ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83561-6 1. Antisocial Personality Disorder-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on antisocial personality disorder. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER .................................................... 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Antisocial Personality Disorder ................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER .......................................... 51 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding Nutrition Studies on Antisocial Personality Disorder .................................................. 51 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................... 52 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER .................... 55 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 55 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ................................................. 55 Additional Web Resources........................................................................................................... 59 General References....................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER ...................................... 61 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 61 Dissertations on Antisocial Personality Disorder....................................................................... 61 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER................................. 63 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 63 Recent Trials on Antisocial Personality Disorder ....................................................................... 63 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER .................................................... 67 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 67 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers .......................................................................................... 67 The National Library of Medicine Book Index............................................................................. 68 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER.......................................... 71 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 71 Bibliography: Multimedia on Antisocial Personality Disorder................................................... 71 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 75 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Guidelines ........................................................................................................................... 75 NIH Databases ............................................................................................................................ 77 Other Commercial Databases ...................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................ 81 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 81 Patient Guideline Sources ........................................................................................................... 81 Finding Associations ................................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................. 85 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 85 Preparation .................................................................................................................................. 85 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................. 85 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada................................................................................... 85 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................. 91 Online Dictionary Directories..................................................................................................... 92 ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER DICTIONARY ................................................. 93
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INDEX...............................................................................................................................................119
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with antisocial personality disorder is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about antisocial personality disorder, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to antisocial personality disorder, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on antisocial personality disorder. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-ofcharge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to antisocial personality disorder, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on antisocial personality disorder. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on antisocial personality disorder.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and antisocial personality disorder, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Fourteen-Year Follow-Up of Speech/Language-Impaired and Control Children: Psychiatric Outcome Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 40(1): 7582. January 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Subscription Department, P.O. Box 350, Hagerstown, MD 21740-0350. (800) 638-3030. Website: www.aacap.org/journal/journal.htm. Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to examine the association between early childhood speech and language disorders and young adult psychiatric
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
disorders. In a longitudinal community study conducted in Ontario, Canada, interviewers administered structured psychiatric interviews to age 19 participants who were originally identified as speech impaired only, language impaired, or non-impaired at age 5. The first stage of the study took place in 1982 when participants were 5 years old, and the latest stage of the study took place between 1995 and 1997 when participants had a mean age of 19 years. This article examines the association between early childhood speech language status and young adult psychiatric outcome. The results showed that children with early language impairment had significantly higher rates of anxiety disorder in young adulthood compared with non-impaired children. The majority of participants with anxiety disorders had a diagnosis of social phobia. Trends were found toward associations between language impairment and overall and antisocial personality disorder rates. Males from the language impaired group had significantly higher rates of antisocial personality disorder compared with males from the control group. Age of onset and comorbidity did not differ by speech language status. The majority of participants with a disorder had more than one disorder. These results support the association between early childhood speech and language functioning and young adult psychiatric disorder over a 14 year period. This association underscores the importance of effective and early interventions. 1 figure. 3 tables. 36 references. •
Plasma Lipid Levels and Psychologic Characteristics in Men Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 141(6):507-517, March 15, 1995. Summary: Researchers examined the cross-sectional relationship between several psychologic characteristics and levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides among men aged 31-45 years. Participants were part of a historical cohort study that compared the health of Vietnam veterans with the health of veterans who served elsewhere. Researchers conducted a structured telephone interview with 15,288 men who could be located, and randomly selected 6,443 respondents for medical and psychologic examinations. Of those invited, 4,462 participated in examinations conducted in Albuquerque, New Mexico. After exclusions, the final sample included 3,490 men. Researchers used standardized questionnaires to obtain information on education, employment, smoking, and alcohol consumption. They recorded current medications and conducted venipuncture after an overnight fast to measure lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was used to make psychiatric diagnoses based on criteria from the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). The researchers ascertained the lifetime prevalence of various psychiatric disorders and asked participants about recent symptoms for generalized anxiety, major depression, alcohol or drug abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Researchers used the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to evaluate personality, emotional status, and levels of psychopathology. Mean lipid levels were 213 mg/dl (total cholesterol), 44 mg/dl (HDL cholesterol), and 95 mg/dl (triglycerides, geometric mean). In general, levels differed only slightly according to most DIS diagnoses and MMPI scores. However, compared with that of other men, the mean total cholesterol level was 5 mg/dl higher among 697 men diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (possibly because of increased catecholamine levels), and 7 mg/dl lower among 325 men with antisocial personality disorder. These differences could not be attributed to education, relative weight, smoking, medication use, or other potential confounders. In contrast, cholesterol levels were not significantly associated with major depression or hostility. Levels of HDL and triglycerides were not related to any diagnosis. The researchers
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concluded that additional research is needed to clarify the possible associations between cholesterol level and behavior. 1 figure, 5 tables, 51 references. •
Maternal Smoking and Drinking During Pregnancy and the Risk for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Source: Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 61(5):661-668, September 2000. Summary: In order to examine the relative importance of prenatal exposure to cigarettes and alcohol and familial genetic susceptibility for alcohol dependence in the etiology of childhood psychopathology, researchers conducted a longitudinal prospective study of 150 children/adolescents who were at either high or low risk for developing alcohol dependence because of their familial loading for alcoholism. They identified high-risk families through the presence of two adult alcoholic sisters; low-risk control families were selected from the community. Annual assessments of offspring from these families included an in-depth psychiatric interview of each child and his/her parent to determine the presence or absence of childhood disorders. Researchers interviewed mothers concerning their prenatal use of substances, and gathered information concerning their personal and familial loading for psychiatric disorders. Using conventional logistic regression analyses, internalizing and externalizing disorders were found to be associated with familial loading for alcoholism and prenatal exposure to cigarettes and alcohol. In addition, a specialized statistical analysis, a multivariated confounder score approach, was conducted using familial risk status and the child's exposure to maternal prenatal use of alcohol and cigarettes. This analysis demonstrated that only one relationship between a single variable and a childhood disorder was significant while controlling for the other two variables; oppositional disorder remained significant in association with familial risk status. They performed three additional analyses to evaluate the effects of familial risk status, prenatal alcohol exposure and prenatal cigarette exposure to childhood psychopathology while controlling for two known risk factors (socioeconomic status and antisocial personality disorder) for externalizing disorders. Results of these analyses revealed that the only childhood disorder that was elevated was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and that this was the result of the familial risk variable only. The authors conclude that familial loading for alcohol dependence is an important risk factor for the development of childhood psychopathology and may account for the previously reported associations between prenatal exposure to nicotine and alcohol. Studies of substance abuse/dependence etiology and childhood psychopathology need to include consideration of both prenatal exposure and familial loading for alcohol dependence and other psychiatric disorders. 3 tables, 26 references.
Federally Funded Research on Antisocial Personality Disorder The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to antisocial personality disorder. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to antisocial personality disorder. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore antisocial personality disorder. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for antisocial personality disorder: •
Project Title: ADULT ANTISOCIAL OUTCOMES OF PSYCHOPATHIC CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Lynam, Donald R. Psychology; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract): This study examines the adult antisocial outcomes and developmental histories of psychopathic children. Three separable, but related, outcomes are assessed-- psychopathy (in Cleckley's sense), antisocial personality disorder, and offending. Participants are the 508 members of the middle sample of the Pittsburgh Youth Study, which consists of 254 high-risk and 254 not-at-risk inner-city boys who were enrolled in the longitudinal study when they were 10 years old. When the boys were 12.5, they were assessed with a measure of psychopathy among other measures. This study proposes to re-assess the participants at age 21 in order to examine the developmental course and outcomes of early psychopathy. By extending the longitudinal study and including a specific focus on psychopathy, we plan to resolve several issues in the research on psychopathy at both the child and adult level. Specifically, we plan to learn these things: 1) whether psychopathy is stable across an eight-year period from late childhood to early adulthood; 2) whether the concept of "fledgling psychopathy" aids in predicting, over previous conduct problems, family factors, and other forms of psychopathology who becomes antisocial in adulthood and who does not; 3) if there are individual strengths that protect a child at-risk for adult psychopathy from developing it in adulthood; 4) if there are ameliorative and rehabilitative social experiences or environmental characteristics that protect children at risk. 5) what factors account for and mediate the stability in psychopathy across time; 6) if subclinical or so-called "successful" psychopaths can be identified and what factors distinguish them from unsuccessful psychopaths. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ALCOHOLISM AND SUICIDE Principal Investigator & Institution: Conner, Kenneth R. Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-APR-2002; Project End 1-MAR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Alcoholism is a potent risk factor for suicide and attempted suicide, yet there is a paucity of controlled data on the factors that distinguish alcoholics who take their own lives or make medically serious suicide attempts. To address this gap in knowledge, the investigators will conduct secondary analyses on a dataset gathered in the Canterbury region of New Zealand between 1991 and 1994 for the Canterbury Suicide Project (CSP). The CSP identified and collected data on adult suicide victims (N=193) and medically serious suicide attempters (N=240) and a
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community control group (N=984). Diagnostic data using best-estimate methods including DSM-III-R alcohol dependence (past month) are available. Data on other diagnoses (mood, psychotic, antisocial personality, drug use disorders), stressful life events, and personality traits were also gathered. In Aim 1, two predisposing factors, major depression and antisocial personality disorder (ASP), will be investigated as potential moderators (effect modifiers) of the association between alcoholism and suicidal behavior. In Aim 2, two precipitating factors, conjugal disruptions and other stressful life events, will be evaluated as potential mediators (intermediate effects) of the relationship between alcoholism and suicidal behavior, and between ASP and suicidal behavior. Primary analyses will be based on polytmous regression models and specifically, unordered logistic regression models with two case groups (suicides, serious attempts) and a reference group (community controls). This will allow for direct comparisons between each case group and the reference group as well as between the case groups. Results will be expressed in terms of odds ratios and asymmetric confidence intervals. Goodness-of-fit will be assessed using standard procedures. Secondary analyses will include estimates of relative risk and population attributable risk for suicide and serious attempts associated with alcohol dependence and other diagnostic conditions, and explore potential gender differences in risk factors for suicidal behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANXIETY, DISINHIBITION, AND RISK FOR DRUG ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Grillon, Christian; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-SEP-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: This application requests funding for a four-year study to investigate psychophysiological markers for substance abuse in children ages 13-17 who are at high risk for substance abuse by virtue of their parental history for this condition. The rationale for the present proposal is to search for psychophysiological abnormalities associated with the two main dimensions of personality linked to substance abuse, that is, negative affectivity/anxiety and disinhibited/antisocial behaviors. Theorists have proposed a biobehavioral model based on responses to aversive and appetitive stimuli to explain the neurophysiological basis of motivational behaviors and to account for childhood mental disorders. The model posits that motivational behaviors is influenced by an arousal system, and by a behavioral inhibition system (BIS), which processes signals related to aversive stimuli, and a behavioral activation system (BAS), which processes signal related to rewards. Psychopathology is assumed to result from an imbalance within these systems. The major hypothesis for which we have preliminary support is that distinct deficits in arousal and/or affective responses underlie the relationship between substance abuse and both anxiety and disinhibited/antisocial personality. Specifically we will examine the following in children of parents with 1) substance abuse only, 2) substance abuse and comorbid anxiety disorder, 3) substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder, and 3) no psychiatric disorders: 1. startle potentiation and autonomic nervous system (ANS) measures of arousal to threat of aversive stimuli; 2. ANS responses to reward and to the removal of reward; 3. Asymmetry of resting EEG; 4. the association between psychophysiological measures of BAS and BIS activity and temperamental characteristics associated with anxiety and disinhibited/antisocial behavior; 5. the effects of the gender of the offspring in the relationship between parental history and the offspring's psychophysiological,
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temperamental, and clinical characteristics; 6. phenotypic indices of vulnerability using combinations of clinical and psychophysiological measures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BEHAVIORAL GENETICS OF IMPULSIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Fairbanks, Lynn A. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-2001; Project End 1-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Impulsivity is a common feature of numerous psychological, psychiatric and social problems, including conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, antisocial personality disorder, criminality and violence. Behavioral genetics studies have consistently demonstrated significant genetic contributions to individual differences in personality traits and behavioral outcomes related to impulsivity, and there is increasing evidence that impulsivity and impulsive aggression may be mediated, in part, by activity of the monoaminergic (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine) neurotransmitter systems. However, little is known about the genetic covariance between behavioral and neurobiological phenotypes, or the role of specific environmental influences in the development of impulsivity within a complex natural social system. Proposed here is a longitudinal study that follows related individuals from infancy to adulthood, collects objective, prospective measures of environmental variables and behavioral phenotypes, and concurrently assesses neurobiological variables in a nonhuman primate model appropriate for quantitative behavioral genetics analysis. Subjects for this research are 725 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus), living in naturally composed social groups in a multigenerational, pedigreed colony that includes full siblings, maternal and paternal half siblings, and dyads of varying degrees of relatedness. The objectives of this investigation are to a) assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to variation in impulsivity at different life stages, b) to determine the contribution of specific early experiences (maternal style, family social status, peer relationships) to variation in impulsivity, and c) to evaluate the role of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems in mediating genetic influences on impulsivity. To accomplish these objectives we propose to 1) measure individual differences in impulsivity in standardized situations from one year of age to adulthood, 2) collect objective, prospective data on individual experiences during development, 3) assess longitudinal variation in metabolites of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in cerebrospinal fluid, and 4) identify genetic polymorphisms at loci in serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways (serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase, dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor DRD4 genes) for use in candidate gene linkage analysis. The proposed research will provide new information on the genetic, environmental and neurobiological contributions to development of individual differences in a dimension of temperament that is a major risk factor for behavioral, psychological and psychiatric problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BEHAVIORAL DEPENDENCE
THERAPY
FOR
DEPRESSION
IN
DRUG
Principal Investigator & Institution: Nunes, Edward V. Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiat; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-1999; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: Depression is the most common comorbid psychiatric disorder in opiate dependent patients along with antisocial personality disorder. Depression has been associated with both severity of addiction and poor treatment outcome. This suggests that effective treatment of depression would improve outcome for opiate addicts. However, standard antidepressant medication trials in depressed methadone maintenance patients have yielded mixed results indicating that antidepressant medication treatment by itself is limited in this population. Several reasons for poor treatment response include: 1) poor compliance; 2) ongoing substance abuse; 3) ongoing stresses with which patients do not cope effectively; and 4) the absence of pleasurable, satisfying activities in patients' lives. A high rate of aversive circumstances and a low frequency of positive reinforcement are classic components in a behavioral model of depression. This suggests that a behavioral therapy could be an alternative or a complement to antidepressant medication treatment in this population. We propose a Stage I development project to design and pilot test a Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Drug Dependence (BTDD) that is based on behavioral model of depression. The primary goals of BTDD are to decrease depressive symptomatology by increasing the frequency of response-contingent positive reinforcement and to build a base of behaviors that can compete with illicit substance use. Aspects of three operant conditioning based treatment programs demonstrated to be effective for treating depression or reducing illicit substance use in other drug using populations will be incorporated in BTDD. These programs include: the Coping with Depression Course, the Community Reinforcement Approach and Treatment-plan contingency management. The latter techniques will be adapted so that reduction in depression is the primary goal. The specific aims over the four years of proposal are: 1. To develop a preliminary BTDD treatment manual through the treatment of 20 depressed methadone maintained patients in an uncontrolled trial. 2. To explore the efficacy and acceptability of BTDD with a randomized controlled pilot trial. 3. To test the theory that an increase in response-contingent reinforcement will produce an improvement in depression and reduced drug use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BETTER ANTIRETROVIRAL ADHERENCE: HIV+ AMPHETAMINE USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Atkinson, J. H. Professor in Residence; Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-2000; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) Concern about adherence to antiretroviral therapy is at the forefront of HIV care. This concern is paramount in methamphetamine and other drug-dependent individuals, who are at high risk for nonadherence. Restriction in use of newer therapies is a common response among HIV clinicians, at least until there is stable abstinence from drugs, but relapse rates are high and few data are available to guide therapeutic efforts. This study has two objectives. First, to conduct a three-arm randomized clinic trial comparing the efficacy of Usual Medical Care to two alternatives for facilitating adherence to anti-retrovirals in HIVinfected, methamphetamine-dependent persons in early recovery. One intervention is Adherence Training alone, and the other combines Adherence Training with Stimulant Relapse Prevention. The second objective is to relate adherence to neurocognitive status, anti-retroviral experience, life adversity, psychiatric disorder and substance use. The proposed Adherence and Stimulant Relapse Prevention Interventions are based on the
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Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model (IMB). Subjects (N=75 in each arm) will be randomized into eight weeks of Usual Medical Care, or into either of two experimental treatments (Adherence Training + Usual Care vs. Adherence Training + Stimulant Relapse Prevention + Usual Care). Efficacy will be determined at conclusion of treatment (e.g., 2 months post-baseline), and four and six months post-baseline. At baseline, end of treatment, and four and six months after baseline the investigators will measure self-report adherence, HIV RNA, urine toxicology, substance use, life quality, and neuropsychiatric status. Adherence to anti-retrovirals will be measured by continuous electronic monitoring (Medication Event Monitoring System-MEMS), and serum anti-retroviral drug concentrations. The investigators hypothesize that Adherence Training + Relapse Prevention will outperform Adherence Training, and Adherence Training will outperform Usual Care. They hypothesize that neurocognitive impairment and stimulant use will predict non-adherence, as will antisocial personality disorder, mood disorder, antisocial personality, and substance use predict nonadherence, and subsequent elevated plasma HIV RNA and reduced life quality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN DYSFUNCTION AND ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Begleiter, Henri; Professor; Psychiatry; Suny Downstate Medical Center 450 Clarkson Ave New York, Ny 11203 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-1979; Project End 8-FEB-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): For the past three decades, our laboratory as well as several others, have repeatedly observed significantly lower amplitudes of the visual P3(00) component of the Event-related potential (ERP) in both abstinent alcoholics and offspring of alcoholics. More recently we have identified a number of additional neurophysiological anomalies in both abstinent alcoholics and their offspring. This set of deficient neuroelectric features is not the result of excessive alcohol intake but appears to be related to family history of alcoholism. We have recently proposed that these anomalies may be indicative of increased central nervous system (CNS) disinhibition. While this disinhibition is manifested subclinically at the neurophysiological level, it is also present at the behavioral level in such conditions as attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder, etc. A critical issue, which remains to be examined, is the functional significance of this putative disinhibition. We have proposed that this underlying neural disinhibition is involved in a predisposition to develop alcohol dependence. It is now well established that clinicians consider craving an important contributor to the development and maintenance of alcoholism and have postulated that it is responsible for relapse. We hypothesize that the neuroelectric features that are related to CNS disinhibition may provide insights into the neurobiology of craving. To fully understand craving we must identify the brain mechanisms that lead to this overwhelming urge to drink.In the proposed project we plan to further investigate our findings of electrophysiological disinhibition in alcoholics by examining the underlying neural oscillations and their synchrony during ERP tasks, as well as during the resting condition. Characteristics of these oscillations appear to be aberrant in abstinent alcoholics and a goal of the proposed project is to identify these anomalies. We hypothesize that the spatial-temporal dynamics of these neural oscillations reflect an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in alcoholics. There is evidence in the literature that electrophysiological measures may be better indices of relapse in alcoholics than any clinical measures. We propose to identify brain oscillations that are
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predictive of relapse and explore the role of neurophysiological features of CNS disinhibition in predicting relapse in alcoholic patients Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORE--BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Bigelow, George E. Professor and Director; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This Core component of the Center will provide essential central shared resources to all components; these include medical, psychiatric assessment, computer, statistical, subject recruiting, pharmacy, urinalysis, secretarial, and administrative support services. These resources will permit the conduct of controlled experiments described in the other components by supporting recruitment, screening, intake, and psychiatric/behavioral characterization of study participants; medical evaluation and supervision of participants; pharmacy preparation of appropriately-blinded medications; collection of clinical outcome data (both urinalysis results and clinical interview/assessment results); management and analysis of study data; and scientific reporting of Center results. This application builds on an existing sophisticated research program that is well-experienced and productive in all of these domains. These Core resources will permit us to obtain important data concerning how best to implement LAAM pharmacotherapy of opioid abuse and concerning the effective implementation of structured behavioral therapies for drug abuse. The studies will be conducted in three sites -- a well-controlled residential human laboratory, an outpatient clinical pharmacology treatment research clinic, and a community drug abuse treatment clinic. At all sites the psychiatric assessment staff will provide careful psychiatric diagnostic and behavioral screening and characterization of the participants. These assessment data will be used to stratify the randomization of participants in the clinical trials and to identify patient characteristics associated with variations in outcome. Of greatest interest will be comparisons of patients with and without antisocial personality disorder and the possibility of their differential response to treatment conditions, especially to the structured behavioral interventions to be studied in the community treatment clinic. Antisocial drug abusers are of special interest because they are prevalent, difficult to treat, and have elevated rates of HIV risk behavior and HIV infection. These Center assessment data will provide valuable information about the relation of individual patient characteristics to drug abuse treatment outcome, and about how best to identify and assess for treatment-relevant differences in individual patient characteristics. Overall, these Core resources and data should contribute to improvements in LAAM pharmacotherapy and in behavioral therapy, and to improved bases for patient-treatment matching. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: CULTURAL RESILIENCE OF RURAL AND REMOTE OJIBWE FAMILIES Principal Investigator & Institution: Whitbeck, Leslie B. Professor of Sociology; Sociology; University of Nebraska Lincoln 14Th and R Sts Lincoln, Ne 68588 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUL-2002; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application responds to announcement PA-00082, Research on Mental Disorders in Rural and Frontier Populations. It seeks five years of funding for a longitudinal diagnostic study of 350 Ojibwe children aged ten through
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twelve years (4th - 6th grades) and their parents who live on two rural American Indian reservations in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin and three more remote, less economically developed Canadian reserves. This application draws from more than six years of work with Ojibwe Bands in the upper Midwest through NIDA funded basic (DA 13580) and prevention (DA 10049) research programs. The purpose of the proposed research is to identify precursors of mental disorder and problematic externalizing and internalizing symptoms and to evaluate specific cultural risks and protective factors identified in previous research. A promising model will be investigated that proposes that cultural protective factors (e.g., traditional practices, traditional spirituality, and Ojibwe identity) operate over and above other resiliency factors for Ojibwe children. In addition, specific cultural risks (e.g., discrimination and negative life events associated with reservation life) function to increase risk to this population even when other risk factors are considered. Risks and protective factors will be evaluated in terms of remote location (e.g., the Canadian reserves) vs. the more assimilated and economically; developed U.S. reservations. Using computer assisted personal interviewing, the children will be screened (DISC 4.0) for Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Substance Abuse Disorder, Major Depression, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Both child and parent reports will be used for both diagnostic and symptom reports. Parents will be screened for mental disorder (Substance Abuse Disorder, antisocial personality disorder, Major Depression, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder) at year 1. In addition, to examining a model of cultural risk and protective factors, we will also investigate formal and informal help seeking among Ojibwe people in rural and remote communities. This application is extremely cost effective in that if funded it will extend an ongoing NIDA funded longitudinal diagnostic study (DA 13580) of 450 Ojibwe families for a total of 800 American Indian and First Nation families on six reservations and three remote Canadian reserves. It will allow more sophisticated investigation of cultural effects by increasing both the size and diversity of the sample and add new dimensions (e.g. variance in traditional knowledge and service utilization) to the study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DRUGS OF ABUSE AND HUMAN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Cherek, Don R. Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1984; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: Aggressive behavior puts individuals at high risk for a variety of antisocial behaviors in addition to substance abuse, and such aggressive behavior is a major component of the diagnostic criteria for childhood conduct disorder. Adolescents and adults with a history of childhood conduct disorder typically continue to engage in antisocial behavior in adulthood, and are at the highest risk for substance abuse and criminal activity. For the past twenty years, the investigator's laboratory has been engaged in the study of human aggressive responding under controlled conditions. They have developed a laboratory procedure, the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP), which is now used in several laboratories in and outside the U.S. Since aggressive behavior is intimately involved in the risk for substance abuse, it is important to investigate some of the basic biological mechanisms that may regulate this behavior. Five GABA related drugs will be studied to determine their effects on aggressive behavior in two different populations of subjects: 1) Subjects with a history childhood conduct disorder (CD) + current antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), probably the highest risk population and; 2) Matched controls. The drugs to be
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employed are: baclofen a GABA B agonist, tiagabine a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor, lorazepam a GABA A agonist, flumazenil a specific GABA A antagonist and gabapentin a GABA releasing agent. The proposed research will provide information about the role of GABA in human aggression. Understanding the different biological factors involved in human aggression may lead to intervention/prevention strategies that will reduce the risk for substance dependence among high-risk populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EARLY EXPOSURE TO LEAD AND ADULT ANTISOCIAL OUTCOME Principal Investigator & Institution: Ris, M D. Associate Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-2001; Project End 9-SEP-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) Lead exposure and antisocial behavior are both major public health concerns. Recent research indicates that early exposure to environmental lead is associated with increased risk for delinquency. However, there is, as yet, no scientific evidence to indicate whether or not this increased risk extends into adulthood. Nor is there a clear understanding of what neurobehavioral factors mediate the relationship between lead and antisocial behavior. The investigators propose to assess the adult outcome of 280 participants in the Cincinnati Lead Study; a birth cohort whose development and exposure history have been exquisitely tracked for over 20 years. Outcome will be measured in three ways to insure accuracy and comprehensiveness. First, to assess criminal activities, Official Records will be accessed through County agencies and the National Crime Information Center. Second, to diagnose antisocial personality disorder and Substance Use Disorder, a structured psychiatric interview will be performed. And third, self-report measures will be used, including the Self-Report of Delinquent Behavior, to measure various law- and normviolating behaviors. Neuropsychological measurements undertaken on the sample in late adolescence will be used to explore neurobehavioral mediating factors. Selfregulatory/executive abilities and academic skills are at risk in both the delinquent and lead exposed youth leading the investigators to propose these as critical mediational pathways. A better understanding of the remote behavioral effects of early lead exposure will allow the investigators to develop primary prevention methods (both environmental and cognitive/educational) that will alter the developmental trajectories of large numbers of lead-exposed youths. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EMOTION AND BEHAVIORAL DISINHIBITION IN ALCOHOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Miranda, Robert; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Oklahoma Hlth Sciences Ctr Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Ok 73126 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAR-2001 Summary: Evidence suggests that alcohol dependent (AD) individuals represent a heterogenous population with diverse etiological pathways and maintaining factors. Altered affect regulation, defined as dysfunctional physiological reactivity to environmental cues and manifested as maladaptive appetitive- approach or defensive withdrawal behaviors, has been implicated as a possible factor influencing the onset and maintenance of AD. A more complete understanding of altered affect would, a) advance our knowledge of how altered emotional functioning may differentially influence alcohol dependence among individuals with the disorder, and b) inform the
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development of more efficacious treatments. The proposed project will examine altered affect regulation through the assessment of psychophysiological reactivity to external, affectively valenced cues, using emotion-modulated startle methodology and a behavioral inhibition task. Specifically, this study will compare three groups: 1) AD individuals, 2) AD individuals with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and 3) nonAD, non-ASPD individuals. This investigation allows for systematic delineation of a subgroup of AD individuals with ASPD, who are marked by highly disinhibited behaviors (e.g., impulsivity), suggestive of altered affect regulation. Expanding our knowledge of emotional dysregulation among this subgroup is of particular importance given their resistance to current modes of treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY OF INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Babcock, Julia C. Psychology; University of Houston-University Park 4800 Calhoun Blvd Houston, Tx 77004 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-AUG-2003; Project End 1-JUL-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Intimate partner violence is a serious health problem in the United States, affecting as many as 6 million women annually (Browne, 1993; Straus & Gelles, 1986). When these assaults are reported to the police, the perpetrator usually escapes prosecution by attending one of the many battering intervention programs that have proliferated in the community. Unfortunately, these interventions, founded on ideology and clinical intuition, have been shown to be relatively ineffective at preventing further assault (Babcock, Green & Robie, under review). The goal of this proposed study is to provide basic research into the emotional reactivity of batterers that may guide the development of new, targeted intervention strategies. The proposed research investigates correlates of emotional reactivity among men who physically abuse their partners. Based on a synthesis of two typologies of batterers (Gottman et al., 1995; Holtzworth-Munroe & Stuart, 1994), autonomic reactivity, severity of violence, and dimensions of borderline and antisocial personality features will be examined within 3 groups: a low-level violent sample, a severely violent sample, and a comparison group of distressed/nonviolent men. In this study we assess autonomic reactivity during 3 emotional, interpersonal tasks: 1) a facial affect recognition task, 2) a standardized anger induction, 3) a naturalistic conflict discussion with the partner. A fourth task will assess attention to a non-emotional stimulus. The proposed research is guided by three specific aims: 1. To test for specific correlates of emotional reactivity among batterers with different levels of intimate partner abuse. 2. To disentangle the measurement difficulties inherent in categorical typologies of batterers by examining physiological reactivity and personality disorder features as continuous measures in order to identify which features of borderline and antisocial personality disorder are related to emotional hypo- or hyper-reactivity. Ultimately, this basic research may inform the development of novel assessment tools and treatments for domestic violence perpetrators. We anticipate a) finding basic physiological differences among men who evidence specific personality disorder features which may elucidate differential treatment needs, and b) developing new, useful measures to assess dimensions of important personality features in applied treatment settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Hesselbrock, Victor M. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, Ct 060302806
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-1992; Project End 0-NOV-2002 Summary: Since 1978 the Center for Research on the Etiology and Treatment of Alcohol Dependence (UConn ARC) has been devoted to a systematic exploration of the alcohol dependence syndrome, its etiology, patterning and treatment. This application requests five years of continued funding for the Center's research programs on vulnerability to alcoholism, mechanisms of alcohol dependence, and promising treatment interventions. Component I (Administrative/Scientific Core) describes the UConn ARC's Organizational framework, quality control mechanisms, and core research laboratories. Component II describes the continuation of an ongoing prospective study that is examining the relationship of family history, antisocial personality disorder and gender to measures of cognitive functioning and electrophysiology. This research will evaluate the implication of neurocognitive deficits for pathological alcohol involvement. Three additional components focus on the neurobiology of dependence and neuroadaptation. Component III (Alcohol/Neuroceptor gene expression) will study the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal sensitivity to ethanol. Component IV (concurrent withdrawal) will examine electrophysiological and subjective features of withdrawal from alcohol and cocaine. Component V (Acamprosate mechanisms) will use a laboratory- based alcohol self-administration paradigm to evaluate acamprosate, a promising GABAergic pharmacotherapy, in terms of its effects on impaired control and withdrawal. Two additional components will study treatment efficacy and the mechanisms of treatment response. Component VI (Brief Intervention 3 for Problem Drinkers) will use a highly sophisticated daily monitoring procedure to study how brief interventions modify drinking behavior. Component VII (Depot Naltrexone) will be the first randomized trial to compare oral naltrexone with a long-acting depot formulation designed to increase compliance and the drug's effectiveness, especially with severe alcoholics. A Pilot Studies component (VIII) will support seven studies in three main investigational areas: neuropharmacology/neurobiology (i.e., fMRI), electrophysiology/brain imaging (i.e., basic clinical investigations), and treatment trials (i.e., applied clinical investigations). Finally, this application describes educational activities, information dissemination, conference sponsorships, a visiting scholars program, and consulting work that will strengthen the role of the UConn ARC as a regional and national resource. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY OF ADHD--A TRAINING PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Schweitzer, Julie B. Psychiatry; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1997; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is considered the most common child psychiatric disorder, little is known about the functional neurological deficits associated with this disorder. ADHD is now considered a chronic disorder in many affected individuals, with symptoms of overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity spanning from childhood through adulthood. As children these individuals are at-risk for academic failure and conduct problems. Adults who have retained the symptoms are more likely to experience occupational difficulties, abuse drugs, develop an antisocial personality disorder, and function less successfully in society. Functional neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), that assess interactions between behavior and regional brain physiology may lead to the development of a better understanding of
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ADHD and more effective treatments. The objective of this Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award is to develop the nominee's skills in applying functional neuroimaging techniques to better understand deficits in ADHD. The major goals of this award are to: 1) Develop into an independent researcher; 2) Study brain-environment interactions in ADHD; 3) Acquire expertise in functional neuroimaging techniques (i.e., PET) as it can be applied to ADHD; 4) Develop an independent laboratory studying brain-environment processes in ADHD. Skills acquired in the training program will be applied to pilot studies to assess the effect of task parameters and methylphenidate on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in PET. Specific aims of the pilot studies are: 1) To assess the effect of practice on rCBF and task performance in ADHD and Control adults; 2) To examine how chronic methylphenidate administration in ADHD adults modulates the effects of practice on task performance and rCBF; 3) Establish further areas of study for the postaward phase for the candidate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETICS OF OPIOID DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Gelernter, Joel E. Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-AUG-2000; Project End 1-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) This is a revised proposal to study the genetics of opioid dependence using linkage analysis of a collection of 460 small nuclear families, each including an affected sibling pair. The clinical work would take place at four university-based programs in Southern New England, and the laboratory and statistical work at Yale and Boston Universities, respectively. The objective of this revised proposal remains an attempt to identify chromosomal regions containing genes predisposing to opioid dependence (OD). The aims of the plan are to collect a set of 460 small nuclear families, primarily affected sibling pairs, and (when possible) additional siblings and parents; complete a 10 cM genome-wide scan using 400 equally spaced STR markers; use affected sib-pair (ASP) and transmission-disequilibrium test (TDT) approaches to analyze the marker data for linkage to OD; and use an additional marker set for fine mapping (approximately 2 cM) of promising genomic regions. A secondary analysis would assess the impact of comorbid disorders and personality dimensions in further refining the OD phenotype in establishing the genetics of OD. Proband affection would be defined as opioid dependence without antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria as ascertained using the SemiStructured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). The principal method of linkage analysis will be sibling pair linkage. Animal and human adoption, twin and family studies support the contention that the particular phenotype chosen for study is genetically influenced to an extent that the investigators can reasonably expect to be able to map related genes. Exclusion of subjects with comorbid ASPD would allow for a more genetically homogeneous clinical sample and aid this effort. The clinical diagnostic data and DNA collected as part of the proposed study would be shared with other investigators to support future mapping efforts in psychiatric and addictive disorder genetics. The proposed revised project represents the first large-scale linkage study of drug dependence. Successful completion of the proposed project would provide information that would, eventually, advance an understanding of the mechanisms of opioid dependence, and possibly lead to new ways to treat this pervasive and costly societal problem. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: HIV RISK BEHAVIOR AND VIOLENCE AMONG CRACK USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Logan, Tk; Psychiatry; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-AUG-1998; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The overall aim of this study is to examine the nature, extent, and co-occurrence of HIV risk behavior, violence, and crack use by extending data collection from crack users (n=300) previously enrolled in a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded AIDS Cooperative Agreement study in Kentucky. Crack users are a critical group to focus on given their risk for both violence and HIV risk behavior. The specific aims of this study are: (1) To examine the onset, escalation, and cessation of crack use and the nature, extent, and pattern of occurring violence, violent victimization, and HIV risk behavior among crack users; (2) To examine the association of antisocial personality disorder, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, anger, hostility, serotonin, and testosterone with violence and HIV risk behavior among crack users; (3) To examine the importance of violent victimization, post traumatic stress disorder, and depression to HIV risk behavior among crack users; (4) To examine the impact of stress/strain and the interaction of negative affect (e.g., anger, depression, and anxiety) and stress-coping styles on violence and HIV risk behavior as outcome variables; and, (5) To continue data collection on patterns of crack use, treatment, criminal justice experience, and HIV risk behavior among crack users previously enrolled in the NIDA AIDS Cooperative Agreement study in Kentucky for 300 crack users. The primary reason for using a subsample of crack users previously enrolled in the NIDA AIDS cooperative agreement is that the subsample of crack users can be characterized on patterns and history of crack use and HIV risk behavior using a standardized and validated interview protocol, the Risk Behavioral Assessment (RBA), which is critical for this study. This study proposes to use face-to-face interviews to construct life history calendars for violence, violent victimization, crack/other drug use, and HIV risk behavior. Measures are also proposed to collect information about individual difference and biochemical variables among male (n=150) and female (n=150) crack users. The protocol is estimated to last approximately three hours. Life events analysis, structural equation modeling, and regression are proposed as the major analytic techniques. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION--SUBSTANCE ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Moss, Howard B. Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-MAY-1997; Project End 0-SEP-2002 Summary: The overarching goal of this Senior Scientist Award (K05) application is to provide the candidate with a period of stable funding in which to conduct full-time programmatic research on the developmental patterning of familial transmission of biobehavioral factors that contribute to the transgenerational manifestations of conduct deviation and substance use disorders (SUD). The emerging discipline of developmental psychopathology attempts to elucidate the etiology, course, and sequelae of conditions such as SUD, Conduct Disorder (CD), and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) through the integration of knowledge from multiple disciplines such as psychology, psychiatry, genetics, epidemiology and neuroscience within a developmental orientation. Basic researchers and theorists have posited that critical developmental periods exist when particular familial or unique environmental factors are most influential in determining an adverse psychopathological phenotype. Limited research
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has been conducted on the presence and timing of critical developmental periods in the etiology of CD, ASPD and SUD, yet such information is vital to the efficacious timing and nature of targeted drug abuse prevention interventions. The proposed program of investigation aims to undertake systematic prospective research into the nature and predictors of transmissible and non-transmissible developmental risk for conduct deviancy, substance use and SUDs beginning in the prepubertal period and continuing across the transition from childhood to adolescence and young adulthood. The research will also examine sex heterogeneity of transmissible influences. The existence of sex heterogeneity is plausible since differential transmission effects have been described between same- sex-parent to child transmission for externalizing behaviors. The results have important implications for drug abuse prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LONGITUDINAL ADOPTION STUDY OF TRANSITIONS IN ADULT SUBSTANCE ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Corley, Robin P.; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr Uchsc at Fitzsimons Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-AUG-2003; Project End 0-APR-2008 Summary: We extend an ongoing longitudinal adoption study to assess genetic and environmental influences on risk factors for substance use and dependence symptoms at three developmental periods: late adolescence, early adulthood, and independent early adulthood. Using data from computerized diagnostic interviews that are common across the components of the Center, we will test, in conjunction with data from Components 2 and 4, four specific hypotheses that are central to the overarching theme of this center: (1) Vulnerability to drug dependence in adolescence is predominantly a generalized phenomenon, with different substances acting as "alternate forms', and with risk factors becoming more specific in adulthood in the absence of antisocial behavior; (2) Persistent drug use that progresses to regular use, abuse, and dependence is a more heritable phenotype than transient drug use; (3) Individuals with persistent drug use, abuse, and symptoms of dependence are more likely to have comorbid symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially Conduct Disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD); and (4) The genetic link between antisocial behavior and persistent and generalized drug use, abuse, and dependence, is mediated through a constellation of individual characteristics that have been characterized as behavioral disinhibition. By the end of the grant cycle, initial diagnostic interviews of dependence symptoms and comorbid psychopathology will have been obtained from all available adopted and non-adopted probands and their siblings (848 individuals) along with 743 re-interviews in early adulthood, and 365 third interviews in independent early adulthood around age 26. The three multiple assessments allow classification into subject clusters differentiated on the basis of persistence and onset age. These data are used to assess two additional hypotheses specific to this component but related to the center's theme that genetic influences on antisocial and substance dependence problems are greater in life-course persistent individuals:(5) Adoptees whose problem behaviors persist into independent early adulthood are genetically more vulnerable than other adoptees, and (6) Young adults who persist in problem substance use into their later 20s are characterized by higher levels of lifetime antisocial symptoms, higher levels of behavioral disinhibition, and are less likely to have accepted adult social roles than young adults who desist. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEURAL CORRELATES OF EMOTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Keele, Norman B. Psychology and Neuroscience; Baylor University Waco, Tx 76798 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to develop and use a clinically relevant animal model of aggressive behavior. We hypothesize that low serotonin-induced aggression is associated with (1) changes in other emotional behavior and (2) increased membrane excitability in amygdala neurons. Impulsive-aggressive humans reportedly have low anxiety and are less sensitive to fear-conditioning. Similar to humans, it is proposed that anxious behaviors and fear-learning are correlated with aggression and low serotonin levels. In addition, aggression has been suggested to result from epilepsy-like processes in limbic areas. One limbic structure, the amygdala, has well-defined roles in both epilepsy and emotion, and seizure activity that involves the amygdala may be associated with aggression in humans. Thus, cellular mechanisms of neuronal excitability in the amygdala may have a functional role in aggressive behavior. Supporting this idea are clinical studies showing anti-aggressive effects of anticonvulsants in prison inmates and psychiatric patients. In this project rats are chronically treated with PCPA, a competitive inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, to significantly inhibit serotonin synthesis. Low serotonin is widely-implicated in aggression in many species. Aggressive behavior is quantified using a simple test of rodent aggression characterized by easily recognized, stereotypical behaviors. Preliminary data have shown that aggressive behavior in this model is inhibited by the anticonvulsant phenytoin, as others have shown with human aggression. The specific aims of this project are to (1) define the salient independent variables required to model impulsive aggression, and to examine the relationship between aggression, low brain serotonin, and changes in amygdala-dependent emotional behaviors such as anxiety and fear-learning; and (2) compare amygdala neuron membrane properties and neurotransmission in control and aggressive animals using whole cell voltage-clamp.An animal model is developed that shares behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological similarities with impulsive-aggression in humans. Also, the neural correlates of aggression are investigated using cellular physiological methods never before used to study aggressive behavior. This innovative proposal examines basic biological mechanisms of aberrant emotional behavior that are relevant to human psychopathology. By developing this animal model, future research efforts can yield important insight into the cellular neurobiology of complex emotional behaviors such as aggression, and may have important clinical implications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders involving inappropriate aggression such as bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OXYTOCIN RECEPTORS IN HUMAN AND NON-HUMAN PRIMATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Boccia, Maria L. Research Associate Professor; F.P. Graham Child Devel Ctr; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-SEP-2002; Project End 1-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This K01 proposal is designed to provide training and establish the applicant as an independent researcher in the neurobiological mechanisms of social and emotional behavior development. Her previous research has
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focused on social and emotional development in a non-human primate model. This training program will provide her with the skills necessary to focus on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena. This program of research includes an animal model of developmental disorders with social deficits, such as autism, or psychopathological syndromes with social and affective components, such as antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. To achieve these goals, the applicant has designed a program with career development activities and research studies under the mentorship of Cort Pedersen, exploring the role of oxytocin in social and emotional behavior and development. The research component of this program includes two goals, both of which utilize archival materials from human and non-human primate brain banks. Specific Aim 1 will test the hypothesis that the distribution and quantity of oxytocin receptors in limbic structures linked to social behavior will be altered and reduced, respectively, in brains derived from individuals with autism, compared to control tissue. Specific Aim 2, will test the hypothesis that the distribution and quantity of oxytocin receptors will differ in different primate taxa based on the social behavior and organizational features of the species. This second aim will provide critical data for the establishment of an animal model of these developmental disorders and psychopathological syndromes. The proposed training program is designed to develop the applicant's expertise in (1) primate neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, (2) neurotransmitter receptor biology, and (3) neurobiological techniques, including immunohistochemistry and autoradiography, and will give her the necessary skills to establish an independent behavioral neurobiology research career. The research outlined here will provide a basis for important new research directions for understanding the role of oxytocin in human social behavior and associated disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLING--COURSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND CAUSES Principal Investigator & Institution: Eisen, Seth A. Professor of Internal Medicine; Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: The broad goals of this proposal are to examine the courses, consequences, and causes of problem and pathological gambling (P&PG) in a sample of 1,200 middleaged male-male monozygotic and dizygotic twin pair members (2,400 individuals) of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry. The project has four specific aims: (1) characterize the longitudinal course of P&PG by examining the prevalence and predictors of initiation, progression, persistence, and recovery of P&PG from 1992 to 2001; (2) explore the nosology of P&PG by examining the evidence for a continuity model of P&PG, empirically derived P&PG subtypes, and classic P&PG subtypes described in the P&PG literature; (3) assess the consequences associated 'with P&PG and different P&PG subtypes on health-related quality-of-life, emotional well-being, social adjustment, and socioeconomic status; (4) compare alternate etiological models of P&PG by examining the genetic and environmental overlap in the causes of P&PG with other addictive disorders, disorders of behavioral undercontrol, and disorders of negative affectivity. The twin sample, enriched for individuals at increased risk for developing symptoms of P&PG, has been identified from a cohort of 3,359 twin pairs 'who completed an interview that assessed P&PG in 1992. A broad range of relevant demographic and psychiatric data has already been collected by studies performed in 1987, 1990, and 1992. In the proposed project, a telephone interview will be conducted by the Institute for Survey Research of Temple University to update and expand information about
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access to gambling, gambling involvement, recent and lifetime symptoms of DSM-III-R and DSM-IV pathological gambling disorder, alcohol abuse and dependence, affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Data will be analyzed using standard epidemiologic (Aim 1), latent class analysis (Aim 2), cotwincontrol (Aim 3) and biometrical genetic techniques (Aim 4). Our twin design overcomes a major problem for researchers wishing to perform a population-based study of P&PG by providing a method to efficiently identity individuals who are at increased risk for developing P&PG symptoms. This, combined with the extensive information previously collected from VET Registry members, our large sample size, and the unique analytical flexibility provided by data derived from twins, will permit us to successfully address the project's aims. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PATHWAYS TO ADULT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Silberg, Judy L. Human Genetics; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1997; Project End 1-JUL-2002 Summary: We are proposing a telephone follow-up study of the psychiatric status of approximately 1300 male and female juvenile twin pairs as thy make the transition from late adolescence to early adulthood. Extensive psychiatric information is already available on these twins and their parents, having participated in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) a three wave, longitudinal study designed to investigate the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of childhood and adolescent psychopathology in the ages 8 through 16. The extensive array of psychopathological, environmental, and developmental data on this large epidemiologic twin sample represents and unprecedented opportunity to understand how hereditary and environmental factors in childhood may culminate in psychiatric problems in young adulthood. The availability of genetically informative data within a longitudinal framework from early childhood to young adulthood will enable us to address some of the most important questions about the various genetic and environmental pathways to Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety disorders, social, Situational, and Simple Phobias, antisocial personality disorder, Alcoholism, Drug use, and Eating Disorder. These include: what salient risk factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to an individuals; liability to psychiatric disorder in early adulthood? What are the mechanisms that can account for the continuity/discontinuity between juvenile and adult psychiatric outcomes? To what extent can behavioral continuity be attributable to an individuals selecting or creating environments that potentiate their genetic liability to certain behaviors? And finally, are the genetic and/or environmental factors that contribute to behavior in adolescence that same as those that influence psychiatric disorders later on in adulthood? We propose to utilize an extensive array of methodological strategies to both twin and family data to address these most fundamental questions concerning the pathways to adult psychiatric morbidity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PERSONALITY FEATURES IN SOCIAL DEVIANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Poythress, Norman G. Mental Health Law and Policy; University of South Florida 4202 E Fowler Ave Tampa, Fl 33620 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JUN-2002; Project End 1-MAY-2005
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Summary: (provided by applicant): This research pursues two major objectives: (1) to explore the use of the construct of psychopathy in the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (APD), and (2) to evaluate the reliability and validity of two recently developed self-report measures of psychopathy. (1) Heterogeneity of APD. The current DSM-IV criteria for APD have been criticized for lacking an adequate empirical or theoretical basis, and for lumping together subgroups of individuals whose superficial (i.e., symptomatic) similarities mask important etiological differences of a social, constitutional, or psychological nature. We will administer Hare's Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) and measures of variables hypothesized to be associated with the etiology of subtypes of psychopathy to two groups of subjects - adult prison inmates and adults in substance abuse treatment programs. Cluster analyses will be used to identify discrete subgroups within each sample; the groups will be compared on a variety of self-report, laboratory, and behavioral measures to evaluate the theoretical validity and practical utility of the empirically derived clusters. (2) Self-report Measures of Psychopathy. Although Hare's PCL-R is widely regarded as the best measure of psychopathy, it has a number of limitations. Although scales designed to measure APD and/or psychopathic features from conventional personality inventories have historically correlated poorly with the PCL-R, new self-report psychopathy measures that appear to have better content validity may perform better. The psychometric properties, reliability, and construct validity of Levenson's Psychopathy Scales (LPS) and Lilienfeld's Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) will be evaluated in this research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PILOT PROJECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Whitmore, Elizabeth A. Assistant Professor; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr Uchsc at Fitzsimons Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 5-AUG-2003; Project End 0-APR-2008 Summary: Component 6 will support pilot projects. Its broad objectives are, first, to permit the center's investigators to rapidly explore new research possibilities with smallscale pilot projects, and second, to draw other Colorado researchers into this field by supporting pilot studies on topics closely related to our main thesis. The pilot projects will collect and analyze data to support subsequent R01 grant applications. Pilot projects must be consistent with the aims of the center, and address clinical or genetic issues related to drug dependence in conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder. A variety of topics may be considered, including further investigation/description of molecular genetics, clinical description of the population, potential new techniques (e.g., functional MRI), or the feasibility of conducting genetics studies within NIDA's Clinical Trials Network (CTN). The Center's Executive Committee, made up of all of the Center Pl's, will select pilot projects, assuring that they collaboratively interface with other components of the Center. As examples, we describe two pilot projects that can begin as soon as funding is received. They also exemplify the kind of investigators we aim to support with pilot funds. One potential PI is a newly-appointed junior research faculty member and K-award grantee who would use data from her proposed pilot project to support an R01. The second PI is a seasoned investigator in another field (functional neuroimaging) who would like to begin functional MRI studies of our population. She will use pilot data obtained here to develop protocols to investigate the role or relationship of disinhbition/attentional control deficits in early-onset antisocial drug dependence. Specific aims of this component are: (a) To support over five years at least six pilot projects on themes closely related to the unifying thesis of this Center. (b) To
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generate pilot data supporting at least three grant applications to NIDA. (c) Through those six pilot projects to draw at least two new investigators into studies of antisocial drug dependence. (d) To permit established investigators in this center and throughout our region to rapidly pursue exciting new findings related to antisocial drug dependence with small-scale pilot projects. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PRECURSORS TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY AND VIOLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Loeber, Rolf; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-1987; Project End 1-JUL-2005 Summary: The proposed research concerns the follow-up of males initially seen in mental health clinics in 1987, mostly for disruptive behavior disorders at ages 7 to 12. Since that time the participants have been regularly assessed to document the course and outcome of disruptive behavior disorders. The latest assessments were at ages 18 and 19, with the aim of documenting antisocial personality disorder and the infliction of harm. Currently, 36 percent qualify for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Forty five percent have inflicted moderate to serious injury on other individuals, and 24 percent have attempted suicide. Because violence usually increases during early adulthood, and because the stability of antisocial personality disorder over time is modest, the project proposes to follow up the participants at age 24.The aims of the proposed research are to test and extend a life-span developmental model of the origins of adult antisocial personality disorder and harm infliction using data on potential risk factors measured from childhood into early adulthood, and to document the relationship between antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, other personality disorders, and personality traits to identify those individuals who are most at risk to inflict harm and to improve understanding of the adult outcomes of chronic conduct disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CONTROLLING BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS. Principal Investigator & Institution: Lyons-Ruth, Karlen;; Cambridge Hosp Professional Srvs Corp Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-2001; Project End 1-AUG-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent attachment-related studies have demonstrated that both childhood behavior problems and adolescent psychopathology are predicted by disorganized infant attachment behavior, behavior that is characterized by conflicting behavioral tendencies and the lack of a coherent relational strategy for dealing with stress. However, based on current literature, it is unclear whether a validated measure of disorganized attachment in adolescence exists. The first aim of the proposed study is to develop and validate a coding protocol for identifying controllingpunitive, controlling-caregiving, and other insecure-disorganized behavior in adolescence. The coding scheme will be based on previous work in the field and will be applied to two attachment-related parent-adolescent interaction assessments. Participants will be 120 adolescents and their mothers from low-income families, 65 of whom who have participated in a longitudinal study at ages 12 and 18 months, 4-5 years, and 7-9 years. The construct validity of the new measure of controlling attachment strategies will be assessed in relation to coding of Unresolved or Cannot
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Classify attachment strategies as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview and will also be validated against broader aspects of parent-adolescent interaction assessed in a standard revealed differences conflict resolution task, as coded by the Autonomy and Relatedness Scales. The second aim of the study is to assess whether overall risk in infancy is an important antecedent of disorganized/controlling attachment strategies in adolescence. Mediational models will test whether the onset of behavior problems in the early school years or the mother's lack of facilitation of automony and relatedness in adolescence adds to and/or mediates any observed relation between early relational risk and adolescent attachment behaviors. The third aim of the study is to assess the degree to which adolescent disorganized/controlling attachment strategies are associated with adolescent psychiatric morbidity. Psychiatric diagnoses will be assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (SCID) Axis I, the borderline and antisocial personality disorder sections of the SCID II, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) , and the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (ADES). Longitudinal analyses will further assess the degree to which early relational risk and early school age behavior problems are important precursors of adolescent psychopathology. The proposed study will contribute to increased understanding of long-term developmental trajectories that eventuate in psychopathology. In order to implement prevention or treatment programs for reducing adolescent antisocial behavior and psychopathology, it is essential to seek a thorough understanding of the developmental pathways through which such behavior develops over time. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SEROTONIN, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Moeller, Frederick G. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2000; Project End 1-AUG-2005 Summary: This application is a re-submission of an Independent Scientist Award (K02). The candidate is Frederick G. Moeller, M.D. He is an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Environment: He is a member of the Psychiatry Department's Substance Abuse Research Center, and has several established investigators in the area of substance abuse, laboratory measurement of behavior and neurochemistry with whom he collaborates. His Human and wet laboratories occupy approximately 2,000 square feet of space. Research Projects: The research plan draws heavily from currently funded grants R01 DA08425, and R01 AA10828 on which the author is the principal investigator. The overall aim of this proposal is to study the relationship between drug use, serotonin, and impulsive/aggressive behaviors. Once the underlying biochemistry of these behaviors is determined, this will allow development of treatments for impulsivity, which leads to behaviors such as drug use or impulsive sexual behaviors that increase the risk for HIV transmission. The proposed research is grouped into four experiments. Experiment I will determine if combining two treatments which can decrease impulsive behavior (the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram and behavior modification through monetary contingencies) will improve response to treatment in cocaine dependence. Experiment II will measure ethanol induced aggressive responding in subjects with antisocial personality disorder (ASP) and matched controls. Experiment III will measure serotonin (5-HT) function using a neuroendocrine challenge and relate this measure to impulsive and aggressive behaviors in the laboratory and in the clinic. Experiment IV will determine if changes impulsivity in the laboratory parallel clinical response to treatment for cocaine
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dependence. The candidate's immediate career goals are to continue ongoing research on serotonin, substance abuse and impulse control. Long term career goals are to develop as a researcher in the area of the biology of impulse control and substance abuse. This will be done by defining the serotonergic receptors involved in impulse control through collaboration with experts in preclinical serotonin research, and impulsivity. Novel laboratory methods for measurement of impulsivity will be developed and validated in impulsive patient populations, and neurophysiology techniques will be used as an additional measure of 5-HT. Research Career Development Program: The research career development consists of new and expanded collaborations with scientists in the field of basic science of serotonin function, impulsivity, and laboratory measurement of human behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUBSTANCE USE: FAMILY, FRIEND, AND COMMUNITY FACTORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sterk, Claire E. Professor and Chair; Behavioral Scis & Hlth Educ; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-2001; Project End 1-MAY-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The specific aim of this application for a K02 award is to advance the applicant's quantitative skills, which in turn will allow her to build on the qualitative and quantitative skills she already has as well as on the largely qualitative contributions she has made to the substance abuse field. Much of her work in the substance abuse field has been qualitative in nature or been limited to less advanced quantitative approaches. Ultimately, the candidate anticipates that an extensive knowledge of advanced qualitative and quantitative skills will allow her to continue to make contributions to the field. In the research plan, the applicant proposes to build on her ongoing research on intergenerational substance abuse among mothers and daughters. Although research on familial, friend, and community factors on substance abuse exists, many questions remain regarding the complex relationship between risk and protective factors at all three of these levels. In the proposed research, the candidate aims: (1) to determine familial patterns of substance use, abuse and dependence among cocaine-dependent young adults (ages 18-25), their parents and their siblings. This includes the role of specific family members, familial aggregation, familial use patterns of specific drugs, and the development of familial substance use; (2) to explore the association between cocaine dependence and comorbid psychopathology, particularly depression, anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, and post-traumatic stress syndrome; (3) to examine the role of specific community factors in the development of substance use, abuse, and dependence. These factors involve local drug market forces, such as the availability, price and purity of cocaine and other drugs; community norms regarding substance use, and other relevant community characteristics; and (4) to investigate the dynamics of risk and protective factors at the individual, familial, and community levels. The development and training component of the application includes course work in advanced statistical techniques. This further training will allow the applicant to continue to build on her existing expertise and to continue to make contributions to the field by adding quantitative approaches to her largely qualitative work. The requested release time from teaching and administrative responsibilities will allow the candidate to enhance her research career. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TWIN STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hewitt, John K. Professor; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr Uchsc at Fitzsimons Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-APR-2003; Project End 1-MAR-2008 Summary: This twin study Component will provide crucial information on the heritability of phenotypes being studied, the generality versus specificity of heritable vulnerability, and genetic and environmental contributions to developmental persistence of these patterns of behavior. Identifying maximally heritable phenotypes for vulnerability to antisocial drug dependence will maximize the likelihood of a successful search for QTLs. Studying the mediation of genetic influences, including those of QTLs, during behavioral development is necessary for understanding how genes influence vulnerability. To achieve this, we now propose to extend our augmented twin study to understand how genes and environmental risks contribute to vulnerability to drug use, abuse and dependence as they develop during adolescence. We will have enrolled 1300 pairs of twins and their siblings aged 12 through 18 years into the study and have assessed them using the Center's core protocol. We will conduct a second wave of assessment at ages 17 through 23 years. We will test the following specific hypotheses: 1) Vulnerability to drug dependence in adolescence is predominantly a generalized phenomenon, with different substances acting as 'alternate forms'. In the absence of persistent antisocial behavior, risk factors become more substance specific in later adolescence and early adulthood. Antisocial behavior is a risk factor for persistent generalized risk. 1b) Both general and substance specific vulnerability are heritable, though different genetically influenced mechanisms are involved. 2) Persistent drug use that progresses to regular use, abuse, and dependence is a more heritable phenotype than transient drug use. 3) Individuals with persistent drug use, abuse, and symptoms of dependence are more likely to have comorbid symptoms of other psychiatric disorders, especially Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Personality Disorder. 3b) The source of the comorbidity between antisocial behavior and persistent drug use, abuse, and symptoms of dependence is largely genetic. 4) The genetic link between antisocial behavior and persistent and generalized drug use, abuse, and dependence, is mediated through a constellation of individual characteristics that have been characterized as behavioral disinhibition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: WOMENS ALCOHOL/HIV PEER INTERVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cottler, Linda B. Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 0-APR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Previous work has demonstrated that alcohol use is associated with high-risk sexual activity and other substance abuse. The aims of this project are: (1) Recruit 720 out-of-treatment female problem drinkers, 18 to 40 years of age, for a randomized intervention trial aimed at reducing alcohol-related high risk sexual behaviors. (2) Administer a theory based peer-delivered gender and culturally-relevant intervention that is a modification of an earlier successful intervention used by these investigators with injectors and crack cocaine users. Women are randomly assigned to a standard intervention (HIV testing plus counseling), or to a standard intervention plus 4 2-hour risk reduction interventions conducted by both peers and allied health professionals. (3) Assess the effectiveness of the interventions in
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reducing high risk behaviors at 4 and 8 months. Cost effectiveness will also be evaluated. The characteristics of those who maintained a low risk, maintained a high risk, stopped their risky behavior, increased their risk, or reduced their risk will be assessed, where risk is defined as problem drinking, drinking in situations that could be hazardous (e.g. before or during sexual activity), unprotected sexual activity, and use of other substances. Other measures that affect behavior change and HIV incidence will be evaluated such as symptoms of depression, PTSD, gambling, and antisocial personality disorder. (4) The intervention and findings will be disseminated to the community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with antisocial personality disorder, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for antisocial personality disorder (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A 16- to 45-year follow-up of 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Black DW, Baumgard CH, Bell SE. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1995 March-April; 36(2): 130-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7758299&dopt=Abstract
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A case of pseudologia fantastica with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Weston WA, Dalby JT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1991 October; 36(8): 612-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1742719&dopt=Abstract
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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A comparison of alternate systems for diagnosing antisocial personality disorder in cocaine abusers. Author(s): Carroll KM, Ball SA, Rounsaville BJ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1993 July; 181(7): 436-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8320546&dopt=Abstract
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A latent class analysis of antisocial personality disorder symptom data from a multicentre family study of alcoholism. Author(s): Bucholz KK, Hesselbrock VM, Heath AC, Kramer JR, Schuckit MA. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2000 April; 95(4): 553-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10829331&dopt=Abstract
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A Markov model for predicting levels of psychiatric service use in borderline and antisocial personality disorders and bipolar type II affective disorder. Author(s): Perry JC, Lavori PW, Hoke L. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1987; 21(3): 215-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3681758&dopt=Abstract
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A Rorschach investigation of attachment and anxiety in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Gacono CB, Meloy JR. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1991 September; 179(9): 546-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1919557&dopt=Abstract
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A statistical evaluation of the literature regarding the associations among alcoholism, drug abuse, and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Schubert DS, Wolf AW, Patterson MB, Grande TP, Pendleton L. Source: Int J Addict. 1988 August; 23(8): 797-808. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3066764&dopt=Abstract
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A twin study of the association between pathological gambling and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Slutske WS, Eisen S, Xian H, True WR, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001 May; 110(2): 297-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358024&dopt=Abstract
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Ability to form an alliance with the therapist: a possible marker of prognosis for patients with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Gerstley L, McLellan AT, Alterman AI, Woody GE, Luborsky L, Prout M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 April; 146(4): 508-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2929752&dopt=Abstract
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Alcoholism and subtypes of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hesselbrock VM, Hesselbrock MN. Source: Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1994; 2: 479-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8974371&dopt=Abstract
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Alcoholism in males with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Yates WR, Petty F, Brown K. Source: Int J Addict. 1988 October; 23(10): 999-1010. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3235225&dopt=Abstract
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Alexithymia in patients with antisocial personality disorder in a military hospital setting. Author(s): Sayar K, Ebrinc S, Ak I. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 2001; 38(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11475919&dopt=Abstract
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An empirical study of object relations and defensive operations in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Gacono CB. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1990 Summer; 54(3-4): 589-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2348344&dopt=Abstract
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An examination of the diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder in substance abusers. Author(s): Cacciola JS, Rutherford MJ, Alterman AI, Snider EC. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 September; 182(9): 517-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8083681&dopt=Abstract
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An investigation into the internal structure of DSM-III antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Jackson HJ, Pica S. Source: Psychological Reports. 1993 April; 72(2): 355-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8488218&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial behavior of intravenous drug abusers: implications for diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Brooner RK, Schmidt CW, Felch LJ, Bigelow GE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 April; 149(4): 482-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1554033&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder among drug abusers. Relations to other personality diagnoses and the five-factor model of personality. Author(s): Brooner RK, Herbst JH, Schmidt CW, Bigelow GE, Costa PT Jr. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1993 May; 181(5): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8501448&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and aggression in recently abstinent cocaine dependent subjects. Author(s): Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Rustin T, Swann AC, Allen TJ, Shah N, Cherek DR. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1997 March 14; 44(2-3): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9088790&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and alcohol-induced aggression. Author(s): Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Cherek DR. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1998 December; 22(9): 1898902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9884131&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and cocaine dependence: their effects on behavioral and electroencephalographic measures of time estimation. Author(s): Bauer LO. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2001 June 1; 63(1): 87-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11297834&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial Personality Disorder and depression in relation to alcoholism: a community-based sample. Author(s): Holdcraft LC, Iacono WG, McGue MK. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1998 March; 59(2): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500310&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers. Author(s): Brooner RK, Greenfield L, Schmidt CW, Bigelow GE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 January; 150(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8417580&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in cocaine-dependent women. Author(s): Rutherford MJ, Cacciola JS, Alterman AI. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 156(6): 849-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360122&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy: diagnostic dilemmas in classifying patterns of antisocial behavior in sentencing evaluations. Author(s): Cunningham MD, Reidy TJ. Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 1998 Summer; 16(3): 333-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9768465&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder and TC treatment outcomes. Author(s): Messina NP, Wish ED, Hoffman JA, Nemes S. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2002; 28(2): 197-212. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014812&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder as a prognostic factor for pharmacotherapy of cocaine dependence. Author(s): Leal J, Ziedonis D, Kosten T. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1994 March; 35(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8082553&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. Author(s): Luntz BK, Widom CS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 May; 151(5): 670-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166307&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder in patients with substance abuse disorders: a problematic diagnosis? Author(s): Gerstley LJ, Alterman AI, McLellan AT, Woody GE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 February; 147(2): 173-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405719&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder in primary care patients with somatization disorder. Author(s): Smith GR Jr, Golding JM, Kashner TM, Rost K. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1991 July-August; 32(4): 367-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1935028&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, affect dysregulation and childhood abuse among incarcerated women. Author(s): Zlotnick C. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Spring; 13(1): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228930&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, alcohol, and aggression. Author(s): Moeller FG, Dougherty DM. Source: Alcohol Research & Health : the Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2001; 25(1): 5-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496966&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, childhood delinquency, and frontal brain functioning: EEG and neuropsychological findings. Author(s): Deckel AW, Hesselbrock V, Bauer L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1996 November; 52(6): 639-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8912107&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, conduct disorder, and substance abuse in schizophrenia. Author(s): Mueser KT, Drake RE, Ackerson TH, Alterman AI, Miles KM, Noordsy DL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997 August; 106(3): 473-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241949&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, HIV risk behavior and retention in methadone maintenance therapy. Author(s): Gill K, Nolimal D, Crowley TJ. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1992 August; 30(3): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1396106&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, misbehavior, and drug abuse. Author(s): Strain EC. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1995 March; 183(3): 162-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7891062&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy and injecting heroin use. Author(s): Darke S, Kaye S, Finlay-Jones R. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998 September 1; 52(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9788008&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder, sexual sadism, malignant narcissism, and serial murder. Author(s): Geberth VJ, Turco RN. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1997 January; 42(1): 49-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988574&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Cooper AM. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1993 July; 18(4): 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8373756&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Widiger TA. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1992 January; 43(1): 6-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1544651&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder: a biopsychosocial model. Author(s): Paris J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1996 March; 41(2): 75-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705966&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder: a new heel for Achilles? Author(s): Walling HW. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2002 May; 176(3): 212-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016253&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality disorder: diagnostic, ethical and treatment issues. Author(s): Kaylor L. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 1999 May-June; 20(3): 247-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633643&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial traits in psychiatrically ill veterans without antisocial personality disorder: relationship to Axis I disorders and effects on functioning. Author(s): Reich J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 July 4; 71(2): 77-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255852&dopt=Abstract
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Associations of beta-endorphin with HVA and MHPG in the plasma of prepubertal boys: effects of familial drug abuse and antisocial personality disorder liability. Author(s): Moss HB, Yao JK. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1996 June 1; 62(3): 203-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8804130&dopt=Abstract
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Attribution of antisocial symptoms in coexistent antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse. Author(s): Dinwiddie SH, Reich T. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993 July-August; 34(4): 235-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348801&dopt=Abstract
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Case report: acquired antisocial personality disorder associated with unilateral left orbital frontal lobe damage. Author(s): Meyers CA, Berman SA, Scheibel RS, Hayman A. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1992 September; 17(3): 121-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1390621&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood identification and prophylaxis of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Bloomingdale LM, Bloomingdale EC. Source: J Forensic Sci. 1988 January; 33(1): 187-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3280731&dopt=Abstract
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Chronological relationship between antisocial personality disorder and alcohol dependence. Author(s): Bahlmann M, Preuss UW, Soyka M. Source: European Addiction Research. 2002 November; 8(4): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457061&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical study of the relation of borderline personality disorder to Briquet's syndrome (hysteria), somatization disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and substance abuse disorders. Author(s): Hudziak JJ, Boffeli TJ, Kreisman JJ, Battaglia MM, Stanger C, Guze SB, Kriesman JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 December; 153(12): 1598-606. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry 1997 January; 154(1): 139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942457&dopt=Abstract
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Components of antisocial personality disorder among women convicted for drunken driving. Author(s): Lex BW, Goldberg ME, Mendelson JH, Lawler NS, Bower T. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1994 February 28; 708: 49-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8154688&dopt=Abstract
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Concurrent and predictive validity of antisocial personality disorder subtyping among substance abusers. Author(s): Cecero JJ, Ball SA, Tennen H, Kranzler HR, Rounsaville BJ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1999 August; 187(8): 478-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463065&dopt=Abstract
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Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders in schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Author(s): Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Drake RE, Miles KM, Wolford G, Vidaver R, Carrieri K. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 March; 60(2): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091967&dopt=Abstract
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Death rates in 71 men with antisocial personality disorder. A comparison with general population mortality. Author(s): Black DW, Baumgard CH, Bell SE, Kao C. Source: Psychosomatics. 1996 March-April; 37(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8742541&dopt=Abstract
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Desipramine treatment for cocaine dependence. Role of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Arndt IO, McLellan AT, Dorozynsky L, Woody GE, O'Brien CP. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1994 March; 182(3): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8113775&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental, structural, and clinical approach to narcissistic and antisocial personalities. Author(s): Svrakic DM, McCallum K, Milan P. Source: American Journal of Psychoanalysis. 1991 December; 51(4): 413-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1799203&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder in two prison populations. Author(s): Hare RD. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 July; 140(7): 887-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6859306&dopt=Abstract
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Differential diagnosis of posttraumatic stress and antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Bailey JE. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1985 August; 36(8): 881-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3897020&dopt=Abstract
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Differentiating narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Gunderson JG, Ronningstam E. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 April; 15(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345846&dopt=Abstract
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Discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers: relationship to antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Petry NM. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2002 August; 162(4): 425-32. Epub 2002 June 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172697&dopt=Abstract
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Discriminating borderline from antisocial personality disorder in male patients based on psychopathology patterns and type of hostility. Author(s): Hatzitaskos PK, Soldatos CR, Sakkas PN, Stefanis CN. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 July; 185(7): 442-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9240362&dopt=Abstract
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Drinking outcomes of alcohol abusers diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Longabaugh R, Rubin A, Malloy P, Beattie M, Clifford PR, Noel N. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1994 August; 18(4): 778-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7978086&dopt=Abstract
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DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder field trial. Author(s): Widiger TA, Cadoret R, Hare R, Robins L, Rutherford M, Zanarini M, Alterman A, Apple M, Corbitt E, Forth A, Hart S, Kultermann J, Woody G, Frances A. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1996 February; 105(1): 3-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8666708&dopt=Abstract
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Early identification of individuals at risk for antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hill J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2003 January; 44: S11-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509302&dopt=Abstract
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Effective treatment of aggression and impulsivity in antisocial personality disorder with risperidone. Author(s): Hirose S. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2001 April; 55(2): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11285097&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Swanson MC, Bland RC, Newman SC. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1994; 376: 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178687&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence in an international sample of alcohol-dependent subjects of subgroups with specific symptom patterns of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Kovac I, Merette C, Legault L, Dongier M, Palmour RM; WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Trait Markers of Alcohol Use and Dependence Investigators. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2002 July; 26(7): 1088-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12170119&dopt=Abstract
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Executive and nonexecutive neuropsychological functioning in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Crowell TA, Kieffer KM, Kugeares S, Vanderploeg RD. Source: Cogn Behav Neurol. 2003 June; 16(2): 100-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12799596&dopt=Abstract
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Executive-cognitive functioning in the development of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Stevens MC, Kaplan RF, Hesselbrock VM. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 March; 28(2): 285-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12573679&dopt=Abstract
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Family functioning and peer affiliation in children of fathers with antisocial personality disorder and substance dependence: associations with problem behaviors. Author(s): Moss HB, Lynch KG, Hardie TL, Baron DA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 159(4): 607-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925299&dopt=Abstract
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Frontal lobe pathology and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Bigler ED. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 June; 58(6): 609-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386995&dopt=Abstract
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Frontal P300 decrements in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Bauer LO, O'Connor S, Hesselbrock VM. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1994 December; 18(6): 1300-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7695021&dopt=Abstract
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Frontal P300 decrements, alcohol dependence, and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Costa L, Bauer L, Kuperman S, Porjesz B, O'Connor S, Hesselbrock V, Rohrbaugh J, Begleiter H. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 June 15; 47(12): 1064-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10862806&dopt=Abstract
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Functional imaging of conditioned aversive emotional responses in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Schneider F, Habel U, Kessler C, Posse S, Grodd W, Muller-Gartner HW. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 42(4): 192-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096335&dopt=Abstract
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Gender and drug differences in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Brown JM, Nixon SJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1997 June; 53(4): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169384&dopt=Abstract
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Gender comparison of antisocial personality disorder and depression in alcoholism. Author(s): Hesselbrock MN. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 1991; 3(2): 205-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1668227&dopt=Abstract
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Gender differences in diagnosing antisocial personality disorder in methadone patients. Author(s): Rutherford MJ, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Snider EC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 September; 152(9): 1309-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7653686&dopt=Abstract
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Gender differences in manifestations of antisocial personality disorder among residential drug abuse treatment clients. Author(s): Goldstein RB, Powers SI, McCusker J, Mundt KA, Lewis BF, Bigelow C. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1996 May; 41(1): 35-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8793308&dopt=Abstract
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Gender differences in the relationship of antisocial personality disorder criteria to Psychopathy Checklist-Revised scores. Author(s): Rutherford MJ, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, McKay JR. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Spring; 12(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9573521&dopt=Abstract
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Histrionic personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder: sex-differentiated manifestations of psychopathy? Author(s): Cale EM, Lilienfeld SO. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 February; 16(1): 52-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881161&dopt=Abstract
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HIV risk behavior: antisocial personality disorder, drug use patterns, and sexual behavior among methadone maintenance admissions. Author(s): Nolimal D, Crowley TJ. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1989; 95: 401-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2641008&dopt=Abstract
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HIV risk behaviors in male substance abusers with and without antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Kelley JL, Petry NM. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2000 July; 19(1): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867302&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying persistently antisocial offenders using the hare psychopathy checklist and DSM antisocial personality disorder criteria. Author(s): Skilling TA, Harris GT, Rice ME, Quinsey VL. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2002 March; 14(1): 27-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11911046&dopt=Abstract
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Increased height and bulk in antisocial personality disorder and its subtypes. Author(s): Ishikawa SS, Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 December 31; 105(3): 211-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814540&dopt=Abstract
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Increased impulsivity in cocaine dependent subjects independent of antisocial personality disorder and aggression. Author(s): Moeller FG, Dougherty DM, Barratt ES, Oderinde V, Mathias CW, Harper RA, Swann AC. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 September 1; 68(1): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167556&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous drug abusers with antisocial personality disorder: high rate of HIV-1 infection. Author(s): Brooner RK, Bigelow GE, Greenfield L, Strain EC, Schmidt CW. Source: Nida Res Monogr. 1991; 105: 488-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1876094&dopt=Abstract
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Intravenous drug abusers with antisocial personality disorder: increased HIV risk behavior. Author(s): Brooner RK, Bigelow GE, Strain E, Schmidt CW. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1990 August; 26(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2209414&dopt=Abstract
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Is antisocial personality disorder associated with increased HIV risk behaviors in cocaine users? Author(s): Compton WM, Cottler LB, Shillington AM, Price RK. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1995 January; 37(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7882872&dopt=Abstract
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Is prefrontal cortex thinning specific for antisocial personality disorder? Author(s): Seifritz E, Dursteler-MacFarland KM, Dursteler-MacFarland KM, Stohler R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 April; 58(4): 402-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11296102&dopt=Abstract
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Lifetime comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder and anxiety disorders among adults in the community. Author(s): Goodwin RD, Hamilton SP. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 February 15; 117(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606017&dopt=Abstract
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Mad or bad? some clinical considerations in the misdiagnosis of schizophrenia as antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Travin S, Protter B. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 October; 139(10): 1335-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7124989&dopt=Abstract
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Major mental disorder and antisocial personality disorder: a criminal combination. Author(s): Hodgins S, Cote G. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1993; 21(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8364234&dopt=Abstract
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Manic depressive illness concomitant with antisocial personality disorder: six case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Thorneloe WF, Crews EL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1981 January; 42(1): 5-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7462170&dopt=Abstract
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Methylphenidate in the treatment of aggression in two patients with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Stringer AY, Josef NC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 October; 140(10): 1365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6624975&dopt=Abstract
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Neurocognitive function in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Dinn WM, Harris CL. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 December 27; 97(2-3): 173-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11166089&dopt=Abstract
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Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. Author(s): Blair RJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 December; 71(6): 72731. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723191&dopt=Abstract
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Object relations, defensive operations, and affective states in narcissistic, borderline, and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Gacono CB, Meloy JR, Berg JL. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1992 August; 59(1): 32-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1512679&dopt=Abstract
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Patients with antisocial personality disorder. Are they bad or mad? Author(s): Cusack JR, Malaney KR. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1992 March; 91(4): 341-4, 349-52, 355. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1546022&dopt=Abstract
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Personality and disinhibitory psychopathology: alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Sher KJ, Trull TJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994 February; 103(1): 92-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8040486&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological treatment for antisocial personality disorder alcoholics: a preliminary study. Author(s): Penick EC, Powell BJ, Campbell J, Liskow BI, Nickel EJ, Dale TM, Thomas HM, Laster LJ, Noble E. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 1996 May; 20(3): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727240&dopt=Abstract
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Preadolescent children of substance-dependent fathers with antisocial personality disorder: psychiatric disorders and problem behaviors. Author(s): Moss HB, Baron DA, Hardie TL, Vanyukov MM. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2001 Summer; 10(3): 269-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579625&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of long-term outcome in 45 men with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Black DW, Monahan P, Baumgard CH, Bell SE. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1997 December; 9(4): 211-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9511944&dopt=Abstract
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Prefrontal volumes in habitually violent subjects with antisocial personality disorder and type 2 alcoholism. Author(s): Laakso MP, Gunning-Dixon F, Vaurio O, Repo-Tiihonen E, Soininen H, Tiihonen J. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 June 15; 114(2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036509&dopt=Abstract
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Premorbid risk factors for alcohol dependence in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Yoshino A, Fukuhara T, Kato M. Source: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. 2000 January; 24(1): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10656190&dopt=Abstract
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Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. Author(s): Neugebauer R, Hoek HW, Susser E. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 August 4; 282(5): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442661&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence, symptoms and correlates of antisocial personality disorder among methadone maintenance clients. Author(s): Darke S, Hall W, Swift W. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1994 February; 34(3): 253-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8033764&dopt=Abstract
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Prognostic significance of antisocial personality disorder in cocaine-dependent patients entering continuing care. Author(s): McKay JR, Alterman AI, Cacciola JS, Mulvaney FD, O'Brien CP. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2000 May; 188(5): 287-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10830566&dopt=Abstract
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Progression from conduct disorder to antisocial personality disorder following treatment for adolescent substance abuse. Author(s): Myers MG, Stewart DG, Brown SA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 April; 155(4): 479-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9545992&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric diagnosis of patients with substance abuse problems: a comparison of two procedures, the DIS and the SADS-L. Alcoholism, drug abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hasin DS, Grant BF. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1987; 21(1): 7-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3560008&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopathology and addictive disorders. The specific case of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hesselbrock V, Meyer R, Hesselbrock M. Source: Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis. 1992; 70: 179-91. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1535930&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder among alcoholic inpatients. Author(s): Windle M. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 May; 60(3): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10371260&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hare RD, Hart SD, Harpur TJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1991 August; 100(3): 391-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1918618&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced P3 amplitudes are associated with both a family history of alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): O'Connor S, Bauer L, Tasman A, Hesselbrock V. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1994 December; 18(8): 1307-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7863018&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced P300 amplitude in relation to family history of alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder among young men at risk for alcoholism. Author(s): Hesselbrock V, Bauer L, O'Connor S, Gillen R. Source: Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1993; 2: 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748355&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Raine A, Lencz T, Bihrle S, LaCasse L, Colletti P. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 February; 57(2): 119-27; Discussion 128-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10665614&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Kuperman S, Schlosser SS, Lidral J, Reich W. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 June; 38(6): 686-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10361786&dopt=Abstract
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Relationship of family history, antisocial personality disorder and personality traits in young men at risk for alcoholism. Author(s): Hesselbrock MN, Hesselbrock VM. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1992 November; 53(6): 619-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1434635&dopt=Abstract
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Reliability of self-reported antisocial personality disorder symptoms among substance abusers. Author(s): Cottler LB, Compton WM, Ridenour TA, Ben Abdallah A, Gallagher T. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1998 February 1; 49(3): 189-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9571384&dopt=Abstract
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Rethinking the DSM III-R diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Rogers R, Dion K. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1991; 19(1): 21-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2039844&dopt=Abstract
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Risk factors in childhood that lead to the development of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Holmes SE, Slaughter JR, Kashani J. Source: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2001 Spring; 31(3): 183-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196010&dopt=Abstract
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Sadistic personality disorder in sex offenders: relationship to antisocial personality disorder and sexual sadism. Author(s): Berger P, Berner W, Bolterauer J, Gutierrez K, Berger K. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Summer; 13(2): 175-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372350&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonergic responsivity and behavioral dimensions in antisocial personality disorder with substance abuse. Author(s): Moss HB, Yao JK, Panzak GL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1990 August 15; 28(4): 325-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2397249&dopt=Abstract
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Sex bias in the diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Ford MR, Widiger TA. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989 April; 57(2): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2708619&dopt=Abstract
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Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. A review and integration. Author(s): Cale EM, Lilienfeld SO. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2002 November; 22(8): 1179-207. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436810&dopt=Abstract
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Shared genetic risk of major depression, alcohol dependence, and marijuana dependence: contribution of antisocial personality disorder in men. Author(s): Fu Q, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Nelson E, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, True WR, Jacob T, Tsuang MT, Eisen SA. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 December; 59(12): 1125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470129&dopt=Abstract
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Single photon emission computerised tomography in chronic alcoholism. Antisocial personality disorder may be associated with decreased frontal perfusion. Author(s): Kuruoglu AC, Arikan Z, Vural G, Karatas M, Arac M, Isik E. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1996 September; 169(3): 348-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8879722&dopt=Abstract
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Six cases of patients with mental retardation who have antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hurley AD, Sovner R. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1995 August; 46(8): 828-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7583487&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep among habitually violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Lindberg N, Tani P, Appelberg B, Stenberg D, Naukkarinen H, Rimon R, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Virkkunen M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 47(4): 198-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824743&dopt=Abstract
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Smooth pursuit eye movement dysfunction in substance-dependent patients: mediating effects of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Costa L, Bauer LO. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998; 37(3): 117-23. Erratum In: Neuropsychobiology 1998; 38(2): 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9597667&dopt=Abstract
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Substance abuse patterns and their association with psychopathology and type of hostility in male patients with borderline and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Hatzitaskos P, Soldatos CR, Kokkevi A, Stefanis CN. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1999 July-August; 40(4): 278-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10428187&dopt=Abstract
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Suicidal behavior as essential diagnostic feature of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Martens WH. Source: Psychopathology. 2001 September-October; 34(5): 274-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11799325&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts in antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Garvey MJ, Spoden F. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1980 March-April; 21(2): 146-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7379506&dopt=Abstract
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Temporal stability of antisocial personality disorder: blind follow-up study at 8 years. Author(s): Dinwiddie SH, Daw EW. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 January-February; 39(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9472453&dopt=Abstract
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Temporal stability of diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder in male alcohol dependent patients. Author(s): Verheul R, van den Brink W, Koeter MW. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Winter; 12(4): 316-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9891286&dopt=Abstract
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The antisocial personality disorder diagnosis in substance abusers: problems and issues. Author(s): Alterman AI, Cacciola JS. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1991 July; 179(7): 401-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1869868&dopt=Abstract
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The antisocial personality disorder diagnosis. Author(s): Hume E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 September; 147(9): 1254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2386266&dopt=Abstract
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The dysphoric psychopath: a comparison of 524 cases of antisocial personality disorder with matched controls. Author(s): Weiss JM, Davis D, Hedlund JL, Cho DW. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1983 July-August; 24(4): 355-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6884012&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of systematic variation in retrospective conduct disorder reports on antisocial personality disorder diagnoses. Author(s): Rueter MA, Chao W, Conger RD. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000 April; 68(2): 307-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780131&dopt=Abstract
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The epidemiology of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Moran P. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1999 May; 34(5): 231-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10396164&dopt=Abstract
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The Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Antisocial Personality Disorder: predicting release outcome in a state prison sample. Author(s): Walters GD, Chlumsky ML. Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 1993 Winter; 11(1): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10150226&dopt=Abstract
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The long-term outcome of antisocial personality disorder compared with depression, schizophrenia, and surgical conditions. Author(s): Black DW, Baumgard CH, Bell SE. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995; 23(1): 43-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7599370&dopt=Abstract
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The neuropsychology of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Dolan M, Park I. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 April; 32(3): 417-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989987&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic community treatment for substance abusers with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Messina NP, Wish ED, Nemes S. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1999 July-September; 17(1-2): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435260&dopt=Abstract
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Total serum cholesterol level, violent criminal offences, suicidal behavior, mortality and the appearance of conduct disorder in Finnish male criminal offenders with antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Repo-Tiihonen E, Halonen P, Tiihonen J, Virkkunen M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002 February; 252(1): 8-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056583&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment and prevention implications of antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Gatzke LM, Raine A. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2000 February; 2(1): 51-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11122932&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment responsivity of cocaine-dependent patients with antisocial personality disorder to cognitive-behavioral and contingency management interventions. Author(s): Messina N, Farabee D, Rawson R. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003 April; 71(2): 320-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699026&dopt=Abstract
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Use of health services by men with and without antisocial personality disorder who are alcohol dependent. Author(s): Murray MG, Anthenelli RM, Maxwell RA. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 March; 51(3): 380-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686248&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of emotion cues in male and female offenders with antisocial personality disorder: results from a lexical decision task. Author(s): Lorenz AR, Newman JP. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2002 August; 111(3): 513-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150427&dopt=Abstract
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Who should take responsibility for antisocial personality disorder? Fallon suggests emphasising custody, but psychiatrists' future role remains unclear. Author(s): Eastman N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 January 23; 318(7178): 206-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9915708&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and antisocial personality disorder.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Antisocial Personality Disorder The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “antisocial personality disorder” (or a synonym): •
Pharmacological treatment for antisocial personality disorder alcoholics: a preliminary study. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City 66160-7341, USA. Source: Penick, E C Powell, B J Campbell, J Liskow, B I Nickel, E J Dale, T M Thomas, H M Laster, L J Noble, E Alcohol-Clin-Exp-Res. 1996 May; 20(3): 477-84 0145-6008
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to antisocial personality disorder. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to antisocial personality disorder and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to antisocial personality disorder: •
A brain imaging (single photon emission computerized tomography) study of semantic and affective processing in psychopaths. Author(s): Intrator J, Hare R, Stritzke P, Brichtswein K, Dorfman D, Harpur T, Bernstein D, Handelsman L, Schaefer C, Keilp J, Rosen J, Machac J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 July 15; 42(2): 96-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209726&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of field and laboratory polygraphs in the detection of deception. Author(s): Patrick CJ, Iacono WG. Source: Psychophysiology. 1991 November; 28(6): 632-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1816590&dopt=Abstract
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A motivational theory of psychopathology. Author(s): Fowles DC. Source: Nebr Symp Motiv. 1994; 41: 181-238. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7739747&dopt=Abstract
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A parallel form of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale. Author(s): Gudjonsson GH. Source: The British Journal of Clinical Psychology / the British Psychological Society. 1987 September; 26 ( Pt 3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3664038&dopt=Abstract
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A symptom profile of patients with multiple personalities, including MMPI results. Author(s): Bliss EL. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1984 April; 172(4): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6707617&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Author(s): Williamson S, Harpur TJ, Hare RD. Source: Psychophysiology. 1991 May; 28(3): 260-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1946892&dopt=Abstract
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Agitation therapy for antisocial and psychopathic personalities: an outline. Author(s): Martens WH. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 2001; 55(2): 234-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11467259&dopt=Abstract
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Antisocial personality by proxy: the Norton-Sims syndrome. Author(s): Stawar TL. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 1997 January; 131(1): 5-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9018853&dopt=Abstract
•
Autonomic nervous system factors underlying disinhibited, antisocial, and violent behavior. Biosocial perspectives and treatment implications. Author(s): Raine A. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1996 September 20; 794: 46-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8853591&dopt=Abstract
•
Biofeedback and electrodermal self-regulation in psychopathy. Author(s): Steinberg EP, Schwartz GE.
Alternative Medicine 57
Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1976 August; 85(4): 408-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=956508&dopt=Abstract •
Biosocial longitudinal research into antisocial behavior. Author(s): Raine A, Mednick SA. Source: Revue D'epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique. 1989; 37(5-6): 515-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2697047&dopt=Abstract
•
Catecholamine balance during stress anticipation: an abnormality in maximum security hospital patients. Author(s): Woodman D, Hinton J. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1978; 22(6): 477-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=750658&dopt=Abstract
•
Childhood precursors of adolescent drug use: a longitudinal analysis. Author(s): Brook JS, Whiteman M, Cohen P, Tanaka JS. Source: Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs. 1992 May; 118(2): 195-213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1526472&dopt=Abstract
•
Chronic hashish use and mental disorder. Author(s): Stefanis C, Liakos A, Boulougouris J, Fink M, Freedman AM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1976 February; 133(2): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1251932&dopt=Abstract
•
Classical discrimination eyelid conditioning in primary psychopaths. Author(s): Gendreau P, Suboski MD. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1971 June; 77(3): 242-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5556932&dopt=Abstract
•
Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders in schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Author(s): Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Drake RE, Miles KM, Wolford G, Vidaver R, Carrieri K. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 March; 60(2): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091967&dopt=Abstract
•
Corrective social interaction therapy: role modeling. Author(s): Sanders S. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1975 October; 45(5): 875-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1190311&dopt=Abstract
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•
Depression and alcoholism: clinical considerations in management. Author(s): Pary R, Lippmann S, Tobias CR. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1988 December; 81(12): 1529-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3059516&dopt=Abstract
•
Drama as therapy for the psychopathic personality. Author(s): Millin B. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 January 9; 71(2): 69-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1110888&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of perceptual isolation and arousal on anxiety, complexity preference, and novelty preference in psychopathic and neurotic delinquents. Author(s): Skrzypek GJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1969 June; 74(3): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5805732&dopt=Abstract
•
Effectiveness of adjunct therapies in crack cocaine treatment. Author(s): Richard AJ, Montoya ID, Nelson R, Spence RT. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1995 November-December; 12(6): 401-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8749724&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of biofeedback on muscular tension in selected personality states. Author(s): Blue LA, Blue FR. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 1979 January; 101(1St Half): 11-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=366126&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of relaxation response training on attentional deficits in schizophrenics. Author(s): Puente AE, Peacock LA. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1988 June; 66(3): 789-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3043371&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of stimulation intensity on sociopathic avoidance learning. Author(s): Chesno FA, Kilmann PR. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1975 April; 84(2): 144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1123478&dopt=Abstract
•
Emotion in the criminal psychopath: fear image processing. Author(s): Patrick CJ, Cuthbert BN, Lang PJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994 August; 103(3): 523-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7930052&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 59
•
Emotional stability pertaining to the game Vampire: The Masquerade. Author(s): Simon A. Source: Psychological Reports. 1998 October; 83(2): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9819948&dopt=Abstract
•
From acting out to interactive play. Author(s): Willock B. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1990; 71 ( Pt 2): 321-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2365551&dopt=Abstract
•
Gender differences and conduct disorder among American Indian adolescents in substance abuse treatment. Author(s): Fisckenscher A, Novins D. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003 January-March; 35(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733762&dopt=Abstract
•
Samson was heroic, exhausted, depressed, and in love, but he does not have antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Ryan R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 June; 59(6): 564-5; Author Reply 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044202&dopt=Abstract
•
Self-mutilation in antisocial personality (disorder). Author(s): Virkkunen M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1976 November; 54(5): 347-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1007938&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to antisocial personality disorder; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
Alternative Therapy Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS PERSONALITY DISORDER
ON
ANTISOCIAL
Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to antisocial personality disorder. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “antisocial personality disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on antisocial personality disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Antisocial Personality Disorder ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to antisocial personality disorder. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Person-centered Approach to Antisocial Personality Disorder by Mcculloch, Leslie A. Phd from The University of Rochester, 2000, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9985806
•
Abnormal Emotional Reactivity among Alcoholics: Delineating Antisocial Personality Disorder by Miranda, Robert, Jr. Phd from Oklahoma State University, 2002, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066188
•
Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) and Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes in a Post-Prison Population by Mullaney, Donald K. Phd from Barry University School of Social Work, 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064157
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The Diagnosis Antisocial Personality As It Is Applied to Inmates (prison) by Flint, Gail A., Phd from State University of New York at Albany, 1989, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9010166
•
The Effects of a Stated Diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Victim Statements, and Offender's Antisocial History on Psychiatrists' Opinions in Dangerous Offender Determinations (Personality Disorder, Psychiatrists' Opinions) by Lynett, Elizabeth, Edd from University of Toronto (canada), 1990, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN59788
•
The Effects of Age and Psychiatric Disorder on Criminality in a Jailed Population (Alcoholism, Drug Abuse, Antisocial Personality, Mental Illness) by Koerber, Anne, Phd from Northwestern University, 1989, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9015387
•
The Relation of Level of Ego Development to DSM-III Diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder by Magee, Harriette Emily, Edd from Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University, 1984, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8419254
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Therapeutic Community Treatment Outcomes for Substance Abusers with Antisocial Personality Disorder by Messina, Nena Portia; Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 2000, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9967943
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
TRIALS
AND
ANTISOCIAL
Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning antisocial personality disorder.
Recent Trials on Antisocial Personality Disorder The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to antisocial personality disorder.5 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
Antisocial Behavior: Passing From Parent to Child to Grandchild Condition(s): Dyssocial Behavior; Antisocial Personality Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Antisocial behavior often occurs in different generations within the same family. However, it is not known what factors contribute to this passing of antisocial behavior from parent to child to grandchild. This study is part of a project evaluating antisocial behavior in families; it focuses on the passage of such behavior from one generation to the next. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060788
5
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
64 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
Clinical Trials 65
•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
•
For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to antisocial personality disorder. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on antisocial personality disorder include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “antisocial personality disorder” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “antisocial personality disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “antisocial personality disorder” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Antisocial Personality Disorder: An Epidemiological Perspective by Paul Moran (1999); ISBN: 1901242242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1901242242/icongroupinterna
•
Bad Boys, Bad Men: Confronting Antisocial Personality Disorder by Donald W. Black, C. Lindon Larson (2000); ISBN: 0195137833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195137833/icongroupinterna
•
Chemical Dependency and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Psychotherapy and Assessment Strategies by Gary G., Ph.D. Forrest (1996); ISBN: 1560249919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560249919/icongroupinterna
68 Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
Intervening to Prevent Antisocial Personality Disorder: A Scoping Review by Patricia Moran (2001); ISBN: 184082705X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/184082705X/icongroupinterna
•
Personality and Dangerousness : Genealogies of Antisocial Personality Disorder by David McCallum (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0521008751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521008751/icongroupinterna
•
Psychopathic and Antisocial Personality Disorders: Treatmnet and Research Issues by Bridget Dolan (1993); ISBN: 0902241664; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0902241664/icongroupinterna
•
Understanding & Treating Antisocial Personality Disorder: Criminals, Chemical Abusers, & Batterers by Gregory L. Little, Kenneth D. Robinson (1997); ISBN: 0940829177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940829177/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:6 •
A contribution to the definition of psychopathic personality; clinical variants and serial test behaviour in a sample of young female delinquents, by G. Eberhard Nyman and Gudmund J. W. Smith. Author: Nyman, Göran Eberhard.; Year: 1967; Lund, Gleerup [1959]
•
Deviant children grown up; a sociological and psychiatric study of sociopathic personality. Author: Robins, Lee N.; Year: 1966; Baltimore, Williams; Wilkins [c1966]
•
Ten studies into psychopathic personality; a report to the Home Office and the Mental Health Research Fund. Author: Craft, Michael.; Year: 1966; Bristol, Wright, 1965
6 In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
Books 69
•
The mask of sanity; an attempt to clarify some issues about the so-called psychopathic personality. Author: Cleckley, Hervey M. (Hervey Milton),; Year: 1964; St. Louis, Mosby, 1964
71
CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on antisocial personality disorder. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Antisocial Personality Disorder The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in antisocial personality disorder (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on antisocial personality disorder (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •
Antisocial personality [videorecording] Source: [University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Psychiatry]; Year: 1969; Format: Videorecording; Jackson, Miss.: The University, [1969]
73
APPENDICES
75
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
76 Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources 77
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 8
78 Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The NLM Gateway10
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 4625 196 6 4 4 4835
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 14 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 10 11
Physician Resources 79
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 15 16
81
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on antisocial personality disorder can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to antisocial personality disorder. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to antisocial personality disorder. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “antisocial personality disorder”:
82 Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
Other Guides Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html Suicide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/suicide.html Teen Violence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenviolence.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to antisocial personality disorder. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
Patient Resources 83
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to antisocial personality disorder. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with antisocial personality disorder. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about antisocial personality disorder. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “antisocial personality disorder” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “antisocial personality disorder”. Type the following
84 Antisocial Personality Disorder
hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “antisocial personality disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “antisocial personality disorder” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
85
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 87
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
88 Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 89
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
90 Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
91
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on antisocial personality disorder: •
Basic Guidelines for Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial personality disorder Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000921.htm
•
Background Topics for Antisocial Personality Disorder Drug abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm Substance abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm
92 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
93
ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acting Out: Expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Alcoholic Beverages: Drinkable liquids containing ethanol. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains.
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There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte.
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Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Autoradiography: A process in which radioactive material within an object produces an image when it is in close proximity to a radiation sensitive emulsion. [NIH] Avoidance Learning: experience. [NIH]
A response to a cue that is instrumental in avoiding a noxious
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Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta-Endorphin: A peptide consisting of amino acid sequence 61-91 of the endogenous pituitary hormone beta-lipotropin. The first four amino acids show a common tetrapeptide sequence with methionine- and leucine enkephalin. The compound shows opiate-like activity. Injection of beta-endorphin induces a profound analgesia of the whole body for several hours. This action is reversed after administration of naloxone. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering
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tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive
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dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]
Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]
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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confidence Intervals: A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable. [NIH] Confounder: A factor of confusion which blurs a specific connection between a disease and a probable causal factor which is being studied. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Crack Cocaine: The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-
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based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term "crack" was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deception: The act of deceiving or the fact or condition of being deceived. [NIH] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined, pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for
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its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drinking Behavior: Behaviors associated with the ingesting of water and other liquids; includes rhythmic patterns of drinking (time intervals - onset and duration), frequency and satiety. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are
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released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxins: Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. [NIH] Enkephalin: A natural opiate painkiller, in the hypothalamus. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fathers: Male parents, human or animal. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH]
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Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heritability: The proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform
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quality throughout. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hysteria: Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction, or obvious control in response to a stimulus. [NIH] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be
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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]
Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames,
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http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen
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with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle
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known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. [NIH] Narcissism: A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]
Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]
Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine,
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epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Only Child: Child who has no siblings. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Opiate: A remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. [EU] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior
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abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH]
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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot Projects: Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral
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fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH]
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Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]
Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial
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remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Sadism: A condition in which there is a derivation of pleasure from inflicting pain, discomfort or humiliation on another person or persons. The sexual significance of sadistic wishes or behavior may be conscious or unconscious. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]
Dictionary 115
Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or
116 Antisocial Personality Disorder
tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synchrony: The normal physiologic sequencing of atrial and ventricular activation and contraction. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH]
Dictionary 117
Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.
118 Antisocial Personality Disorder
[NIH]
Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
119
INDEX A Aberrant, 10, 19, 93 Acetylcholine, 93, 97, 111 Acidity, 93, 112 Acting Out, 59, 93 Adjustment, 21, 93 Adolescence, 13, 18, 21, 24, 26, 93 Adrenal Medulla, 93, 97, 103, 111 Adrenergic, 93, 95, 101, 103, 119 Adverse Effect, 93, 113, 118 Afferent, 93, 114 Agoraphobia, 93, 113 Alcoholic Beverages, 93, 103 Alkaloid, 93, 98, 111 Alternative medicine, 93 Amino acid, 93, 94, 96, 104, 107, 112, 115, 117, 121 Amino Acid Sequence, 94, 96 Amphetamines, 94, 98 Amygdala, 19, 94, 107 Anaesthesia, 94, 106 Anal, 17, 94, 107 Anaphylatoxins, 94, 99 Anatomical, 94, 97, 105 Animal model, 19, 20, 94 Anomalies, 10, 94 Antecedent, 24, 94 Antibodies, 94, 105 Antibody, 94, 95, 98, 106, 108, 118 Anticonvulsants, 19, 94 Antidepressant, 9, 94, 98 Antidote, 94, 103 Antigen, 94, 95, 99, 106, 108 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 95, 99 Antipsychotic, 95, 117 Anus, 94, 95, 96 Anxiety, 4, 7, 12, 17, 19, 22, 26, 29, 41, 44, 58, 95, 108, 113 Anxiety Disorders, 4, 41, 44, 95 Apolipoproteins, 95, 107 Aqueous, 95, 96, 102 Arterial, 95, 97, 115 Arteries, 95, 96, 100, 108, 109 Atrial, 95, 120 Atypical, 95, 117 Auditory, 95, 114 Autonomic, 7, 14, 45, 56, 93, 95, 100, 111, 112, 118, 119 Autonomic Nervous System, 7, 95, 100, 112, 118, 119 Autoradiography, 20, 95 Avoidance Learning, 58, 95
B Baclofen, 13, 96 Bactericidal, 96, 103 Bacteriuria, 96, 121 Base, 9, 96, 101, 106, 120 Benzodiazepines, 96, 103 Beta-Endorphin, 34, 96 Biochemical, 17, 96, 104, 117 Biological Factors, 13, 96 Biosynthesis, 96, 121 Bipolar Disorder, 20, 82, 96 Bladder, 96, 99, 121 Blood Platelets, 96, 117 Blood vessel, 96, 97, 112, 119, 120, 121 Bowel, 94, 96, 101 Bowel Movement, 96, 101 Branch, 89, 96, 102, 110, 115, 118, 119, 120 C Calcium, 96, 98 Cannabis, 96 Carcinogenic, 97, 106 Cardiovascular, 97, 100, 117, 118 Cardiovascular System, 97, 100 Case report, 34, 41, 97 Catecholamine, 4, 57, 97, 101, 112 Causal, 97, 100 Cell, 19, 94, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 106, 110, 113, 116, 119, 121 Central Nervous System, 10, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 109, 117 Cerebral, 16, 97, 103, 120 Cerebrospinal, 8, 97 Cerebrospinal fluid, 8, 97 Cerebrum, 97 Chemotactic Factors, 97, 99 Chin, 97, 108 Cholesterol Esters, 97, 107 Cholinergic, 95, 97, 111 Chromosomal, 16, 98, 104 Chromosome, 98, 107 Chronic, 15, 24, 47, 57, 98, 105, 106, 119 Chylomicrons, 98, 107 Citalopram, 25, 98 Clamp, 19, 98 Clinical trial, 6, 11, 63, 64, 77, 98, 100, 116 Coca, 98 Cocaine, 15, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 41, 44, 50, 98, 100 Cofactor, 98, 115 Comorbidity, 4, 27, 41, 98 Complement, 9, 94, 98, 99
120 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Complementary and alternative medicine, 55, 60, 99 Complementary medicine, 55, 99 Compliance, 9, 15, 99 Computational Biology, 77, 99 Computed tomography, 99 Computerized axial tomography, 99 Computerized tomography, 55, 99 Concomitant, 41, 100 Confidence Intervals, 7, 100 Confounder, 5, 100 Confusion, 100 Constitutional, 22, 100 Consumption, 4, 100 Contraindications, ii, 100 Control group, 4, 7, 100, 116 Coronary, 100, 109 Coronary Thrombosis, 100, 109 Cortical, 100, 103, 114, 117 Crack Cocaine, 27, 58, 100 Cues, 13, 50, 100 Curative, 100, 111, 120 D Databases, Bibliographic, 77, 100 Deception, 55, 100 Delusion, 100, 117 Dendrites, 100, 110 Density, 4, 101, 107, 111 Dextroamphetamine, 101, 109 Diencephalon, 101, 105, 114, 120 Digestive system, 64, 101 Direct, iii, 7, 101, 116 Discrete, 22, 101 Discrimination, 12, 57, 101 Disinfectant, 101, 103 Domestic Violence, 14, 101, 113 Dopamine, 8, 95, 98, 101, 111, 117 Drinking Behavior, 15, 101 Drug Interactions, 101 Dyskinesia, 95, 98, 101 Dysphoric, 48, 102 E Effector, 93, 98, 102 Efficacy, 9, 15, 102, 121 Electrons, 96, 102, 106, 115 Electrophysiological, 10, 15, 102 Embryo, 102, 106 Empirical, 22, 30, 102 Emulsion, 95, 102 Endocrine System, 102, 110 Endogenous, 96, 101, 102 Endorphins, 102, 111 Endotoxic, 102, 107 Endotoxins, 99, 102 Enkephalin, 96, 102 Environmental Health, 76, 78, 103
Enzymatic, 93, 96, 99, 103 Enzyme, 102, 103, 115, 121 Epinephrine, 93, 101, 103, 111, 121 Escalation, 17, 103 Esophagus, 101, 103, 119 Ethanol, 15, 25, 93, 98, 103 Evoke, 103, 119 Excitation, 10, 94, 103, 110 Excitatory, 96, 103, 104 Extrapyramidal, 95, 101, 103 F Facial, 14, 103, 118 Family Planning, 77, 103 Fathers, 38, 43, 103 Fetus, 103, 114 Fissure, 103, 114 Flumazenil, 13, 103 Frontal Lobe, 34, 103, 114 G Gallbladder, 101, 103 Ganglia, 93, 95, 104, 107, 110, 112, 119 Gas, 104, 105, 111, 121 Gastrointestinal, 100, 103, 104, 117, 118 Gastrointestinal tract, 103, 104, 117 Gene, 8, 15, 68, 104 Gene Expression, 15, 104 Genetic Techniques, 21, 104 Genetics, 8, 16, 18, 21, 23, 104 Genotype, 104, 112 Gland, 93, 104, 112, 119 Glutamic Acid, 104, 111 Glycine, 93, 104, 111 Governing Board, 104, 114 Growth, 93, 104, 108, 113, 121 H Health Services, 50, 104 Hemorrhage, 104, 119 Hemostasis, 104, 117 Hereditary, 21, 104 Heredity, 104 Heritability, 26, 105 Heterogeneity, 18, 22, 105 Heterogenic, 105 Heterogenous, 13, 105 Homogeneous, 16, 105 Hormone, 96, 103, 105, 112, 120 Hydrogen, 93, 96, 105, 109, 112 Hydrophobic, 105, 107 Hydroxylation, 105, 121 Hypnotic, 105, 108 Hypothalamus, 95, 101, 103, 105, 107 Hysteria, 35, 105 I Id, 52, 59, 82, 88, 90, 105 Immunization, 105, 114 Immunogenic, 105, 107
Index 121
Immunohistochemistry, 20, 105 Impairment, 4, 10, 101, 105, 108, 109 Impulsive Behavior, 25, 106 In situ, 27, 106 Induction, 14, 95, 106 Infancy, 8, 24, 106 Infarction, 100, 106, 109 Infection, 11, 31, 40, 96, 97, 106, 108, 119 Initiation, 21, 106 Inotropic, 101, 106 Inpatients, 44, 106 Insight, 19, 106 Intoxication, 106, 122 Intracellular, 104, 106, 116 Intravenous, 30, 31, 40, 41, 106 Ions, 93, 96, 105, 106 K Kb, 76, 106 L Labile, 98, 106 Lactation, 106, 112 Language Disorders, 3, 106 Large Intestine, 101, 107, 116 Latent, 21, 28, 107, 114 Leucine, 96, 107 Library Services, 88, 107 Limbic, 19, 20, 94, 107, 114 Limbic System, 94, 107, 114 Linkage, 8, 16, 107 Lipid, 4, 95, 107 Lipid A, 4, 107 Lipopolysaccharides, 107 Lipoprotein, 4, 107, 108 Liver, 101, 102, 103, 107 Lobe, 38, 107 Localization, 105, 107 Localized, 106, 107, 113 Longitudinal study, 6, 8, 21, 24, 107 Lorazepam, 13, 108 Low-density lipoprotein, 107, 108 Lymphatic, 106, 108 M Maintenance therapy, 33, 108 Malignant, 33, 108 Manic, 41, 95, 96, 108 Mediate, 6, 13, 101, 108 Mediator, 108, 117 MEDLINE, 77, 108 Membrane, 19, 99, 108, 112, 113 Meninges, 97, 108 Mental Disorders, 4, 7, 11, 65, 108, 114, 115 Mental Health, v, 5, 22, 23, 34, 65, 68, 76, 78, 82, 108, 114, 115 Mental Processes, 108, 115 Mental Retardation, 47, 108 Methamphetamine, 9, 109
Methylphenidate, 16, 42, 109 MI, 92, 109 Modeling, 17, 57, 109 Modification, 25, 27, 93, 109 Molecular, 15, 23, 77, 79, 99, 109, 116, 121 Molecule, 94, 96, 99, 102, 103, 109, 116 Monitor, 109, 111 Motility, 109, 117 Muscle relaxant, 109, 112 Muscle Spindles, 109, 113 Mutilation, 59, 109 Myocardium, 109 N Naloxone, 96, 109 Narcissism, 33, 109 Narcolepsy, 101, 109 NCI, 1, 64, 75, 110 Necrosis, 106, 109, 110 Need, 3, 5, 83, 110 Nerve, 93, 97, 100, 108, 110, 119, 120 Nervous System, 56, 93, 95, 97, 108, 110, 112, 119, 120 Neural, 10, 19, 36, 93, 110 Neuroanatomy, 20, 107, 110 Neuroendocrine, 25, 110 Neuronal, 15, 19, 98, 110 Neurons, 19, 98, 100, 103, 104, 109, 110, 111, 119 Neurophysiology, 20, 25, 110 Neuropsychology, 49, 110 Neurosis, 110, 113 Neurotic, 58, 110 Neurotransmitter, 8, 20, 93, 94, 101, 104, 110, 111, 120 Niacin, 111, 121 Nicotine, 5, 111 Nitrogen, 93, 111, 121 Norepinephrine, 8, 93, 101, 111 Nuclear, 16, 102, 107, 110, 111, 120 Nuclei, 94, 102, 107, 111 Nucleus, 111, 114, 118 O Odds Ratio, 7, 111, 116 Only Child, 5, 111 Opacity, 101, 111 Opiate, 9, 96, 102, 109, 111 Opium, 111 Orbit, 111, 112 Orbital, 34, 112 Outpatient, 11, 112 Oxytocin, 20, 112 P Palliative, 112, 120 Pancreas, 101, 112 Peptide, 93, 96, 112, 115 Perfusion, 47, 112
122 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Peripheral Nervous System, 110, 112 Personality Disorders, 24, 29, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 48, 68, 112 PH, 47, 55, 112 Pharmacologic, 112, 120 Pharmacotherapy, 11, 15, 32, 112 Phenotype, 16, 18, 27, 112 Phenytoin, 19, 112 Phobia, 4, 113 Phobic Disorders, 113 Phospholipids, 107, 113 Physiologic, 96, 113, 116, 120 Physiology, 16, 102, 110, 113 Pilot Projects, 23, 113 Pilot study, 113 Plants, 93, 98, 111, 113, 120 Plasma, 4, 10, 34, 94, 97, 104, 113 Pneumonia, 100, 113 Posterior, 94, 112, 113 Post-traumatic, 21, 26, 113 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 21, 113 Potentiate, 22, 113 Potentiation, 7, 114 Practicability, 114, 121 Practice Guidelines, 78, 114 Precipitating Factors, 7, 114 Preclinical, 25, 114 Precursor, 101, 102, 103, 111, 114, 121 Predisposition, 10, 114, 120 Prefrontal Cortex, 41, 114 Prenatal, 5, 43, 102, 114 Presynaptic, 110, 114, 120 Prevalence, 4, 21, 43, 111, 114 Primary Prevention, 13, 114 Prognostic factor, 32, 114 Progression, 21, 44, 94, 114 Projection, 111, 114 Prophylaxis, 35, 115 Prospective study, 5, 15, 107, 115 Protein C, 94, 95, 107, 115 Protein S, 68, 115 Proteins, 93, 94, 95, 98, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120 Proteolytic, 98, 115 Proxy, 56, 115 Psychic, 108, 110, 115, 117 Psychoactive, 59, 115, 122 Psychology, 6, 14, 18, 19, 29, 32, 33, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59, 110, 115 Psychopathology, 4, 5, 6, 7, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 37, 42, 44, 45, 47, 56, 115 Psychophysiology, 56, 110, 115 Public Health, 13, 78, 115 R Radiation, 95, 115, 122 Radioactive, 95, 105, 111, 115
Random Allocation, 115, 116 Randomization, 11, 116 Randomized, 9, 15, 27, 102, 116 Rape, 113, 116 Receptor, 8, 20, 94, 101, 103, 116, 117 Receptors, Serotonin, 116, 117 Rectum, 95, 96, 101, 104, 107, 116 Refer, 1, 98, 102, 107, 116 Regimen, 102, 112, 116 Rehabilitative, 6, 116 Relapse, 9, 10, 116 Relative risk, 7, 116 Reliability, 22, 45, 116 Remission, 96, 108, 116 Retrospective, 48, 116 Risk factor, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, 22, 24, 27, 43, 46, 115, 116 Risperidone, 37, 117 Rod, 98, 117 S Sadism, 33, 46, 117 Salivary, 101, 117 Salivary glands, 101, 117 Schizoid, 117, 122 Schizophrenia, 20, 33, 35, 41, 49, 57, 117, 122 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 117, 122 Screening, 11, 49, 98, 117, 121 Sedative, 103, 108, 117 Sediment, 117, 121 Seizures, 94, 112, 117 Sequencing, 117, 120 Serotonin, 8, 17, 19, 25, 95, 98, 111, 112, 116, 117, 121 Sex Characteristics, 93, 117, 120 Side effect, 93, 95, 98, 108, 118, 120 Signs and Symptoms, 116, 118 Skeletal, 98, 109, 118 Skull, 111, 118, 120 Social Behavior, 20, 118 Social Problems, 8, 118 Solitary Nucleus, 95, 118 Solvent, 103, 118 Somatic, 93, 105, 107, 112, 114, 118 Spasticity, 96, 118 Specialist, 83, 118 Species, 19, 20, 103, 105, 118, 119, 121, 122 Specificity, 26, 118 Spinal cord, 96, 97, 108, 110, 112, 118, 119 Stabilization, 112, 118 Steel, 98, 118 Stimulant, 9, 101, 109, 118 Stimulus, 14, 103, 106, 113, 119 Stomach, 101, 103, 104, 105, 119 Stress, 4, 17, 24, 26, 36, 57, 82, 95, 97, 114, 119
Index 123
Stroke, 65, 76, 119 Subacute, 106, 119 Subclinical, 6, 106, 117, 119 Subspecies, 118, 119 Supraspinal, 96, 119 Sympathetic Nervous System, 95, 119 Sympathomimetic, 101, 103, 109, 111, 119 Symptomatic, 22, 119 Symptomatology, 9, 119 Synaptic, 110, 111, 119 Synaptic Transmission, 111, 119 Synchrony, 10, 120 Systemic, 103, 106, 120 T Tardive, 95, 98, 120 Temperament, 8, 120 Temporal, 10, 48, 94, 120 Temporal Lobe, 94, 120 Testosterone, 17, 120 Thalamus, 101, 107, 114, 120 Therapeutics, 120 Thrombosis, 115, 119, 120 Tissue, 20, 94, 95, 97, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 118, 120 Tomography, 16, 47, 120 Topical, 103, 120 Toxic, v, 111, 120 Toxicity, 101, 120 Toxicology, 10, 78, 120 Toxins, 94, 102, 106, 120 Traction, 98, 120 Transmitter, 93, 101, 108, 111, 120
Treatment Outcome, 9, 11, 31, 61, 62, 121 Tricyclic, 98, 121 Tryptophan, 8, 117, 121 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 8, 121 Tuberculosis, 100, 121 Tyrosine, 101, 121 U Unconscious, 93, 105, 117, 121 Urethra, 121 Urinalysis, 11, 121 Urine, 10, 96, 121 Uterine Contraction, 112, 121 V Vascular, 106, 121 Vasodilator, 101, 121 VE, 4, 34, 121 Vein, 106, 111, 121 Venous, 115, 121 Ventricle, 94, 105, 120, 121 Ventricular, 120, 121 Veterinary Medicine, 77, 122 Visceral, 95, 107, 122 Visceral Afferents, 95, 122 W War, 113, 122 Withdrawal, 13, 15, 122 X Xenograft, 94, 122 X-ray, 99, 111, 122 Y Yeasts, 112, 122
124 Antisocial Personality Disorder
Index 125
126 Antisocial Personality Disorder
