, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,117,890 Date filed: December 16, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating or alleviating the symptoms of bipolar disorder, comprising administering an effective amount of xanomeline (3-(4-hexyloxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine). Excerpt(s): This invention provides a method for treating or alleviating the symptoms of bipolar disorder, comprising administering an effective amount of 3-(4-hexyloxy-1,2,5thiadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine (hereinafter referred to as "xanomeline"). Bipolar Disorder is a psychiatric condition which is prevelant across cultures and age groups. The lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Disorder can be as high as 1.6%. DSM-IV, p. 353 (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. 1994). Bipolar Disorder is a recurrent disorder characterized by one or more Manic Episodes immediately before or after a Major Depressive Episode or may be characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes accompanied by at least one Hypomanic Episode. Additionally, the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. In some cases the Hypomanic Episodes themselves do not cause impairment; however, the impairment may result from the Major Depressive Episodes or from a chronic pattern of unpredictable mood episodes and fluctuating unreliable interpersonal and occupational functioning. The symptoms of Bipolar Disorder must not be better accounted for by a psychotic condition or due to the direct physiological effects of a medication, other somatic treatments for depression, drugs of abuse, or toxin exposure. Bipolar Disorder is
Patents 37
associated with a significant risk of completed suicide. Further, the patient suffering from Bipolar Disorder is likely to suffer from school truancy, school failure, occupational failure, or divorce. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117890__
Patent Applications on Manic Depressive Disorder As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to manic depressive disorder: •
Carbamate compounds for use in preventing or treating bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Choi, Yong Moon; (Towaco, NJ), Gordon, Robert; (Robbinsville, NJ), PlataSalaman, Carlos R.; (Ambler, PA), Twyman, Roy E.; (Doylestown, PA), Zhao, Boyu; (Lansdale, PA) Correspondence: Audley A. Ciamporcero JR.; Johnson & Johnson; One Johnson & Johnson Plaza; New Brunswick; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020193433 Date filed: February 21, 2002 Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for preventing or treating bipolar disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of an enantiomer of Formula (I) or enantiomeric mixture wherein one enantiomer of Formula (I) predominates: 1wherein phenyl is substituted at X with one to five halogen atoms selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; and, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl; wherein C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl is optionally substituted with phenyl (wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, amino, nitro and cyano). Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/271,680, filed Feb. 27, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. This invention is directed to a method for use of a carbamate compound in preventing or treating bipolar disorder. More particularly, this invention is directed to a method for use of a halogenated 2-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol dicarbamate enantiomer or enantiomeric mixture wherein one enantiomer predominates for preventing or treating bipolar disorder. Recurrences of bipolar disorder illness have been hypothesized to be caused by electrophysiologic/neurophysiologic kindling (F. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 405-407,1990; Ghaemi S. N., Boiman E. E., Goodwin F. K., Kindling and second messengers: an approach to the neurobiology of recurrence in bipolar disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 1999, 45(2), 137-44; Stoll A. L., Severus W. E., Mood stabilizers: shared mechanisms of action at postsynaptic signal-transduction and kindling processes, Harv. Rev. Psychiatry, 1996, 4(2), 77-89; Goldberg J. F., Harrow M., Kindling in bipolar disorders: a longitudinal follow-up study, Biol. Psychiatry, 1994, 1; 35(1), 70-2).
8
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Manic Depressive Disorder
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nucleic acids and encoded polypeptides associated with bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Evans, Glen A.; (San Marcos, CA) Correspondence: Campbell & Flores Llp; 4370 LA Jolla Village Drive; 7th Floor; San Diego; CA; 92122; US Patent Application Number: 20030104385 Date filed: August 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an isolated human mannosyl transferase and the encoding nucleic acid. Nucleic acids and fragments thereof that correspond to the mannosyl transferase polypeptide similarly are applicable in therapeutic procedures. The invention also provides a human mannosyl transferase fusion polypeptide and a chromosome 9 fusion polypeptide, both of which result from a chromosomal translocation t(9,11) (p24;q23.1). The fusion nucleic acid sequence that encodes the human mannosyl transferase fusion polypeptide and the fusion nucleic acid sequence that encodes the chromosome 9 fusion polypeptide also are provided. The fusion proteins of the invention and their encoding nucleic acids are useful in methods provided by the present invention for diagnosing or predicting the susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of molecular medicine and biochemistry and, more specifically, to nucleic acids and proteins associated with bipolar disorder. Manic-depressive illness, known in medical terms as bipolar disorder, is a common illness characterized by recurrent mood episodes of excessive highs (mania) to profound hopelessness (depression), usually with periods of normal mood in between. The type, severity and duration of mood episodes can vary. Some individuals may have a predominance of either mania or depression, whereas other sufferers may experience equal numbers of both. The mood episodes can last for a few days to as long as several months, particularly when left untreated or not treated effectively. Typically, a person with bipolar disorder can expect an average of ten episodes of mania or depression in his or her lifetime but some sufferers experience much more frequent mood episodes. The frequency of episodes tends to increase with time and individuals who experience four or more episodes in a year are said to have rapid cycling bipolar disorder, which affects between 13 to 20 percent of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Manic episodes are characterized by euphoria, constant talkativeness or movement, grandiose thoughts, need for less sleep, inability to focus, and reckless behavior. When severe mania sets in, the dividing line between reality and fantasy is crossed. Delusional ideation, paranoia, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior may be seen in full-blown mania, with patients requiring hospitalization to protect both themselves and those around them. Untreated, the manic phase can last as long as three months. As it abates, the patient may have a period of normal mood and behavior. Eventually, however, the depressive phase of the illness will set in. In some sufferers, depression occurs immediately or within the next few months, while for others there is a long interval before the next manic or depressive episode. The depressive phase has the same symptoms as major or unipolar depression, including feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, inability to concentrate, thoughts of death or suicide, change in appetite or weight, and fatigue or loss of energy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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•
Omega-3 fatty acids and omega-3 phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Severus, Wolfram E.; (Berlin, DE), Stoll, Andrew L.; (Lincoln, MA) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020091103 Date filed: February 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of treating patients with bipolar disorder by administering omega-3 fatty acids. These may be administered in a substantially purified form, as part of a pharmaceutical composition, or as part of a larger molecule, e.g. a triacylglycerol, which releases free fatty acid after ingestion by a patient.The present invention is also directed to triacylglycerols which are esterified at the gamma carbon of glycerol to phosphocholine and at either the alpha or beta carbon of glycerol to an omega-3 fatty acid. These "omega-3 phoshatidylcholines" are also used in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical treatments for psychiatric disorders. More specifically, it is concerned with novel methods and compositions for treating patients with bipolar disorder. Patients with bipolar disorder suffer recurrent, alternating cycles of mania and depression. In a controlled clinical study performed more than a decade ago, it was reported that lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) has antimanic properties when administered to such patients (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982); see also Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 137:242-243 (1980); Schreier, Am. J. Psychiatry 139:108-110 (1982)). More recent reports, have suggested that the beneficial effects observed for lecithin are due primarily to the metabolic release of free choline (Stoll et al., Biol. Psychiatry 37:170-174 (1995)). Although effective in reducing mania, lecithin is not widely used in treating bipolar patients. One of the main reasons for this is that 15-30 grams of lecithin per day must typically be given to a patient in order to obtain a beneficial effect and the intake of such a large quantity of lipid would, over time, tend to promote cardiovascular disease. An ideal solution to this problem would be to administer a therapeutic agent that has the same beneficial effect as lecithin in controlling mania but which does not have the same adverse effect with respect to cardiovascular disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Use of derivatives of valproic acid and 2-valproenic acid amides for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Bialer, Meir; (Jerusalem, IL), Shirvan, Mitchell; (Hertzleya, IL) Correspondence: Cooper & Dunham Llp; 1185 Avenue OF The Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20020103237 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: A method for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder using derivatives of valproic acid and 2-valproenic acid amides having the following structures: 1wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are independently the same or different and are hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, an aralkyl group, or an aryl group, and n is an integer
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Manic Depressive Disorder
which is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3,or a compound containing a valproic or a 2-valproenic moiety, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising these derivatives or compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/220,102, filed Jul. 21, 2000. Throughout this application, various references are referenced by short citations within parenthesis. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. These references, in their entireties, are hereby incorporated by reference to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Disclosed is a method for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder using derivatives of valproic acid and 2valproenic acid amides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with manic depressive disorder, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on manic depressive disorder. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning manic depressive disorder. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to manic depressive disorder. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on manic depressive disorder include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “manic depressive disorder” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “manic depressive disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “manic depressive disorder” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Bipolar Disorder and Manic-Depressive Illness, Authoritative NIH, CDC, and FDA Documents, Clinical References, and Practical Information for Patients and Physicians by PM Medical Health News; ISBN: 1592486894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1592486894/icongroupinterna
•
Acquainted With the Night : A Parent's Quest to Understand Depression and Bipolar Disorder in His Children by PAUL RAEBURN; ISBN: 0767914376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0767914376/icongroupinterna
•
Coping With Bipolar Disorder and Manic-Depressive Illness (Coping) by Joann Jovinelly; ISBN: 0823931935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823931935/icongroupinterna
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•
Diseases Explained: Bipolar Disorder Wall Chart by Lexi-Comp; ISBN: 1930598696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930598696/icongroupinterna
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Everything You Need to Know About Bipolar Disorder and Manic Depressive Illness (Need to Know Library) by Michael A. Sommers; ISBN: 0823937682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823937682/icongroupinterna
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New Hope for People with Bipolar Disorder : Your Friendly, Authoritative Guide to the Latest in Traditional and Complementary Solutions, Including: Pr. Depression & Manic-Depressive. (New Hope) by Jan Fawcett, et al; ISBN: 0761530088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761530088/icongroupinterna
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Survival Strategies for Parenting Children with Bipolar Disorder: Innovative parenting and counseling techniques for helping children with bipolar disorder and the conditions that may occur with it by George T. Lynn; ISBN: 1853029211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029211/icongroupinterna
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Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers by E. Fuller Torrey, Michael B. Knable; ISBN: 0465086632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465086632/icongroupinterna
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The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide: What You and Your Family Need to Know by David J. Miklowitz, David J. Miklowitz; ISBN: 1572305258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572305258/icongroupinterna
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The Natural Medicine Guide to Bipolar Disorder (The Healthy Mind Guides) by Stephanie Marohn; ISBN: 1571742913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571742913/icongroupinterna
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Why Am I Up, Why Am I Down?: Understanding Bipolar Disorder (Laurel Leaf Books) by Roger Granet; ISBN: 0440234654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440234654/icongroupinterna
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CHAPTER 6. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover manic depressive disorder.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on manic depressive disorder is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to manic depressive disorder. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for manic depressive disorder: •
Signs of bipolar disorder may start in infancy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 05, 2000
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to manic depressive disorder, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms).
Periodicals and News
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Academic Periodicals covering Manic Depressive Disorder Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to manic depressive disorder. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering manic depressive disorder that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 7. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for manic depressive disorder. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with manic depressive disorder. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks,
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etc.). The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to manic depressive disorder: Carbamazepine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atretol; Carbatrol; Epitol; Tegretol; Tegretol-XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202111.html
Lithium •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cibalith-S; Eskalith; Eskalith CR; Lithane; Lithobid; Lithonate; Lithotabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202330.html
Valproic Acid •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depacon; Depakene; Depakote; Depakote Sprinkle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202588.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA
Researching Medications
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through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 17497 344 1013 30 25 18909
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
12
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
13
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 14 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 15 16
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
17 Adapted 18
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
59
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on manic depressive disorder can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to manic depressive disorder. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to manic depressive disorder. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “manic depressive disorder”:
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Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Teen Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenmentalhealth.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to manic depressive disorder, the following was listed: •
Diagnosis/Symptoms Bipolar Disorder - Signs and Symptoms Source: National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/bipolar/public/signs.cfm Dual Diagnosis and Recovery Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/dualdiag.pdf
•
Treatment Finding a Mental Health Professional: A Personal Guide Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/finding.pdf Finding Peace of Mind: Medication and Treatment Strategies for Bipolar Disorder Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/FPOM-Bipolar.pdf Lithium Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/Content/ContentGroups/Helpline1/Lithium.htm Medications Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/medicate.cfm Mental Health Providers: Making the Right Choice Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=MH00008 Understanding Treatment Challenges: Finding Your Way to Wellness Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/NewTreatChal.pdf
•
Coping Bipolar Personal Calendar Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/BPcalendar.pdf
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Wellness at Work Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/Work.pdf •
Children About Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder Source: Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation http://www.bpkids.org/learning/about.htm Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&template=/ContentMan agement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=13107 Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder: An Update from the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolarupdate.cfm Educational Needs of a Child or Adolescent with Bipolar Disorder Source: Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation http://www.bpkids.org/learning/educating.htm Storm in My Brain:Kids and Mood Disorders (Bipolar Disorder and Depression) Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/Storm.pdf
•
From the National Institutes of Health Bipolar Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolar.cfm Going to Extremes: Bipolar Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/manic.cfm Story of Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/NIMHstorybipolar.pdf
•
Organizations Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation http://www.bpkids.org/ Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/ National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/ National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/
62
•
Manic Depressive Disorder
Prevention/Screening Mood Disorder Questionnaire Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/questionnaire/screening_intro.asp
•
Research Bipolar Disorder Research at the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolarresfact.cfm
•
Statistics Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/numbers.cfm
•
Teenagers Bipolar Disorder Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/mental_health/bipolar.html Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) in Teens Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/bipolar.htm Is It Just a Mood or Something Else? Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/mood.pdf
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision) Source: American Psychiatric Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1994 December (revised 2002 Apr); 50 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3302&nbr=2528&a mp;string=manic+AND+depressive+AND+disorder
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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Information about Depression and Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) in Adolescents Summary: This on-line pamphlet for teens with depression and bipolar disorder discusses depression symptoms and treatment. Links for additional resources are included. Source: Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5793 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to manic depressive disorder. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to manic depressive disorder. By consulting all of
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associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with manic depressive disorder. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about manic depressive disorder. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “manic depressive disorder” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “manic depressive disorder”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “manic depressive disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “manic depressive disorder” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
69
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on manic depressive disorder: •
Basic Guidelines for Manic Depressive Disorder Bipolar disorder - depressed Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000927.htm Bipolar disorder - manic phase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000926.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Manic Depressive Disorder Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Hyperactivity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003256.htm
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Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Sadness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Seizure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Manic Depressive Disorder ECT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm Electroconvulsive therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm
•
Background Topics for Manic Depressive Disorder Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Alcohol abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Substance abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
Online Glossaries 75
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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MANIC DEPRESSIVE DISORDER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as
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standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ambulatory Care: Health care services provided to patients on an ambulatory basis, rather than by admission to a hospital or other health care facility. The services may be a part of a hospital, augmenting its inpatient services, or may be provided at a free-standing facility. [NIH]
Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anecdotal report: An incomplete description of the medical and treatment history of one or more patients. Anecdotal reports may be published in places other than peer-reviewed, scientific journals. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including
Dictionary 79
phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH]
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Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chaos: Complex behavior that seems random but actually has some hidden order. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only
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weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If
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left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Dreams: A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Toxicity: Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH]
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Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electroshock: Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Expression: Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines,
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characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1
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isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypomania: An abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Mood: Abnormal or excessive excitability with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience. [NIH] Jealousy: An irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and self criticism. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival
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behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions
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which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]
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Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paranoia: A psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose. [EU] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of
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proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH]
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Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychomotor Agitation: A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]
Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and
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one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the
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circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Security: Government sponsored social insurance programs. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]
Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU]
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Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH]
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Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
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INDEX A Acetylcholine, 77, 81, 90 Adjustment, 9, 77 Adolescence, 20, 77 Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 9, 10, 22, 62, 77 Adverse Effect, 39, 77, 82, 84, 91, 94 Affinity, 77, 81, 94 Age Groups, 36, 77 Aged, 80 and Over, 77 Agonist, 77, 80, 84 Algorithms, 77, 79 Alkaloid, 77, 82 Alleles, 4, 35, 77, 88 Alternative medicine, 44, 77 Ambulatory Care, 78 Amino acid, 35, 78, 79, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96 Amphetamines, 29, 78, 82 Amygdala, 14, 78, 88 Amyloid, 14, 78 Anal, 78, 88 Anatomical, 35, 78, 81, 87 Anecdotal report, 36, 78 Animal model, 34, 78 Antagonism, 78, 82 Antibacterial, 78, 94 Antibiotic, 78, 90, 94 Anticonvulsant, 15, 34, 78, 80, 81, 91, 96 Anti-infective, 78, 87 Antipsychotic, 78, 81, 89 Anxiety, 24, 79, 90 Anxiety Disorders, 79, 90 Arachidonic Acid, 23, 79, 92 Arteries, 79, 80, 83, 89, 95 Aspartate, 10, 79 Assay, 12, 79 Atypical, 18, 79, 81 B Bacteria, 78, 79, 84, 89, 94, 96 Bacteriophage, 79, 96 Beta-pleated, 78, 79 Biochemical, 35, 77, 79, 93 Biosynthesis, 79 Biotechnology, 4, 5, 44, 55, 79 Bladder, 80, 83 Blood pressure, 80, 87, 94 Blood vessel, 80, 81, 94 Bromine, 37, 80
C Cannabis, 24, 26, 80 Capsules, 6, 80 Carbachol, 24, 80 Carbamazepine, 5, 6, 35, 48, 80 Carbohydrate, 80, 86 Carcinogenic, 80, 87, 92 Cardiovascular, 39, 80, 93 Cardiovascular disease, 39, 80 Case report, 80, 81 Case series, 80, 81 Catecholamine, 80, 84, 91 Cell, 11, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96 Cell Adhesion, 11, 80 Central Nervous System, 18, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 93 Cerebral, 23, 80, 81, 83, 92, 95 Cerebrovascular, 80, 81 Cerebrum, 80, 81 Chaos, 31, 81 Character, 18, 81 Chin, 81, 88 Chlorine, 37, 81 Choline, 35, 36, 39, 81 Cholinergic, 79, 80, 81 Chromosomal, 38, 81 Chromosome, 4, 12, 38, 81, 88 Chronic, 36, 81 Clinical Medicine, 81, 91 Clinical study, 36, 39, 81 Clinical trial, 3, 55, 81, 84, 92 Clonazepam, 8, 81 Clonic, 81 Cloning, 79, 81 Clozapine, 19, 81 Coca, 82 Cocaine, 11, 82 Collagen, 78, 82 Comorbidity, 15, 16, 23, 82 Complement, 82, 83 Complementary and alternative medicine, 21, 30, 82 Complementary medicine, 21, 83 Compliance, 31, 83 Computational Biology, 55, 83 Consciousness, 83, 84 Contraindications, ii, 83
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Convulsions, 78, 83 Convulsive, 83, 85 Coronary, 80, 83, 89 Coronary heart disease, 80, 83 Coronary Thrombosis, 83, 89 Cortex, 10, 11, 83 Cortical, 17, 83, 85, 93 Curative, 83, 95 D Delusions, 83, 90 Dementia, 9, 79, 83 Dendrites, 83, 89 Density, 10, 12, 83, 90 Dental Caries, 83, 85 Depersonalization, 84, 90 Depressive Disorder, 14, 20, 28, 34, 84, 88 Derealization, 84, 90 Deuterium, 84, 87 Diagnostic procedure, 33, 44, 84 Digestion, 36, 84, 88 Direct, iii, 36, 47, 81, 84, 93, 95 Dizziness, 84, 90 Dopamine, 79, 82, 84, 90 Double-blind, 6, 24, 84 Dreams, 11, 84 Drug Interactions, 48, 84 Drug Toxicity, 84, 92 Dyes, 78, 84 Dysphoric, 84 Dyspnea, 84, 90 E Efficacy, 5, 85 Electroshock, 34, 85 Emollient, 85, 86 Environmental Health, 54, 56, 85 Enzymatic, 78, 82, 83, 85 Euphoria, 38, 85 Excitability, 85, 87 Excitatory, 85, 86 Extracellular, 78, 85, 94 F Facial, 17, 85 Facial Expression, 17, 85 Family Planning, 55, 85 Fat, 79, 83, 85, 88, 90 Fatigue, 35, 38, 73, 85 Fish Products, 85, 93 Fluorine, 37, 85 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 7, 85 G GABA, 81, 85, 96
Ganglia, 77, 79, 85, 88, 89 Gap Junctions, 85, 95 Gas, 81, 85, 86 Gastroenteritis, 80, 85 Gene, 35, 77, 79, 86 Genetic Code, 86, 90 Genotype, 35, 86, 91 Glucose, 23, 86 Glutamate, 86 Glutamic Acid, 10, 86, 90 Glycerol, 39, 86 Glycine, 78, 86, 90 Governing Board, 86, 91 H Habitual, 81, 86 Heart attack, 80, 86 Heredity, 86 Herpes, 13, 86 Herpes Zoster, 86 Homogeneous, 17, 86 Homologous, 77, 86, 95 Hormone, 86, 87, 95 Hydrogen, 37, 39, 80, 84, 86, 89, 92 Hydrolysis, 87, 91 Hydroxyproline, 78, 82, 87 Hypertension, 80, 87 Hypomania, 35, 87 I Immune response, 87, 96 Impairment, 6, 36, 87, 88 Infancy, 43, 87 Infant, Newborn, 77, 87 Infarction, 83, 87, 89 Ingestion, 39, 87 Initiation, 24, 87 Insomnia, 35, 87 Intermittent, 19, 87 Invasive, 87, 88 Iodine, 37, 87 Ions, 86, 87, 94 Irritable Mood, 34, 87 J Jealousy, 87, 90 K Kb, 54, 87 L Limbic, 78, 87 Limbic System, 78, 87 Linkage, 4, 12, 88 Linkage Disequilibrium, 4, 88 Lipid, 39, 81, 86, 88
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Lithium, 8, 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36, 48, 60, 79, 88 Liver, 79, 88 Longitudinal Studies, 20, 88 Longitudinal study, 5, 88 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 6, 88 Mania, 12, 17, 21, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 87, 88 Manic, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 20, 22, 25, 28, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 61, 62, 63, 73, 79, 88 MEDLINE, 55, 88 Membrane, 82, 85, 88, 91, 94, 95 Memory, 83, 88 Meninges, 80, 88 Mental, iv, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 35, 54, 56, 60, 61, 62, 77, 81, 83, 85, 88, 92, 93 Mental Disorders, 35, 62, 77, 88, 92 Meta-Analysis, 14, 88 Methionine, 35, 89, 95 MI, 75, 89 Microbiology, 79, 89 Modification, 78, 89, 92 Molecular, 7, 15, 24, 38, 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96 Molecule, 11, 39, 82, 87, 89, 93, 96 Monotherapy, 5, 6, 89 Mood Disorders, 34, 61, 89 Motor Activity, 83, 89, 92 Myocardium, 89 N Nausea, 79, 86, 89, 90 Necrosis, 87, 89 Nerve, 81, 83, 89, 91, 96 Nervous System, 74, 80, 89, 90, 92 Neural, 17, 36, 78, 89, 94 Neuroblastoma, 24, 89 Neuroleptic, 78, 82, 89 Neurologic, 7, 89 Neuronal, 13, 89 Neurons, 10, 82, 83, 85, 89, 95 Neurotransmitter, 77, 78, 84, 85, 86, 90 Nonverbal Communication, 90, 92 Nuclei, 78, 88, 90, 92 Nucleic acid, 38, 86, 90 O Omega-3 fatty acid, 25, 39, 90 On-line, 63, 73, 90 Opacity, 83, 90 Outpatient, 90 P Palliative, 90, 95 Panic, 24, 60, 90
Panic Disorder, 24, 60, 90 Paranoia, 24, 38, 90 Paresthesias, 90 Partial remission, 90, 93 Particle, 90, 96 Pathologies, 35, 90 Pathophysiology, 13, 25, 90 Penicillin, 78, 90, 96 Peptide, 78, 90, 91, 92 Pharmacologic, 91, 96 Pharmacotherapy, 6, 16, 91 Phenotype, 12, 17, 18, 91 Phenyl, 37, 91 Phenytoin, 80, 91 Physiologic, 77, 79, 91, 93 Plants, 77, 81, 82, 86, 91, 96 Pneumonia, 83, 91 Polymorphism, 12, 34, 35, 91 Polypeptide, 38, 78, 82, 91 Postsynaptic, 37, 91, 95 Practice Guidelines, 56, 62, 91 Preclinical, 34, 91 Precursor, 14, 36, 79, 81, 84, 85, 91, 96 Presynaptic, 90, 91, 95 Prevalence, 17, 19, 36, 91 Progression, 78, 91 Progressive, 83, 89, 92 Promoter, 13, 92 Prophylaxis, 16, 92 Prospective study, 88, 92 Prostaglandins, 25, 79, 92 Protein S, 79, 86, 92 Proteins, 38, 78, 82, 85, 89, 91, 92, 96 Protons, 86, 92 Psychiatric, 5, 11, 18, 20, 23, 36, 39, 62, 88, 92 Psychic, 88, 92, 93 Psychomotor, 35, 80, 89, 92 Psychomotor Agitation, 35, 92 Psychopharmacology, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 31, 92 Psychotherapy, 31, 92 Public Policy, 55, 92 Publishing, 4, 92 Pulmonary, 80, 81, 92, 96 Pulmonary Edema, 81, 92 Q Quality of Life, 6, 92 R Radioactive, 87, 92 Randomized, 6, 14, 85, 92 Randomized Controlled Trials, 14, 92
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Reagent, 81, 93 Receptor, 6, 10, 81, 84, 93 Recurrence, 37, 79, 93 Refer, 1, 82, 84, 86, 89, 93, 96 Refraction, 93, 94 Regimen, 31, 85, 91, 93 Relapse, 5, 93 Remission, 21, 79, 93 Risk factor, 8, 92, 93 S Schizophrenia, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 23, 35, 90, 93 Screening, 10, 20, 62, 81, 93 Seafood, 22, 93 Secretory, 93, 95 Seizures, 34, 80, 81, 91, 93 Serotonin, 79, 81, 90, 91, 93 Sex Characteristics, 77, 93 Shock, 85, 93 Side effect, 47, 77, 79, 94, 95 Signs and Symptoms, 60, 93, 94 Skull, 94, 95 Social Environment, 92, 94 Social Security, 93, 94 Social Work, 31, 94 Sodium, 94, 96 Sodium Channels, 94, 96 Solvent, 86, 94 Soma, 94 Somatic, 36, 77, 87, 90, 94 Specialist, 64, 94 Spectrum, 4, 18, 94 Sperm, 81, 94 Spinal cord, 80, 88, 89, 94 Stabilization, 6, 23, 91, 94 Stabilizer, 26, 94 Stimulant, 94, 96 Stress, 19, 74, 80, 85, 86, 89, 94 Stroke, 54, 80, 94 Subclinical, 93, 95
Sulfur, 89, 95 Synapses, 13, 95 Synaptic, 90, 95 Synaptic Vesicles, 95 T Temporal, 6, 78, 95 Temporal Lobe, 78, 95 Therapeutics, 35, 48, 95 Thromboxanes, 79, 95 Thyroid, 87, 95 Tissue, 18, 82, 85, 88, 89, 94, 95, 96 Tolerance, 81, 95 Tonic, 81, 95 Toxic, iv, 85, 95, 96 Toxicity, 84, 95 Toxicology, 17, 56, 96 Toxin, 36, 95, 96 Trace element, 85, 96 Transduction, 37, 96 Transfection, 79, 96 Translation, 78, 96 Translocation, 38, 96 Transmitter, 77, 84, 95, 96 V Vaccines, 96 Valine, 35, 96 Valproic Acid, 35, 39, 40, 48, 96 Vector, 96 Venter, 96 Ventral, 17, 96 Ventricle, 78, 96 Veterinary Medicine, 55, 96 Viral, 96 Virus, 13, 79, 96 Viscera, 94, 97 X Xenograft, 78, 97 Y Yeasts, 91, 97
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