BIPOLAR DISORDER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Bipolar Disorder: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83565-9 1. Bipolar Disorder-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on bipolar disorder. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BIPOLAR DISORDER .................................................................................. 3 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 3 The Combined Health Information Database ................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Bipolar Disorder ........................................................................... 7 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 38 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed................................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER ...................................................................... 247 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 247 Finding Nutrition Studies on Bipolar Disorder ........................................................................ 247 Federal Resources on Nutrition................................................................................................. 251 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 252 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BIPOLAR DISORDER ................................................ 255 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 255 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ............................................... 255 Additional Web Resources......................................................................................................... 262 General References..................................................................................................................... 265 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER .................................................................. 267 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 267 Dissertations on Bipolar Disorder............................................................................................. 267 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 269 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BIPOLAR DISORDER ............................................................ 271 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 271 Recent Trials on Bipolar Disorder ............................................................................................. 271 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 291 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER ............................................................................ 293 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 293 Patents on Bipolar Disorder ...................................................................................................... 293 Patent Applications on Bipolar Disorder .................................................................................. 299 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 304 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER ................................................................................ 305 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 305 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies ........................................................................................... 305 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers ........................................................................................ 306 Chapters on Bipolar Disorder .................................................................................................... 311 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON BIPOLAR DISORDER ..................................................................... 313 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 313 Video Recordings....................................................................................................................... 313 Bibliography: Multimedia on Bipolar Disorder......................................................................... 314 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER .................................................. 315 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 315 News Services and Press Releases ............................................................................................. 315 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 319 Academic Periodicals covering Bipolar Disorder ...................................................................... 320 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 323 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 323 NIH Guidelines ......................................................................................................................... 323 NIH Databases .......................................................................................................................... 325 Other Commercial Databases .................................................................................................... 327 The Genome Project and Bipolar Disorder ................................................................................ 327 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 331
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Contents Overview ....................................................................................................................................331 Patient Guideline Sources ..........................................................................................................331 Associations and Bipolar Disorder .............................................................................................338 Finding Associations ..................................................................................................................343 APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................345 Overview ....................................................................................................................................345 U.S. Pharmacopeia .....................................................................................................................345 Commercial Databases ...............................................................................................................346 APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................349 Overview ....................................................................................................................................349 Preparation.................................................................................................................................349 Finding a Local Medical Library ................................................................................................349 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada .................................................................................349
ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................355 Online Dictionary Directories ...................................................................................................357 BIPOLAR DISORDER DICTIONARY ......................................................................................359 INDEX...............................................................................................................................................418
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with bipolar disorder is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about bipolar disorder, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to bipolar disorder, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on bipolar disorder. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to bipolar disorder, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on bipolar disorder. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on bipolar disorder.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and bipolar disorder, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Late-Life Onset of Psychotic Symptoms Source: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 6(3): 196-202. Summer 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study in which researchers retrospectively evaluated the etiology and clinical findings of patients with first manifestations of psychotic symptoms after the age of 65. Nearly one-tenth of more than 1,700 consecutive geriatric patients admitted to an acute inpatient psychogeriatric unit had late-life onset of psychotic symptoms. Approximately three-quarters of these patients were women, most of whom were in their seventies. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type was the most common cause of late-life onset psychosis. Other causes were major depression, medical and toxic causes, delirium, bipolar disorder, delusional disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. Clinical manifestations consisted mostly of delusions and hallucinations. The authors concluded that late-onset psychoses are a heterogeneous
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Bipolar Disorder
group of disorders with differing etiologies and prognoses; misdiagnoses are potentially serious because they can prevent patients from receiving proper treatment. A thorough evaluation is crucial in late-onset psychoses. 3 tables, 23 references. (AA-M). •
Recent Developments in Geriatric Psychopharmacotherapy Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 39(8 Supplement 1): S9-S18. October 1994. Summary: This paper highlights recent advances in the pharmacological management of geriatric affective disorders and dementia. The paper focuses on the treatment of unipolar depression, bipolar disorder, and the cognitive and psychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The author discusses the current roles of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression in old age. He discusses recent findings pertaining to continuation and maintenance of antidepressant treatment. The treatment of bipolar disorder in old age has received very little study. A number of issues relating to efficacy, side effects and optimal blood levels of lithium, carbamazepine, and valproate in bipolar disorder remain unresolved and await further study. The paper reviews drug treatment of the cognitive impairment and psychiatric complications of AD. To date, with the possible exception of tacrine, no medication has been shown to have any clinically meaningful benefit in improving cognition in AD. 94 references. (AA- M).
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Mood Disorders in Rheumatic Disease: Evaluation and Management Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 16(11): 643-646,648-650. November 1999. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on the diagnosis of mood disorders that commonly occur in people who have rheumatic diseases and the therapeutic strategies that may help patients better cope with the stress of chronic illness. Mood disorders are common in people who have rheumatic diseases such as fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematous. Altered mood tends to worsen as the illness becomes more severe. Major depression is particularly common. The presence of depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure for 2 weeks or more, and at least five of nine established criteria such as weight change, fatigue, and indecisiveness is diagnostic. Other mood disorders that people who have a rheumatic disease may experience include minor depression, adjustment disorder with depressed mood, bereavement, bipolar disorder, and depressive disorder related to the general medical condition. Management includes a combination of biologic and interactive approaches. The goals of treatment are to restore normal mood, prevent suicide, and improve self esteem, productivity, and quality of life. Pharmacologic treatment of depression is an essential component of care and is usually successful. Psychopharmacologic agents include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine inhibitors, psychostimulants, mood stabilizers, lithium, and newer agents such as bupropion. Electroconvulsive therapy is a treatment option commonly used for patients with severe, life threatening depression or psychotic depression and for patients in whom drug therapy is considered dangerous. Two major forms of psychotherapy are effective in treating patients who have major depression associated with rheumatic disease and other medical illness. Cognitive behavioral therapy deals with the relationship between cognition, affect, and behavior, whereas interpersonal therapy deals with interpersonal relationships and their effects on mood. Although many mood disorders can be managed satisfactorily within the primary care setting, referral is recommended for patients who are at significant risk for suicide or
Studies
5
who have psychosis, psychotic depression, or full blown mania. 3 tables and 25 references. (AA-M). •
Manic Episodes in Epilepsy and Bipolar I Disorder: A Comparative Analysis of 13 Patients Source: Epilepsia. 42(8):1036-1042, August 2001. Summary: Researchers examined the characteristics of manic episodes in patients with epilepsy and patients with bipolar I disorder, to determine whether manic episodes in patients with epilepsy have different characteristics from manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder. They enrolled in the study 13 adult patients who had interictal manic episodes developing after the onset of epilepsy and 13 adult patients with bipolar I disorder. They assessed the family history, medical history, and clinical course of epilepsy and mood disorders of the patients with epilepsy by interviews with the patients and family members. Each patient had electroencephalography, neuroimaging including magnetic resonance imaging and single photon emission computed tomography, and neuropsychological evaluations performed. Psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses assessed the family and medical histories, symptoms, severity, clinical course of the disorder, and behavioral traits of the bipolar group retrospectively by using medical records of the patients. Five patients with epilepsy had relatives with epilepsy and/or seizures. Four patients with bipolar I disorder had relatives with mood disorders. Two patients with epilepsy had substance-related or organic factors associated with their mood swings besides epilepsy, and two exhibited a postictal state that had the same symptoms as those of their interictal manic episodes. Ten patients with epilepsy demonstrated dependent-childish behavior. Patients with epilepsy had fewer severe mood episodes than the bipolar group. Ten patients with epilepsy had fluctuating mood disturbances and eight had rapid cycling of mood episodes. The epileptogenic zone was found in the frontal and/or temporal lobes of eight patients and in multiple lobes of two others. It could not be localized in the three remaining patients. Researchers conclude that the clinical features of interictal manic epilepsy in this group of patients with epilepsy were different from those in the bipolar group. The manic episodes of the patients with epilepsy appear to be heterogenous in their etiology. An epileptogenic zone in the frontal and temporal lobes, however, seems to play an important role in the mood episodes of the majority of epilepsy patients. 6 tables, 35 references.
•
Depression In Epilepsy. Relationship to Seizures and Anticonvulsant Therapy Source: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 181(7):444-447, 1993. Summary: Researchers investigated the occurrence of depression in patients with epilepsy and possible associations with seizures and anticonvulsant therapy. The medical records of all patients with epilepsy and patients with migraine who attended a university-affiliated neurology clinic as outpatients between January 1984 and January 1992 were reviewed to identify those with a depressive disorder that required psychiatric evaluation at some time in their medical history. Patients with epilepsy who had a neurological lesion detectable by neuroimaging or who had a history of craniotomy, specific epilepsy etiology, or a background of closed head injury were excluded from the study. Seizure variables were investigated in the patients with epilepsy who had experienced a depressive disorder and compared with those who had not. Researchers reviewed the medical records and electroencephalograms (EEG's) of the patients with epilepsy and depressive disorders (epilepsy/depression group) for six seizure variables: epilepsy type, average seizure frequency at last clinical presentation,
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Bipolar Disorder
presence of auras, EEG foci, anticonvulsant therapy at last clinical presentation, and age at epilepsy onset. These variables were compared to those of a randomly selected group of patients with epilepsy in the clinic who had no history of depressive disorders (epilepsy/control group). A depressive disorder occurred in 101 (7.5 percent) of 1,339 patients with epilepsy versus 105 (5.3 percent) of 1,991 migraine patients. The difference in the proportion of patients with depression between the patients with either epilepsy or migraines was significant. Among the patients with epilepsy, the psychiatric diagnoses were major depression (25 patients), bipolar disorders with depression symptoms (22 patients), dysthymia (4 patients), and depression not otherwise specified (NOS) (50 patients). Among the patients with migraine, the diagnoses were major depression (47 patients), bipolar disorders with depressive symptoms (14 patients), dysthymia (4 patients), and depression NOS (40 patients). The patients with either epilepsy or migraine did not differ significantly in mean age at last clinical presentation, 39.2 and 37.3 years, respectively. Fewer of the patients with epilepsy were female (48 percent) than was the case with the patients with migraine (68 percent). When the sex difference was covaried, however, depression was still significantly more common among patients with epilepsy than among the patients with migraine. The epilepsy/depression and epilepsy/control groups did not differ in their mean age at last clinical presentation (43.7 versus 40.2 years) or in the male to female ratio (48:54 and 111:91). The mean ages at epilepsy onset were 18.6 years in the epilepsy/depression group and 15.3 years in the epilepsy/control group. The mean age of depression onset in the epilepsy/depression group was 25.1 years. In most of the patients (92 percent), epilepsy preceded depression. Fewer patients in the epilepsy/depression group had generalized tonic clonic seizures (GTCS) than in the epilepsy/control group. The frequency of GTCS in the epilepsy/depression group was also lower than in the epilepsy/control group. Patients in the epilepsy/depression group used a wider array of anticonvulsant drugs than patients in the epilepsy/control group. Valproate was prescribed more frequently in the epilepsy/depression group. Researchers conclude that patients with epilepsy had more depressive disorders than the patients with migraine, and the patients with epilepsy with depression had fewer GTCS and more anticonvulsant drug therapy than patients with epilepsy without depression. These findings suggest that a nonreactive depression may occur when increased anticonvulsant therapy results in decreased generalization from epileptogenic foci. 2 tables, 27 references. •
Management of the Psychotic Patient Source: Oral and Maxillofacial Clinics of North America. 10(3): 457-464. August 1998. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders. Periodicals Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. Summary: This article reviews the pharmacologic management of the psychotic patient, to familiarize oral and maxillofacial surgeons with the care of these patients. The author notes that the trend to outpatient care extends to the psychiatric patient and more health care providers will be faced with the care of this patient population. The author reviews potential drug interactions and clinical considerations for patients already under maintenance therapy. The article covers antipsychotic agents, mood disorders, HCAs (including tricyclic drugs), MAOIs (derivatives of hydrazine or amphetamine), SSRIs (antidepressants), bipolar disorder, and antianxiety agents, specifically benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and buspirone. The emphasis in each section is on pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, and anesthetic concerns. 3 tables. 25 references.
Studies
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Federally Funded Research on Bipolar Disorder The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to bipolar disorder. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to bipolar disorder. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore bipolar disorder. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for bipolar disorder: •
Project Title: A COLLABORATIVE GENOMIC STUDY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Coryell, William H. Professor; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1998; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Bipolar affective disorder is a severe heritable condition affecting about one percent of the population. The mode of inheritance is poorly understood and probably involves multiple loci of small to moderate effect. Genetic linkage studies have not been robust although some reports of linkages have been replicated several times. The NIMH began a national archival database for search of linked genes in this condition in 1988. Its purpose was to collect a large sample of interviews and cell lines from families suitable for linkage and association studied. Four centers participated in the initiative: Indiana University, John Hopkins University, Washington University of St. Louis, and the NIMH Intramural Program. A new structured polydiagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), was developed and field-tested. Ascertainment was begun in 1999 to identify Bipolar I (BPI) probands with a BPI or Schizoaffective, Bipolar type (Sa/BP) first degree relative. Two hundred and forty-three families have been enrolled in the program including 1025 affected subjects. Twenty on hundred sixty five structured interviews have been given and 2097 immortalized cell lines have been cryopreserved. A genomic survey has been completed on 540 subjects selected from 97 families and eight candidate areas for linkage have been identified, some supporting previous findings. These cell lines and related clinical information has been publicly released. A follow-up sample is presently being genotyped, with particular attention to areas of interest identified in the original survey. It is proposed to extend the present study through families identified by a BPI/BPI sib pair at eight sites (Indiana, Washington University of St. Louis, Johns Hopkins, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, San Diego , University of Utah, University of Chicago, and University of Iowa). A total of 450 new families and 2500 cell lines and interviews over the next four years will be added. This sample will be used to confirm and extend
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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Bipolar Disorder
present findings of linkage, to narrow the implicated regions, and to test candidate genes. Genotypes will be shared with a consortium of investigators studying linkage in bipolar illness. Cell lines and interview data will be made freely available to the scientific community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIPOLAR DISORDER & ALCOHOL ABUSE COMORBIDITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Frye, Mark A. Psychiatry & Biobehav Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 6-AUG-2001; Project End 1-JUL-2007 Summary: The applicant proposes to acquire new training in magnetic resonance spectroscopy and neuroendocrinology. These two areas of investigation will expand his clinical research expertise and further his research endeavors in attempting to better understand the neuroanatomic and neuroendocrinological underpinnings of bipolar disorder. The research training will then be used to translate these potential research gains into clinical applications to better understand and ultimately treat major psychiatric illnesses. This study will examine the impact of alcohol on the biochemistry, neuroendocrinology, and neuropsychological functioning of bipolar illness. The lifetime prevalence rate of alcohol abuse comorbidity in bipolar disorder is the highest of all Axis I diagnoses; furthermore, the presence of alcohol abuse in bipolar disorder is associated with a decreased response rate to the gold standard treatment lithium carbonate. Thus, by prevalence data and inadequate treatment response, this represents an enormous public health problem. In a cross-sectional analysis, patients with bipolar disorder and comorbid alcohol abuse or dependence, patients with bipolar illness without comorbid alcohol abuse or dependence, and age matched healthy controls will undergo 1 H-MR spectroscopy, Dexamethasone/CRH neuroendocrine challenge, and neuropsychological evaluation assessing executive function, verbal memory, and working memory. This study will evaluate whether there are differences amongst the three groups and if there is a relationship between N-acetylaspartate (NAA), hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis function, and neuropsychological functioning. These variables will also be evaluated as to their predictive potential for relapse under naturalistic follow-up where mood stability, alcohol craving and relapse, medication compliance, and functional capacity will be monitored. This naturalistic follow-up period may identify preliminary neurobiological factors associated with relapse and provide direction for further controlled interventional study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: BIPOLAR DISORDER CANDIDATE GENES ON CHROMOSOME 18Q22 23 Principal Investigator & Institution: Prathikanti, Sridhar; Psychiatry; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-JUL-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): Chromosome 18q 22-23 has been linked to bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) in several studies. We have identified in our sample pedigrees that define a strongly linked 6 MB region on 18q22 with a lod score of 4.85. The Specific Aims of this research training proposal are to 1) Identify candidate genes in and around the BPAD linkage region on 18q22-23 by screening sequence data from the Human Genome Project; 2) To identify single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNP?s) in and
Studies
9
near these candidate genes in and near these candidate genes by mining the public databases and by re-sequencing PCR products in our laboratory; 3) To genotype selected SNP?s in 2-4 positional candidate genes using single base extension and other high throughput methods; 4) To test each gene for association with BPAD in a sample of 400 triads, using family based statistical methods. This project will offer me a complete experience in positional candidate gene research, forming the basis for my future career. Identification of the genes that predispose to BPAD would offer novel and powerful insights into the etiology and ultimately the treatment of BPAD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BIPOLAR DISORDER IN LATE LIFE Principal Investigator & Institution: Krishnan, Ranga R. Chairman and Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-MAR-1998; Project End 8-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): There is a paucity of information on late life bipolar disorder. Unlike bipolar disorder in the young, familial factors are less important in the elderly. In fact, available data suggests that elderly bipolar patients are a distinct group. Vascular factors may be of more importance than genetic factors in the development of bipolar disorder in late life. The present proposal is designed to compare neuroanatomical and clinical features of late life bipolar disorder to young bipolar subjects. In addition, we will contrast late life bipolar patients to similar age controls and to late life unipolar subjects drawn from our Clinical Research Center for Depression in the Elderly. This research is likely to be valuable in developing an understanding of the psychobiology of bipolar disorder and could lead to improving diagnosis and management of late life bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ADHERENCE
BIPOLAR
DISORDER,
SUBJECTIVITY
AND
TREATMENT
Principal Investigator & Institution: Sajatovic, Martha; Psychiatry; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 2-SEP-2003; Project End 1-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): is designed to refine clinical training and research expertise in the area of personal factors among men and women with bipolar disorder (BPD) that are involved in treatment adherence. The research aim of this proposal includes a study to examine how symptoms, gender, psychosocial supports, and locus of control contribute to illness behavior in BPD, as well as assessing the interaction between illness behavior in BPD and adherence to treatment in men and women with BPD. The research projects emphasize novel applications of health services technology to the area of treatment of BPD, and are designed to complement each other in that they include subjects treated in both community and academic settings, assess the wide spectrum of BPD manifestation (including rapid cycling illness), and obtain data utilizing both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Project one is a prospective study utilizing a multidimensional measurement design to examine the relationships between symptoms, gender, psychosocial supports, locus of control, illness behavior in BPD, and treatment adherence in men and women with BPD being treated with mood stabilizing medications. The project will identify factors that promote adherence in patients with BPD, and evaluate the role of specific indices of illness behavior in BPD as it affects treatment adherence. A second project focuses on identification and assessment of key
10 Bipolar Disorder
features of illness behavior and treatment adherence among men and women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder, a high-risk sub-population of individuals with 9ipolar illness. Project two is an exploratory, cross-sectional study, which will emphasize the use of a qualitative, anthropological instrument to systematically explore nuances of illness behavior in BPD as they relate to adherence. The proposal also includes a strong training component. Close supervision is provided by Co-mentors from Case Western Reserve University, Janis Jenkins, Ph.D., Professor of Anthropology, and Joseph Calabrese, MD, Professor of Psychiatry. The proposal includes frequent consultation with national experts in bipolar disorder, applied health services research, research ethics and treatment adherence, as well as formal coursework in statistics and research design. The candidate is thus assured a sound base of knowledge and practical research experience with clinical, qualitative and quantitative methods required for her research career in studying critical personal factors among individuals with bipolar disorder which affect both treatment adherence, and ultimately, treatment outcome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN ABNORMALITIES IN ADOLESCENT BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Delbello, Melissa P. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Pe; Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-JAN-2002; Project End 1-DEC-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This NIMH Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development application is to support Dr. Melissa DelBello's long-term career objective of developing expertise integrating innovative neuroimaging techniques and longitudinal outcome studies to understand the neurodevelopment of Bipolar Disorder (BPD). The candidate's previous training is in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) morphometric analyses and the phenomenology of BPD. One limitation of previous neuroimaging studies has been inadequate assessment of illness course, thereby limiting the interpretability of imaging findings. Therefore, in order to achieve her career goals and maximize the clinical interpretability of the imaging data, the candidate proposes to gain expertise integrating longitudinal outcome studies, functional MRI (fMRI), statistical analyses, and the ethical conduct of research by participating in course work, didactic readings, mentoring, and experiential learning activities, which complement the proposed research activities. BPD is a common, life-long, progressive disease that typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Two of the cardinal symptoms of BPD are dysfunction of attention and emotional regulation. Anterior limbic brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, striatum, amygdala, and cerebellar vermis have been shown to modulate attention and emotional processes. Previous neuroimaging studies, reports of secondary mania, and pilot work, have implicated abnormalities in anterior limbic brain regions in the neurophysiology of BPD. Therefore, the candidate's short-term goal is to apply fMRI in conjunction with longitudinal assessments to clarify the neurophysiological basis for attentional and emotional dysfunction in adolescents with BPD. We hypothesize that anterior limbic abnormalities underlie the attentional and emotional dysfunction in adolescents with BPD. Moreover, we hypothesize that abnormalities in anterior limbic brain regions are associated with increased mood cycling and poor illness outcome. These hypotheses will be examined by studying fMRI regional brain activation associated with tasks of attention and facial affect recognition in adolescents with BPD. Additionally, we will assess structural brain abnormalities in first-hospitalization manic BPD adolescents and associated outcome. The proposed
Studies 11
integrated research and training programs, together with the productive research environments of the Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders Research Program at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Children's Hospital Medical Center's Imaging Research Center, will foster the candidate's development into an independent investigator in the field of the neurodevelopment of BPD. The research conducted will advance our understanding of the neurophysiology of BPD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BRAIN ANATOMIC MRI IN CHILDHOOD BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Frazier, Jean A.; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1998; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): The goal of this Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award (K08) is to permit the Candidate to develop into an independent clinical investigator by pursuing a program of training and supervised clinical research in brain anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of childhood bipolar disorder. Despite the well documented morbidity and dysfunction of childhood BPD, the disorder remains one of the most controversial topics in child psychopathology and as a consequence, among the least researched child psychiatric disorders. This controversy is largely nosological. There is no disagreement that these children exist. Yet, it is the absence of adequate scientific data on childhood BPD that has generated a vicious cycle of skepticism and absence of research. A leading factor that complicates the diagnosis of BPD in children is the frequent comorbidity with ADHD. The critical question is whether these children have ADHD, BPD or both disorders. The resolution of this question has important clinical implications. To this end, the applicant proposes a morphometric study aimed at disentangling the comorbidity of childhood BPD with ADHD. Four samples, consisting of twenty 6-16 year old children, will be studied: 1) children with both ADHD and BPD 2) children with ADHD, 3) children with BPD, and 4) healthy volunteers. The study tests four competing hypotheses to determine whether children with BPD+ADHD have morphometric findings, in conjunction with clinical correlates that are similar to children with ADHD, or children with BPD, or with children with both ADHD and BPD, or if they have unique findings. If funded, the proposed work will fill two gaps in the research literature: it will be 1) the largest neuroimaging study of childhood BPD and 2) the first MRI study that tests hypotheses about the relationship between ADHD and BPD. By shedding light on the nosologic debate, this work will have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of these children. In addition, the Candidate will train in Clinical Research Methods in Child Psychiatry (20 percent effort) under the sponsorship of Joseph Biederman, M.D. (comentor), Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Verne Caviness, M.D. (co-mentor), Professor of Pediatric Neurology at Harvard Medical School, allowing her to master the methodology of morphometric studies in childhood BPD, emphasizing the assessment of psychopathology in the children and the evaluation of their MRI scans. Dr. Stephen Faraone, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, will serve as a consultant regarding data base management and data analysis and regarding Formal Didactic Training (20 percent effort) in biostatistics courses at the Harvard School of Public Health. By allowing the Candidate to focus time and energy on acquiring the necessary skills, the Award is an important step in her goal to pursue independent research in neuroimaging of childhood mania. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
12 Bipolar Disorder
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Project Title: BRAIN INTEGRITY IN CHILDREN AT RISK FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Jak, Amy J. Psychology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 4-MAR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness associated with emotional dysregulation and cognitive impairments. Research suggests that development of BPD has a genetic component and that prefrontal cortical function is strongly implicated in both the emotional and cognitive symptoms of BPD. There is evidence of morphometric abnormalities in the frontal lobes of those with BPD and even in children at familial risk (AR) to develop BPD. To date, no published research has examined in detail the frontal lobe integrity of AR children. The primary goal of this project is to determine what specific prefrontal subregions are morphometrically different in AR children as compared to healthy control (HC) children, whether there are differential gray vs. white matter volumes between the groups, and whether AR children with mood syndromes display a different or more severe pattern of morphometric abnormalities. It is hypothesized that the AR children will demonstrate reduced prefrontal subregion volumes overall with decreased gray matter proportions as compared to HC children, and that AR children with mood syndromes will evidence more pronounced abnormalities. Understanding morphometric abnormalities present in AR children will provide important developmental information regarding the integrity of the brain regions implicated in the development of BPD, will better guide efforts to understand the neuropathology of BPD, and may suggest more focused interventions for the behavioral and cognitive symptoms of this disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COLLABORATIVE GENOMIC STUDY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Reich, Theodore; Professor of Psychiatry and Genetics; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) Bipolar affective disorder is a severe heritable condition affecting about one percent of the population. The mode of inheritance is poorly understood and probably involves multiple loci of small to moderate effect. Genetic linkage studies have not been robust although some reports of linkage have been replicated several times. The NIMH began a national archival database for search of linked genes in this condition in 1988. Its purpose was to collect a large sample of interviews and cell line from families suitable for linkage and association studied. Four centers participated in the initiative: Indiana University, John Hopkins University, Washington University of St. Louis, and the NIMH Intramural Program. A new structured polydiagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), was developed and field-tested. Ascertainment was begun in 1992 to identify Bipolar I (BPI) probands with a BPI or Schizoaffective, Bipolar type (SA/BP) first degree relative. Two hundred and forty=three families have been enrolled int he program including 1025 affected subjects. Twenty one hundred sixty five structured interviews have been given and 2097 immortalized cells lines have been cryopreserved. A genomic survey has been completed on 540 subjects selected from 97 families and eight candidate areas for linkage have been identified, some supporting previous findings. These cell lines and related clinical information has been publicly
Studies 13
released. A follow-up sample is presently being genotyped, with particular attention to areas of interest identified in the original survey. It is proposed to extend the present study through families identified by a BPI-BPI sib pair at eight sites (Indiana, Washington University of St. Louis, Johns Hopkins, University of Pennsylvania, University of California, San Diego University of Utah, University of Chicago, and University of Iowa). A total of 450 new families and 2500 cell lines and interviews over the next four years will be added. This sample will be used to confirm and extend present findings of linkage, to narrow the implicated regions, and to test candidate genes. Genotypes will be shared with a consortium of investigators studying linkage in bipolar illness. Cell lines and interview data will be made freely available to the scientific community. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: COLLABORATIVE PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER CONFERENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Biederman, Joseph; Chief; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-FEB-2003; Project End 1-JAN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): We are proposing a multi-year conference grant which seeks to establish a forum for researchers to pursue collaborative studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. This application was conceived in response to a recent roundtable discussion convened by the NIMH's Director, Dr. Steve Hyman, in collaboration with the Developmental Psychopathology and Prevention Research Branch and the Child and Adolescent Treatment and Preventive Intervention Research Branch. Despite controversy, the notion that pediatric bipolar disorder is exceedingly rare has been challenged by case reports and emerging research findings that suggest that this disorder may not be rare but, rather, that it is difficult to diagnose. It is also quite clear that, despite debate over nosological issues, many clinicians recognize that a sizable number of children suffer from a severe form of psychopathology associated with extreme irritability, violence, and incapacitation that is highly suggestive of bipolar disorder. Since a sizable clinical population currently exists for which relatively little systematic information is available, efforts that increase the pace and utility of research are desperately needed. Thus, an appropriate mechanism designed to facilitate regular communication among investigators and clinicians is needed as a first step to build collaborative research and guide clinical efforts that will foster a more efficient and streamlined approach to the understanding and treatment of this perplexing disorder. The main aim of the proposed conference grant is to overcome the hurdles to collaboration by establishing yearly conferences among investigators studying pediatric bipolar disorder. Subgoals of these conferences are: (1) to define the boundaries of the bipolar spectrum phenotype and determine if children who technically meet criteria for bipolar disorder actually have this disorder or are affected with another condition. (2) to standardize data collection methods across different centers to facilitate pooling of diagnostic data and validation of the disorder; (3) to facilitate joint submissions of large collaborative projects that will enable the study of a broad spectrum of scientific questions including genetic, imaging and therapeutic protocols; and (4) to create a mechanism for pooling samples so that potential findings from one group may be crossvalidated on pooled data from other groups. Although scientific projects studying pediatric bipolar disorder are likely to be funded in the coming years, these efforts will likely take many years to unfold. This scientific void and ongoing diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties calls for immediate action to foster contact and dialogue among interested parties in the clinical and scientific community. While the field faces a
14 Bipolar Disorder
dearth of information, more and more children and families are being referred to clinics for evaluation and treatment. Thus, steps that increase the identification of children with bipolar spectrum disorder and the development of initial therapeutic approaches to help them is of high clinical, scientific and public health importance. While the proposed conference does not intend to solve all outstanding problems associated with pediatric bipolar disorder, it will provide a forum to begin formulating a solution. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CONST OF ADDICTION RES CTR: SCHIZOPHRENIA, BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Infante, Anthony J. Professor; Pediatrics; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAY-2002; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The applicant requests $2,996,175 to build a dedicated two-floor research facility entitled "START Center" (17,225 sq. ft.) at the UTHSCSA. The START Center's mission is to provide an outstanding addiction and health disparities research and research training environment; in partnership with the Hispanic Center of Excellence; fusing collaborative neuroscience, behavioral, and community-based research into the underpinnings of addictive disorders; medication development to treat these disorders; and addressing minority health disparities in these disorders. Specifically, plans are to: 1) develop a centralized state-of-the-art research facility thereby forging increased interaction between scientists and increasing their productivity and efficiency; 2) provide contiguous animal and human laboratories for programmatic medications development, and increased understanding of mechanistic processes associated with both the disease states and the therapeutic medications; 3) provide biochemical and molecular genetics laboratories to support the pre-clinical and clinical neurobehavioral research, thereby inter-weaving research knowledge in these areas; 4) provide a state-of-the-art clinical research center for conducting large National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored studies with centralized core statistical, administrative, and research support; 5) expand the research training program of the Hispanic Center of Excellence at UTHSCSA through direct collaboration with START Center investigators; 6) expand community-based minority health and health disparities research pertaining to addictive disorders in partnership with the Hispanic Center of Excellence; and 7) enhance collaborative preclinical and clinical neuroimaging studies in the Research Imaging Center at UTHSCSA. The START Center's research addresses national needs in the areas of addiction and mental health. The START Center will greatly benefit the research goals of sixteen funded researchers at UTHSCSA with inadequate space who are currently housed at separate sites on campus. The START Center will enable recruitment of three new faculty critical to the development of the program. Consolidation of START Center investigators within this facility will benefit students, fellows, physicians, and other health workers including those affiliated with the Hispanic Center of Excellence. The Principal Investigator (PI) will be the Associate Dean for Research of the Medical School, Anthony J. Infante, M.D. The Project Coordinator will be Bankole A. Johnson, M.D., Ph.D. The University will contribute 50 percent of the projected costs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL SUBTYPES OF JUVENILE BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Wozniak, Janet;; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114
Studies 15
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-SEP-1997; Project End 0-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): This is an application for a Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award (K08) with a study focus on juvenile bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is one of the most incapacitating psychiatric illnesses and is associated with high rates of morbidity, disability, and suicidality. While it has been recognized since Kraepelinian times that bipolar disorder can have an onset in childhood, the scientific literature addressing its form in childhood and adolescence is scant. Preliminary work suggests that children with bipolar disorder present with severe irritability, mixed presentation with major depression, and chronic course. Impairment is severe and psychiatric hospitalization is common among these children. A leading source of diagnostic confusion in prepubertal mania is the high rate of comorbidity and symptomatic overlap with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because distractibility, impulsivity, hyperactivity and emotional lability can be present in both ADHD and bipolar disorder, the differential diagnosis can be difficult. The fact that children with BPD frequently meet criteria for ADHD has created several nosological questions: Are these children very severe cases of ADHD? Is their ADHD a misdiagnosis due to overlapping symptoms? Do they truly have both disorders? During the Award period, the candidate will pursue a Research Plan, undertaking comprehensive assessments of bipolar children, adolescents, and their family members in an effort to distinguish the course, characteristics and comorbidity of juvenile bipolar disorder. Based on pilot work, the candidate proposes to use a family-genetic study to test hypotheses about the nosological validity of BPD+ADHD as a distinct subtype of child psychiatric disorder. The candidate will assess and compare 50 children with BPD+ADHD (age<=12), 50 adolescents with BPD+ADHD, 50 adolescents having BPD w/o ADHD, and 50 non-BPD, non-ADHD pediatric controls, as well as the first degree relatives of each group. The candidate plans to directly interview children and adolescents with bipolar disorder in order to verify and describe the complex clinical picture and developmental variations associated with this diagnosis. In addition to the Research Plan, the candidate plans to pursue coursework and tutorials in research design, biostatistics, genetics, quality of care and quality of life research, and psychiatric epidemiology. This, in addition to mentoring and consultation with senior researchers in child, adolescent and adult psychiatry, will comprise an organized program of training and research aimed at furthering the candidate's personal development towards becoming an independent investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIRECTED FORGETTING IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Fleck, David E. Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: EXPRESSION OF GRK3 AND ASSOCIATION WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Barrett, Thomas B. Psychiatry; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-APR-2003; Project End 1-MAR-2008
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Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this K08 Award for Thomas Barrett, M.D., Ph.D., is to prepare the candidate to be an independent investigator in functional neurobiology and molecular genetics relevant to psychiatric disorders. He developed a strong foundation in molecular and cellular biology doing Ph.D. and fellowship work, then, six years ago began retraining to do basic psychiatric research. Career Development Plan: The candidate's goal is to prepare himself to be an academic researcher investigating the biological basis of bipolar disorder (BPD). His training objectives are designed to develop a strong foundation in analysis of gene function and the effect of variants, in molecular genetics, and in statistical genetics. Specific objectives are: 1. clinical study design, diagnosis, and ascertainment; 2. high throughput sequencing and genotyping, and bioinformatics; 3. experimental design and statistical analysis for positional cloning studies, especially linkage analysis and association studies; 4. the development of molecular and cellular assays to test for functional effects of candidate mutations, particularly promoter and enhancer analysis; 5. the analysis of candidate mutations that effect cell signaling systems. Research Plan: Genome-wide linkage scans suggest a susceptibility gene for BPD lies at or in the vicinity of the gene G protein receptor kinase-3 (GRK3) on chromosome 22. GRK3 desensitizes many G proteincoupled receptors. Preliminary data indicate that a variant in the promoter region of GRK3 is associated with BPD. Transmission disequilibrium analysis in two triad sets gave a combined p-value = 0.0019. The hypothesis that altered regulation of GRK3 results in hypersensitivity to neurotransmitter signaling and susceptibility to BPD will be tested. The candidate will reanalyze available data to substantiate linkage to the GRK3 region of ch22. Additional haplotypes in the implicated region will be identified and tested for association with disease. A cell culture expression vector system will be established to test putative regulatory variants for functional effect. Functional studies will be done to assess GRK3 expression, including allele-specific expression, in lymphoblastoid cell lines from subjects with BPD. By these means the candidate proposes to test if GRK3, or another gene if so identified, is a susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Pato, Carlos N. Professor and Director; Psychiatry; State University of New York at Buffalo 402 Crofts Hall Buffalo, Ny 14260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-AUG-1999; Project End 8-FEB-2002 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): The investigators will study a relatively genetically homogeneous population to test the hypotheses that genetic factors are linked to bipolar disorder. The study will focus on the population of the Azores, a nine island archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. The Azores have a centralized health system. All ten psychiatrists on the islands are collaborating with the investigators on this project. The investigators are currently funded to study schizophrenia in this same population and believe that it is critical to study all of the patients suffering with bipolar including over 300 affected family members. The pilot study has already identified 25 families with 84 affected members. A complementary strategy will be used to study candidate loci. They will study a sample of 225 subjects suffering from bipolar disorder and their parents (Total n=675) employing the haplotype relative risk and the transmission/disequilibrium test strategies. This strategy insures that the investigators control for all ancestry for each subject, using the uninherited haplotype derived from the two parents. The third sample will include all other Azorean patients with bipolar disorder in the Azores. This will be a valuable
Studies 17
sample for assessing the prevalence of any mutations that are identified in the population. These complementary strategies will allow them to cross validate any positive results. The careful diagnostic definition of phenotype will be based on detailed structured clinical data employing the diagnostic interview for genetic studies (DIGS), which they have translated into Portuguese. The project is designed to capture a very complete history of the patient's illness, as well as to be able to follow most subjects prospectively for a long period of time. This will be extremely valuable for achieving diagnostic certainty, and minimizing false positives. The Whitehead/MIT Center for Genome Research will perform a genome-wide scan and collaborate on all data analysis for the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Smoller, Jordan W. Assistant Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-MAY-2003; Project End 1-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This revised collaborative R01 application is designed to identify susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder (BD) by testing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across chromosomal regions previously linked to BD. Our proposal is an ancillary study to the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), a large treatment study involving approximately 5000 affected individuals. The sample will consist of consenting probands from STEP-BD (n = 1780), consenting family members, and a sample of unrelated controls. Because of its unprecedented size and longitudinal nature, STEP-BD provides a unique opportunity for the genetic dissection of BD. We will conduct the study in stages as follows: 1) perform a meta-analysis of available genome scans of BD to identify regions most likely to harbor susceptibility loci, 2) use pooled genotyping methods to test SNPs under these linkage peaks in a Screening Sample of 550 cases and 550 unrelated controls, 3) followup positive associations in a Family-Based Sample of 1361 nuclear families using familybased and haplotype analyses with a more focused and dense SNP map, and 4) perform secondary analyses to evaluate epitasis among associated loci and examine phenotypic subtypes. This proposal combines the advantages of systematic phenotyping and statistical power offered by the STEP-BD cohort together with innovative molecular and statistical genetic methods to permit rigorous evaluation of chromosomal regions most strongly implicated by prior linkage studies. The feasibility of this proposal has been further enhanced since the previous submission because NIMH will be separately funding the collection of DNA and phenotypic data from STEP-BD cases to establish a repository for the scientific community. Moreover, Dr. Nimgaonkar and Dr. Smoller (PIs for the current proposal) will be co-directing this effort on behalf of the STEP-BD study. Identification of liability genes would represent a major advance in understanding the pathophysiology of BD, and might guide the development of more effective and targeted treatments. An important dividend of this large study will be the expansion of the repository to include DNA data on relatives and on an independent sample of controls, thus facilitating future genetic studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GENETIC LINKAGE STUDIES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gershon, Elliot S. Chairman; Psychiatry; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 5-APR-2000; Project End 1-MAR-2004 Summary: This application is submitted under the Program Announcement "Collaborative Studies of Mental Disorders." The broad aims are to expand a unique, existing set of pedigrees and test candidate regions for linkage and association with bipolar disorder. For the Johns Hopkins site this represents a revised competing renewal application while for the University of Chicago site this is a new proposal. Together we propose to double the existing family resource by ascertaining an additional 80 moderate-sized families through bipolar I probands with 2 or more siblings affected with recurrent major affective disorders. All participants will be interviewed by trained psychiatrists who have established excellent inter-rater reliability. Diagnoses will be assigned by 2 non-interviewing psychiatrists who review all clinical data. This sample has already proven to be of considerable value to the field. Among clinical findings that have spawned new research directions are our reports of anticipation, parent-of-origin effects, a high prevalence of BPII among the close relatives of the bipolar I probands, and high rates of comorbid panic disorder in a subset of families. This sample provided the first support for previous evidence of linkage to the peri-centromeric region of chromosome 18, the first evidence of linkage to 18q, and the first molecular evidence for a parent-of-origin effect in bipolar disorder. Findings from prospective studies of the 2nd half of this sample demonstrate strikingly high allele-sharing between bipolar II sib pairs at several loci in 18q2l. Exploratory analyses of co- morbid panic disorder and alcoholism have also suggested methods for predicting heterogeneity between bipolar families. In addition to collecting more families, we propose to genotype the existing and additional family sets at candidate regions implicated by a recent genome-wide scan for linkage that has been completed on 68 pedigrees from this sample. We further propose to use standard and innovative linkage and association methods to extract the maximal genetic information needed to locate genes influencing susceptibility to bipolar disorder. This is the most carefully clinically assessed family set in the field. The studies generated from this family resource have already demonstrated its value and have provided testable hypotheses for further work. The enlargement, continued maintenance, and analysis of this unique family resource is important to the field and will form the basis for many future studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: GENOME SEARCH:LOCI LINK TO FAMILIAL MENTAL HEALTH WELLNESS:BIPOLAR DISORDER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: I Ginns, Edward;; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci and their corresponding molecular products have turned out to be highly polymorphic and functionally complex. Class I molecules not only serve as peptide receptors, but also interact with 2-microglobulin, an ` T cell receptor, CD8 and NK inhibitory molecules, all at different sites. The fact that more than 300 class I alleles have now been defined prompted us to ask the question of where polymorhpism really occurs in a class I molecule. We have used a database of 272 HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles to illustrate how extensive the polymorphism is. Comparison of alleles and allele families have been carried out for the facilitation of studies of class I structure and function. This study is now complete. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 19
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Project Title: GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC STUDIES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Escamilla, Michael A. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1997; Project End 1-DEC-2002 Summary: This proposal is for a career development award to allow the candidate to continue his studies Of linkage strategies to locate genes associated with bipolar disorder (BP) and to better define the phenotype(s) associated with BP predisposition genes. The award will provide support for the candidate as he develops expertise in the methodology and statistical apprOaches necessary to pursue these projects. The principal mentOr will be Dr. Nelson Freimer, in whose laboratory at UCSF several linkage and positional cloning projects are now underway. Methodologies to be learned during this periOd include the use Of autOmated technOlogy for genome screening and statistical approaches to identifying genes associated with bipolar disorder in isolated populations. Dr. Lodewijk Sandkuiijl will serve as a collaborator on developing statistical methods for linkage disequilibrium analysis. The source of the data for these studies will be samples drawn from pedigree studies of BP and a separate linkage disequilibrium study of BP, both selected from the isolated Costa Rican population. High risk haplotypes for severe BP have already been identified in many of these subjects, and the candidate will learn skills for fine mapping and mutation analysis using these samples. Environmental factors which may interact with the course and severity of BP, such as drug and alcohol use, will be evaluated in both subjects from the pedigree studies and the linkage disequilibrium studies of BP. In the latter stages of this proposal, DNA from a sample of BP patients will be drawn from clinics in the San Francisco area to serve as a source for studying mutations that may be identified first in the Costa Rican population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: GLUCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA AND BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Li, Xiaohua; Psychiatry & Behav Neurobiol; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-APR-2003; Project End 1-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will study the regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, its modulation by mood stabilizers and its potential role in bipolar disorder. The five-year plans to enable the candidate to develop into an independent psychiatric investigator to conduct translational research in bipolar disorder. The project provides extensive training in new research skills, including studying transcription factors and gene expression, using gene microarray techniques, and conducting clinical research. The central hypothesis for the research is that abnormal functioning of GSK3beta plays a role in the development of bipolar disorder. The hypothesis is based on the recent evidence that bipolar disorder may involve impaired neural plasticity and neural degeneration, and GSK3beta, a protein kinase with multiple regulatory functions in neuronal tissues, is a major intracellular target of the mood stabilizer lithium. Our preliminary results also indicate that three mood stabilizers have modulatory effects on GSK3beta. Three Specific Aims will be pursued to test the central hypothesis and accomplish the overall objective of this application. Specific Aim 1 will determine the role of GSK3beta in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) transcription factor activity and its modulation by mood stabilizers. BDNF-mediated
20 Bipolar Disorder
signaling and CREB will be studied because they are components of a neural-specific signaling system that appears to be impaired in mood disorders. Specific Aim 2 will determine the role of GSK3beta in BDNF-induced gene expression and its modulation by mood stabilizers. Gene expression will be studied because it is thought to be impaired in bipolar disorder and is modified by treatment with mood stabilizers. This hypothesis will be tested by measuring gene expression using gene microarray. The Specific Aims 1 and 2 provide training in studies of regulation of transcription factors and gene expression to obtain new skills in molecular biology, which is an important training component of this application. Specific Aim 3 will measure GSK3beta activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with bipolar disorder before and after treatment with lithium. This Specific Aim has a clinical research component to bridge the clinical and basic studies, and to facilitate the candidate's development of skills in translational research. The proposed research is innovative, because it will identify the role of GSK3beta in the development of bipolar disorder. The proposed research is expected to have a significant impact on understanding the pathophysiology and improving the treatment of bipolar disorder. At the completion of these studies, the candidate will have established a solid background in molecular biology techniques and clinical research enabling her to be an independent psychiatric researcher who possesses the ability to use molecular biology techniques to answer clinical questions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: HETEROGENEITY OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Pulver, Ann E. Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-DEC-1998; Project End 0-NOV-2003 Summary: Bipolar disorders are frequent and disabling expression and unknown etiology. They are disorders of mood that can be manifested with a variety of symptoms including psychosis. Little is known about the causes of bipolar disorder but there is convincing evidence that both genetic and environmental factors play some role in the etiology of bipolar disorder. The mechanism is not known. Most investigators believe that bipolar disorders are etiologically heterogeneous and some believe that they may share some susceptibility genes with schizophrenia. The long term objective of this research is to localize and characterize genes of importance to Bipolar Disorders and to test the hypothesis that bipolar disorders share some genetically determined susceptibility with some form of schizophrenia. This will be achieved through molecular genetic approaches (i.e., linkage analysis and linkage disequilibrium studies using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers). Understanding the factors that contribute to the susceptibility of these disorders may benefit affected individuals and their relatives. Identification of the genes involved may provide new targets for the development of medications to ameliorate these disorders. It has been previously shown that genetically more homogenous populations provide certain advantages to the identification of susceptibility genes. In the effort described in this application, we aim to use the unique genetic structure of the Ashkenazi Jewish population to enable a genetic dissection of bipolar disorders. The specific aims of the proposal are as follows: 1) to recruit and evaluate a sample of 200 Ashkenazi Jewish families with at least two affected siblings and at least one parent willing to participate (Sib Pair Panel); 2) to recruit and evaluate an independent sample of 300 Ashkenazi Jewish patients who are diagnosed as having bipolar disorder and whose parents are willing to participate (Trio Panel). DNA will be isolated and lymphocytes will be isolated, frozen and stored for individuals in both the Sib Pair and Trio Panels; 3) to complete a genome wide scan at a
Studies 21
resolution of 10 cM using well-mapped highly polymorphic loci in the Sib-Pair Panel to detect new susceptibility loci; 4) to perform follow-up genotyping in the Trio Panel to create a denser map in the 10 regions identified in the genome scan to have the most evidence for a susceptibility gene for bipolar disorders; 5) to maintain contact with these families so follow-up may be possible in the future, and 6) to make this unique clinical resource available to other investigators pursuing this goal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: IN VIVO STUDIES OF THE PI PATHWAY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Soares, Jair C. Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-MAY-2000; Project End 0-APR-2002 Summary: The candidate is an Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. He is proposing a career development plan designed to acquire additional clinical skills, and research skills in platelet membrane neurochemistry and neurochemical brain imaging with in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). These skills will be used to investigate in vivo the intracellular phosphatidylinositol (PI) pathway, and examine the hypothesis of a dysfunction in this pathway in bipolar disorder patients. The PI pathway may be dysfunctional in bipolar disorder, and this may be an important mechanism underlying its pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of action of lithium and other treatments for this condition. Thirty unmedicated patients meeting criteria for bipolar type I according to DSM-IV (10 manic, 10 depressed, and 10 euthymic), and 20 lithium-treated euthymic bipolar patients will be studied. As a comparison group, 20 age, sex, and educational-matched healthy controls will be recruited. Patients will provide blood samples for determination of platelet membrane phosphoinositides, which will be done with two-dimensional thin-layer chromotography followed by scanning laser densitometry. They will also undergo a 1.5 T proton MRS brain scan, which will allow the quantitation of myoinositol in a voxel placed in the anterior cingulate. The career development plan will prepare the candidate for a full-time clinical research career devoted to the investigation of possible neurobiological mechanisms implicated in causation of bipolar disorder, and the mechanisms of action for the treatment of this condition. It is designed to allow the candidate's transition into an independent career in patient-oriented research in this field. These activities may result in substantial contributions to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, and ultimately contribute to the development of new treatments for this condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LAMICTAL IN TREATMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Zisook, Sidney; Professor & Director; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, Ca 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
22 Bipolar Disorder
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Project Title: LARGE SCALE ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Sklar, Pamela B.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 1-MAY-2002; Project End 0-APR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): A strong genetic basis for bipolar disorder has been demonstrated by family and twin studies, yet classical genetic linkage analyses have yet to define relevant loci. Thus, multiple genes, each conferring a moderate increase in risk may underlie susceptibility to this disorder. We propose using large-scale association studies (of the transmission disequilibrium design) to identify alleles conferring increased risk for bipolar disease. This approach is complementary to linkage analyses and takes advantage of data from linkage analyses. We hypothesize that certain areas which have yielded linkage signals in three or more whole genome scans may harbor disease alleles of moderate individual impact, but of large potential population impact. Thus, we will focus on genes/SNPs from these areas. Additionally, in selecting further genes for our association studies, we will take into account biochemical and mRNA expression studies that are beyond the scope of this grant, but which will likely identify additional interesting genes to genotype. Thus, triangulating on candidate genes using knowledge obtained from linkage analysis, biochemical and expression studies is a promising approach to identifying risk alleles for bipolar disease. We have developed a robust, inexpensive genotyping method, have gained access to extensive, patient-parent trios, will benefit from the analytical and informatics expertise of the Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research and are therefore poised to proceed with a rationally designed, large-scale association study of bipolar disease which will include analyses of upwards of 2,000,000 genotypes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: LIFE STRESS & THE COURSE OF EARLY-ONSET BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Eunice Y. Psychology; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 0-SEP-2002; Project End 4-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Despite the benefits of pharmacotherapy for earlyonset bipolar disorder, bipolar youths report high rates of relapse and poor psychosocial functioning. However, studies of early-onset bipolar disorder have not identified environmental variables that influence the course of the disorder. Based on studies with adults that indicate an important relationship between stress and bipolar disorder, and findings that adolescents experiencing high levels of stress are at increased risk for depressive episodes, this study proposes an exploratory, prospective examination of stress as a predictor of symptomatic and psychosocial outcome among bipolar youths. A total of 40 adolescents with a bipolar I diagnosis will participate in assessments of stress, symptoms, and behavioral problems at 3-month intervals for 12 months. Youths reporting high levels of stress are expected to experience less improvement in bipolar symptoms and behavior problems over time, compared to adolescents reporting low levels of stress. Types of stressors will also be examined to identify key targets for psychosocial interventions. Chronic stressors are expected to have a more prominent role in predicting symptoms and behavioral problems than episodic stressful events. Family-related stressors are expected to have a stronger influence on symptom fluctuations over one year than school and peer-related stressors. Findings will suggest
Studies 23
future directions for understanding the types of stressors that influence the cycling of early-onset bipolar disorder, and the causal mechanisms involved. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: LITHIUM RESPONSIVE BIPOLAR DISORDER AND CNS MYO INOSITOL Principal Investigator & Institution: Glitz, Debra A. Clinician-Educator; Psychiatry & Behav Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-AUG-1999; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: Bipolar Affective Disorder (BD) is a common, severe, chronic and lifethreatening illness. The discovery of lithium's efficacy revolutionized the treatment of patients with BD, and after more than two decades, lithium continues to be the mainstay of treatment. The effect on the broader community has been highlighted by one estimation that the use of lithium saved the United States US4 billion dollars in a recent year period, by reducing associated medical costs and restoring productivity. However, despite its role as one of psychiatry's most important treatments, lithium's mechanisms of action remain to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that a significant number of patients respond poorly to lithium therapy, with an estimated 20 percent to 40 percent failing to show an adequate therapeutic response to lithium. Studies such as these indicate two important and highly clinically relevant directions for future research: firstly, the need to better identify patients likely to respond to lithium treatment, and secondly, the necessity to develop more effective treatment regimens. The most widely accepted hypothesis underlying lithium's therapeutic efficacy is the inositol depletion hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that lithium produces a relative depletion of myo-inositol (mI) in critical areas of brain and it is this depletion of a major precursor of the phosphoinositide second messenger system which ultimately results in its therapeutic effects. Despite the attractiveness of the inositol depletion hypothesis, it has never been investigated in BD patients. Thus, there is a clear need to determine if lithium reduces the levels of mI critical brain regions of individuals with BD, and if individual differences in susceptibility to lithium-induced CNS mI reductions represent major factors determining resistance or sensitivity to lithium's therapeutic effects. The proposed research will utilize non-invasive proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technology to determine if lithium treatment alters regional mI concentrations in the human brain. In addition, the research will determine if alterations in brain mI levels are associated with responsiveness to lithium's antidepressants effects. This research offers the potential not only to facilitate in the identification of patients most likely to respond to lithium treatment, but may also facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MAINTENANCE THERAPIES IN BIPOLAR DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frank, Ellen; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUN-1977; Project End 0-NOV-2002 Summary: The primary goal of this investigation is to examine the additive prophylactic potential of an individual psychotherapy based on interpersonal and social rhythm principles in bipolar I patients maintained on lithium carbonate. An adaptation of maintenance interpersonal psychotherapy, this intervention takes into account the specific vulnerabilities, symptoms, and interpersonal problem areas associated with
24 Bipolar Disorder
bipolar disorder. Acutely ill patients in a manic or depressed episode are randomly assigned to either individual psychotherapy or medication clinic visits in addition to appropriate pharmacotherapy. Patients who stabilize (HRSD and Bech- Rafaelsen < 7 for four weeks) are then randomly assigned to preventative treatment with either individual psychotherapy or medication clinic visits in addition to pharmacotherapy. Thus, patients in this study will receive one of four possible treatment strategies: 1) preliminary phase psychotherapy followed by preventative phase psychotherapy; 2) preliminary phase medication clinic visits followed by preventative phase medication clinic visits; 3) preliminary phase psychotherapy followed by preventative phase medication clinic visit; or 4) preliminary phase medication clinic visits followed by preventative phase psychotherapy. Those patients who experience a relapse (during the initial twelve weeks of the preventative phase) or a recurrence (after week 12 of the preventative phase) will be treated with appropriate pharmacotherapy and continued in psychotherapy or medication clinic visits as dictated by their original randomization assignment. These patients will then be followed for the remainder of what would have been their time in the protocol had they remained well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR AND POPULATION GENETICS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Freimer, Nelson B. Professor and Director; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1996; Project End 0-APR-2006 Summary: (Investigator's abstract): This application is for competitive renewal of an NIMH Research Scientist Development Award. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) is the nominating institution and the site of most of the planned research and career development activities. The chief objective of the proposal is to foster the continued development of the P1 as an investigator working at the boundary between molecular human genetics and psychiatry. The P1's laboratory is mainly focused on the use of molecular and population genetics approaches to identify the chromosomal location of genes responsible for bipolar disorder (BP), to clone these genes and then to characterize their function. The proposal outlines these objectives and the plans for achieving them. The new goals represent a natural extension of those enunciated in the current award, and are based on developments in human genetics and genomics, as a whole, but particularly on work accomplished in the PI's laboratory during the past four years. Identifying genes responsible for BP will lead to reevaluation of the diagnostic categories that are currently in place for mood disorders. Mapping and cloning BP genes will be of great scientific significance and will likely also have important implications for clinical practice. The proposed population genetics studies aimed mainly at understanding factors governing the detection of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the genome and on improving the methods available for LD analysis, will yield information that may be valuable in mapping loci for BP as well as other psychiatric disorders. Additionally, the P1's laboratory has developed a new project focused on pharmacogenetic studies of neurotransmitter transporter genes. The goal of these studies is to systematically identify sequence variants in these genes and then to determine if such variants are associated with treatment response to or side effects from psychopharmacologic agents, in particular antidepressant drugs. These studies may lead to more focused used of such agents in clinical practice. Some of the projects proposed in this application will be carried out in collaboration with
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investigators who have already contributed to the P1's development as a scientist, while other proposed projects will be carried out with new collaborators. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Baron, Miron; Psychiatry; Columbia University Health Sciences Ogc New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1998; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract) This proposal is in response to RFA 98-010 entitled "Molecular Genetics of Mental Disorders," a research initiative based on recommendations of the National Advisory Mental Health Council and the NIMH Genetics Workgroup. The broad objective of the proposed research is to detect and localize susceptibility loci for bipolar and related mood disorders. This goal will be attained through a genome-wide search for linkage between the disease and marker loci in a large sample of multiplex pedigrees. The investigators propose a two-site international project is to collect the pedigree sample. Specifically, it is proposed to (1) collect a sample of 300 pedigrees, including about 400 affected sib pairs with bipolar I disorder and 60 to 75 extended high- density pedigrees; (2) evaluate subjects clinically using the DIGS and FIGS interviews, and obtain best estimate clinical diagnoses based on interview, family history, and medical records; (3) obtain blood samples from subjects informative for linkage analysis, for DNA extraction and creation of cell lines; (4) conduct a 10cM genome scan with 377 microsattelite markers; (5) analyze the clinical and genotypic data for evidence of linkage using various statistical methods; and (6) based on the linkage results, identify candidate genomic regions for further study. About 1,500 subjects will be studied. The investigators will make available to the scientific community the clinical and biological data to facilitate efforts to map and clone the disease genes. Long-term goals will include the identification and characterization of the disease genes using a gamut of molecular techniques; elucidation of geneenvironment, interaction, and characterization of cases with linked genes to identify and define homogenous subsets of the disorder. These long-term objectives will be considered in a renewal application. The availability of a unique series of pedigrees, coupled with recent advances in diagnostic procedures, molecular genetics techniques and linkage analysis methods, bode well for unraveling the genetic mechanisms that underlie some forms of bipolar disorder. This, in turn, may have important implications for the etiology, nosology, pathophysiology and, possibly, prevention and treatment of this disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Chen, Haiming; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JUL-2003; Project End 0-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This mentored research scientist career development award (K01) proposal is a four-year plan to enable the candidate to develop into an independent investigator in the field of psychiatric genetics. This proposal provides for extensive development of his skills in bioinformatics, gene array technology, and SNPbased linkage disequilibrium (LD) studies. These short-term career goals will be accomplished through formal course work, extensive mentorship in a collaborative environment, and implementation of a research plan that will form the basis of a larger
26 Bipolar Disorder
body of research aimed at investigating the molecular genetics of bipolar disorder. Mentorship will be provided by Dr. Christopher A. Ross, Director of the Division of Neurobiology in the Department of Psychiatry, and Dr. Melvin G. Mclnnis, Director of the George Browne Genetics Laboratory. Dr. J. Raymond DePaulo, Jr., Director of the Department of Psychiatry will continue to provide expert consultation in clinical practice and psychiatric genetic analysis. Drs. Aravinda Chakravarti, Terri Beaty, Jonathan Pevsner, and Forrest Spencer will provide expert consultation in bioinformatics, LD and microarray analysis. Dr. Francis McMahon, Chief, Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, NIMH, will provide facilities and assistance in SNP genotyping technology. The didactic training will be complemented by the proposed research project, which is designed to test the hypothesis that gene variations underlie susceptibility to bipolar disorder. This hypothesis has been supported through twin, adoption, and family studies and by recent reports of linkage to a number of regions in the human genome. This project will take advantage of the valuable bipolar disorder family data set that has been compiled under the direction of Dr. DePaulo, and showed strong linkage to the region of 18q21-22. The specific aims are 1). To develop a custom gene array specific to the 18q21-22 region for expression profiling and identification of genes with altered expression and/or splicing variances in BPD; 2). To identify by use of microarray analysis the genes with altered expression in postmortem brain and fresh blood samples from patients with BPD, and to use the more accurate RT-PCR analysis to verify significant findings in array experiments; 3). To identify and genotype SNPs in 18q21-22 in bipolar pedigrees, and to test for allelic or haplotype associations with BPD using LD analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MRSI OF FRONTOSUBCORTICAL CIRCUITS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Deicken, Raymond F.; Northern California Institute Res & Educ San Francisco, Ca 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-APR-2001; Project End 1-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Developing evidence strongly suggests that bipolar disorder involves localized abnormalities in specific brain structures that participate in fronto-limbic-subcortical circuits regulating mood. The specific structures include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala hippocampus, and cerebellum. There is clearly a need for systematic study of these structures in bipolar disorder to determine the magnitude and extent of regional neuropathology, which may be too subtle to reliably detect by present quantitative MRI measurements of tissue volume alterations. Subtle neuronal loss or damage has been shown to be readily detectable by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS I) measures of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a neuronal and axonal marker and a reliable indicator of neuronal integrity. Therefore, this proposal will utilize high resolution MRI together with 'H MRSI to determine if there is reduced NAA, with or without tissue volume loss, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, and cerebellar vermis in bipolar disorder. MRI derived tissue volumes will be utilized together with NAA and choline measures to make preliminary inferences about regional neuropathologic changes such as neuronal dysfunction, neuronal loss (with or without gliosis), developmental hypoplasia, and synaptic/dendritic pruning failure. Second, this proposal will examine NAA measures in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and white matter signal hyperintensities (WMSH) of the prefrontal white, subcortical, and periventricular white matter regions.
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White matter NAA reductions will be interpreted as evidence for axonal loss or dysfunction and evidence for compromised integrity of white matter pathways. Third, this proposal will determine if there is increased NAA. with or without increased tissue volumes, in the thalamus and amygdala in bipolar disorder. Increased NAA and/or increased tissue volumes will be interpreted as evidence for possible increased neuronal number or interneuronal neuropil. Fourth, this proposal will determine if the magnitude and/or extent of regionally specific NAA alterations is different in bipolar I compared to bipolar II disorder. Finally, this proposal will determine if longer illness duration and greater illness severity (defined as a greater number of lifetime hospitalizations for mania or depression) result in more severe brain pathology as measured by the magnitude of regionally specific NAA alterations. Determining whether the neuropathology in different brain regions is a result of progressive damage to the brain over time will have important implications for treatment interventions in binpolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: NEUROCOGNITION IN CHILDREN AT RISK FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Shear, Paula K. Psychology; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-DEC-2002; Project End 0-NOV-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): This revised NIMH Small Grant (R03) Award application is to support a preliminary investigation of executive functioning ability in children genetically at risk to develop bipolar disorder (BPD). BPD in children and adolescents is increasingly recognized as a common disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. It has been suggested that children with BPD may have a strong genetic vulnerability to develop this disorder and also may exhibit a particularly virulent form of the disorder. In addition to their mood symptoms, there is strong evidence that patients with BPD demonstrate cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, a small number of reports suggest that cognitive deficits are evident in adults and children who are at genetic risk for BPD but who, at the time of evaluation, have not developed mood syndromes. Cognitive deficits are of direct clinical relevance because they are known to be associated with impairment in completing activities required for successful everyday functioning, including academic and vocational activities. In addition, cognitive dysfunction in individuals who are genetically at risk for BPD has strong theoretical importance because it may provide information about inherited features of mood syndromes, inform theories about the neurophysiological basis of mood disorders, and may potentially be evaluated in the future as one marker that could contribute to the early detection of individuals who are at the strongest risk of developing BPD. Previous work from our laboratory suggests that children at genetic risk for BPD have executive functioning deficits, including impairment in planning, problem-solving, and inhibition. The proposed study will compare the abilities of at-risk children who have mood syndromes, at-risk children without mood syndromes, and a control group of children of parents without a mood disorder on tests of specific component processes of executive functioning. A secondary aim of the study is examine, through parent and teacher ratings, whether children at risk for BPD with and without mood syndromes exhibit impairment in activities of daily living that are thought to be dependent on the integrity of executive functioning skills, and to examine the relationship between these functional deficits and performance on neuropsychological tests of executive ability. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF WORKING MEMORY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Adler, Caleb M. Psychiatry; University of Cincinnati 2624 Clifton Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45221 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-JAN-2003; Project End 1-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This NIMH Mentored Patient-Oriented Career Development (K23) Award application is to support Dr. Caleb M. Adler's developing expertise in neuroimaging and bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a common psychiatric illness accompanied by severe morbidity and mortality. Traditionally viewed as a cyclic illness with a return to baseline function between affective episodes, evidence suggests that bipolar disorder is associated with significant deficits in specific cognitive domains, particularly working memory. Neuroimaging studies in bipolar patients suggest dysfunction of structures associated with the "network" of brain regions involved in working memory. Consistent with these observations, working memory deficits are observed in bipolar patients across the affective spectrum, suggesting that these deficits represent a "core symptom" of bipolar disorder, rising out of the neurophysiology of the illness. The specific research supported by this award will involve studying neuronal activity associated with working memory inpatients with bipolar disorder and healthy volunteers. The candidate will use fMRI to study patterns of activation in bipolar patients and healthy volunteers while they are performing a series of working memory tasks increasing parametrically in difficulty. Both medicated and unmedicated bipolar patients will be enrolled. In addition to increasing understanding of the neurophysiology underlying working memory deficits in bipolar patients, the candidate seeks to improve our understanding of the effects of medication on activation patterns. A better understanding of this "core symptom" may help clarify the underlying neurophysiologic substrates of bipolar disorder, ultimately suggesting future treatment directions. As a follow-up protocol, the candidate will compare working memory-induced activation in bipolar patients during acute mood states with the previously obtained euthymic data. Working memory deficits are exacerbated in depression and mania; these comparisons may clarify changes in the neurophysiology of bipolar disorder during acute affective episodes. During the course of this K23 award, the candidate will obtain additional training in bipolar psychopathology, functional imaging techniques, cognitive testing and statistical analysis, as well as research ethics. The candidate will integrate these skills with previous training and experience in other areas of functional imaging and clinical psychiatry in order to develop expertise in the investigation of the neurophysiology of bipolar disorder. At the conclusion of this award, the candidate will be well positioned to function as an independent investigator extending this work using other cognitive paradigms and to further examine staterelated cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER PROPHYLAXIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Stoll, Andrew L. Assistant Professor; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-SEP-1999; Project End 1-JUL-2003 Summary: The purpose of the proposed clinical trial is to assess the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids (03FA) in preventing recurrence in patients with bipolar disorder, type 1. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil (a mixture of docosahexanoic (DHA) and eicosapentanoic (EPA) acids), are polyunsaturated lipids which inhibit intracellular
Studies 29
signal transduction in a manner comparable to lithium and divalproex, 2 drugs with efficacy in bipolar disorder. An initial 4 month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, addon study of 03FA treatment in 30 recently ill bipolar patients revealed that the omega-3 treated group had a significantly greater duration of remission compared to the placebo group (p = 0.002 Mantel-Cox). 03FA are non-toxic, essential dietary lipids, and there were few side-effects to the 03FA treatment. This initial indication of efficacy, combined with the need for safe and effective prophylactic treatments for bipolar disorder, warrant undertaking a larger and more rigorously designed 1-year prophylactic study, to be completed over a 3-4 year funding period. In the proposed 2-site primary study, 120 outpatients with bipolar disorder, type I, will be randomly assigned to receive addon treatment with 03FA or placebo, for one year. The primary goal of this study is to assess the prophylactic effects of 03FA in a cohort of bipolar patients with a relatively high risk of recurrence. In contrast to the pilot study, the proposed trial will tightly control the baseline clinical state and concurrent pharmacotherapy of the subjects to provide a more homogeneous bipolar population. This will be accomplished through a lead-in and stabilization phase where patients will be gradually shifted to receive a standardized regimen (lithium or divalproex). Only subjects who are euthymic or subsyndromal at the end of the lead-in period will be eligible for the 1-year prophylactic study. The following biological markers will be examined as measures of compliance with the study protocol and/or as possible predictors of response to 03FA: 1. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid content. 2. The niacin skin patch test (a possible marker of in vivo omega-3 fatty acid activity). 3. Preliminary development of methods to noninvasively measure the 03FA content in brain using C13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. If 03FA are indeed effective mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder, this project would provide additional evidence of aberrant signal transduction mechanisms in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, and may herald the advent of a new class of rationally designed mood stabilizing drugs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HIGH-RISK BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Oquendo, Maria A. Associate Clinical Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-2000; Project End 0-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This R01 application, based at New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYPSI) requests five years of support for a prospective, parallel group, double blind, random assignment treatment study of high-risk (previous suicide attempters) patients with Bipolar Disorder, who are in a mixed or depressed phase. This study will compare the effects of acute and maintenance treatment with lithium and valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior in these subjects. Subjects (N=280) will be well characterized in terms of Axis I and II diagnosis, psychopathology (measures of suicidal behavior including ideation and acts) and aggression and impulsivity. This study will have three distinct phases: an acute stabilization phase, a treatment continuation phase and a treatment maintenance phase. Upon study entry, subjects will be randomized to lithium or valproate. Depressed patients will be stabilized using paroxetine (or two other alternative antidepressants) and patients with psychosis or in a mixed state will receive olanzapine (or two other antipsychotics). Up to six months will be devoted to an acute stabilization phase. In the continuation phase subjects will be maintained on lithium or valproate and an antidepressant or antipsychotic for up to 6 months. The acute phase ends when patients have achieved at least two weeks of euthymia. During the 18 months maintenance phase, most subjects
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will be maintained on mood stabilizer alone. They have operationalized rescue procedures that will be available for patients with a recurrence of an episode. Over the course of the study, patients will be assessed for changes in psychopathology, mood symptoms, suicidal behavior, aggressive behavior and substance abuse. They predict that subjects on lithium will have less suicidal behavior, including completion, attempt or hospitalization for suicidal ideation than subjects on valproate and that this effect will be independent of mood stabilization. The project will test the following hypotheses: (1) Lithium treatment will be superior to valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior (suicidal acts or episodes of suicidal ideation with a plan that would require a change in treatment such as addition of a rescue medication or hospitalization). (2) The two treatment groups will not differ in terms of the total number of episodes of, or total duration in, a major depression or mixed mood states requiring commencement of a rescue medication over 18 months of the maintenance phase. (3) Lithium treatment will be superior to valproate in decreasing aggression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHENOMENOLOGY AND COURSE OF PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Geller, Barbara; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JAN-1995; Project End 5-MAY-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PKC SIGNALING AND THE TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kuhn, Donald M. Professor; Psychiatry & Behav Neuroscis; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-JUL-1998; Project End 0-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): BD, manic-depressive illness is a severe, chronic and disabling disorder with a life-time prevalence of 1.2 percent. The discovery of lithium's efficacy as a mood-stabilizing agent revolutionized the treatment of patients with BD, but, despite its role as one of psychiatry's most important treatments the biochemical basis for lithium's antimanic and mood-stabilizing actions remains to be fully elucidated. Elucidation of the mechanism(s) by which lithium stabilizes an underlying dysregulation of limbic and limbic-associated function also offers the potential to delineate the underlying etiology/pathophysiology of BD. A major problem inherent in neuropharmacologic research, however, is the difficulty in attributing therapeutic relevance to any observed biochemical finding. One potential approach to ascribe therapeutic relevance to any biochemical findings is to identify common biochemical targets which are modified by drugs belonging to the same therapeutic class but possessing distinct chemical structures (e.g., lithium and valproic acid (VPA)). A large body of data has shown that lithium exerts major effects on the PKC signaling pathway. Most of the data, however, has been derived from preclinical rodent studies, thereby precluding an adequate understanding of the therapeutic relevance of these biochemical findings. These studies indicate two important and highly clinically relevant directions for future research: first, it is important to determine if similar modulation of the PKC signaling pathway is also brought about by other pharmacological agents with proven efficacy in the treatment of BD such as VPA; and second, it is critical to ultimately elucidate the relationship between these biochemical
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changes and clinical response, which may lead to the identification of biochemical and/or genetic predictors of outcome. Thus, in this proposal, the investigator's specific aims are to: 1) Characterize the effects of VPA on the PKC signaling pathway in the brain. In order to ascribe potential therapeutic relevance to the biochemical findings, they will be investigated in parallel with lithium: a) in specific brain regions, and b) in a clinically meaningful temporal profile, namely acutely, chronically, following medication withdrawal, and medication re-administration. 2) Determine the relationship between the lithium or VPA-induced changes in the PKC signaling system in rat brain and in rat peripheral cells; ultimately the investigator wishes to determine the relationship between treatment-induced changes in the PKC signaling system and treatment response in BD patients. The demonstration of a relationship between the changes in the CNS and the periphery in rodents will allow for a subsequent investigation in BD patients. This is imperative because, in order to establish therapeutic relevance for any biochemical findings, it is necessary to demonstrate: a) that these biochemical effects do, in fact, occur in patients administered the pharmacological agents in a clinically relevant paradigm; and b) that there is a relationship between the biochemical changes and treatment response. Ultimately, elucidating the mechanisms by which lithium and VPA stabilize mood should improve the prospects for the development of more effective long-term treatments, and for the identification of biochemical predictors of treatment response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: POPULATION BASED MANAGEMENT OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Simon, Gregory G. Associate Clinical Investigator; Center for Health Studies 1730 Minor Ave, Ste 1600 Seattle, Wa 98101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-APR-1999; Project End 8-FEB-2003 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: PROSPECTIVE PREDICTORS OF BIPOLAR DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sanchez, Laura; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 9-SEP-1999; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): This Mentored Scientist Development Award for New Minority Faculty (MSDA/NMF) outlines a program of research to study neurodevelopmental factors in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BP). The candidate, Dr. Laura E. Sanchez, is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry who is board certified in both Adult and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and has completed an NIMH sponsored fellowship in child psychopharmacology. The University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia are well known for excellence in academic training and research in Psychiatry, Development, and Neuroscience. Dr. Tyrone Cannon, an established developmental psychologist with expertise in combining epidemiologic and high risk designs with neuroimaging techniques in the study of schizophrenia, will serve as Mentor. Dr. Cannon is an Associate Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry and P.I. of the Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Core of the Mental Health Clinical Research Center on Regional Brain Function in Schizophrenia at the University of Pennsylvania. The two studies proposed in this application attempt to begin to test a neurodevelopmental model for BP. The first study takes an epidemiologic approach and examines the contributions of prospectively-assessed prenatal and
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perinatal complications and indices of neuropsychological deviance during early childhood to the prediction of adult BP I disorder in a birth cohort studied as part of the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). The second study employs modern neuroimaging techniques in a follow-up study of sibling-pairs discordant for BP I who participated in the NCPP as infants and children; it examines the contributions of prospectively-assessed obstetric complications (OCs) to the prediction of neurocognitive and structural deficits in adult patients with BP I disorder. The academic plan focuses on broadening the candidate's knowledge base with regard to research design, data analysis of longitudinal data sets, neuroimaging and developmental neurobiology. Both the academic and research plans are designed to facilitate the transition of the candidate to independent investigator. The candidate's long term goal is to conduct interdisciplinary research aimed at examining the role that developmental dysfunction in fronto-subcortical neural networks mediating emotional processes may play in the pathogenesis of affective illness and the genetic and non-genetic processes that might contribute to such disturbances. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PROTON MRSI STUDIES OF BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Renshaw, Perry F. Director; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1999; Project End 1-MAY-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) This revised application requests three years of funding to support a research program which employs proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to evaluate subjects with Bipolar I Disorder and healthy comparison subjects. In pilot studies of individuals with bipolar disorder, we have used 1H MRSI to evaluate brain cytosolic choline levels and, more recently, myo-inositol levels. Both choline and myo-inositol play critical roles in second messenger signaling cascades and recent reviews have suggested that mood stabilizes may demonstrate their clinical effects by altering signal transduction pathways within the brain. Studies will be conducted at two sites, the McLean Hospital Brain Imaging Center in Belmont, MA, and the University of Washington in Seattle, WA. Over the course of this project, a total of 72 subjects with bipolar disorder and 42 comparison subjects will be enrolled and complete repeated MRSI studies. Identical clinical assessments and MRSI protocols will be employed at both sites. Bipolar subjects will be placed on standardized formulations of lithium or valproic acid and will be followed clinically at two week intervals for the ten week duration of the study. By evaluating subjects who are receiving two alternative treatments, we will be able to assess both the shared and unique effects of these pharmacologically effective medications on brain chemistry and the relationship of these effects on mood. Patients with bipolar disorder will be scanned on three occasions at weeks 2,6, and 10 of this study. Mood at time of each scan will be assessed using the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. A priori regions of interest for this study will include the bilateral caudate nuclei and the anterior cingulate cortex, as pilot studies suggest that these brain regions demonstrate mood state, medication, and diagnosis dependent alteration in choline and myo-inositol resonance intensities. MRSI data from bipolar subjects will be compared to similar data from 42 healthy comparison subjects. We believe that abnormalities in brain choline and myo-inositol metabolism may, in part, mediate the pathophysiology of abnormal mood in bipolar disorder and that the therapeutic efficacy of lithium may derive from an inhibition of choline transport and/or from changes in myo-inoitol and choline metabolism within the brain. The
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results of these studies may provide important new insights into the neurochemical alterations which mediate the symptoms of bipolar disorder as well as information relevant to the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Axelson, David A. Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAY-2000; Project End 0-APR-2005 Summary: The career development activities and research plan outlined in this Research Career Development Award (RCA) are designed to provide the means for the candidate to translate relevant aspects of neurobiology and independently formulate and implement psychopharmacologic treatment trials in pediatric bipolar disorder (BP). Pediatric BP is a devastating illness that can result in permanent disruption of a child's normal development, emotional suffering, aggression and suicide. Pharmacotherapy has been the cornerstone of the management and treatment of pediatric BP. However, there is very little controlled research addressing medication treatment of children and adolescents with BP. In addition, treatment research in child psychiatry has generally not addressed developmental differences in neurobiology or pharmacology, nor attempted to identify biological factors that may be predictors or mediators of treatment response. The proposed study will be the first dose-ranging study of a medication for depression in pediatric BP. It will explore the relationship between platelet 5-HT reuptake blockade and treatment response, as well as examine potential predictors of treatment response. The candidate is certified in child and adolescent psychiatry, and is completing the second year of an NIMH-sponsored post-doctoral research fellowship. Dr. James Perel, Professor of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Director of the Clinical Pharmacology Program at the University of Pittsburgh's Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (WPIC) will serve as Sponsor. The coursework and directed readings in advanced topics of psychopharmacology, clinical trial design, developmental neurobiology and pharmacology, emotional regulation and circadian rhythm, will prepare the candidate to perform biologically-informed treatment research in pediatric BP. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: RELAPSE OF BIPOLAR DISORDER DURING PREGNANCY Principal Investigator & Institution: Viguera, Adele C.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 8-SEP-1999; Project End 1-AUG-2004 Summary: This Mentored Patient-Oriented RCDA is a resubmission, designed to enhance clinical training and research expertise in the area of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The research aim of this proposal includes a study to evaluate risk for recurrence among pregnant bipolar women. Following-up preliminary findings, morbid risk will be compared quantitatively in women who continue or discontinue mood-stabilizers; recurrence of a first new episode of DSM-IV mania or bipolar depression and its timing from initial assessment are primary outcome measures. Secondary considerations include analyses of associated clinical (demographic, social, prior morbidity) and pharmacological (drug-type, duration of use, mean dose and serum concentration, and rate of discontinuation) predictors of recurrence, as well as the neonatal outcome of infants born to the subjects.
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The design involves open and clinical, but prospective, single blind, longitudinal followup of parallel groups of women with DSM-IV bipolar disorders who become pregnant and continue vs. discontinue mood-stabilizing medications. The proposal also includes a rich training component. Close supervision is provided by Massachusetts General Hospital co-mentors Lee S. Cohen, M.D. and Ross J. Baldessarini, M.D., with frequent consultation with local and national experts in mood disorders and psychopharmacology research, perinatal psychiatry, obstetrics, reproductive endocrinology, teratology, research ethics, and formal coursework in statistics and research design aimed at satisfying requirements for the MPH degree at Harvard School of Public Health. The awardee is thus assured a critical fund of basic knowledge and practical research experience with clinical, qualitative and quantitative methods required for her research career in women's mental health in pregnancy and the postpartum period--a remarkably underdeveloped area of major clinical and public health significance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING IN JUVENILE BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Davanzo, Pablo A. Assistant Professor; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-SEP-1998; Project End 1-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The proposed Mentored Scientist Development Award For New Minority Faculty outlines a program of career development and research in psychopharmacology and neuroimaging of juveniles with bipolar disorder. A focus of this program will be a clinical trial with a mood-stabilizer (divalproex sodium) in a group of children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar illness. The correlation of treatment outcome with brain glutamate, y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and choline as measured by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) will be attempted to identify biological predictor factors of treatment response. The candidate hypothesizes that there will be a significant correlation between an increase in cerebral GABA as measured by integrated areas under the curve and a decrease in symptom response to divalproex sodium as measured by the Young/Fristad Mania Rating Scale (MRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) rating scale. Implications of this award may be the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a mood stabilizer in prepubertal and adolescent mania, and the broadening of our clinical knowledge and biological correlates of this disorder in juveniles. The candidate has received preliminary training in clinical pharmacology and brain imaging. The research plan is designed to enable the candidate to develop greater expertise in the development of clinical pediatric psychopharmacology trials and neuroimaging applied to clinical psychiatry. The five-year career development plan includes didactic instruction in pharmacokinetics and clinical research at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, and brain imaging at The Division of Brain Mapping of the UCLA School of Medicine. The proposed training would include courses in biostatistics, computer science, ethics, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurophysiology, neuropharmacology, pharmacokinetics, statistical analysis, and a modified fellowship curriculum in brain mapping. The program provides the opportunities to learn conventional and advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques applicable to the candidate's specific area of clinical interest (i.e., mood disorders). In addition to furthering the candidate's transition to independent research, the proposed study would also contribute to our
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knowledge of pharmacological treatment and possible neurobiological markers of juvenile bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SPECT IMAGING OF DOPAMINE FUNCTION IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Anand, Amit;; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The study of amphetamne (AMPH) induced dopamine (DA) release in bipolar disorder will explore abnormalities in presynaptic dopamine release mechanisms as well as study post-synaptic DA receptors. The general aim of this study is to evaluate potential neurochemical correlates of AMPH challenge inpatients with bipolar disorder currently stable on the mood stabilizer--lithium. Patients with bipolar disorder and healthy controls matched for age, sex and ethnic origin will undergo one SPECT experiment with the D2 tracer [123I]IBZM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: STUDIES OF GENOMIC IMPRINTING IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Potash, James B. Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 5-FEB-2001; Project End 1-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) This mentored clinician-scientist award (K08) proposal is a five-year plan to enable the candidate to develop into an independent investigator in the genetics of bipolar disorder. As a fully trained psychiatrist with sub-specialty experience in affective disorder, the candidate has an excellent grasp of the phenotype. This proposal provides for extensive development of his skills in molecular genetic methods. There will also be opportunities to learn statistical genetic methods. This will be accomplished through formal course work, extensive mentorship in a collaborative research environment, and implementation of a study that will be the first step toward a larger body of research aimed at investigating the genetics of bipolar disorder. Mentorship will be provided by Dr. J. Raymond DePaulo, Jr., the director of the affective disorders genetics research group at Johns Hopkins, and by Dr. Andrew Feinberg, an expert on genomic imprinting at the Johns Hopkins Center for Medical Genetics. Dr. Terri Beaty, director of genetic epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health will provide valuable consultation in statistical genetics methods. The training program will be enhanced by a research plan based on the hypothesis that the parent-of-origin-specific expression of imprinted genes modifies susceptibility to bipolar disorder. This hypothesis derives from clinical evidence for a parent-of-origin effect in transmission of the disorder, from linkage evidence for a parent-of-origin effect on chromosome 18, and from linkage evidence for a parent-of-origin effect in other areas of the genome. The candidate intends to take advantage of two valuable existing bipolar disorder family data sets collected under the direction of Dr. DePaulo as well as a third currently being ascertained. The specific aims are as follows: 1) to identify transcribed single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes from a candidate region for bipolar disorder on chromosome 1 8q; 2) to search for imprinted bipolar disorder susceptibility genes on chromosome 18 by testing for monoallelic expression of mRNA; and 3) to perform parental-allele-specific genetic analysis of other chromosomal regions.
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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN JUVENILE BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilens, Timothy E. Associate Professor; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 0-JAN-2000; Project End 1-DEC-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TARGETING DISABILITIES FOR REHAB IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Jaeger, Judith; Director & Associate Professor; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAR-2001; Project End 8-FEB-2006 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): Bipolar disorder (BPD), a lifelong condition affecting almost 2 million Americans, is the sixth leading cause of disability among all medical conditions in established market economies. The illness is characterized by a chronic course of recurring cycles of affective disorder (e.g., mania or depression) and remission. Despite the magnitude of its affliction and its disability toll, there has been little or no systematic research on the causes of the disability in life functioning (LF) in BPD. Disability in LF is found to persist even during periods of system remission and should not be considered simply the result of clinical psychopathology. Neuropsychological (NP) deficits have been observed in BPD. The NP deficits, like disability in BPD, have also been shown to persist during remission. While the relation between NP deficits and disability in schizophrenia receives considerable research attention, such studies for BPD have not been reported to the best of our knowledge. We propose a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between NP deficits and LF in BPD. We hypothesize that NP deficits are associated with persistent disability. Our goal is to study the nature of these relationships thereby informing the development of more effective interventions targeted to disability in BPD. A sample of 210 patients will be followed monthly, starting with an acute illness exacerbation, for a period of 2 years. Subjects will undergo repeated assessments for NP and LF measures and clinical state. Comprehensive assessments including an NP battery are administered at 3 "fixed" time points (baseline, 1 month and 1 year) and at up to 2 additional time points "triggered" by a remission following the index episode and a remission following a second illness episode should a second episode occur during the follow-up period. Monthly assessments will monitor clinical state, LF and services used throughout the follow-up period. The principal aim is to determine whether and to what degree measures of NP deficit and clinical symptom ratings are associated with disability in LF over the course of a 24 month period. Secondary aims are 1) to compare these relationships in BPD with those observed in a cohort of individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder presently being studied in another R01 funded project and 2) to acquire descriptive information of actual service use patterns in BPD patients recovering from a severe relapse of affective symptoms. More effective rehabilitation and support services are needed to reduce disability in BPD. But first we need a better understanding of the causes of disability and the services currently being provided. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION IN BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Pascual-Leone, Alvaro; Associate Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center E/Es-214 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: TREATMENT AND OUTCOME OF EARLY ONSET BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Kafantaris, Vivian; Assistant Professor; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 1-MAR-2001; Project End 8-FEB-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Onset of bipolar disorder during adolescence increases the risk of school failure, out-of-home placement, drug abuse and addiction, and suicide. In adolescents, bipolar disorder is often accompanied by delusions, hallucinations, or severe assaultive or destructive behaviors that require acute treatment with adjunctive antipsychotic medication in addition to a mood stabilizer. There are no data on when to withdraw antipsychotic medication or whether to withdraw it at all. Although it is important to identify patients who could be maintained on lithium alone to decrease the risk of developing long-term adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia (TD), it is also important to prevent disruptive recurrences of episodes of illness. There is a high rate of failure on lithium maintenance treatment in general. For adolescents who have had psychotic features or assaultive, destructive behavior as part of their mania, continued adjunctive antipsychotic medication may offer additional prophylactic efficacy. In addition, a lower risk of TD with the novel antipsychotics may alter the risk: benefit ratio in favor of longer-term antipsychotic treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: VALIDATING PEDIATRIC BIPOLAR DISORDER WITH EXTANT DATA Principal Investigator & Institution: Mick, Eric;; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 1-DEC-2002; Project End 0-NOV-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is a request for an NIMH Scientist Development Award (K01) to provide training and research experience in a broad range of approaches aimed at studying pediatric bipolar disorder. The candidate's goal is to foster his development as an independent investigator and to apply the knowledge acquired during this training to ongoing research. The candidate is proposing a comprehensive, systematic, portfolio of research designed to examine the validity and heterogeneity of pediatric bipolar disorder using data from several large existing crosssectional and longitudinal clinical research databases. The studies that created these data sets have comprehensively assessed youth, and their first degree relatives on multiple, nonoverlapping domains of functioning. The overarching aim of the proposed research is to determine whether pediatric onset bipolar disorder is a valid entity and if so, what are the core features of the disorder and its boundaries from other disorders. This aim will be carried out with psychometric analyses that will identify the particular
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symptoms of bipolar disorder that are most efficient in making the diagnosis in children. Latent class analyses will be conducted to identify subforms of bipolar disorder based upon symptom course and expression that are not biased by diagnostic preconceptions. Once defined, the validity of these subtypes will be tested in examinations of their clinical correlates, course and stability, familiality, and differentiation from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. To further characterize the putative subtypes of bipolar disorder, the candidate will conduct path analyses of the onset of psychiatric comorbidity in order to identify different trajectories that may lead to the disorder in children. Consistent with research of the etiology of other childhood psychopathology, the candidate proposes to study the family environment, the climate surrounding early development, the in utero environment, and individual behavioral traits as potential risk factors for pediatric bipolar disorder. The candidate has selected mentors and consultants who will provide him with the opportunity to augment the skills obtained during his training in epidemiology with new statistical and data analytic methods needed to carry out the specific aims of the proposed research. This systematic approach of research and training may lead to advances in early intervention and prevention of pediatric bipolar disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for bipolar disorder in the PubMed Central database: •
A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees. by McInnes LA, Escamilla M, Service S, Reus V, Leon P, Silva S, Rojas E, Spesny M, Baharloo S, Blankenship K, Peterson A, Tyler D, Shimayoshi N, Tobey C, Batki S, Vinogradov S, Meza L, Gallegos A, Fournier E, Smith L, Barondes S, Sandkuijl L, Freimer NB. 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24046
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A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. by Kelsoe JR, Spence MA, Loetscher E, Foguet M, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Flodman P, Khristich J, Mroczkowski-Parker Z, Brown JL, Masser D, Ungerleider S, Rapaport MH, Wishart WL, Luebbert H. 2001 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14631
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Circadian secretion of cortisol in bipolar disorder. by Cervantes P, Gelber S, Kin F, Nair VN, Schwartz G. 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167199
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 3 4
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Lithium side-effects and predictors of hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder: sex differences. by Henry C. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161639
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Mutation screening of two candidate genes from 13q32 in families affected with Bipolar disorder: human peptide transporter (SLC15A1) and human glypican5 (GPC5). by Maheshwari M, Christian SL, Liu C, Badner JA, Detera-Wadleigh S, Gershon ES, Gibbs RA. 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140024
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Nutritional supplement to treat bipolar disorder? by Basky G. 2001 Jan 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80648
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Olanzapine-induced mania in bipolar disorders. by Henry C, Demotes-Mainard J. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=161651
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Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. by Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss R, McCarthy E, Limb K. 1999 Jan 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27688
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Seasonal changes, sleep length and circadian preference among twins with bipolar disorder. by Hakkarainen R, Johansson C, Kieseppa T, Partonen T, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Lonnqvist J. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=165438
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The Mood Disorder Questionnaire improves recognition of bipolar disorder in psychiatric care. by Isometsa E, Suominen K, Mantere O, Valtonen H, Leppamaki S, Pippingskold M, Arvilommi P. 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=169168
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Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.. by Yolken RH, Torrey EF. 1995 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=172852
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with bipolar disorder, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for bipolar disorder (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
“ Perspecives on lithium treatment of bipolar disorder” - by Mogens Schou: a commentary. Author(s): Johnson G. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256649&dopt=Abstract
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“A two-illness model of bipolar disorder”--by RT Joffe, LT Young, and GM MacQueen: a commentary. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256653&dopt=Abstract
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12-month outcome of patients with bipolar disorder following hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, West SA, Sax KW, Hawkins JM, Bourne ML, Haggard P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 May; 155(5): 646-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9585716&dopt=Abstract
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15-year outcome of treated bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tsai SM, Chen C, Kuo C, Lee J, Lee H, Strakowski SM. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 March; 63(1-3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246098&dopt=Abstract
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5-HT2A receptor gene promoter polymorphism -1438A/G and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chee IS, Lee SW, Kim JL, Wang SK, Shin YO, Shin SC, Lee YH, Hwang HM, Lim MR. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2001 September; 11(3): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702051&dopt=Abstract
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5-HT2a receptor polymorphism gene in bipolar disorder and harm avoidance personality trait. Author(s): Blairy S, Massat I, Staner L, Le Bon O, Van Gestel S, Van Broeckhoven C, Hilger C, Hentges F, Souery D, Mendlewicz J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 June 12; 96(3): 360-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898915&dopt=Abstract
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A 25-year-old woman with bipolar disorder, 1 year later. Author(s): Parker RA, Hartman EE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 November 28; 286(20): 2594. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722274&dopt=Abstract
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A 25-year-old woman with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 January 24-31; 285(4): 454-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242431&dopt=Abstract
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A brief history of childhood-onset bipolar disorder through 1980. Author(s): Glovinsky I. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 July; 11(3): 443-60, Vii. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222077&dopt=Abstract
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A case of bipolar disorder with balanced chromosomal translocation. Author(s): Kunugi H, Nanko S, Kazamatsuri H. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 July 15; 38(2): 116-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7578643&dopt=Abstract
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A case of subcortical grey matter heterotopia presenting as bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bourgeois JA, Nisenbaum J, Drexler KG, Dobbins KM, Hall MJ. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1992 November-December; 33(6): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1451454&dopt=Abstract
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A chromosome 18 genetic linkage study in three large Belgian pedigrees with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Claes S, Raeymaekers P, Van den Broeck M, Diependaele S, De bruyn A, Verheyen G, Wils V, Boogaerts A, Tanghe A, Godderis J, Van Broeckhoven C, Cassiman JJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 May; 43(3): 195-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9186790&dopt=Abstract
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A comparative study of elderly patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in nursing homes and the community. Author(s): Bartels SJ, Mueser KT, Miles KM. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1997 October 30; 27(2-3): 181-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9416647&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zajecka JM, Weisler R, Sachs G, Swann AC, Wozniak P, Sommerville KW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 December; 63(12): 1148-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12523875&dopt=Abstract
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A comparison of Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire dimensions in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Author(s): Young LT, Bagby RM, Cooke RG, Parker JD, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1995 September 29; 58(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8570765&dopt=Abstract
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A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees. Author(s): McInnes LA, Escamilla MA, Service SK, Reus VI, Leon P, Silva S, Rojas E, Spesny M, Baharloo S, Blankenship K, Peterson A, Tyler D, Shimayoshi N, Tobey C, Batki S, Vinogradov S, Meza L, Gallegos A, Fournier E, Smith LB, Barondes SH, Sandkuijl LA, Freimer NB. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1996 November 12; 93(23): 13060-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8917544&dopt=Abstract
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A consumer perspective concerning the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lewis L. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 442-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018217&dopt=Abstract
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Lamictal 614 Study Group. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Suppes T, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Swann AC, McElroy SL, Kusumakar V, Ascher JA, Earl NL, Greene PL, Monaghan ET. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 November; 61(11): 841-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11105737&dopt=Abstract
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A family history study of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lish JD, Gyulai L, Resnick SM, Kirtland A, Amsterdam JD, Whybrow PC, Price RA. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1993 July; 48(1): 37-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8416017&dopt=Abstract
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A family study of psychotic symptomatology in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, unipolar depression, and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Winokur G, Scharfetter C, Angst J. Source: Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1985; 234(5): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3987737&dopt=Abstract
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A follow-up investigation of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zahn-Waxler C, Mayfield A, Radke-Yarrow M, McKnew DH, Cytryn L, Davenport YB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1988 April; 145(4): 506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3348454&dopt=Abstract
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A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: state- and traitrelated dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Author(s): Blumberg HP, Leung HC, Skudlarski P, Lacadie CM, Fredericks CA, Harris BC, Charney DS, Gore JC, Krystal JH, Peterson BS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 June; 60(6): 601-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796223&dopt=Abstract
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A genetic linkage study of bipolar disorder and 13 markers on chromosome 11 including the D2 dopamine receptor. Author(s): Kelsoe JR, Kristbjanarson H, Bergesch P, Shilling P, Hirsch S, Mirow A, Moises HW, Helgason T, Gillin JC, Egeland JA. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 December; 9(4): 293-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7905737&dopt=Abstract
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A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. Author(s): Kelsoe JR, Spence MA, Loetscher E, Foguet M, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Flodman P, Khristich J, Mroczkowski-Parker Z, Brown JL, Masser D, Ungerleider S, Rapaport MH, Wishart WL, Luebbert H. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 January 16; 98(2): 585-90. Epub 2001 Jan 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11149935&dopt=Abstract
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A genome-wide scan shows significant linkage between bipolar disorder and chromosome 12q24.3 and suggestive linkage to chromosomes 1p22-21, 4p16, 6q14-22, 10q26 and 16p13.3. Author(s): Ewald H, Flint T, Kruse TA, Mors O. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(7): 734-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192618&dopt=Abstract
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A haloperidol-carbamazepine interaction in a patient with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yerevanian BI, Hodgman CH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 June; 142(6): 785-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4003613&dopt=Abstract
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A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocsis JH, Portera L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 November; 60(11): 733-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584760&dopt=Abstract
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A homeless person with bipolar disorder and a history of serious self-mutilation. Author(s): Green CA, Knysz W 3rd, Tsuang MT. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 September; 157(9): 1392-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964852&dopt=Abstract
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A human myo-inositol monophosphatase gene (IMPA2) localized in a putative susceptibility region for bipolar disorder on chromosome 18p11.2: genomic structure and polymorphism screening in manic-depressive patients. Author(s): Sjoholt G, Gulbrandsen AK, Lovlie R, Berle JO, Molven A, Steen VM. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 March; 5(2): 172-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822345&dopt=Abstract
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A linkage disequilibrium study of bipolar disorder and microsatellite markers on 22q13. Author(s): Liang SG, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Keck PE, McElroy SL, Kelsoe JR. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2002 December; 12(4): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454528&dopt=Abstract
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A linkage study between bipolar disorder and genes involved in dopaminergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Author(s): De bruyn A, Souery D, Mendelbaum K, Mendlewicz J, Van Broeckhoven C. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1996 Summer; 6(2): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8840392&dopt=Abstract
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A linkage study of distal chromosome 5q and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mirow AL, Kristbjanarson H, Egeland JA, Shilling P, Helgason T, Gillin JC, Hirsch S, Kelsoe JR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 August 15; 36(4): 223-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7986886&dopt=Abstract
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A lithium and carbamazepine combination in the treatment of bipolar disorder--a preliminary report. Author(s): Inoue K, Arima S, Tanaka K, Fukui Y, Kato N. Source: Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 1981; 35(4): 465-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6806160&dopt=Abstract
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A magnetic resonance imaging study of thalamic area in adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy controls. Author(s): Dasari M, Friedman L, Jesberger J, Stuve TA, Findling RL, Swales TP, Schulz SC. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 October 11; 91(3): 155-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10641579&dopt=Abstract
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A measure for assessing patient perception of provider support for self-management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ludman EJ, Simon GE, Rutter CM, Bauer MS, Unutzer J. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 August; 4(4): 249-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190714&dopt=Abstract
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A meta-analysis of the use of typical antipsychotic agents in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tohen M, Zhang F, Taylor CC, Burns P, Zarate C, Sanger T, Tollefson G. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 June; 65(1): 85-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426515&dopt=Abstract
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A naturalistic comparison of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Guille C, Sachs GS, Ghaemi SN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 September; 61(9): 638-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11030483&dopt=Abstract
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A new statistical test for age-of-onset anticipation: application to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Huang J, Vieland V. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 1091-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433629&dopt=Abstract
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A new test statistic for linkage applied to bipolar disorder and marker D18S41. Author(s): Cleves MA, Dawson DV, Elston RC, Schnell AH. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 581-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433546&dopt=Abstract
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A nongenetic basis of cycle frequency in bipolar disorder: study of a monozygotic twin pair. Author(s): Sharma V, Ainsworth PJ, McCabe SB, Persad E, Kueneman KM. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1997 March; 22(2): 132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9074308&dopt=Abstract
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A novel CpG-associated brain-expressed candidate gene for chromosome 18q-linked bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goossens D, Van Gestel S, Claes S, De Rijk P, Souery D, Massat I, Van den Bossche D, Backhovens H, Mendlewicz J, Van Broeckhoven C, Del-Favero J. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2003 January; 8(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556911&dopt=Abstract
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A novel human myo-inositol monophosphatase gene, IMP.18p, maps to a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yoshikawa T, Turner G, Esterling LE, Sanders AR, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 September; 2(5): 393-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322233&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot study of cognitive therapy in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Scott J, Garland A, Moorhead S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 April; 31(3): 459-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305854&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot study of concordance therapy for individuals with bipolar disorders who are non-adherent with lithium prophylaxis. Author(s): Scott J, Tacchi MJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 December; 4(6): 386-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519098&dopt=Abstract
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A pilot trial of adjunctive gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): McElroy SL, Soutullo CA, Keck PE Jr, Kmetz GF. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1997 June; 9(2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9242896&dopt=Abstract
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A plea for integrity of the bipolar disorder concept. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 March; 2(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254017&dopt=Abstract
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A polymorphism of the norepinephrine transporter gene in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: lack of association. Author(s): Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Czerski PM, Kapelski P, Godlewski S, DmitrzakWeglarz M, Rybakowski J, Hauser J. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45(4): 182-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097806&dopt=Abstract
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A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. Author(s): Reichenberg A, Weiser M, Rabinowitz J, Caspi A, Schmeidler J, Mark M, Kaplan Z, Davidson M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 December; 159(12): 2027-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450952&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary meta-analysis of the child behavior checklist in pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mick E, Biederman J, Pandina G, Faraone SV. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 1021-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788247&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary study of the relation of neuropsychological performance to neuroanatomic structures in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ali SO, Denicoff KD, Altshuler LL, Hauser P, Li X, Conrad AJ, Mirsky AF, Smith-Jackson EE, Post RM. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 2000 January; 13(1): 20-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10645733&dopt=Abstract
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A preliminary study on early onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: large polyglutamine expansions are not involved. Author(s): Schurhoff F, Stevanin G, Trottier Y, Bellivier F, Mouren-Simeoni MC, Brice A, Leboyer M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 September 19; 72(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9335205&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective open-label treatment trial of olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frazier JA, Biederman J, Tohen M, Feldman PD, Jacobs TG, Toma V, Rater MA, Tarazi RA, Kim GS, Garfield SB, Sohma M, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Risser RC, Nowlin ZM. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2001 Fall; 11(3): 239-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642474&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents from India. Author(s): Srinath S, Janardhan Reddy YC, Girimaji SR, Seshadri SP, Subbakrishna DK. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 December; 98(6): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9879784&dopt=Abstract
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A prospective study of inter-episode consistency of manic and mixed subtypes of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll BJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869766&dopt=Abstract
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A psychoanalytic view of the relationship between delusional depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Rockland LH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 March; 142(3): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3970292&dopt=Abstract
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A psychosocial study of early-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Glassner B, Haldipur CV. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1985 July; 173(7): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4009155&dopt=Abstract
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A quantitative immunohistochemical study of astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: absence of significant astrocytosis. Author(s): Damadzic R, Bigelow LB, Krimer LS, Goldenson DA, Saunders RC, Kleinman JE, Herman MM. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 July 15; 55(5): 611-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576757&dopt=Abstract
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A retrospective case-note study of bipolar disorder in old age. Author(s): Snowdon J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 April; 158: 485-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2054563&dopt=Abstract
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A review of bipolar disorder among adults. Author(s): Hilty DM, Brady KT, Hales RE. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 February; 50(2): 201-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030478&dopt=Abstract
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A review of psychosocial outcome in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): MacQueen GM, Young LT, Joffe RT. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 March; 103(3): 163-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11240572&dopt=Abstract
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A review of the health-related quality of life literature in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Namjoshi MA, Buesching DP. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2001; 10(2): 105-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642680&dopt=Abstract
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A search for specific and common susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a linkage study in 13 target chromosomes. Author(s): Maziade M, Roy MA, Rouillard E, Bissonnette L, Fournier JP, Roy A, Garneau Y, Montgrain N, Potvin A, Cliche D, Dion C, Wallot H, Fournier A, Nicole L, Lavallee JC, Merette C. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 November; 6(6): 684-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673797&dopt=Abstract
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A 'sticky' interhemispheric switch in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Pettigrew JD, Miller SM. Source: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences. 1998 November 22; 265(1411): 2141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9872002&dopt=Abstract
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A study of chromosome 4p markers and dopamine D5 receptor gene in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Asherson P, Mant R, Williams N, Cardno A, Jones L, Murphy K, Collier DA, Nanko S, Craddock N, Morris S, Muir W, Blackwood B, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 July; 3(4): 310-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702739&dopt=Abstract
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A systematic evaluation of linkage studies in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Mari JJ, Morgan K. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 May; 93(5): 317-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792900&dopt=Abstract
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A two-illness model of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Joffe RT, Young LT, MacQueen GM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 25-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256651&dopt=Abstract
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A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Noga JT, Vladar K, Torrey EF. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 February 28; 106(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11231097&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal frontal lobe phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Deicken RF, Fein G, Weiner MW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 June; 152(6): 915-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755123&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormal phosphatidylinositol (PI)-signalling in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Soares JC, Mallinger AG. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 March 15; 39(6): 461-4. Erratum In: 1996 July 1; 40(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8679795&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormalities in protein kinase C signaling and the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hahn CG, Friedman E. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 December; 1(2): 81-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252663&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormalities of cAMP-dependent endogenous phosphorylation in platelets from patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Perez J, Zanardi R, Mori S, Gasperini M, Smeraldi E, Racagni G. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 August; 152(8): 1204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625472&dopt=Abstract
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Abnormalities of cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling in platelets from untreated patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Perez J, Tardito D, Mori S, Racagni G, Smeraldi E, Zanardi R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 March; 56(3): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10078502&dopt=Abstract
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Abrupt cessation of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder with the addition of low-dose Ltetraiodothyronine to lithium. Author(s): Bernstein L. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 December; 12(6): 443-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1474183&dopt=Abstract
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Academic and cognitive abilities in children of parents with bipolar disorder: a test of the nonverbal learning disability model. Author(s): McDonough-Ryan P, DelBello M, Shear PK, Ris DM, Soutullo C, Strakowski SM. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002 May; 24(3): 280-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992210&dopt=Abstract
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Acute psychosis in a 45-year-old man with bipolar disorder and primary Epstein-Barr virus infection: a case report. Author(s): Klein RF, Betts R, Horn R, Sullivan JL. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1984 January; 6(1): 13-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6693024&dopt=Abstract
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Acute treatment of bipolar disorder with adjunctive risperidone in outpatients. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1997 March; 42(2): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9067070&dopt=Abstract
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Acute tryptophan depletion attenuates auditory event related potentials in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study. Author(s): Young AH, Hughes JH, Marsh VR, Ashton CH. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 May; 69(1-3): 83-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12103455&dopt=Abstract
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Additional, physically ordered markers increase linkage signal for bipolar disorder on chromosome 18q22. Author(s): Schulze TG, Chen YS, Badner JA, McInnis MG, DePaulo JR Jr, McMahon FJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 February 1; 53(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559657&dopt=Abstract
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Adjunctive cognitive-behavioral therapy for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: an empirical case study. Author(s): Satterfield JM. Source: Psychiatry. 1999 Winter; 62(4): 357-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10693232&dopt=Abstract
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Adjunctive gabapentin treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Nieto E, Colom F, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Gasto C. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2000 November; 15(7): 433-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11112936&dopt=Abstract
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Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: effects of changing treatment modality. Author(s): Frank E, Swartz HA, Mallinger AG, Thase ME, Weaver EV, Kupfer DJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 November; 108(4): 579-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609422&dopt=Abstract
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Adjunctive topiramate treatment for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. Author(s): DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Warner J, Schwiers ML, Rappaport KB, Daniels JP, Foster KD, Strakowski SM. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Winter; 12(4): 32330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625992&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent bipolar disorder complicated by cultural factors: a case report. Author(s): White W, Roberts N. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1996 November; 41(9): 603-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8946087&dopt=Abstract
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Adolescent bipolar disorder: a nine-year experience. Author(s): Krasa NR, Tolbert HA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1994 March; 30(3): 175-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8006244&dopt=Abstract
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Affected-sib-pair analyses of bipolar disorder using data on chromosome 18. Author(s): Haghighi F, Li W, Fann CS. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433556&dopt=Abstract
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Affected-sib-pair analyses reveal support of prior evidence for a susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder, on 21q. Author(s): Detera-Wadleigh SD, Badner JA, Goldin LR, Berrettini WH, Sanders AR, Rollins DY, Turner G, Moses T, Haerian H, Muniec D, Nurnberger JI Jr, Gershon ES. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1996 June; 58(6): 1279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8651306&dopt=Abstract
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Affective bipolar disorder: effective prophylaxis with low doses of lithium carbonate. Author(s): Edis TE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1984 June; 77(6): 805-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6427939&dopt=Abstract
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Affective disorder subtyped by psychomotor symptoms, monoamine oxidase, melatonin and cortisol: identification of patients with latent bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wahlund B, Grahn H, Saaf J, Wetterberg L. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1998; 248(5): 215-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9840367&dopt=Abstract
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Age at onset in geriatric bipolar disorder. Effects on clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in an inpatient sample. Author(s): Wylie ME, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Sweet RA, Zubenko GS, Begley AE, Gregor M, Frank E, Reynolds CF 3rd, Kupfer DJ. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 1999 Winter; 7(1): 77-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9919324&dopt=Abstract
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Age at onset, childhood psychopathology, and 2-year outcome in psychotic bipolar disorder. Author(s): Carlson GA, Bromet EJ, Driessens C, Mojtabai R, Schwartz JE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 159(2): 307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823277&dopt=Abstract
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Age of first onset of bipolar disorder: demographic, family history, and psychosocial correlates. Author(s): Hays JC, Krishnan KR, George LK, Blazer DG. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1998; 7(2): 76-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9614596&dopt=Abstract
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Aging-related issues in bipolar disorder: a health services perspective. Author(s): Sajatovic M. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 2002 Fall; 15(3): 128-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230082&dopt=Abstract
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Agreement between face-to-face and telephone-administered mood ratings in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Feldman-Naim S, Myers FS, Clark CH, Turner EH, Leibenluft E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 July 4; 71(2): 129-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9255857&dopt=Abstract
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Alcohol problems and long-term psychosocial outcome in Chinese patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tsai SY, Chen CC, Yeh EK. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 November; 46(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9479618&dopt=Abstract
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Algorithms for the pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Motohashi N. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1999 October; 53 Suppl: S41-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10560897&dopt=Abstract
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Allelic distribution of CTG18.1 in Caucasian populations: association studies in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and ataxia. Author(s): McInnis MG, Swift-Scanlanl T, Mahoney AT, Vincent J, Verheyen G, Lan TH, Oruc L, Riess O, Van Broeckhoven C, Chen H, Kennedy JL, MacKinnon DF, Margolis RL, Simpson SG, McMahon FJ, Gershon E, Nurnberger J, Reich T, DePaulo JR, Ross CA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 July; 5(4): 439-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889556&dopt=Abstract
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Allelic variation of a BalI polymorphism in the DRD3 gene does not influence susceptibility to bipolar disorder: results of analysis and meta-analysis. Author(s): Elvidge G, Jones I, McCandless F, Asherson P, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 May 8; 105(4): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378841&dopt=Abstract
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Alterations in brain phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder detected by in vivo 31P and 7Li magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Author(s): Kato T, Takahashi S, Shioiri T, Inubushi T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 January; 27(1): 53-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8432961&dopt=Abstract
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Alterations of hippocampal secreted N-CAM in bipolar disorder and synaptophysin in schizophrenia. Author(s): Vawter MP, Howard AL, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Freed WJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 September; 4(5): 467-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523820&dopt=Abstract
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Altered 5-HT-induced calcium response in the presence of staurosporine in blood platelets from bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Akimoto T, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 June; 28(6): 1210-4. Epub 2003 April 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700717&dopt=Abstract
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Altered brain energy metabolism in lithium-resistant bipolar disorder detected by photic stimulated 31P-MR spectroscopy. Author(s): Murashita J, Kato T, Shioiri T, Inubushi T, Kato N. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2000 January; 30(1): 107-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722181&dopt=Abstract
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Altered IMPA2 gene expression and calcium homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yoon IS, Li PP, Siu KP, Kennedy JL, Cooke RG, Parikh SV, Warsh JJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 November; 6(6): 678-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673796&dopt=Abstract
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Altered Rap1 endogenous phosphorylation and levels in platelets from patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Perez J, Tardito D, Mori S, Racagni G, Smeraldi E, Zanardi R. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2000 March-April; 34(2): 99-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758250&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative prophylactic treatments to lithium in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Mauri MC, Percudani M, Regazzetti MG, Altamura AC. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1990; 13 Suppl 1: S90-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2116229&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative therapies for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lerer B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 August; 46(8): 309-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926754&dopt=Abstract
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Alternatives to lithium for preventive treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Prien RF, Gelenberg AJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 July; 146(7): 840-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2568092&dopt=Abstract
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Alternatives to lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Keltner NL, Folks DG. Source: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 1991; 27(2): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1788043&dopt=Abstract
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Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Author(s): Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G, Grieder T, Curran J, Mintz J. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998 July; 55(7): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9672058&dopt=Abstract
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An approach to investigating linkage for bipolar disorder using large Costa Rican pedigrees. Author(s): Freimer NB, Reus VI, Escamilla M, Spesny M, Smith L, Service S, Gallegos A, Meza L, Batki S, Vinogradov S, Leon P, Sandkuijl LA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 May 31; 67(3): 254-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8725744&dopt=Abstract
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An evaluation of the assembly of an approximately 15-Mb region on human chromosome 13q32-q33 linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Christian SL, McDonough J, Liu Cy CY, Shaikh S, Vlamakis V, Badner JA, Chakravarti A, Gershon ES. Source: Genomics. 2002 May; 79(5): 635-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991713&dopt=Abstract
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An ever-increasing pharmacopoeia for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Nemeroff CB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Supp 13: 19-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153807&dopt=Abstract
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An evidence-based review of psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bauer MS. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 2001 Summer; 35(3): 109-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397882&dopt=Abstract
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An integrated physical map of 18p11.2: a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Esterling LE, Cox Matise T, Sanders AR, Yoshikawa T, Overhauser J, Gershon ES, Moskowitz MT, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 October-November; 2(6): 501-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399696&dopt=Abstract
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An investigation of the Wnt-signalling pathway in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Author(s): Beasley C, Cotter D, Everall I. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 November 1; 58(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363391&dopt=Abstract
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An MRI study of adolescent patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as compared to healthy control subjects. Author(s): Friedman L, Findling RL, Kenny JT, Swales TP, Stuve TA, Jesberger JA, Lewin JS, Schulz SC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 July 1; 46(1): 78-88. Erratum In: Biol Psychiatry 1999 August 15; 46(4): Following 584. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10394476&dopt=Abstract
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An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Author(s): Altshuler LL, Bartzokis G, Grieder T, Curran J, Jimenez T, Leight K, Wilkins J, Gerner R, Mintz J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 July 15; 48(2): 147-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10903411&dopt=Abstract
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An open trial of bupropion for the treatment of adults with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wilens TE, Prince JB, Spencer T, Van Patten SL, Doyle R, Girard K, Hammerness P, Goldman S, Brown S, Biederman J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 July 1; 54(1): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842303&dopt=Abstract
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An open-label trial of divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wagner KD, Weller EB, Carlson GA, Sachs G, Biederman J, Frazier JA, Wozniak P, Tracy K, Weller RA, Bowden C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 October; 41(10): 1224-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364844&dopt=Abstract
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An update on the diagnosis and treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Werder SF. Source: American Family Physician. 1995 April; 51(5): 1126-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7709890&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of a novel functional polymorphism within the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) in Brazilian patients affected by bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Mendes de Oliveira JR, Otto PA, Vallada H, Lauriano V, Elkis H, Lafer B, Vasquez L, Gentil V, Passos-Bueno MR, Zatz M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1998 May 8; 81(3): 225-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9603609&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of bipolar disorder using affected relatives. Author(s): Davis S, Sobel E, Marinov M, Weeks DE. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433550&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of ependymal abnormalities in subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Author(s): Gilmore JH, Bouldin TW. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 October 1; 57(2-3): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223258&dopt=Abstract
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Analysis of the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in Brazilian patients affected by dysthymia, major depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Oliveira JR, Carvalho DR, Pontual D, Gallindo RM, Sougey EB, Gentil V, Lafer B, Maia LG, Morais MA Jr, Matioli S, Vallada H, Moreno RA, Nishimura A, Otto PA, Passos-Bueno MR, Zatz M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 July; 5(4): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889543&dopt=Abstract
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Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Brambilla P, Harenski K, Nicoletti MA, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 April 10; 106(2): 65-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306247&dopt=Abstract
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Annual cost of bipolar disorder to UK society. Author(s): Das Gupta R, Guest JF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 March; 180: 227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11872515&dopt=Abstract
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Anorgasmia in a patient with bipolar disorder type 1 treated with gabapentin. Author(s): Brannon GE, Rolland PD. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 June; 20(3): 379-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831028&dopt=Abstract
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Anterior cingulate cortex pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bouras C, Kovari E, Hof PR, Riederer BM, Giannakopoulos P. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2001 October; 102(4): 373-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603813&dopt=Abstract
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Anticipation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder controlling for an information bias. Author(s): Merette C, Roy-Gagnon MH, Ghazzali N, Savard F, Boutin P, Roy MA, Maziade M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 February 7; 96(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686554&dopt=Abstract
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Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59 Suppl 6: 74-81; Discussion 82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674940&dopt=Abstract
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Anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Nemeroff CB. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1992 Fall; 4(4): 395405. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1422166&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant discontinuation-related mania: critical prospective observation and theoretical implications in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldstein TR, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Smith-Jackson E, Leverich GS, Bryan AL, Ali SO, Post RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 August; 60(8): 563-7; Quiz 568-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10485646&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant effects of lamotrigine in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Fatemi SH, Woyshville MJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 September; 153(9): 1236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780440&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant properties of anticonvulsant drugs for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2003 April; 23(2): 182-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640220&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressant-induced cycle acceleration in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Simpson HB, Liebowitz MR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 September; 153(9): 1239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780445&dopt=Abstract
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Antidepressants and antipsychotics in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kusumakar V. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 10: 23-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392350&dopt=Abstract
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Antiepileptic drugs for the acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): De Leon OA. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 September-October; 9(5): 209-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11553525&dopt=Abstract
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Antipsychotic agents and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tohen M, Zarate CA Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59 Suppl 1: 38-48; Discussion 49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448668&dopt=Abstract
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Antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gelenberg AJ, Hopkins HS. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996; 57 Suppl 9: 49-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823350&dopt=Abstract
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Antiretroviral antibodies: implications for schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hart DJ, Heath RG, Sautter FJ Jr, Schwartz BD, Garry RF, Choi B, Beilke MA, Hart LK. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 March 15; 45(6): 704-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10188000&dopt=Abstract
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Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a neglected comorbidity. Author(s): Masi G, Toni C, Perugi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S, Akiskal HS. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 November; 46(9): 797-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761630&dopt=Abstract
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Anxious and non-anxious bipolar disorder. Author(s): Young LT, Cooke RG, Robb JC, Levitt AJ, Joffe RT. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 September; 29(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254143&dopt=Abstract
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Are impulse-control disorders related to bipolar disorder? Author(s): McElroy SL, Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI, Phillips KA, Strakowski SM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1996 July-August; 37(4): 229-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8826686&dopt=Abstract
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Are schizophrenic and bipolar disorders related? A review of family and molecular studies. Author(s): Berrettini WH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 531-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018225&dopt=Abstract
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Assessing the feasibility of linkage disequilibrium methods for mapping complex traits: an initial screen for bipolar disorder loci on chromosome 18. Author(s): Escamilla MA, McInnes LA, Spesny M, Reus VI, Service SK, Shimayoshi N, Tyler DJ, Silva S, Molina J, Gallegos A, Meza L, Cruz ML, Batki S, Vinogradov S, Neylan T, Nguyen JB, Fournier E, Araya C, Barondes SH, Leon P, Sandkuijl LA, Freimer NB. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1999 June; 64(6): 1670-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10330354&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment and treatment of bipolar disorder in the elderly. Author(s): Eastham JH, Jeste DV, Young RC. Source: Drugs & Aging. 1998 March; 12(3): 205-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9534021&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of basic symptoms in schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Ricca V, Galassi F, La Malfa G, Mannucci E, Barciulli E, Cabras PL. Source: Psychopathology. 1997; 30(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9042683&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of 5HT transporter gene in bipolar disorder in the Indian population. Author(s): Saleem Q, Ganesh S, Vijaykumar M, Reddy YC, Brahmachari SK, Jain S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April 3; 96(2): 170-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893491&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of adenylate cyclase type 9 gene using pedigree disequilibrium test in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Toyota T, Yamada K, Saito K, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Yoshikawa T. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(5): 450-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082561&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of CAG repeats at the KCNN3 locus in Indian patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Saleem Q, Sreevidya VS, Sudhir J, Savithri JV, Gowda Y, B-Rao C, Benegal V, Majumder PP, Anand A, Brahmachari SK, Jain S. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 744-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121173&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of G-protein beta 3 subunit gene with altered Ca(2+) homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Corson TW, Li PP, Kennedy JL, Macciardi F, Cooke RG, Parikh SV, Warsh JJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 March; 6(2): 125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11317211&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of the 5-HT2C receptor and 5-HT transporter genes in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Oruc L, Verheyen GR, Furac I, Jakovljevic M, Ivezic S, Raeymaekers P, Van Broeckhoven C. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 September 19; 74(5): 504-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9342201&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of the pituitary adenyl cyclase activating peptide gene (PACAP) on chromosome 18p11 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Ishiguro H, Ohtsuki T, Okubo Y, Kurumaji A, Arinami T. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2001; 108(7): 849-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11515750&dopt=Abstract
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Association analysis of the proneurotensin gene and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Austin J, Hoogendoorn B, Buckland P, Jones I, McCandless F, Williams N, Middle F, Owen MJ, Craddock N, O'Donovan MC. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2000 March; 10(1): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10909129&dopt=Abstract
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Association and linkage studies of candidate genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission in lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Duffy A, Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Grof E, Joober R, Ahrens B, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Nilsson A, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Robertson C, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2000 September; 25(4): 353-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022400&dopt=Abstract
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Association and linkage studies of CRH and PENK genes in bipolar disorder: a collaborative IGSLI study. Author(s): Alda M, Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Joober R, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April 3; 96(2): 178-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893493&dopt=Abstract
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Association between bipolar disorder and monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphisms: results of a multicenter study. Author(s): Preisig M, Bellivier F, Fenton BT, Baud P, Berney A, Courtet P, Hardy P, Golaz J, Leboyer M, Mallet J, Matthey ML, Mouthon D, Neidhart E, Nosten-Bertrand M, Stadelmann-Dubuis E, Guimon J, Ferrero F, Buresi C, Malafosse A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 June; 157(6): 948-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10831475&dopt=Abstract
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Association between serotonin 4 receptor gene polymorphisms and bipolar disorder in Japanese case-control samples and the NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Pedigrees. Author(s): Ohtsuki T, Ishiguro H, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Toyota T, Shimizu H, Yamada K, Yoshitsugu K, Hattori E, Yoshikawa T, Arinami T. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(9): 954-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399948&dopt=Abstract
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Association of 5-HT(2A) receptor gene polymorphism with major affective disorders: the case of a subgroup of bipolar disorder with low suicide risk. Author(s): Bonnier B, Gorwood P, Hamon M, Sarfati Y, Boni C, Hardy-Bayle MC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 May 1; 51(9): 762-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983190&dopt=Abstract
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Association of a new polymorphism in ALOX12 gene with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Fridman C, Ojopi EP, Gregorio SP, Ikenaga EH, Moreno DH, Demetrio FN, Guimaraes PE, Vallada HP, Gattaz WF, Dias Neto E. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2003 February; 253(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664313&dopt=Abstract
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Association of bipolar disorder with the 5178 polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA. Author(s): Kato T, Kunugi H, Nanko S, Kato N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April 3; 96(2): 182-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893494&dopt=Abstract
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Association of CAG repeat loci on chromosome 22 with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Saleem Q, Dash D, Gandhi C, Kishore A, Benegal V, Sherrin T, Mukherjee O, Jain S, Brahmachari SK. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 November; 6(6): 694-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11673798&dopt=Abstract
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Association of mild traumatic brain injury with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sagduyu K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 July; 63(7): 594. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12143915&dopt=Abstract
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Association of prenatal and perinatal complications with subsequent bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Buka SL, Fan AP. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 September 29; 39(2): 113-9; Discussion 160-1. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10507521&dopt=Abstract
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Association studies of bipolar disorder at the human serotonin transporter gene (hSERT; 5HTT). Author(s): Rees M, Norton N, Jones I, McCandless F, Scourfield J, Holmans P, Moorhead S, Feldman E, Sadler S, Cole T, Redman K, Farmer A, McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 September; 2(5): 398-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322234&dopt=Abstract
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Association studies of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Craddock N, Dave S, Greening J. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 December; 3(6): 284-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843779&dopt=Abstract
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Association studies of candidate genes in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Heiden A, Schussler P, Itzlinger U, Leisch F, Scharfetter J, Gebhardt C, Fuchs K, Willeit M, Nilsson L, Miller-Reiter E, Stompe T, Meszaros K, Sieghart W, Hornik K, Kasper S, Aschauer HN. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 42 Suppl 1: 18-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093065&dopt=Abstract
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Association study between bipolar disorder and candidate genes involved in dopamine-serotonin metabolism and GABAergic neurotransmission: a preliminary report. Author(s): Oruc L, Furac I, Croux C, Jakovljevic M, Kracun I, Folnegovic V, Van Broeckhoven C. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1996 Winter; 6(4): 213-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149328&dopt=Abstract
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Association study of bipolar disorder at the phospholipase A2 gene (PLA2A) in the Darier's disease (DAR) region of chromosome 12q23-q24.1. Author(s): Jacobsen N, Daniels J, Moorhead S, Harrison D, Feldman E, McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1996 Winter; 6(4): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9149325&dopt=Abstract
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Association study of bipolar disorder using a functional polymorphism (Ser311->Cys) in the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Author(s): Craddock N, Roberts Q, Williams N, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1995 Summer; 5(2): 63-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7551964&dopt=Abstract
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Association study of bipolar disorder with candidate genes involved in catecholamine neurotransmission: DRD2, DRD3, DAT1, and TH genes. Author(s): Souery D, Lipp O, Mahieu B, Mendelbaum K, De Martelaer V, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 November 22; 67(6): 551-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950413&dopt=Abstract
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Association study of CAG repeats in the KCNN3 gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ujike H, Yamamoto A, Tanaka Y, Takehisa Y, Takaki M, Taked T, Kodama M, Kuroda S. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2001 April 15; 101(3): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311923&dopt=Abstract
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Association study of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Nakata K, Ujike H, Sakai A, Uchida N, Nomura A, Imamura T, Katsu T, Tanaka Y, Hamamura T, Kuroda S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 January 30; 337(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524161&dopt=Abstract
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Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community-based longitudinal investigation. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brook JS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 October; 157(10): 1679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11007724&dopt=Abstract
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At issue: is household crowding a risk factor for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Author(s): Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1998; 24(3): 321-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9718626&dopt=Abstract
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Attempted suicide and alcoholism in bipolar disorder: clinical and familial relationships. Author(s): Potash JB, Kane HS, Chiu YF, Simpson SG, MacKinnon DF, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, DePaulo JR Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 157(12): 2048-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097977&dopt=Abstract
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder in girls: further evidence for a familial subtype? Author(s): Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 April; 64(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292516&dopt=Abstract
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Attentional vulnerability indicators in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Addington J, Addington D. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1997 February 28; 23(3): 197-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9075297&dopt=Abstract
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: a familial subtype? Author(s): Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mennin D, Wozniak J, Spencer T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 October; 36(10): 1378-87; Discussion 1387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9334551&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards bipolar disorder and predictive genetic testing among patients and providers. Author(s): Smith LB, Sapers B, Reus VI, Freimer NB. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 July; 33(7): 544-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8818938&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards future testing for bipolar disorder susceptibility genes: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Jones I, Scourfield J, McCandless F, Craddock N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 September; 71(1-3): 189-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167515&dopt=Abstract
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Atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilization in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Brambilla P, Barale F, Soares JC. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2003 April; 166(4): 315-32. Epub 2003 February 27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607072&dopt=Abstract
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Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Strakowski SM, Del Bello MP, Adler CM, Keck PE Jr. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 May; 4(5): 751-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12739998&dopt=Abstract
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Autism, profound mental retardation and atypical bipolar disorder in a 33-year-old female with a deletion of 15q12. Author(s): Kerbeshian J, Burd L, Randall T, Martsolf J, Jalal S. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1990 April; 34 ( Pt 2): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2342095&dopt=Abstract
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Axis I comorbidity in bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Author(s): Pini S, Dell'Osso L, Mastrocinque C, Marcacci G, Papasogli A, Vignoli S, Pallanti S, Cassano G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 November; 175: 467-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789280&dopt=Abstract
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Axis I psychiatric comorbidity and its relationship to historical illness variables in 288 patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Keck PE Jr, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Leverich GS, Rochussen JR, Rush AJ, Post RM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 March; 158(3): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229983&dopt=Abstract
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Backward masking task performance in stable, euthymic out-patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): MacQueen GM, Young LT, Galway TM, Joffe RT. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 October; 31(7): 1269-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11681553&dopt=Abstract
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Basal ganglia volumes and white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Aylward EH, Roberts-Twillie JV, Barta PE, Kumar AJ, Harris GJ, Geer M, Peyser CE, Pearlson GD. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 May; 151(5): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8166310&dopt=Abstract
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Basal thyroid indices in adolescent depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sokolov ST, Kutcher SP, Joffe RT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 May; 33(4): 469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8005899&dopt=Abstract
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Behavioral inhibition and disinhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology: implications for pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Biederman J, Calltharp S, Rosenbaum ED, Faraone SV, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 985-99. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788244&dopt=Abstract
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Biological predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ikeda A, Kato T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 June; 57(3): 243-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753562&dopt=Abstract
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Biological treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kruger S, Braunig P, Young LT. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996 September; 29(5): 167-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8895941&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder after mefloquine treatment. Author(s): Even C, Friedman S, Lanouar K. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 May; 26(3): 252-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11394195&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and ADHD. Author(s): Stein MA, Roizen NM, Leventhal BL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 October; 38(10): 1208-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10517049&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Giedd JN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 31-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826658&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and cerebral sarcoidosis. Author(s): McLoughlin D, McKeon P. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 March; 158: 410-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2036540&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and chromosome 18: an analysis of multiple data sets. Author(s): Badner JA, Goldin LR. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 569-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433544&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and chromosome 18p11: uncertainties redux. Author(s): Baron M, Knowles JA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2000 March; 10(1): 55-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10909130&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and comorbid conduct disorder in childhood and adolescence. Author(s): Kovacs M, Pollock M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 June; 34(6): 715-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7608044&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and Crohn's disease. Author(s): Dommisse J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 January; 53(1): 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1737739&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and Crohn's disease. Author(s): Holroyd S, DePaulo JR Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 October; 51(10): 407-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2211537&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and family communication: effects of a psychoeducational treatment program. Author(s): Simoneau TL, Miklowitz DJ, Richards JA, Saleem R, George EL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 November; 108(4): 588-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609423&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and linkage to Xq28. Author(s): Baron M, Straub RE, Lehner T, Endicott J, Ott J, Gilliam TC, Lerer B. Source: Nature Genetics. 1994 August; 7(4): 461-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7951314&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families: an analysis of chromosome 18 data. Author(s): MacKinnon DF, Xu J, McMahon FJ, Simpson SG, Stine OC, McInnis MG, DePaulo JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 June; 155(6): 829-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9619158&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: distinct illnesses or a continuum? Author(s): Moller HJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 6: 23-7; Discussion 28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720477&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and social work practice. Author(s): Sands RG. Source: Soc Work Health Care. 1985 Spring; 10(3): 91-105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3992437&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and the family: an integrative model. Author(s): Moltz DA. Source: Family Process. 1993 December; 32(4): 409-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8163003&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder and variation at a common polymorphism (A1832G) within exon 8 of the Wolfram gene. Author(s): Middle F, Jones I, McCandless F, Barrett T, Khanim F, Owen MJ, Lendon C, Craddock N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 April 3; 96(2): 154-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10893487&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder associated with interferon-alpha treatment. Author(s): Iancu I, Sverdlik A, Dannon PN, Lepkifker E. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1997 December; 73(866): 834-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9497963&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder associated with Klinefelter's syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities. Author(s): Everman DB, Stoudemire A. Source: Psychosomatics. 1994 January-February; 35(1): 35-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8134527&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder associated with primary generalised epilepsy. Author(s): Howland RH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 May; 162: 699-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7908591&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder associated with Turner's syndrome. Author(s): Panzer MJ, Tandon R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1991 November; 179(11): 702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1940896&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. Author(s): Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 January; 158(1): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11136645&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder following a left basal-ganglia stroke. Author(s): Turecki G, Mari Jde J, Del Porto JA. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 November; 163: 690. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8298844&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder following a stroke involving the left hemisphere. Author(s): Liu CY, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Yang YY, Liu HC. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 October; 30(5): 68891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8902178&dopt=Abstract
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Bipolar disorder susceptibility region on Xq24-q27.1 in Finnish families. Author(s): Ekholm JM, Pekkarinen P, Pajukanta P, Kieseppa T, Partonen T, Paunio T, Varilo T, Perola M, Lonnqvist J, Peltonen L. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(5): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082562&dopt=Abstract
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Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Sax KW, Zimmerman ME, Shear PK, Hawkins JM, Larson ER. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 March; 56(3): 254-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10078503&dopt=Abstract
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Brain mechanisms in manic depression. Author(s): Carroll BJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1994 February; 40(2): 303-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8313611&dopt=Abstract
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Brain SPECT imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Anand A, Verhoeff P, Seneca N, Zoghbi SS, Seibyl JP, Charney DS, Innis RB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 July; 157(7): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873919&dopt=Abstract
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Breast cancer, bipolar disorder, catatonia, and life-preserving electroconvulsive therapy. Author(s): Waller K, Borik A, Choi C. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 September-October; 41(5): 442-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015633&dopt=Abstract
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Brief communication: pathological narcissism in bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Stormberg D, Ronningstam E, Gunderson J, Tohen M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Summer; 12(2): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9661104&dopt=Abstract
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Bupropion in the treatment of bipolar disorders: the same old story? Author(s): Fogelson DL, Bystritsky A, Pasnau R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 December; 53(12): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1487473&dopt=Abstract
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CADASIL presenting as bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kumar SK, Mahr G. Source: Psychosomatics. 1997 July-August; 38(4): 397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9217412&dopt=Abstract
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Calcitonin and bipolar disorder: a hypothesis revisited. Author(s): Vik A, Yatham LN. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1998 March; 23(2): 109-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9549251&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium channel antagonists for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Levy NA, Janicak PG. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 June; 2(2): 108-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252650&dopt=Abstract
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Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. Author(s): Yingling DR, Utter G, Vengalil S, Mason B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501088&dopt=Abstract
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Can a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder be identified? Integration of findings from the Massachusetts General Hospital Pediatric Psychopharmacology Research Program. Author(s): Biederman J, Mick E, Wozniak J, Monuteaux MC, Galdo M, Faraone SV. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 952-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788240&dopt=Abstract
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Can adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder be distinguished from those with comorbid bipolar disorder? Findings from a sample of clinically referred adults. Author(s): Wilens TE, Biederman J, Wozniak J, Gunawardene S, Wong J, Monuteaux M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 July 1; 54(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842302&dopt=Abstract
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Can stimulant rebound mimic pediatric bipolar disorder? Author(s): Sarampote CS, Efron LA, Robb AS, Pearl PL, Stein MA. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Spring; 12(1): 63-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014597&dopt=Abstract
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Can we conduct some large simple trials in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Geddes JR. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479680&dopt=Abstract
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Carbamazepine treatment of bipolar disorder in an adolescent with cerebral palsy. Author(s): Craven C, Murphy M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 June; 39(6): 680-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10846301&dopt=Abstract
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Carbamazepine, a possible adjunct or alternative to lithium in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Nolen WA. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1983 April; 67(4): 218-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6858715&dopt=Abstract
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Case of mania induced by withdrawal of interferon-alpha in a patient affected by bipolar disorder. Author(s): Rossi A, Renzetti D, D'Albenzio L, Gianfelice D, Kalyvoka A, Rinaldi O. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 December; 56(6): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485309&dopt=Abstract
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Case study: bipolar disorder after head injury. Author(s): Sayal K, Ford T, Pipe R. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 April; 39(4): 525-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761356&dopt=Abstract
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Case study: carbamazepine treatment of juvenile-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Woolston JL. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 March; 38(3): 335-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10087696&dopt=Abstract
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Case study: comorbidity among Tourette's syndrome, autistic disorder, and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kerbeshian J, Burd L. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 May; 35(5): 681-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8935216&dopt=Abstract
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Case study: the use of melatonin in a boy with refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Robertson JM, Tanguay PE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 June; 36(6): 822-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9183138&dopt=Abstract
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Case-control study of neurocognitive function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder: an association with mania. Author(s): Cavanagh JT, Van Beck M, Muir W, Blackwood DH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 April; 180: 320-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925354&dopt=Abstract
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Catechol o-methyltransferase, serotonin transporter, and tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphisms in bipolar disorder patients with and without comorbid panic disorder. Author(s): Rotondo A, Mazzanti C, Dell'Osso L, Rucci P, Sullivan P, Bouanani S, Gonnelli C, Goldman D, Cassano GB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 January; 159(1): 23-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772685&dopt=Abstract
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CD and ADHD in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schneider SM, Atkinson DR, el-Mallakh RS. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 November; 35(11): 1422-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8936905&dopt=Abstract
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Cell pathology in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Rajkowska G. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 April; 4(2): 105-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071508&dopt=Abstract
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Cellular and molecular actions of lamotrigine: Possible mechanisms of efficacy in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Xie X, Hagan RM. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998 October; 38(3): 119-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778599&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebral palsy and juvenile-onset bipolar disorder. A preliminary report. Author(s): Craven C, James A, Murphy M. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 June; 11(3): 134-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369773&dopt=Abstract
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Changes in the molecular structure of the brain in bipolar disorder: findings using human postmortem brain tissue. Author(s): Dean B. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002 July; 3(3): 125-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478877&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics and psychosocial problems of patients with bipolar disorder at high risk for suicide attempt. Author(s): Tsai SY, Lee JC, Chen CC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 January-March; 52(1-3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357027&dopt=Abstract
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Characteristics of first suicide attempts in single versus multiple suicide attempters with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Michaelis BH, Goldberg JF, Singer TM, Garno JL, Ernst CL, Davis GP. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 44(1): 15-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524631&dopt=Abstract
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Characterization of the human glutamate receptor subunit 3 gene (GRIA3), a candidate for bipolar disorder and nonspecific X-linked mental retardation. Author(s): Gecz J, Barnett S, Liu J, Hollway G, Donnelly A, Eyre H, Eshkevari HS, Baltazar R, Grunn A, Nagaraja R, Gilliam C, Peltonen L, Sutherland GR, Baron M, Mulley JC. Source: Genomics. 1999 December 15; 62(3): 356-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10644433&dopt=Abstract
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Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. Author(s): Geller B, Luby J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 September; 36(9): 1168-76. Review. Erratum In: J Am Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997 November; 36(11): 1642. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9291717&dopt=Abstract
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Childhood behavior problems and bipolar disorder--relationship or coincidence? Author(s): Carlson GA, Weintraub S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 July; 28(3): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8408977&dopt=Abstract
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Children of parents with bipolar disorder. A population at high risk for major affective disorders. Author(s): Hodgins S, Faucher B, Zarac A, Ellenbogen M. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 July; 11(3): 533-53, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222082&dopt=Abstract
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Children of parents with bipolar disorder: a metaanalysis of risk for mental disorders. Author(s): Lapalme M, Hodgins S, LaRoche C. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1997 August; 42(6): 623-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288425&dopt=Abstract
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Children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hellander ME, Burke T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 495; Author Reply 496. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10348639&dopt=Abstract
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Children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Staton D, Lysne D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230176&dopt=Abstract
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Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Author(s): Stoll AL, Sachs GS, Cohen BM, Lafer B, Christensen JD, Renshaw PF. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1996 September 1; 40(5): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8874839&dopt=Abstract
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Choline, myo-inositol and mood in bipolar disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of the anterior cingulate cortex. Author(s): Moore CM, Breeze JL, Gruber SA, Babb SM, Frederick BB, Villafuerte RA, Stoll AL, Hennen J, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 2): 207-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249799&dopt=Abstract
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Choline-containing compounds detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the basal ganglia in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kato T, Hamakawa H, Shioiri T, Murashita J, Takahashi Y, Takahashi S, Inubushi T. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1996 July; 21(4): 248-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8754593&dopt=Abstract
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Chromosome 18p11 and linkage to bipolar disorder revisited. Author(s): Baron M, Knowles JA. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1999 December; 9(4): 201-3, 205-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697828&dopt=Abstract
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Circadian secretion of cortisol in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cervantes P, Gelber S, Kin FN, Nair VN, Schwartz G. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001 November; 26(5): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11762208&dopt=Abstract
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Classification issues of bipolar disorders in childhood. Author(s): Carlson GA. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1984 Winter; 2(4): 273-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6441929&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder subjects with large CAG/CTG repeat DNA. Author(s): Parikh SV, Vincent JB, Kennedy JL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 October; 55(2-3): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628891&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical characteristics of familial and non-familial bipolar disorder. Author(s): Moorhead S, Scott J. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 June; 2(2): 136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252653&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical correlates of therapeutic response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 257-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869775&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical correlates of valproate augmentation in refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): McCoy L, Votolato NA, Schwarzkopf SB, Nasrallah HA. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1993 March; 5(1): 29-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348196&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical practice guidelines for bipolar disorder from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Author(s): Bauer MS, Callahan AM, Jampala C, Petty F, Sajatovic M, Schaefer V, Wittlin B, Powell BJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 January; 60(1): 9-21. Erratum In: J Clin Psychiatry 1999 May; 60(5): 341. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10074872&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical studies on the use of lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD, Kujawa M, Kimmel SE. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998 October; 38(3): 185-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778607&dopt=Abstract
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Clinician ratings vs. global ratings of symptom severity: a comparison of symptom measures in the bipolar disorder module, phase II, Texas Medication Algorithm Project. Author(s): Brown ES, Rush AJ, Biggs MM, Shores-Wilson K, Carmody TJ, Suppes T; Texas Medication Algorithm Project. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2003 February 15; 117(2): 167-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606018&dopt=Abstract
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Clinicians' fidelity to a manual-based family treatment as a predictor of the one-year course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Weisman A, Tompson MC, Okazaki S, Gregory J, Goldstein MJ, Rea M, Miklowitz DJ. Source: Family Process. 2002 Spring; 41(1): 123-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924080&dopt=Abstract
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Clock genes, feedback loops and their possible role in the etiology of bipolar disorders: an integrative model. Author(s): Mitterauer B. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 August; 55(2): 155-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904433&dopt=Abstract
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Clonazepam augmentation therapy in a male at early adolescence with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sugimoto T, Murata T, Omori M, Wada Y. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 25(1): 57-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12583934&dopt=Abstract
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Clonazepam in the treatment of bipolar disorder in patients with non-lithiuminduced renal insufficiency. Author(s): Amiel M, Bryan S, Herjanic M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1987 October; 48(10): 424. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3117777&dopt=Abstract
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Clonazepam treatment of atypical bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pande AC. Source: Psychosomatics. 1988 Summer; 29(3): 333-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3406350&dopt=Abstract
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Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Aronson TA, Shukla S, Hirschowitz J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 January; 146(1): 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2643359&dopt=Abstract
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Clonazepam-induced maniacal reaction in a patient with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ikeda M, Fujikawa T, Yanai I, Horiguchi J, Yamawaki S. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 July; 13(4): 189-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9727730&dopt=Abstract
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Clonidine in the treatment of mania and mixed bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zubenko GS, Cohen BM, Lipinski JF Jr, Jonas JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 December; 141(12): 1617-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6507667&dopt=Abstract
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Clonidine in the treatment of mixed bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kontaxakis V, Markianos M, Markidis M, Stefanis C. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1989 January; 79(1): 108-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2467523&dopt=Abstract
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Close linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 11 markers is excluded in two large Australian pedigrees. Author(s): Mitchell P, Waters B, Morrison N, Shine J, Donald J, Eisman J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 January; 21(1): 23-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1673974&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frakenburg FR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1993 August; 13(4): 289-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8376619&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine associated with decreased suicidality in bipolar disorder: a case report. Author(s): Vangala VR, Brown ES, Suppes T. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 December; 1(2): 123-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252659&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and psychotic bipolar disorder: a 24-month naturalistic study. Author(s): Ciapparelli A, Dell'Osso L, Pini S, Chiavacci MC, Fenzi M, Cassano GB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 May; 61(5): 329-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847306&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine in bipolar disorder: treatment implications for other atypical antipsychotics. Author(s): Frye MA, Ketter TA, Altshuler LL, Denicoff K, Dunn RT, Kimbrell TA, CoraLocatelli G, Post RM. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 March; 48(2-3): 91-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543198&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frye MA, Altshuler LL, Bitran JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 February; 16(1): 87-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8834431&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or psychotic bipolar disorder: a naturalistic 48-month follow-up study. Author(s): Ciapparelli A, Dell'Osso L, Bandettini di Poggio A, Carmassi C, Cecconi D, Fenzi M, Chiavacci MC, Bottai M, Ramacciotti CE, Cassano GB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 April; 64(4): 451-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716249&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine prophylaxis in rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Meltzer HY, Markovitz PJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1991 December; 11(6): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1770164&dopt=Abstract
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Clozapine treatment in an adolescent with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Masi G, Milone A. Source: Panminerva Medica. 1998 September; 40(3): 254-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785928&dopt=Abstract
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Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Coffman JA, Bornstein RA, Olson SC, Schwarzkopf SB, Nasrallah HA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1990 June 1; 27(11): 1188-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2354225&dopt=Abstract
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Combined valproate and carbamazepine treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Vuckovic A, Friedman LM. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1992 Summer; 4(3): 319-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1498585&dopt=Abstract
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Combining lithium and sodium valproate for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mitchell P, Withers K, Jacobs G, Hickie I. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 March; 28(1): 1413. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067959&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary on the nature and treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Leonard BE. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2001 July; 2(3): 110-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12587195&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbid bipolar disorder and panic disorder in families with a high prevalence of bipolar disorder. Author(s): MacKinnon DF, Zandi PP, Cooper J, Potash JB, Simpson SG, Gershon E, Nurnberger J, Reich T, DePaulo JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 January; 159(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772686&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbid bipolar disorder in Tourette's syndrome responds to the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (Inversine). Author(s): Shytle RD, Silver AA, Sanberg PR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 November 15; 48(10): 1028-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11082479&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with early- and late-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS, Baldassano CF, Truman CJ, Guille C. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 March; 157(3): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698829&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbidity of binge eating disorder and the partial binge eating syndrome with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kruger S, Shugar G, Cooke RG. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1996 January; 19(1): 45-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8640201&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbidity of bipolar disorder and substance abuse in Costa Rica: pedigree- and population-based studies. Author(s): Escamilla MA, Batki S, Reus VI, Spesny M, Molina J, Service S, Vinogradov S, Neylan T, Mathews C, Meza L, Gallegos A, Montero AP, Cruz ML, Neuhaus J, Roche E, Smith L, Leon P, Freimer NB. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 September; 71(1-3): 71-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167503&dopt=Abstract
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Comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in recovered inpatients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kruger S, Braunig P, Cooke RG. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 March; 2(1): 71-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254024&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative sequencing and association studies of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Speight G, Turic D, Austin J, Hoogendoorn B, Cardno AG, Jones L, Murphy KC, Sanders R, McCarthy G, Jones I, McCandless F, McGuffin P, Craddock N, Owen MJ, Buckland P, O'Donovan MC. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 May; 5(3): 327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889538&dopt=Abstract
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Comparing anxiety disorders and anxiety-related traits in bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Author(s): Simon NM, Smoller JW, Fava M, Sachs G, Racette SR, Perlis R, Sonawalla S, Rosenbaum JF. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 May-June; 37(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650739&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders. A meta-analysis. Author(s): Dardennes R, Even C, Bange F, Heim A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1995 March; 166(3): 378-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7788131&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of insight in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in remission. Author(s): Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh ML, Yen JY, Ker JH, Yang SJ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 December; 190(12): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486373&dopt=Abstract
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Concurrent use of theophylline and lithium in a patient with chronic obstructive lung disease and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sierles FS, Ossowski MG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 January; 139(1): 117-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7055254&dopt=Abstract
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Confirmation of association between expanded CAG/CTG repeats and both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): O'Donovan MC, Guy C, Craddock N, Bowen T, McKeon P, Macedo A, Maier W, Wildenauer D, Aschauer HN, Sorbi S, Feldman E, Mynett-Johnson L, Claffey E, Nacmias B, Valente J, Dourado A, Grassi E, Lenzinger E, Heiden AM, Moorhead S, Harrison D, Williams J, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1996 November; 26(6): 1145-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8931160&dopt=Abstract
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Confusion and dysphoria with low-dose topiramate in a patient with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Andrade C. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 August; 3(4): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552960&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital dermatoglyphic malformations in severe bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gutierrez B, Van Os J, Valles V, Guillamat R, Campillo M, Fananas L. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1998 May 8; 78(3): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9657417&dopt=Abstract
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Congenital neuroblastoma in a boy born to a woman with bipolar disorder treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Author(s): Baptista T, Araujo H, Rada P, Hernandez L. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1998 April; 22(3): 445-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9612842&dopt=Abstract
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Construct validity of life chart functioning scales for use in naturalistic studies of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Meaden PM, Daniels RE, Zajecka J. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2000 May-June; 34(3): 187-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867113&dopt=Abstract
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Content analysis of groups for inpatients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 1993 February; 6(1): 19-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8439173&dopt=Abstract
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Contested boundaries of bipolar disorder and the limits of categorical diagnosis in psychiatry. Author(s): Blacker D, Tsuang MT. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 November; 149(11): 1473-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1415815&dopt=Abstract
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Contingent tolerance and reresponse to carbamazepine: a case study in a patient with trigeminal neuralgia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pazzaglia PJ, Post RM. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1992 Winter; 4(1): 76-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1627967&dopt=Abstract
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Continuation and maintenance ECT in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vaidya NA, Mahableshwarkar AR, Shahid R. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2003 March; 19(1): 10-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12621271&dopt=Abstract
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Continuation and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sharma V, Yatham LN, Haslam DR, Silverstone PH, Parikh SV, Matte R, Kutcher SP, Kusumakar V. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1997 August; 42 Suppl 2: 92S-100S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288442&dopt=Abstract
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Coping resources of African-American and white patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pollack LE, Harvin S, Cramer RD. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 October; 51(10): 1310-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013334&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of overweight and obesity in 644 patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): McElroy SL, Frye MA, Suppes T, Dhavale D, Keck PE Jr, Leverich GS, Altshuler L, Denicoff KD, Nolen WA, Kupka R, Grunze H, Walden J, Post RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 March; 63(3): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926719&dopt=Abstract
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Cost of treating bipolar disorder in the California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) program. Author(s): Li J, McCombs JS, Stimmel GL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 September; 71(1-3): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167509&dopt=Abstract
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Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Faravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu HG, Joyce PR, Karam EG, Lee CK, Lellouch J, Lepine JP, Newman SC, Rubio-Stipec M, Wells JE, Wickramaratne PJ, Wittchen H, Yeh EK. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1996 July 24-31; 276(4): 293-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8656541&dopt=Abstract
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Current research on rapid cycling bipolar disorder and its treatment. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Shelton MD, Rapport DJ, Kujawa M, Kimmel SE, Caban S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 241-55. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869774&dopt=Abstract
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CUX2, a potential regulator of NCAM expression: genomic characterization and analysis as a positional candidate susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Jacobsen NJ, Elvidge G, Franks EK, O'Donovan MC, Craddock N, Owen MJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 April 8; 105(3): 295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353453&dopt=Abstract
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Cyclical self-injurious behavior, contingent water mist treatment, and the possibility of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Osborne JG, Baggs AW, Darvish R, Blakelock H, Peine H, Jenson WR. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1992 December; 23(4): 325-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1302257&dopt=Abstract
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Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a postmortem brain study. Author(s): Guidotti A, Auta J, Davis JM, Di-Giorgi-Gerevini V, Dwivedi Y, Grayson DR, Impagnatiello F, Pandey G, Pesold C, Sharma R, Uzunov D, Costa E, DiGiorgi Gerevini V. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 November; 57(11): 1061-9. Erratum In: Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002 January; 59(1): 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11074872&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine spectroscopy resonance with lithium treatment in children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Davanzo P, Thomas MA, Yue K, Oshiro T, Belin T, Strober M, McCracken J. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 April; 24(4): 359-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11182531&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased brain intracellular pH measured by 31P-MRS in bipolar disorder: a confirmation in drug-free patients and correlation with white matter hyperintensity. Author(s): Kato T, Murashita J, Kamiya A, Shioiri T, Kato N, Inubushi T. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1998; 248(6): 301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928909&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Winsberg ME, Sachs N, Tate DL, Adalsteinsson E, Spielman D, Ketter TA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 March 15; 47(6): 475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10715353&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased N-acetylaspartate in children with familial bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chang K, Adleman N, Dienes K, Barnea-Goraly N, Reiss A, Ketter T. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 1059-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788251&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased pituitary volume in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sassi RB, Nicoletti M, Brambilla P, Harenski K, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 August 15; 50(4): 271-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11522262&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased plasma prolactin release in euthymic lithium-treated women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): El Khoury A, Tham A, Mathe AA, Aberg-Wistedt A, Stain-Malmgren R. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2003; 48(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12886035&dopt=Abstract
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Decreased temporal lobe phosphomonoesters in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Deicken RF, Weiner MW, Fein G. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 March 14; 33(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790672&dopt=Abstract
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Deficits in gray matter volume are present in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zipursky RB, Seeman MV, Bury A, Langevin R, Wortzman G, Katz R. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1997 August 29; 26(2-3): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9323337&dopt=Abstract
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Deletion of leukocyte mitochondrial DNA in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kato T, Takahashi Y. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 April 12; 37(2-3): 67-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8731068&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals in a bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Cluss PA, Houck PR, Stapf DA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 February; 63(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874212&dopt=Abstract
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Density and distribution of white matter neurons in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder: no evidence for abnormalities of neuronal migration. Author(s): Beasley CL, Cotter DR, Everall IP. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(6): 564-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12140779&dopt=Abstract
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Dental care for the patient with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Clark DB. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 2003 January; 69(1): 20-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556265&dopt=Abstract
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Dental conditions in patients with bipolar disorder on long-term lithium maintenance therapy. Author(s): Friedlander AH, Birch NJ. Source: Spec Care Dentist. 1990 September-October; 10(5): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11100224&dopt=Abstract
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Depression and bipolar disorder: relationships to impaired fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism and to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, immunological abnormalities, cancer, ageing and osteoporosis. Possible candidate genes. Author(s): Horrobin DF, Bennett CN. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1999 April; 60(4): 21734. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10397403&dopt=Abstract
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Depressive episodes of bipolar disorder in early teenage years: changes with increasing age and the significance of IQ. Author(s): Shiratsuchi T, Takahashi N, Suzuki T, Abe K. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 May; 58(2): 161-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10781706&dopt=Abstract
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Description of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 10 bipolar disorder linkage data sets. Author(s): Goldin LR, Gershon ES, Berrettini WH, Stine OC, DePaulo R, McMahon F, Meyers D, Nothen M, Propping P, Cichon S, Fimmers R, Baur M, Albus M, Franzek E, Kreiner R, Maier W, Rietschel M, Baron M, Knowles J, Gilliam C, Endicott J, Gurling H, Curtis D, Smyth C, Kelsoe J. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 563-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433543&dopt=Abstract
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Design and implementation of a randomized trial evaluating systematic care for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Simon GE, Ludman E, Unutzer J, Bauer MS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 August; 4(4): 226-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190711&dopt=Abstract
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Detecting bipolar disorder among treatment-seeking substance abusers. Author(s): Sloan KL, Kivlahan D, Saxon AJ. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 2000 February; 26(1): 13-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718160&dopt=Abstract
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Detecting QTLs for uni- and bipolar disorder using a variance component method. Author(s): Visscher PM, Haley CS, Heath SC, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1999 June; 9(2): 75-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10412186&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of functional outcome and healthcare costs in bipolar disorder: a highintensity follow-up study. Author(s): Bauer MS, Kirk GF, Gavin C, Williford WO. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 August; 65(3): 231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11511403&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of overweight and obesity in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Elmslie JL, Mann JI, Silverstone JT, Williams SM, Romans SE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 June; 62(6): 486-91; Quiz 492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465534&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental brain anomalies in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a controlled MRI study. Author(s): Jurjus GJ, Nasrallah HA, Brogan M, Olson SC. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1993 Fall; 5(4): 3758. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286934&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental manifestations in a boy with prepubertal bipolar disorder. Author(s): Reiss AL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 October; 46(10): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4044536&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental subtypes of juvenile bipolar disorder. Author(s): Biederman J. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1995 November-December; 3(4): 227-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384951&dopt=Abstract
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Developmental vulnerabilities to the onset and course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Post RM, Leverich GS, Xing G, Weiss RB. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 2001 Summer; 13(3): 581-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11523849&dopt=Abstract
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Dexamethasone for treatment of major depression in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Beale MD, Arana GW. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 June; 152(6): 959-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7755142&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosing and treating bipolar disorder. Author(s): Clayton P. Source: Minn Med. 1999 October; 82(10): 46-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10544645&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosing bipolar disorder and the effect of antidepressants: a naturalistic study. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Boiman EE, Goodwin FK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 October; 61(10): 804-8; Quiz 809. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11078046&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of rapidly cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Maj M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: Ii62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824840&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis of bipolar disorders: focus on bipolar disorder I and bipolar disorder II. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Medgenmed [electronic Resource] : Medscape General Medicine. 2002 August 16; 4(3): 17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12466760&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas in the management of pediatric-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wozniak J, Biederman J, Richards JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 14: 10-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11469669&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic certainty of a voluntary bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Cluss PA, Marcus SC, Kelleher KJ, Thase ME, Arvay LA, Kupfer DJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 January-March; 52(1-3): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357022&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnostic characteristics of 93 cases of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype by gender, puberty and comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, Delbello MP, Soutullo CA. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Fall; 10(3): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052405&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in cerebellar blood volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Loeber RT, Sherwood AR, Renshaw PF, Cohen BM, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 May 4; 37(1): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10227110&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in qualitative brain morphology findings in schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, and normal volunteers. Author(s): Lewine RR, Hudgins P, Brown F, Caudle J, Risch SC. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1995 May; 15(3): 253-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7632622&dopt=Abstract
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Different trait markers for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a neurocognitive approach. Author(s): Keri S, Kelemen O, Benedek G, Janka Z. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2001 July; 31(5): 915-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11459389&dopt=Abstract
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Differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dunner DL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 February; 12(1 Suppl): 7S-12S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1541721&dopt=Abstract
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Differential efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: results of the MAP study. Author(s): Kleindienst N, Greil W. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 42 Suppl 1: 2-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11093063&dopt=Abstract
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Differential hippocampal expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 messenger RNA in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Heckers S, Stone D, Walsh J, Shick J, Koul P, Benes FM. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 June; 59(6): 521-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044194&dopt=Abstract
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Differential prescription of maintenance antipsychotics to African American and white patients with new-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Fleck DE, Hendricks WL, DelBello MP, Strakowski SM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 August; 63(8): 658-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197445&dopt=Abstract
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Differential response to lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Greil W, Kleindienst N, Erazo N, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1998 December; 18(6): 455-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9864077&dopt=Abstract
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Differential treatment of bipolar disorder with old and new antiepileptic drugs. Author(s): Walden J, Normann C, Langosch J, Berger M, Grunze H. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998 October; 38(3): 181-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778606&dopt=Abstract
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Difficulties in diagnosis and management of bipolar disorder: three case presentations. Author(s): Brady KT. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Supp 13: 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153810&dopt=Abstract
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Difficulty in implementing a family intervention for bipolar disorder: the predictive role of patient and family attributes. Author(s): Tompson MC, Rea MM, Goldstein MJ, Miklowitz DJ, Weisman AG. Source: Family Process. 2000 Spring; 39(1): 105-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10742934&dopt=Abstract
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Diltiazem as augmentation therapy in patients with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a retrospective study. Author(s): Silverstone PH, Birkett L. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2000 May; 25(3): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10863888&dopt=Abstract
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Dimensions of psychopathology in bipolar disorder versus other affective and nonaffective psychoses among an epidemiologically complete population. Author(s): Scully PJ, Owens JM, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 43-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479677&dopt=Abstract
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Discontinuation of maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder: risks and implications. Author(s): Suppes T, Baldessarini RJ, Faedda GL, Tondo L, Tohen M. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1993 September-October; 1(3): 131-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384841&dopt=Abstract
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Discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: risks and implications. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Viguera AC. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 17-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256650&dopt=Abstract
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Disease classification and transmission effects on linkage analyses in the NIMH1 bipolar disorder pedigrees. Author(s): Collins JS, Go RC. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433547&dopt=Abstract
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Disease-specific alterations in frontal cortex brain proteins in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. The Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Author(s): Johnston-Wilson NL, Sims CD, Hofmann JP, Anderson L, Shore AD, Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 March; 5(2): 142-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10822341&dopt=Abstract
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Disinhibition syndromes, secondary mania and bipolar disorder in old age. Author(s): Shulman KI. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 December; 46(3): 175-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547115&dopt=Abstract
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Distinguishing bipolar disorder from schizophrenia in clinical practice: guidelines and case reports. Author(s): Pope HG Jr. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1983 April; 34(4): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840720&dopt=Abstract
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Distinguishing borderline personality disorder from bipolar disorder: differential diagnosis and implications. Author(s): Bolton S, Gunderson JG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 September; 153(9): 1202-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780426&dopt=Abstract
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Distinguishing unipolar and bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Taylor MA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 September; 151(9): 1397-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8067506&dopt=Abstract
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Diurnal variation in the direction of mood switches in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Feldman-Naim S, Turner EH, Leibenluft E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 February; 58(2): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062377&dopt=Abstract
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Divalproex for the treatment of geriatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mordecai DJ, Sheikh JI, Glick ID. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 1999 June; 14(6): 494-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10398360&dopt=Abstract
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Divalproex sodium in sex offenders with bipolar disorders and comorbid paraphilias: an open retrospective study. Author(s): Nelson E, Brusman L, Holcomb J, Soutullo C, Beckman D, Welge JA, Kuppili N, McElroy SL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 May; 64(2-3): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313091&dopt=Abstract
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Divalproex sodium versus olanzapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar disorder: health-related quality of life and medical cost outcomes. Author(s): Revicki DA, Paramore LC, Sommerville KW, Swann AC, Zajecka JM; Depakote Comparator Study Group. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 288-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716270&dopt=Abstract
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Divalproex-responsive rapid cycling bipolar disorder in a patient with Down's syndrome: implications for the Down's syndrome-mania hypothesis. Author(s): Sovner R. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1991 April; 35 ( Pt 2): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2072396&dopt=Abstract
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DNA fragmentation decreased in schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Author(s): Benes FM, Walsh J, Bhattacharyya S, Sheth A, Berretta S. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003 April; 60(4): 359-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695312&dopt=Abstract
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DNA polymorphisms and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kato T. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 July; 158(7): 1169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431265&dopt=Abstract
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DNA restriction fragment analysis of the proopiomelanocortin gene in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Feder J, Gurling HM, Darby J, Cavalli-Sforza LL. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1985 March; 37(2): 286-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2984925&dopt=Abstract
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Do lithium and anticonvulsants target the brain arachidonic acid cascade in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Rapoport SI, Bosetti F. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 July; 59(7): 592-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090811&dopt=Abstract
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Do puerperal psychotic episodes identify a more familial subtype of bipolar disorder? Results of a family history study. Author(s): Jones I, Craddock N. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2002 September; 12(3): 177-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218664&dopt=Abstract
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Do we need placebo control in maintenance studies in bipolar disorders? Author(s): Vieta E. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479679&dopt=Abstract
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Does inositol signalling have a role in disease susceptibility and drug treatment of bipolar disorder? Author(s): Steen VM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479678&dopt=Abstract
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Does prophylaxis-delay in bipolar disorder influence outcome? Results from a longterm study of 147 patients. Author(s): Baethge C, Smolka MN, Gruschka P, Berghofer A, Schlattmann P, Bauer M, Altshuler L, Grof P, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003 April; 107(4): 260-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662248&dopt=Abstract
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Does the manic/mixed episode distinction in bipolar disorder patients run true over time? Author(s): Woods SW, Money R, Baker CB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 August; 158(8): 1324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481172&dopt=Abstract
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Donepezil in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Burt T, Sachs GS, Demopulos C. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 April 15; 45(8): 959-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386177&dopt=Abstract
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Dopamine D4 receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase genes in bipolar disorder: evidence for a role of DRD4. Author(s): Muglia P, Petronis A, Mundo E, Lander S, Cate T, Kennedy JL. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(8): 860-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12232779&dopt=Abstract
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Dopamine receptor binding of C-11-3-N-methylspiperone in the caudate in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Author(s): Wong DF, Wagner HN Jr, Pearlson G, Dannals RF, Links JM, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Suneja S, Bjorvvinssen E, Kuhar MJ, et al. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1985; 21(3): 595-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4034877&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-dependent valproic acid thrombocytopenia in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kaufman KR, Gerner R. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1998 March; 10(1): 35-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9622048&dopt=Abstract
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Dose-related thrombocytopenia and macrocytic anemia associated with valproate use in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Fawcett RG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 March; 58(3): 125. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9108818&dopt=Abstract
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Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. Author(s): Geller B, Cooper TB, Sun K, Zimerman B, Frazier J, Williams M, Heath J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1998 February; 37(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9473913&dopt=Abstract
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Drug abuse and bipolar disorder: comorbidity or misdiagnosis? Author(s): Sherwood Brown E, Suppes T, Adinoff B, Rajan Thomas N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 105-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356233&dopt=Abstract
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Drug abuse and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Estroff TW, Dackis CA, Gold MS, Pottash AL. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1985-86; 15(1): 37-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4055245&dopt=Abstract
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Drug abuse in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Miller FT, Busch F, Tanenbaum JH. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1989; 15(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2763984&dopt=Abstract
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DSM-III implications of the diagnoses of catatonia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ries RK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 December; 142(12): 1471-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4073315&dopt=Abstract
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DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls. Author(s): Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Delbello MP, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, Frazier J, Beringer L, Nickelsburg MJ. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Spring; 12(1): 11-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014591&dopt=Abstract
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Early and late onset bipolar disorders: two different forms of manic-depressive illness? Author(s): Schurhoff F, Bellivier F, Jouvent R, Mouren-Simeoni MC, Bouvard M, Allilaire JF, Leboyer M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 June; 58(3): 215-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10802130&dopt=Abstract
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Early parental separation experiences among patients with bipolar disorder and major depression: a case-control study. Author(s): Furukawa TA, Ogura A, Hirai T, Fujihara S, Kitamura T, Takahashi K. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 January-March; 52(1-3): 85-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357021&dopt=Abstract
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ECNP Consensus Meeting March 2000 Nice: guidelines for investigating efficacy in bipolar disorder. European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Author(s): Montgomery DB; European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 February; 11(1): 79-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300094&dopt=Abstract
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ECT as an alternative to lithium for preventive treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kellner C, Batterson JR, Monroe R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 July; 147(7): 953. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2356888&dopt=Abstract
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ECT as prophylactic treatment for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Abrams R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 March; 147(3): 373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2309965&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of catecholamine depletion on lithium-induced long-term remission of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Anand A, Darnell A, Miller HL, Berman RM, Cappiello A, Oren DA, Woods SW, Charney DS. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 April 15; 45(8): 972-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386179&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of different recruitment sources on the composition of a bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Scholle SH, Peele PB, Kelleher KJ, Frank E, Jansen-McWilliams L, Kupfer D. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2000 May; 35(5): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941997&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of number of episodes on wellbeing and functioning of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): MacQueen GM, Young LT, Robb JC, Marriott M, Cooke RG, Joffe RT. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 May; 101(5): 374-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10823297&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of pregnancy on three patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sharma V, Persad E. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1995 March; 7(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8541936&dopt=Abstract
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Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kowatch RA, Suppes T, Carmody TJ, Bucci JP, Hume JH, Kromelis M, Emslie GJ, Weinberg WA, Rush AJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 June; 39(6): 713-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10846305&dopt=Abstract
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Effective mood stabilization with a chelated mineral supplement: an open-label trial in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kaplan BJ, Simpson JS, Ferre RC, Gorman CP, McMullen DM, Crawford SG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 December; 62(12): 936-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780873&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness and safety of long-term antidepressant treatment in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Lenox MS, Baldessarini RJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 July; 62(7): 565-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11488370&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of adjunctive gabapentin in resistant bipolar disorder: is it due to anxious-alcohol abuse comorbidity? Author(s): Perugi G, Toni C, Frare F, Ruffolo G, Moretti L, Torti C, Akiskal HS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 22(6): 584-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454558&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of ECT against delirium during an episode of bipolar disorder: a case report. Author(s): Hirose S, Horie T. Source: The Journal of Ect. 2000 September; 16(3): 316-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11005060&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of psychosocial treatments in bipolar disorder: state of the evidence. Author(s): Huxley NA, Parikh SV, Baldessarini RJ. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2000 September; 8(3): 126-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10973937&dopt=Abstract
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Effectiveness of quetiapine in the management of psychotic depression in an adolescent boy with bipolar disorder, mixed, with psychosis. Author(s): Catapano-Friedman L. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2001 Summer; 11(2): 2056. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436963&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of divalproex versus lithium on length of hospital stay among patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dalkilic A, Diaz E, Baker CB, Pearsall HR, Woods SW. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 September; 51(9): 1184-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10970927&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of exogenous melatonin administration and withdrawal in five patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Feldman-Naim S, Turner EH, Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 September; 58(9): 383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9378688&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of lithium on platelet membrane phosphoinositides in bipolar disorder patients: a pilot study. Author(s): Soares JC, Mallinger AG, Dippold CS, Forster Wells K, Frank E, Kupfer DJ. Source: Psychopharmacology. 2000 March; 149(1): 12-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789877&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of mood and subtype on cerebral glucose metabolism in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, George MS, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Benson BE, Willis MW, Danielson A, Frye MA, Herscovitch P, Post RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 January 15; 49(2): 97-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164756&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of psychoeducational intervention for married patients with bipolar disorder and their spouses. Author(s): Clarkin JF, Carpenter D, Hull J, Wilner P, Glick I. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1998 April; 49(4): 531-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550248&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the rate of discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Faedda GL, Suppes TR, Floris G, Rudas N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 October; 57(10): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909329&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of lithium in mania and maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 35-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826659&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of risperidone treatment for psychoses associated with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or senile dementia in 11 geriatric patients: a case series. Author(s): Madhusoodanan S, Brenner R, Araujo L, Abaza A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 November; 56(11): 514-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7592504&dopt=Abstract
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Efficacy of unilateral deep brain stimulation of the thalamic ventralis intermedius nucleus in a patient with bipolar disorder associated with Klinefelter syndrome and essential tremor. Case report. Author(s): Telfeian AE, Boockvar JA, Simuni T, Jaggi J, Skolnick B, Baltuch GH. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 July; 93(1): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883915&dopt=Abstract
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Eleven trinucleotide repeat loci that map to chromosome 12 excluded from involvement in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Franks E, Guy C, Jacobsen N, Bowen T, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Craddock N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 February 5; 88(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050970&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging options in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Berk M, Segal J, Janet L, Vorster M. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(10): 1407-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558830&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging trends in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a selected review. Author(s): Post RM, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Dunn RT, Osuch EA, Speer AM, Obrocea G, Jajodia K. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 December; 2(4): 305-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252642&dopt=Abstract
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Employees suffering from bipolar disorder or clinical depression: fighting an uphill battle for protection under Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Author(s): Blair DA. Source: Seton Hall Law Rev. 1999; 29(4): 1347-404. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10569909&dopt=Abstract
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Endophenotypes in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lenox RH, Gould TD, Manji HK. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 May 8; 114(4): 391-406. Review. Erratum In: Am J Med Genet 2002 July 8; 114(5): 592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992561&dopt=Abstract
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Enhancing treatment of bipolar disorder using the patient's belief system. Author(s): Makela EH, Griffith RK. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2003 April; 37(4): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659613&dopt=Abstract
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Environment and vulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study of early parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Agid O, Shapira B, Zislin J, Ritsner M, Hanin B, Murad H, Troudart T, Bloch M, Heresco-Levy U, Lerer B. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 March; 4(2): 163-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10208448&dopt=Abstract
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Environmental factors and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Peterson G. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 January; 34(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726943&dopt=Abstract
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Epidemiological comparison of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Torrey EF. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 September 29; 39(2): 101-6; Discussion 159-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10507519&dopt=Abstract
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Episode sequence in bipolar disorder and response to lithium treatment. Author(s): Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M, Strakowski SM, Waternaux C. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 September; 148(9): 1237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1883005&dopt=Abstract
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Episodic tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism in bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Scappa S, Teverbaugh P, Ananth J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 December; 38(10): 633-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7906192&dopt=Abstract
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Erythrocyte choline concentration in bipolar disorder: a predictor of clinical course and medication response. Author(s): Stoll AL, Cohen BM, Snyder MB, Hanin I. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 June 15; 29(12): 1171-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888799&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical issues in bipolar disorders pedigree research: privacy concerns, informed consent, and grounds for waiver. Author(s): Parker LS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 February; 4(1): 1-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047491&dopt=Abstract
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European combined analysis of the CTG18.1 and the ERDA1 CAG/CTG repeats in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Del-Favero J, Gestel SV, Borglum AD, Muir W, Ewald H, Mors O, Ivezic S, Oruc L, Adolfsson R, Blackwood D, Kruse T, Mendlewicz J, Schalling M, Van Broeckhoven C. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2002 April; 10(4): 276-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032737&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of bipolar disorder in inpatients with prelingual deafness. Author(s): Shapira NA, DelBello MP, Goldsmith TD, Rosenberger BM, Keck PE Jr. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 August; 156(8): 1267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450272&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of thyroid function in patients with rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bartalena L, Pellegrini L, Meschi M, Antonangeli L, Bogazzi F, Dell'Osso L, Pinchera A, Placidi GF. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1990 October; 34(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2125129&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for a role of phospholipase C-gamma1 in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Joober R, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 November; 3(6): 534-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9857980&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for an allelic association between bipolar disorder and a Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphatase alpha subunit gene (ATP1A3). Author(s): Mynett-Johnson L, Murphy V, McCormack J, Shields DC, Claffey E, Manley P, McKeon P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 July 1; 44(1): 47-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9646882&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for linkage by transmission disequilibrium test analysis of a chromosome 22 microsatellite marker D22S278 and bipolar disorder in a Palestinian Arab population. Author(s): Mujaheed M, Corbex M, Lichtenberg P, Levinson DF, Deleuze JF, Mallet J, Ebstein RP. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 836-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121192&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine transporter and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Greenwood TA, Alexander M, Keck PE, McElroy S, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Kelsoe JR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 March 8; 105(2): 145-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304827&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence for linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 with a parent-of-origin effect. Author(s): Stine OC, Xu J, Koskela R, McMahon FJ, Gschwend M, Friddle C, Clark CD, McInnis MG, Simpson SG, Breschel TS, et al. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 December; 57(6): 1384-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8533768&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence of a predisposing locus to bipolar disorder on Xq24-q27.1 in an extended Finnish pedigree. Author(s): Pekkarinen P, Terwilliger J, Bredbacka PE, Lonnqvist J, Peltonen L. Source: Genome Research. 1995 September; 5(2): 105-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9132265&dopt=Abstract
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Evidence of chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gottschalk A, Bauer MS, Whybrow PC. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995 November; 52(11): 947-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7487343&dopt=Abstract
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Evolutionary conserved microsatellites in the promoter region of the 5hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C gene (HTR2C) are not associated with bipolar disorder in females. Author(s): Meyer J, Saam W, Mossner R, Cangir O, Ortega GR, Tatschner T, Riederer P, Wienker TF, Lesch KP. Source: Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996). 2002 May; 109(5-6): 93946. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12111480&dopt=Abstract
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Evolving methodologies in bipolar disorder maintenance research. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD, Kimmel SE. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2001 June; 41: S157-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450177&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeat loci which map to chromosome 4 in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Speight G, Guy C, Bowen T, Asherson P, McGuffin P, Craddock N, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 April 18; 74(2): 204-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129726&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of close linkage of bipolar disorder to dopamine D1 and D2 receptor gene markers. Author(s): Mitchell P, Selbie L, Waters B, Donald J, Vivero C, Tully M, Shine J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1992 May; 25(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1385598&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of close linkage of bipolar disorder to the dopamine D3 receptor gene in nine Australian pedigrees. Author(s): Mitchell P, Waters B, Vivero C, Le F, Donald J, Tully M, Campedelli K, Lannfelt L, Sokoloff P, Shine J, et al. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 April; 27(4): 213-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8509522&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of close linkage of bipolar disorder to the Gs-alpha subunit gene in nine Australian pedigrees. Author(s): Le F, Mitchell P, Vivero C, Waters B, Donald J, Selbie LA, Shine J, Schofield P. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1994 November; 32(3): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7531727&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of expansion of 50 CAG/CTG trinucleotide repeats in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Guy C, Bowen T, Daniels JK, Speight G, McKeon P, Mynett-Johnson L, Claffey E, McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Craddock N, O'Donovan MC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 August; 154(8): 1146-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247404&dopt=Abstract
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Exclusion of the Darier's disease gene, ATP2A2, as a common susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Jacobsen NJ, Franks EK, Elvidge G, Jones I, McCandless F, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 January; 6(1): 92-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244492&dopt=Abstract
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Executive function in patients with remitted bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and its relationship with functional outcome. Author(s): Martinez-Aran A, Penades R, Vieta E, Colom F, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Salamero M, Gasto C. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2002 January-February; 71(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740167&dopt=Abstract
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Family-focused treatment versus individual treatment for bipolar disorder: results of a randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Rea MM, Tompson MC, Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Hwang S, Mintz J. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2003 June; 71(3): 482-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795572&dopt=Abstract
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Fibromyalgia in a woman with bipolar disorder, manic phase. Author(s): Hale AA, Stern SL, Wongsam PE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1986 August; 143(8): 1064. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry 1987 March; 144(3): 396. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3460356&dopt=Abstract
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Fine mapping supports previous linkage evidence for a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32. Author(s): Liu C, Badner JA, Christian SL, Guroff JJ, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Gershon ES. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 May 8; 105(4): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11378853&dopt=Abstract
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First episode bipolar disorder: systematic comparison of incidence with other affective and non-affective psychoses among an epidemiologically complete, rural population. Author(s): Baldwin PA, Scully PJ, Quinn JF, Morgan MG, Kinsella A, O'Callaghan E, Owens JM, Waddington JL. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 39-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479675&dopt=Abstract
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First International Exchange on Bipolar Disorder. Author(s): Montgomery SA, Keck PE. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 September; 59 Suppl 1: S81-S88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121829&dopt=Abstract
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First-episode schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses in a rural Irish catchment area: incidence and gender in the Cavan-Monaghan study at 5 years. Author(s): Scully PJ, Quinn JF, Morgan MG, Kinsella A, O'Callaghan E, Owens JM, Waddington JL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2002 September; 43: S3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12271797&dopt=Abstract
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Fish oils and bipolar disorder: a promising but untested treatment. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 May; 56(5): 413-4; Discussion 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232295&dopt=Abstract
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Fluoxetine and bupropion treatment of bipolar disorder, type II, associated with GAD. Author(s): Novac A. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1992 February; 53(2): 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1541607&dopt=Abstract
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Frontal lobe differences in bipolar disorder as determined by proton MR spectroscopy. Author(s): Cecil KM, DelBello MP, Morey R, Strakowski SM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 December; 4(6): 357-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519095&dopt=Abstract
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Frontostriatal abnormalities in adolescents with bipolar disorder: preliminary observations from functional MRI. Author(s): Blumberg HP, Martin A, Kaufman J, Leung HC, Skudlarski P, Lacadie C, Fulbright RK, Gore JC, Charney DS, Krystal JH, Peterson BS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1345-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832254&dopt=Abstract
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Frontotemporal neural systems in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Blumberg HP, Charney DS, Krystal JH. Source: Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2002 October; 7(4): 243-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12382207&dopt=Abstract
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Functional impairment and cognition in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Land M, Cavanagh S. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2000 Winter; 71(4): 309-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11025910&dopt=Abstract
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Further distinctions between manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and primary depressive disorder (unipolar depression) Author(s): Winokur G, Coryell W, Endicott J, Akiskal H. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 August; 150(8): 1176-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8328560&dopt=Abstract
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Further evidence for age of onset being an indicator for severity in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schulze TG, Muller DJ, Krauss H, Gross M, Fangerau-Lefevre H, Illes F, Ohlraun S, Cichon S, Held T, Propping P, Nothen MM, Maier W, Rietschel M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 April; 68(2-3): 343-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063163&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin and lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Botts SR, Raskind J. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1999 October 1; 56(19): 1939-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10554911&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin and lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dopheide JA, Wincor MZ. Source: Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington,D.C. : 1996). 1998 September-October; 38(5): 632-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782699&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin and methylphenidate treatment of a preadolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hamrin V, Bailey K. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2001 Fall; 11(3): 301-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11642481&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: a placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive therapy. Gabapentin Bipolar Disorder Study Group. Author(s): Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Janney CA, Werth JL, Tsaroucha G. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 2): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249802&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin in the acute treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Altshuler LL, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Suppes T, Brown ES, Denicoff K, Frye M, Gitlin M, Hwang S, Goodman R, Leverich G, Nolen W, Kupka R, Post R. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256659&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 February; 154(2): 291-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9016291&dopt=Abstract
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Gabapentin treatment for bipolar disorders. Author(s): Maidment ID. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 October; 35(10): 1264-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675857&dopt=Abstract
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Gasoline inhalation dependence and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Duggal HS, Sinha BN, Nizamie SH. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 June; 34(3): 531-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10881985&dopt=Abstract
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Gender differences in prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of alcoholism comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frye MA, Altshuler LL, McElroy SL, Suppes T, Keck PE, Denicoff K, Nolen WA, Kupka R, Leverich GS, Pollio C, Grunze H, Walden J, Post RM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 May; 160(5): 883-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727691&dopt=Abstract
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Gene identification using exon amplification on human chromosome 18q21: implications for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chen H, Huo Y, Patel S, Zhu X, Swift-Scanlan T, Reeves RH, DePaulo R Jr, Ross CA, McInnis MG. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 September; 5(5): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032383&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic advances in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Carlson-Sabelli L, Lessick M. Source: Awhonn Lifelines / Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses. 2001 June-July; 5(3): 34-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982261&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic analysis of a functional GRIN2A promoter (GT)n repeat in bipolar disorder pedigrees in humans. Author(s): Itokawa M, Yamada K, Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Ishitsuka Y, Detera-Wadleigh S, Yoshikawa T. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 July 10; 345(1): 53-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809987&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic analysis of bipolar disorder: summary of GAW10. Author(s): Rice J. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 549-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433542&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage and bipolar disorder: a cautionary note. Author(s): Baron M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 267-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869776&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage studies in bipolar disorder: a review. Author(s): Mellon CD. Source: Psychiatr Dev. 1989 Summer; 7(2): 143-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2695923&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic linkage study of bipolar disorder and the serotonin transporter. Author(s): Kelsoe JR, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, Kristbjarnarson H, Flodman P, Spence MA, Morison M, Mroczkowski-Parker Z, Bergesch P, Rapaport MH, Mirow AL, Blakely RD, Helgason T, Egeland JA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 April 9; 67(2): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8723051&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic mapping using haplotype, association and linkage methods suggests a locus for severe bipolar disorder (BPI) at 18q22-q23. Author(s): Freimer NB, Reus VI, Escamilla MA, McInnes LA, Spesny M, Leon P, Service SK, Smith LB, Silva S, Rojas E, Gallegos A, Meza L, Fournier E, Baharloo S, Blankenship K, Tyler DJ, Batki S, Vinogradov S, Weissenbach J, Barondes SH, Sandkuijl LA. Source: Nature Genetics. 1996 April; 12(4): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8630501&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic refinement and physical mapping of a chromosome 18q candidate region for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Verheyen GR, Villafuerte SM, Del-Favero J, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Van Broeckhoven C, Raeymaekers P. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 1999 May-June; 7(4): 427-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352933&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cohn CK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 October; 154(10): 1484. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326854&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic studies of bipolar disorders: new and recurrent findings. Author(s): Berrettini W. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1996 July; 1(3): 172-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9118336&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic survival analysis of age-at-onset of bipolar disorder: evidence for anticipation or cohort effect in families. Author(s): Visscher PM, Yazdi MH, Jackson AD, Schalling M, Lindblad K, Yuan QP, Porteous D, Muir WJ, Blackwood DH. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2001 September; 11(3): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11702054&dopt=Abstract
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Genetic variation in the 5-HT5A receptor gene in patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Author(s): Arias B, Collier DA, Gasto C, Pintor L, Gutierrez B, Valles V, Fananas L. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2001 May 4; 303(2): 111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11311505&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics and etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Meltzer HY. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 February 1; 47(3): 171-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10682214&dopt=Abstract
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Genetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Craddock N, Jones I. Source: Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 August; 36(8): 585-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465107&dopt=Abstract
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Genome scan for susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bailer U, Leisch F, Meszaros K, Lenzinger E, Willinger U, Strobl R, Heiden A, Gebhardt C, Doge E, Fuchs K, Sieghart W, Kasper S, Hornik K, Aschauer HN. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 July 1; 52(1): 40-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079729&dopt=Abstract
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Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part I: Methods and power analysis. Author(s): Levinson DF, Levinson MD, Segurado R, Lewis CM. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 July; 73(1): 17-33. Epub 2003 June 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802787&dopt=Abstract
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Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: Schizophrenia. Author(s): Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH, DeLisi LE, Straub RE, Hovatta I, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Pulver AE, Faraone SV, Brzustowicz LM, Kaufmann CA, Garver DL, Gurling HM, Lindholm E, Coon H, Moises HW, Byerley W, Shaw SH, Mesen A, Sherrington R, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Ekelund J, Paunio T, Lonnqvist J, Peltonen L, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Maier W, Nestadt G, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Mowry BJ, Silverman JM, Crowe RR, Cloninger CR, Tsuang MT, Malaspina D, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Svrakic DM, Bassett AS, Holcomb J, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Petursson H, Jazin E, Zoega T, Helgason T. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 July; 73(1): 34-48. Epub 2003 June 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802786&dopt=Abstract
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Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III: Bipolar disorder. Author(s): Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Gill M, Nurnberger JI Jr, Craddock N, DePaulo JR, Baron M, Gershon ES, Ekholm J, Cichon S, Turecki G, Claes S, Kelsoe JR, Schofield PR, Badenhop RF, Morissette J, Coon H, Blackwood D, McInnes LA, Foroud T, Edenberg HJ, Reich T, Rice JP, Goate A, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, Badner JA, Goldin LR, Bennett P, Willour VL, Zandi PP, Liu J, Gilliam C, Juo SH, Berrettini WH, Yoshikawa T, Peltonen L, Lonnqvist J, Nothen MM, Schumacher J, Windemuth C, Rietschel M, Propping P, Maier W, Alda M, Grof P, Rouleau GA, Del-Favero J, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J, Adolfsson R, Spence MA, Luebbert H, Adams LJ, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Barden N, Shink E, Byerley W, Muir W, Visscher PM, Macgregor S, Gurling H, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Escamilla MA, Reus VI, Leon P, Freimer NB, Ewald H, Kruse TA, Mors O, Radhakrishna U, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Akarsu N. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 July; 73(1): 49-62. Epub 2003 June 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802785&dopt=Abstract
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Genomewide linkage analyses of bipolar disorder: a new sample of 250 pedigrees from the National Institute of Mental Health Genetics Initiative. Author(s): Dick DM, Foroud T, Flury L, Bowman ES, Miller MJ, Rau NL, Moe PR, Samavedy N, El-Mallakh R, Manji H, Glitz DA, Meyer ET, Smiley C, Hahn R, Widmark C, McKinney R, Sutton L, Ballas C, Grice D, Berrettini W, Byerley W, Coryell W, DePaulo R, MacKinnon DF, Gershon ES, Kelsoe JR, McMahon FJ, McInnis M, Murphy DL, Reich T, Scheftner W, Nurnberger JI Jr. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 July; 73(1): 107-14. Epub 2003 May 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12772088&dopt=Abstract
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Genomewide linkage disequilibrium mapping of severe bipolar disorder in a population isolate. Author(s): Ophoff RA, Escamilla MA, Service SK, Spesny M, Meshi DB, Poon W, Molina J, Fournier E, Gallegos A, Mathews C, Neylan T, Batki SL, Roche E, Ramirez M, Silva S, De Mille MC, Dong P, Leon PE, Reus VI, Sandkuijl LA, Freimer NB. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 September; 71(3): 565-74. Epub 2002 July 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119601&dopt=Abstract
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Getting balance: drugs for bipolar disorder share target. Author(s): Coyle JT, Manji HK. Source: Nature Medicine. 2002 June; 8(6): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042799&dopt=Abstract
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Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Burd L, Kerbeshian J. Source: Archives of Neurology. 1984 December; 41(12): 1236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6594084&dopt=Abstract
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Goals for research on bipolar disorder: the view from NIMH. Author(s): Hyman SE. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018216&dopt=Abstract
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Group cognitive behavioral therapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility and effectiveness study. Author(s): Patelis-Siotis I, Young LT, Robb JC, Marriott M, Bieling PJ, Cox LC, Joffe RT. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 145-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356238&dopt=Abstract
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Group therapy effective for bipolar disorder. Education-based therapy may help avert relapses. Author(s): Dubovsky SL. Source: Health News. 2003 June; 9(6): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12793397&dopt=Abstract
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Group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence: results of a pilot study. Author(s): Weiss RD, Griffin ML, Greenfield SF, Najavits LM, Wyner D, Soto JA, Hennen JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000 May; 61(5): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10847311&dopt=Abstract
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Group therapy in addition to lithium therapy in patients with bipolar disorders. Author(s): van Gent EM, Vida SL, Zwart FM. Source: Acta Psychiatr Belg. 1988; 88(5-6): 405-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3274891&dopt=Abstract
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Haptoglobin phenotypes and gene frequencies in bipolar disorder: an association study in family-history subgroups. Author(s): Fananas L, Moral P, Gutierrez B, Guillamat R, Valles V, Campillo M, Gutierrez-Pacheco B, Lutken N, Bertranpetit J. Source: Human Heredity. 1997 January-February; 47(1): 27-32. Erratum In: Hum Hered 1997 May-June; 47(3): 172. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9017976&dopt=Abstract
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Have we undersold lithium for bipolar disorder? Author(s): Pies R. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 October; 22(5): 445-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352265&dopt=Abstract
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Head injury, bipolar disorder, and response to valproate. Author(s): Pope HG Jr, McElroy SL, Satlin A, Hudson JI, Keck PE Jr, Kalish R. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1988 January-February; 29(1): 34-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3125002&dopt=Abstract
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Health care utilization and costs among patients treated for bipolar disorder in an insured population. Author(s): Simon GE, Unutzer J. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 October; 50(10): 1303-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10506298&dopt=Abstract
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Health values of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Tsevat J, Keck PE, Hornung RW, McElroy SL. Source: Quality of Life Research : an International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2000; 9(5): 579-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11190012&dopt=Abstract
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Health-related quality of life assessment in euthymic and depressed patients with bipolar disorder. Psychometric performance of four self-report measures. Author(s): Leidy NK, Palmer C, Murray M, Robb J, Revicki DA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 March; 48(2-3): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9543211&dopt=Abstract
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Health-related quality of life using the SF-36 in patients with bipolar disorder compared with patients with chronic back pain and the general population. Author(s): Arnold LM, Witzeman KA, Swank ML, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 January-March; 57(1-3): 235-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708837&dopt=Abstract
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Hemispheric asymmetry in depression and mania. A longitudinal QEEG study in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Koek RJ, Yerevanian BI, Tachiki KH, Smith JC, Alcock J, Kopelowicz A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 May; 53(2): 109-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360405&dopt=Abstract
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Heterogeneity of childhood conduct disorder: further evidence of a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wozniak J, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Blier H, Monuteaux MC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 May; 64(2-3): 121-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313079&dopt=Abstract
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High numbers of circulating activated T cells and raised levels of serum IL-2 receptor in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Breunis MN, Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Suppes T, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Post RM, Drexhage HA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 January 15; 53(2): 157-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547472&dopt=Abstract
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High rate of autoimmune thyroiditis in bipolar disorder: lack of association with lithium exposure. Author(s): Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Post RM, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Denicoff KD, Frye MA, Keck PE Jr, Leverich GS, Rush AJ, Suppes T, Pollio C, Drexhage HA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 February 15; 51(4): 305-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958781&dopt=Abstract
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High-dose T4 for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Weeston TF, Constantino J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996 February; 35(2): 131-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8720620&dopt=Abstract
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Hippocampal synaptic pathology in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: a study of complexin mRNAs. Author(s): Eastwood SL, Harrison PJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 July; 5(4): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889554&dopt=Abstract
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Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Angst J, Sellaro R. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 445-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018218&dopt=Abstract
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History of the development of valproate for treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL, McElroy SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995; 56 Suppl 3: 3-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883740&dopt=Abstract
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How do inpatients with bipolar disorder evaluate diagnostically homogeneous groups? Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1993 October; 31(10): 26-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254572&dopt=Abstract
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How effective is lithium in the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder? A prospective naturalistic follow-up study. Author(s): Silverstone T, McPherson H, Hunt N, Romans S. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 February; 32(1): 616. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565184&dopt=Abstract
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Human G(olf) gene polymorphisms and vulnerability to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Berrettini WH, Vuoristo J, Ferraro TN, Buono RJ, Wildenauer D, Ala-Kokko L. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1998 Winter; 8(4): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861642&dopt=Abstract
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Human leukocyte antigen alleles in patients with bipolar disorder in the Korean population. Author(s): Jun TY, Pae CU, Chae JH, Pyo CW, Han H. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 August; 56(4): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109964&dopt=Abstract
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Hyperintense lesions on magnetic resonance images in bipolar disorder. Author(s): McDonald WM, Tupler LA, Marsteller FA, Figiel GS, DiSouza S, Nemeroff CB, Krishnan KR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 April 15; 45(8): 965-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386178&dopt=Abstract
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I-123 iofetamine single-photon computed emission tomography in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a clinical study. Author(s): Gyulai L, Alavi A, Broich K, Reilley J, Ball WB, Whybrow PC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 January 15; 41(2): 152-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9018385&dopt=Abstract
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Identification of three polymorphisms in the translated region of PLC-gamma1 and their investigation in lithium responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ftouhi-Paquin N, Alda M, Grof P, Chretien N, Rouleau G, Turecki G. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 April 8; 105(3): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353454&dopt=Abstract
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Identifying bipolar disorders in individuals with intellectual disability. Author(s): Cain NN, Davidson PW, Burhan AM, Andolsek ME, Baxter JT, Sullivan L, Florescue H, List A, Deutsch L. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 2003 January; 47(Pt 1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558693&dopt=Abstract
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Imaging studies reveal brain changes in children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vastag B. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2057. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709448&dopt=Abstract
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Immune activation, steroid resistancy and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kupka RW, Breunis MN, Knijff E, Ruwhof C, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 73-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479684&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Author(s): Webster MJ, Knable MB, Johnston-Wilson N, Nagata K, Inagaki M, Yolken RH. Source: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2001 December; 15(4): 388-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782105&dopt=Abstract
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Immunohistochemical localization of the cell adhesion molecules Thy-1 and L1 in the human prefrontal cortex patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. Author(s): Webster MJ, Vawter MP, Freed WJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 January; 4(1): 46-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10089008&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of an easy-access VA clinic-based program for patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bauer MS, McBride L, Shea N, Gavin C, Holden F, Kendall S. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1997 April; 48(4): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9090732&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of bipolar disorder on a U.S. community sample. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Hirschfeld RM, Reed M, Davies MA, Frye MA, Keck PE, Lewis L, McElroy SL, McNulty JP, Wagner KD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 April; 64(4): 425-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716245&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of early onset bipolar disorder on family functioning: adolescents' perceptions of family dynamics, communication, and problems. Author(s): Robertson HA, Kutcher SP, Bird D, Grasswick L. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 September; 66(1): 25-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11532530&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of substance abuse on the course and treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Salloum IM, Thase ME. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 2): 269-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249805&dopt=Abstract
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Implications of comorbidity for genetic studies of bipolar disorder: P300 and eye tracking as biological markers for illness. Author(s): Blackwood DH, Sharp CW, Walker MT, Doody GA, Glabus MF, Muir WJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 1996 June; (30): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8864153&dopt=Abstract
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Improving identification of treatment effectiveness in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 April; 5(2): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680895&dopt=Abstract
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Improving relationships. Groups for inpatients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1990 May; 28(5): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2348415&dopt=Abstract
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Improving the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Berber MJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 May; 43(4): 422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9598284&dopt=Abstract
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Impulsivity and phase of illness in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Swann AC, Pazzaglia P, Nicholls A, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 January; 73(1-2): 105-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507743&dopt=Abstract
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In vivo D2 dopamine receptor density in psychotic and nonpsychotic patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pearlson GD, Wong DF, Tune LE, Ross CA, Chase GA, Links JM, Dannals RF, Wilson AA, Ravert HT, Wagner HN Jr, et al. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995 June; 52(6): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7771917&dopt=Abstract
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Increased gray matter volume in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Sassi RB, Nicoletti M, Brambilla P, Mallinger AG, Frank E, Kupfer DJ, Keshavan MS, Soares JC. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 August 30; 329(2): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165422&dopt=Abstract
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Increased hippocampal supragranular Timm staining in subjects with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dowlatshahi D, MacQueen G, Wang JF, Chen B, Young LT. Source: Neuroreport. 2000 November 27; 11(17): 3775-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11117489&dopt=Abstract
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Increased levels of a mitochondrial DNA deletion in the brain of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kato T, Stine OC, McMahon FJ, Crowe RR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 November 15; 42(10): 871-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9359971&dopt=Abstract
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Increased motor activity and recurrent manic episodes: predictors of rapid relapse in remitted bipolar disorder patients after lithium discontinuation. Author(s): Klein E, Lavie P, Meiraz R, Sadeh A, Lenox RH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1992 February 1; 31(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1547301&dopt=Abstract
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Increased presence of white matter hyperintensities in adolescent patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pillai JJ, Friedman L, Stuve TA, Trinidad S, Jesberger JA, Lewin JS, Findling RL, Swales TP, Schulz SC. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2002 February 15; 114(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864809&dopt=Abstract
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Inducing lifestyle regularity in recovering bipolar disorder patients: results from the maintenance therapies in bipolar disorder protocol. Author(s): Frank E, Hlastala S, Ritenour A, Houck P, Tu XM, Monk TH, Mallinger AG, Kupfer DJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 June 15; 41(12): 1165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9171907&dopt=Abstract
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Induction of mania and cycle acceleration in bipolar disorder: effect of different classes of antidepressant. Author(s): Joffe RT, MacQueen GM, Marriott M, Robb J, Begin H, Young LT. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 June; 105(6): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12059846&dopt=Abstract
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Infection, treatment and immune response in patients with bipolar disorder versus patients with major depression, schizophrenia or healthy controls. Author(s): Hinze-Selch D. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 81-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479687&dopt=Abstract
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Influence of season and latitude in a community sample of subjects with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schaffer A, Levitt AJ, Boyle M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2003 May; 48(4): 277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776396&dopt=Abstract
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Information processing in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a discriminant analysis. Author(s): Tam WC, Sewell KW, Deng HC. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998 October; 186(10): 597-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9788635&dopt=Abstract
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Informational needs of patients hospitalized for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1995 November; 46(11): 1191-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8564512&dopt=Abstract
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Information-processing anomalies in the early course of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Neuchterlein KH, Dawson ME, Ventura J, Miklowitz D, Konishi G. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1991 October; 5(3): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1760392&dopt=Abstract
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Initial genome screen for bipolar disorder in the NIMH genetics initiative pedigrees: chromosomes 2, 11, 13, 14, and X. Author(s): Stine OC, McMahon FJ, Chen L, Xu J, Meyers DA, MacKinnon DF, Simpson S, McInnis MG, Rice JP, Goate A, Reich T, Edenberg HJ, Foroud T, Nurnberger JI Jr, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Goldin LR, Guroff J, Gershon ES, Blehar MC, DePaulo JR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 May 31; 74(3): 263-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9184308&dopt=Abstract
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Inositol monophosphatase in immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines indicates susceptibility to bipolar disorder and response to lithium therapy. Author(s): Shamir A, Ebstein RP, Nemanov L, Zohar A, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 November; 3(6): 481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9857972&dopt=Abstract
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Inositol monophosphatase inhibitors: a novel treatment for bipolar disorder? Author(s): Atack JR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 June 1; 37(11): 761-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647160&dopt=Abstract
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Inositol monophosphatase--a putative target for Li+ in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Atack JR, Broughton HB, Pollack SJ. Source: Trends in Neurosciences. 1995 August; 18(8): 343-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7482796&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatient self-management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 1996 May; 9(2): 71-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8871434&dopt=Abstract
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Inpatients with bipolar disorder: their quest to understand. Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1996 June; 34(6): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8780977&dopt=Abstract
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Insurance expenditures on bipolar disorder: clinical and parity implications. Author(s): Peele PB, Xu Y, Kupfer DJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1286-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832243&dopt=Abstract
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Integrated family and individual therapy for bipolar disorder: results of a treatment development study. Author(s): Miklowitz DJ, Richards JA, George EL, Frank E, Suddath RL, Powell KB, Sacher JA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 182-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633127&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Rothbaum BO, Astin MC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 68-75. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826664&dopt=Abstract
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Integration of suicide prevention into outpatient management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sachs GS, Yan LJ, Swann AC, Allen MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 25: 3-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765093&dopt=Abstract
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Inter-episodic morbidity and drop-out under carbamazepine and lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kleindienst N, Greil W. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 April; 32(3): 493-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989994&dopt=Abstract
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Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: managing the chaos of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frank E, Swartz HA, Kupfer DJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 593-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018230&dopt=Abstract
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Intracellular phosphatidylinositol pathway abnormalities in bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Soares JC, Mallinger AG. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(4): 685-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493480&dopt=Abstract
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Intrafamilial association of pericentric inversion of chromosome 9, inv (9)(p11-q21), and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): McCandless F, Jones I, Harper K, Craddock N. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1998 Winter; 8(4): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861647&dopt=Abstract
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Introduction: Special issue on the genetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Nimgaonkar VL, Alda M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 December; 3(6): 267-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843776&dopt=Abstract
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Investigation of Notch3 as a candidate gene for bipolar disorder using brain hyperintensities as an endophenotype. Author(s): Ahearn EP, Speer MC, Chen YT, Steffens DC, Cassidy F, Van Meter S, Provenzale JM, Weisler RH, Krishnan KR. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 August 8; 114(6): 652-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12210282&dopt=Abstract
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Is bipolar disorder a risk for cigarette smoking in ADHD youth? Author(s): Wilens TE, Biederman J, Milberger S, Hahesy AL, Goldman S, Wozniak J, Spencer TJ. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2000 Summer; 9(3): 187-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11000914&dopt=Abstract
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Is bipolar disorder linked to Xq28? Author(s): Bocchetta A, Piccardi MP, Del Zompo M. Source: Nature Genetics. 1994 March; 6(3): 224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8012380&dopt=Abstract
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Is bipolar disorder specifically associated with panic disorder in youths? Author(s): Birmaher B, Kennah A, Brent D, Ehmann M, Bridge J, Axelson D. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 May; 63(5): 414-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019666&dopt=Abstract
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Is bipolar disorder still underdiagnosed? Are antidepressants overutilized? Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS, Chiou AM, Pandurangi AK, Goodwin K. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 January-March; 52(1-3): 135-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357026&dopt=Abstract
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Is bipolar disorder the most common diagnostic entity in hospitalized adolescents and children? Author(s): Isaac G. Source: Adolescence. 1995 Summer; 30(118): 273-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7676865&dopt=Abstract
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Is delusional depression related to bipolar disorder? Author(s): Weissman MM, Prusoff BA, Merikangas KR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 July; 141(7): 892-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6731641&dopt=Abstract
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Is it time to have another look at lithium maintenance therapy in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Akhondzadeh S, Emamian ES, Ahmadi-Abhari A, Shabestari O, Dadgarnejad M. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1999 August; 23(6): 1011-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10621946&dopt=Abstract
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Is lithium response related to G(s)alpha levels in transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with bipolar disorder? Author(s): Alda M, Keller D, Grof E, Turecki G, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Rouleau GA, Grof P, Young LT. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356234&dopt=Abstract
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Is the Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase the link between phosphoinositide metabolism and bipolar disorder? Author(s): el-Mallakh RS, Li R. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1993 Fall; 5(4): 3618. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8286932&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a familial overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Author(s): Somnath CP, Janardhan Reddy YC, Jain S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 December; 72(3): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450641&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder? Author(s): Kent L, Craddock N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 February; 73(3): 211-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547289&dopt=Abstract
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Is there a specific membrane defect in bipolar disorders? Author(s): Meltzer HL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1991 December 1; 30(11): 1071-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1663790&dopt=Abstract
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Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? Author(s): White DM, Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Blood ML, Wesche DL. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1990 May-June; 31(3): 196-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340714&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of a novel potassium channel gene hSKCa3 containing a polymorphic CAG repeat: a candidate for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Author(s): Chandy KG, Fantino E, Wittekindt O, Kalman K, Tong LL, Ho TH, Gutman GA, Crocq MA, Ganguli R, Nimgaonkar V, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Gargus JJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 January; 3(1): 32-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491810&dopt=Abstract
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Isolation of chromosome 18-specific brain transcripts as positional candidates for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yoshikawa T, Sanders AR, Esterling LE, Overhauser J, Garnes JA, Lennon G, Grewal R, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 April 18; 74(2): 140-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129712&dopt=Abstract
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Isotretinoin treatment of a woman with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cott AD, Wisner KL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 June; 60(6): 407-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401921&dopt=Abstract
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Juvenile bipolar disorder in Brazil: clinical and treatment findings. Author(s): Tramontina S, Schmitz M, Polanczyk G, Rohde LA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 1043-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788249&dopt=Abstract
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Juvenile bipolar disorder. Author(s): Reddy YC, Srinath S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 September; 102(3): 162-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008850&dopt=Abstract
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Juvenile onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hechtman L, Greenfield B. Source: Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 1997 August; 9(4): 346-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9300191&dopt=Abstract
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Key issues in the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Potter WZ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 April; 16(2 Suppl 1): 1S-3S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707995&dopt=Abstract
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Kindling and second messengers: an approach to the neurobiology of recurrence in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Boiman EE, Goodwin FK. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 January 15; 45(2): 137-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9951560&dopt=Abstract
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Kindling in bipolar disorders: a longitudinal follow-up study. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Harrow M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1994 January 1; 35(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7909451&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of association between bipolar disorder and tyrosine hydroxylase: a metaanalysis. Author(s): Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Mari J, Joober R, Morgan K. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 July 25; 74(4): 348-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9259367&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of evidence for a major locus for bipolar disorder in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 18 in Irish pedigrees. Author(s): Mynett-Johnson LA, Murphy VE, Manley P, Shields DC, McKeon P. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 September 15; 42(6): 486-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285084&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of insight in bipolar disorder. The acute manic episode. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Stoll AL, Pope HG Jr. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1995 July; 183(7): 464-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7623019&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of linkage disequilibrium between serotonin transporter protein gene (SLC6A4) and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mundo E, Walker M, Tims H, Macciardi F, Kennedy JL. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 June 12; 96(3): 379-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10898918&dopt=Abstract
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Lack of relationship between menstrual cycle phase and mood in a sample of women with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Ashman SB, Feldman-Naim S, Yonkers KA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 August 15; 46(4): 577-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10459410&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine and clozapine for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Gajwani P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 September; 157(9): 1523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10964878&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine and gabapentin. Alternative in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ferrier IN. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1998 October; 38(3): 192-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778608&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine and the treatment of bipolar disorder. Introduction. Author(s): Calabrese JR. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 August; 9 Suppl 4: S107-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524835&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine and the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Berk M. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 August; 9 Suppl 4: S119-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524838&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Engle PM, Heck AM. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2000 February; 34(2): 258-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10676836&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine for the treatment of bipolar disorder: a clinical case series. Author(s): Suppes T, Brown ES, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Nolen W, Kupka R, Frye M, Denicoff KD, Altshuler L, Leverich GS, Post RM. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 April; 53(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10363672&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine for treatment-refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Labbate LA, Rubey RN. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 September; 154(9): 1317. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9286198&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine in patients with bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Author(s): Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, Orsulak PJ, Bobadilla L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633129&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Fatemi SH, Rapport DJ, Calabrese JR, Thuras P. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 December; 58(12): 522-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9448654&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2002 October; 3(10): 1513-9. Review. Erratum In: Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002 November; 3(11): 1683. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12387697&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine in the treatment of resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kotler M, Matar MA. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 January-February; 21(1): 65-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9579289&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kusumakar V, Yatham LN. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 August; 154(8): 1171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247416&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Fogelson DL, Sternbach H. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 June; 58(6): 271-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228895&dopt=Abstract
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Lamotrigine: a review of clinical studies in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Zerjav-Lacombe S, Tabarsi E. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2001 May; 46(4): 328-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11387788&dopt=Abstract
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Late-onset bipolar disorder due to hyperthyroidism. Author(s): Nath J, Sagar R. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 July; 104(1): 72-3; Discussion 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11437754&dopt=Abstract
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Late-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yassa R, Nair NP, Iskandar H. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1988 March; 11(1): 117-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3288976&dopt=Abstract
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Lateral ventricular enlargement associated with persistent unemployment and negative symptoms in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pearlson GD, Garbacz DJ, Breakey WR, Ahn HS, DePaulo JR. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1984 May; 12(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6589656&dopt=Abstract
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Lateralized abnormality of high energy phosphate metabolism in the frontal lobes of patients with bipolar disorder detected by phase-encoded 31P-MRS. Author(s): Kato T, Shioiri T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Takahashi Y, Inubushi T, Takahashi S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1995 May; 25(3): 557-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480436&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and bipolar disorder: implications from biological theories. Author(s): Johnson SL, Roberts JE. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1995 May; 117(3): 434-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7777648&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and early and late onset of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Glassner B, Haldipur CV. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 February; 140(2): 215-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6849438&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and relapse in bipolar disorder. Author(s): O'Croinin F, Zibin T, Byrne A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1994 March; 164(3): 417. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199798&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and relapse in bipolar disorder: the impact of a catastrophic event. Author(s): Aronson TA, Shukla S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1987 June; 75(6): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3618278&dopt=Abstract
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Life events and the course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ellicott A, Hammen C, Gitlin M, Brown G, Jamison K. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 September; 147(9): 1194-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1974746&dopt=Abstract
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Lifetime perturbations of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Blazer DG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 January; 153(1): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8540563&dopt=Abstract
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Light therapy in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder: preliminary results. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Turner EH, Feldman-Naim S, Schwartz PJ, Wehr TA, Rosenthal NE. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1995; 31(4): 705-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8851643&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analysis between pericentrometric markers on chromosome 18 and bipolar disorder: a replication test. Author(s): Maier W, Hallmayer J, Zill P, Bondy B, Lichtermann D, Ackenheil M, Minges J, Wildenauer D. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1995 November 29; 59(1-2): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771215&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analysis of a complex pedigree with severe bipolar disorder, using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Author(s): Garner C, McInnes LA, Service SK, Spesny M, Fournier E, Leon P, Freimer NB. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001 April; 68(4): 1061-4. Epub 2001 February 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222106&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analysis of complex disorders with multiple phenotypic categories: simulation studies and application to bipolar disorder data. Author(s): Levinson DF. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 653-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433558&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage analysis of fifty-seven microsatellite loci to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gejman PV, Martinez M, Cao Q, Friedman E, Berrettini WH, Goldin LR, Koroulakis P, Ames C, Lerman MA, Gershon ES. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1993 August; 9(1): 31-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8397721&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage disequilibrium between dopamine D1 receptor gene (DRD1) and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ni X, Trakalo JM, Mundo E, Macciardi FM, Parikh S, Lee L, Kennedy JL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December 15; 52(12): 1144-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488059&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage disequilibrium between the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and bipolar disorder: extending the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to examine genetic heterogeneity. Author(s): Waldman ID, Robinson BF, Feigon SA. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 699-704. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433566&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage findings in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gurling H, Smyth C, Kalsi G, Moloney E, Rifkin L, O'Neill J, Murphy P, Curtis D, Petursson H, Brynjolfsson J. Source: Nature Genetics. 1995 May; 10(1): 8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7647797&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18 DNA markers. Author(s): Berrettini W. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 September; 2(5): 391-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322232&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage of bipolar disorder to chromosome 18q and the validity of bipolar II disorder. Author(s): McMahon FJ, Simpson SG, McInnis MG, Badner JA, MacKinnon DF, DePaulo JR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 November; 58(11): 1025-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11695948&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage studies of bipolar disorder in the region of the Darier's disease gene on chromosome 12q23-24.1. Author(s): Dawson E, Parfitt E, Roberts Q, Daniels J, Lim L, Sham P, Nothen M, Propping P, Lanczik M, Maier W, et al. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1995 April 24; 60(2): 94-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485258&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage studies of bipolar disorder with chromosome 18 markers. Author(s): Bowen T, Kirov G, Gill M, Spurlock G, Vallada HP, Murray RM, McGuffin P, Collier DA, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 October 15; 88(5): 503-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10490707&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage studies of bipolar disorder: methodologic and analytic issues. Report of MacArthur Foundation Workshop on Linkage and Clinical Features in Affective Disorders. Author(s): Merikangas KR, Spence MA, Kupfer DJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 December; 46(12): 1137-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2686577&dopt=Abstract
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Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for bipolar disorder near the velo-cardiofacial syndrome region on chromosome 22. Author(s): Lachman HM, Kelsoe JR, Remick RA, Sadovnick AD, Rapaport MH, Lin M, Pazur BA, Roe AM, Saito T, Papolos DF. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 April 18; 74(2): 121-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9129709&dopt=Abstract
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Linked polymorphisms upstream of exons 1 and 2 of the human cholecystokinin gene are not associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowen T, Norton N, Jacobsen NJ, Guy C, Daniels JK, Sanders RD, Cardno AG, Jones LA, Murphy KC, McGuffin P, Craddock N, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 January; 3(1): 67-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491815&dopt=Abstract
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kuloglu M, Ustundag B, Atmaca M, Canatan H, Tezcan AE, Cinkilinc N. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2002 June; 20(2): 171-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979513&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium and the single episode. When to begin long-term prophylaxis for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zarin DA, Pass TM. Source: Medical Care. 1987 December; 25(12 Suppl): S76-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3123813&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium discontinuation: uncovering latent bipolar disorder? Author(s): Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 August; 158(8): 1337-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481189&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium in bipolar disorder: can drug concentrations predict therapeutic effect? Author(s): Sproule B. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2002; 41(9): 639-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126457&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders associated with epilepsy: an open study. Author(s): Shukla S, Mukherjee S, Decina P. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 June; 8(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3379144&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium induced cognitive side-effects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice. Author(s): Honig A, Arts BM, Ponds RW, Riedel WJ. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 May; 14(3): 167-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10435769&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium responsive bipolar disorder, unilineality, and chromosome 18: A linkage study. Author(s): Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Martin R, Joober R, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 August 20; 88(4): 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10402510&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium safety in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders: a study with plasma levels. Author(s): Mauri MC, Laini V, Scalvini ME, Volonteri LS, Ferrari MS, Panza G. Source: Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 1999 March-April; 3(2): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827806&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium side-effects and predictors of hypothyroidism in patients with bipolar disorder: sex differences. Author(s): Henry C. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2002 March; 27(2): 104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944505&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium therapy: limitations and alternatives in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Woyshville MJ. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1995 June; 7(2): 103-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8556092&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium treatment and bipolar disorders in childhood. Author(s): DeLong R. Source: N C Med J. 1990 April; 51(4): 152-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2333109&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium treatment and risk of suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Floris G, Silvetti F, Tohen M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 August; 59(8): 405-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9721820&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2000; 78(4): 515-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885179&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders--a randomised study. Author(s): Greil W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, Schochlin C, Schmidt S, Engel RR, Czernik A, Giedke H, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Osterheider M, Rudolf GA, Sauer H, Tegeler J, Wetterling T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 April; 43(2): 151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9165384&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar II disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. Author(s): Greil W, Kleindienst N. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1999 September; 14(5): 283-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529071&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium, anticonvulsants and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yerevanian BI, Koek RJ, Mintz J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 February; 73(3): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547290&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium: a molecular transducer of mood-stabilization in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Manji HK, Lenox RH. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1998 September; 19(3): 161-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9741960&dopt=Abstract
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Lithium-related genetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Annals of Medicine. 2001 May; 33(4): 272-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11405549&dopt=Abstract
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Local geographical variation in the prevalence of schizophrenia in Co. Roscommon, Ireland, in juxtaposition with cases of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Waddington JL, Torrey EF, Kinsella A. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1997 February 7; 23(2): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061814&dopt=Abstract
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Long term treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Silverstone T, Romans S. Source: Drugs. 1996 March; 51(3): 367-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8882376&dopt=Abstract
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Longitudinal outcome in patients with bipolar disorder assessed by life-charting is influenced by DSM-IV personality disorder symptoms. Author(s): Bieling PJ, MacQueen GM, Marriot MJ, Robb JC, Begin H, Joffe RT, Young LT. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 February; 5(1): 14-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656933&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term clinical effectiveness of lithium maintenance treatment in types I and II bipolar disorders. Author(s): Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Floris G. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2001 June; 41: S184-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450181&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term lithium for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 October; 158(10): 1740. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579023&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term outcome and family psychiatric illness in unipolar and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Gutierrez JM. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1987; 23(3): 465-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3324153&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term outcome of lithium prophylaxis in bipolar disorder with moodincongruent psychotic features: a prospective study. Author(s): Maj M, Pirozzi R, Bartoli L, Magliano L. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 September; 71(1-3): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167516&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term outcome of lithium prophylaxis in bipolar disorder: a 5-year prospective study of 402 patients at a lithium clinic. Author(s): Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 January; 155(1): 30-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433335&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term risperidone treatment in bipolar disorder: 6-month follow up. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 November; 12(6): 333-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9547135&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with lamotrigine. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Shelton MD, Rapport DJ, Kimmel SE, Elhaj O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 10: 18-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392349&dopt=Abstract
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Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Osher Y. Source: Drugs. 1997 April; 53(4): 726. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9098668&dopt=Abstract
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Low activity allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene associated with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kirov G, Murphy KC, Arranz MJ, Jones I, McCandles F, Kunugi H, Murray RM, McGuffin P, Collier DA, Owen MJ, Craddock N. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 July; 3(4): 342-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702744&dopt=Abstract
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Low rate of membrane lithium transport during treatment correlates with outcome of maintenance pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mallinger AG, Frank E, Thase ME, Dippold CS, Kupfer DJ. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1997 May; 16(5): 325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109103&dopt=Abstract
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Low rates of monitoring of mood stabilizing drugs for bipolar disorder in community psychiatric clinics. Author(s): Schrader G, Al Atrash-Najar R, Dhillon R, Bastiampillai T. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 December; 36(6): 819. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406131&dopt=Abstract
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Low-dimensional chaos in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Krystal AD, Greenside HS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998 March; 55(3): 275-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9510223&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance clinical trials in bipolar disorder: design implications of the divalproexlithium-placebo study. Author(s): Bowden CL, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Morris D, Petty F, Hirschfeld RM, Gyulai L. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1997; 33(4): 693-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9493481&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance therapies for classic and other forms of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL, Lecrubier Y, Bauer M, Goodwin G, Greil W, Sachs G, von Knorring L. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 September; 59 Suppl 1: S57-S67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121827&dopt=Abstract
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Maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tohen M, Tondo L. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000 May; 57(5): 490-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10807489&dopt=Abstract
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Management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Griswold KS, Pessar LF. Source: American Family Physician. 2000 September 15; 62(6): 1343-53, 1357-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11011863&dopt=Abstract
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Management of the depressive component of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kalin NH. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1996-97; 4(4): 190-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9166651&dopt=Abstract
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Managing a case of bipolar disorder, diabetes, and hypotension. Author(s): Lazarus A. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1985 August; 5(4): 248-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4019814&dopt=Abstract
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Managing bipolar disorder during pregnancy: weighing the risks and benefits. Author(s): Viguera AC, Cohen LS, Baldessarini RJ, Nonacs R. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 June; 47(5): 426-36. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085677&dopt=Abstract
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Mania triggered by a steroid nasal spray in a patient with stable bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldstein ET, Preskorn SH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 August; 146(8): 1076-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2750983&dopt=Abstract
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Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. Author(s): Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon JS, Faraone SV, Mundy E, Mennin D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 July; 34(7): 867-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7649957&dopt=Abstract
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Manic-depressive illness and tyrosine hydroxylase markers. Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Author(s): Todd RD, Lobos EA, Parsian A, Simpson S, DePaulo JR. Source: Lancet. 1996 June 8; 347(9015): 1634. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8667908&dopt=Abstract
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Manual-based group psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility study. Author(s): Bauer MS, McBride L, Chase C, Sachs G, Shea N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 September; 59(9): 449-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9771814&dopt=Abstract
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MAOA: association and linkage studies with lithium responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Joober R, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1999 March; 9(1): 13-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335547&dopt=Abstract
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Map of candidate genes and STSs on 18p11.2, a bipolar disorder and schizophrenia susceptibility region. Author(s): Reyes GD, Esterling LE, Corona W, Ferraren D, Rollins DY, Padigaru M, Yoshikawa T, Monje VD, Detera-Wadleigh SD. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(4): 337-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986976&dopt=Abstract
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Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Author(s): Turecki G, Grof P, Grof E, D'Souza V, Lebuis L, Marineau C, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Betard C, Zvolsky P, Robertson C, Brewer C, Hudson TJ, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 September; 6(5): 570-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11526471&dopt=Abstract
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Marijuana (cannabis) use is anecdotally said to precipitate anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder. Is there any research evidence to support this? Also, can marijuana use precipitate or expose paranoia in patients with an underlying bipolar disorder? Author(s): Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 February; 10(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2307743&dopt=Abstract
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Markers close to the dopamine D5 receptor gene (DRD5) show significant association with schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder. Author(s): Muir WJ, Thomson ML, McKeon P, Mynett-Johnson L, Whitton C, Evans KL, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 March 8; 105(2): 152-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11304828&dopt=Abstract
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Mathematical limits of multilocus models: the genetic transmission of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Craddock N, Khodel V, Van Eerdewegh P, Reich T. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 1995 September; 57(3): 690-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7668299&dopt=Abstract
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Methodological considerations in clinical studies of omega 3 fatty acids in major depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Stoll AL, Damico KE, Daly BP, Severus WE, Marangell LB. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 58-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935971&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of carbachol-stimulated AP-1 DNA binding activity by therapeutic agents for bipolar disorder in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Pacheco MA, Jope RS. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 1999 October 1; 72(2): 138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529472&dopt=Abstract
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Molecular interpretation of expanded RED products in bipolar disorder by CAG/CTG repeats located at chromosomes 17q and 18q. Author(s): Verheyen GR, Del-Favero J, Mendlewicz J, Lindblad K, Van Zand K, Aalbregtse M, Schalling M, Souery D, Van Broeckhoven C. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 1999 October; 6(5): 424-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527808&dopt=Abstract
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Multifamily psychoeducation groups (MFPG) for families of children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Fristad MA, Goldberg-Arnold JS, Gavazzi SM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 August; 4(4): 254-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190715&dopt=Abstract
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Multisite data reanalysis of the validity of rapid cycling as a course modifier for bipolar disorder in DSM-IV. Author(s): Bauer MS, Calabrese J, Dunner DL, Post R, Whybrow PC, Gyulai L, Tay LK, Younkin SR, Bynum D, Lavori P, et al. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 April; 151(4): 506-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147448&dopt=Abstract
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Mutation analysis of SYNJ1: a possible candidate gene for chromosome 21q22-linked bipolar disorder. Author(s): Saito T, Guan F, Papolos DF, Lau S, Klein M, Fann CS, Lachman HM. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2001 July; 6(4): 387-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11443522&dopt=Abstract
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Neuritic pathology is lacking in the entorhinal cortex, subiculum and hippocampus in middle-aged adults with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or unipolar depression. Author(s): Damadzic R, Shuangshoti S, Giblen G, Herman MM. Source: Acta Neuropathologica. 2002 May; 103(5): 488-94. Epub 2002 January 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935265&dopt=Abstract
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Neurobiological findings before and during successful lithium therapy of a patient with 48-hour rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Voderholzer U, Weske G, Ecker S, Riemann D, Gann H, Berger M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45 Suppl 1: 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893872&dopt=Abstract
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New onset rapid cycling bipolar disorder in an 87 year old woman. Author(s): Gnam W, Flint AJ. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 June; 38(5): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8348471&dopt=Abstract
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New trial should clarify lithium use in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Geddes J, Goodwin G, Rendell J, Hainsworth J, Van der Gucht E, Young H. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 24; 325(7361): 441. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193365&dopt=Abstract
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Newer antiepileptic drugs in bipolar disorder: rationale for use and role in therapy. Author(s): Macdonald KJ, Young LT. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(8): 549-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096935&dopt=Abstract
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News about disturbances of neuronal migration bring views to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Oliveira JR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 September; 5(5): 462-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032377&dopt=Abstract
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NIMH workshop report on treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Prien RF, Potter WZ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1990; 26(4): 409-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2087538&dopt=Abstract
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Nimodipine treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goodnick PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 July; 56(7): 330. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7615488&dopt=Abstract
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No abnormality in the gene for the G protein stimulatory alpha subunit in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ram A, Guedj F, Cravchik A, Weinstein L, Cao Q, Badner JA, Goldin LR, Grisaru N, Manji HK, Belmaker RH, Gershon ES, Gejman PV. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 January; 54(1): 44-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9006399&dopt=Abstract
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No association between 5HT-2A and bipolar disorder irrespective of genomic imprinting. Author(s): Murphy VE, Mynett-Johnson LA, Claffey E, Shields DC, McKeon P. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 July 8; 105(5): 422-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11449393&dopt=Abstract
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No association between a polymorphic CAG repeat in the human potassium channel gene hKCa3 and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Guy CA, Bowen T, Williams N, Jones IR, McCandless F, McGuffin P, Owen MJ, Craddock N, O'Donovan MC. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1999 February 5; 88(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050968&dopt=Abstract
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No association of mutations and mRNA expression of WFS1/wolframin with bipolar disorder in humans. Author(s): Kato T, Iwamoto K, Washizuka S, Mori K, Tajima O, Akiyama T, Nanko S, Kunugi H, Kato N. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 February 20; 338(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12565131&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for allelic association between bipolar disorder and monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphisms. Author(s): Craddock N, Daniels J, Roberts E, Rees M, McGuffin P, Owen MJ. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1995 August 14; 60(4): 322-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485269&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for expanded polyglutamine sequences in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Jones AL, Middle F, Guy C, Spurlock G, Cairns NJ, McGuffin P, Craddock N, Owen M, O'Donovan MC. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1997 October-November; 2(6): 478-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9399691&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for left superior temporal dysfunction in asymptomatic schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PET study of verbal fluency. Author(s): Dye SM, Spence SA, Bench CJ, Hirsch SR, Stefan MD, Sharma T, Grasby PM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1999 October; 175: 367-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789305&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence for the involvement of CAG/CTG repeats from within 18q21.33-q23 in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goossens D, Villafuerte S, Tissir F, Van Gestel S, Claes S, Souery D, Massat I, Van den Bossche D, Van Zand K, Mendlewicz J, Van Broeckhoven C, Del-Favero J. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2000 May; 8(5): 385-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854100&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence of association from transmission disequilibrium analysis of the hKCa3 gene in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowen T, Ashworth L, Kirov G, Guy CA, Jones IR, McCandless F, Craddock N, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 December; 2(4): 328-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252645&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence to support an association between the oestrogen receptor beta gene and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kealey C, Reynolds A, Mynett-Johnson L, Claffey E, McKeon P. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2001 December; 11(4): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11807414&dopt=Abstract
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No evidence to support the association of the potassium channel gene hSKCa3 CAG repeat with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the Irish population. Author(s): Hawi Z, Mynett-Johnson L, Murphy V, Straub RE, Kendler KS, Walsh D, McKeon P, Gill M. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 September; 4(5): 488-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10523823&dopt=Abstract
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Non-lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Post RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 August; 51 Suppl: 9-16; Discussion 17-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2116406&dopt=Abstract
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Nonverbal interactional behavior in the families of persons with schizophrenic and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Simoneau TL, Miklowitz DJ, Goldstein MJ, Nuechterlein KH, Richards JA. Source: Family Process. 1996 March; 35(1): 83-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8804968&dopt=Abstract
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Novel treatments for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2001 April; 10(4): 661-71. Review. Erratum In: Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001 July; 10(7): Following 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281816&dopt=Abstract
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Nucleotide sequence analysis of the binding site on the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate type-1 receptor in bipolar disorder -- a negative study. Author(s): Fujimaki K, Morinobu S, Takahashi J, Yamawaki S, Kato N, Kanno M, Okuyama N, Kawakatsu S, Otani K, Kusumi I, Koyama T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 139-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356237&dopt=Abstract
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Nutritional approach to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Simmons M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 338; Author Reply 338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716280&dopt=Abstract
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Obstetrical complications in patients with bipolar disorder and their siblings. Author(s): Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Levy DL, Medoff D, Lajonchere CM, Radford-Paregol M. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1993 July; 48(1): 47-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8416018&dopt=Abstract
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Obtaining insurance coverage for bipolar disorder and other neurobiological disorders on a par with other physical illnesses. Author(s): Spears DM. Source: New Dir Ment Health Serv. 1992 Summer; (54): 107-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1625651&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine as long-term adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vieta E, Reinares M, Corbella B, Benabarre A, Gilaberte I, Colom F, MartinezAran A, Gasto C, Tohen M. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 21(5): 469-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593070&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine for mixed episodes of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zullino D, Baumann P. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 1999; 13(2): 198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10475728&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine in diverse syndromal and subsyndromal exacerbations of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Janenawasin S, Wang PW, Lembke A, Schumacher M, Das B, Santosa CM, Mongkolcheep J, Ketter TA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 October; 4(5): 328-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479666&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): McElroy SL, Frye M, Denicoff K, Altshuler L, Nolen W, Kupka R, Suppes T, Keck PE Jr, Leverich GS, Kmetz GF, Post RM. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 May; 49(2): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609675&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine to treat the acute mania of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Price PL. Source: S D J Med. 2000 December; 53(12): 523. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132516&dopt=Abstract
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Olanzapine-induced mania in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Henry C, Demotes-Mainard J. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2002 May; 27(3): 200-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066449&dopt=Abstract
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Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 May; 56(5): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232294&dopt=Abstract
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Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: a review. Author(s): Stoll AL, Locke CA, Marangell LB, Severus WE. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1999 May-June; 60(5-6): 329-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10471117&dopt=Abstract
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On alleged “remission” from severe bipolar disorder. Author(s): Amaranth E. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1994 October; 45(10): 967-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7829049&dopt=Abstract
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One-year recovery and relapse rates of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Author(s): Geller B, Craney JL, Bolhofner K, DelBello MP, Williams M, Zimerman B. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 February; 158(2): 303-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156815&dopt=Abstract
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Open maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder spectrum patients who responded to gabapentin augmentation in the acute phase of treatment. Author(s): Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 October; 55(2-3): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10628894&dopt=Abstract
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Open-label adjunctive topiramate in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): McElroy SL, Suppes T, Keck PE, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Altshuler LL, Brown ES, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Rochussen J, Leverich GS, Post RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 June 15; 47(12): 1025-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10862801&dopt=Abstract
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Optimal dosing of medications (in bipolar disorder). Author(s): Maguire GA, Phillips G. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 March; Suppl: S22-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676081&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome after rapid vs gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Suppes T, Tohen M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993 June; 50(6): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498879&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome in the pharmacologic treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1996 April; 16(2 Suppl 1): 15S-23S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707996&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome measures in treatment trials in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Nolen WA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 64-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479681&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome of bipolar disorder on long-term treatment with lithium. Author(s): O'Connell RA, Mayo JA, Flatow L, Cuthbertson B, O'Brien BE. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1991 July; 159: 123-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1888958&dopt=Abstract
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Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) in the treatment of bipolar disorders: a review of efficacy and tolerability. Author(s): Hellewell JS. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 December; 72 Suppl 1: S23-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589900&dopt=Abstract
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Oxcarbazepine in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Teitelbaum M. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 September; 40(9): 993-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556642&dopt=Abstract
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Oxcarbazepine treatment of refractory bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. Author(s): Nassir Ghaemi S, Ko JY, Katzow JJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 February; 4(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12047498&dopt=Abstract
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Pain responsivity in major depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dworkin RH, Clark WC, Lipsitz JD. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1995 March 27; 56(2): 173-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7667442&dopt=Abstract
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Panic disorder with familial bipolar disorder. Author(s): MacKinnon DF, McMahon FJ, Simpson SG, McInnis MG, DePaulo JR. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 July 15; 42(2): 90-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9209725&dopt=Abstract
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PANSS factors and scores in schizophrenic and bipolar disorders during an index acute episode: a further analysis of the cognitive component. Author(s): Daneluzzo E, Arduini L, Rinaldi O, Di Domenico M, Petruzzi C, Kalyvoka A, Rossi A. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 July 1; 56(1-2): 129-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12084427&dopt=Abstract
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Parental reports of executive dysfunction in adolescents with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Shear PK, DelBello MP, Lee Rosenberg H, Strakowski SM. Source: Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section C, Child Neuropsychology : a Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence. 2002 December; 8(4): 285-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759825&dopt=Abstract
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Parent-of-origin effect in transmission of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kato T, Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller MB, Endicott J, Rice J. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 November 22; 67(6): 546-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950412&dopt=Abstract
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Parsing pediatric bipolar disorder from its associated comorbidity with the disruptive behavior disorders. Author(s): Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Wozniak J, Faraone SV, Wilens TE, Mick E. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 June 15; 49(12): 1062-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430848&dopt=Abstract
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Parsing the comorbidity between bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders: a familial risk analysis. Author(s): Wozniak J, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Richards J, Faraone SV. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Summer; 12(2): 10111. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188979&dopt=Abstract
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Patient- and family-rated scale for bipolar disorder symptoms: Internal State Scale. Author(s): Huang CL, Yang YK, Chen M, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang MJ. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 April; 19(4): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795346&dopt=Abstract
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Patient satisfaction with two models of group therapy for people hospitalized with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pollack LE, Cramer RD. Source: Applied Nursing Research : Anr. 1999 August; 12(3): 143-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457625&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric and adolescent bipolar disorder: medical resources. Author(s): Akin LK. Source: Med Ref Serv Q. 2001 Fall; 20(3): 31-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757394&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric bipolar disorder coming of age. Author(s): Biederman J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 931-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788236&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric bipolar disorder: the parent advocacy perspective. Author(s): Hellander M. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 935-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788237&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder? Author(s): Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Wozniak J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 458-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018219&dopt=Abstract
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Pediatric-onset bipolar disorder: a neglected clinical and public health problem. Author(s): Faedda GL, Baldessarini RJ, Suppes T, Tondo L, Becker I, Lipschitz DS. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1995 November-December; 3(4): 171-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9384947&dopt=Abstract
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Peek-a-boo fragile site at 16d associated with Tourette syndrome, bipolar disorder, autistic disorder, and mental retardation. Author(s): Kerbeshian J, Severud R, Burd L, Larson L. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 February 7; 96(1): 69-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10686555&dopt=Abstract
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People with bipolar disorders quest for equanimity: doing grounded theory. Author(s): Hutchinson SA. Source: Nln Publ. 1993 August; (19-2535): 213-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8247702&dopt=Abstract
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Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 161-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633125&dopt=Abstract
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Perceptions of problems in people hospitalized for bipolar disorder: implications for patient education. Author(s): Pollack LE, Cramer RD. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2000 December; 21(8): 765-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854981&dopt=Abstract
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Persistent attentional dysfunction in remitted bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wilder-Willis KE, Sax KW, Rosenberg HL, Fleck DE, Shear PK, Strakowski SM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 April; 3(2): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333063&dopt=Abstract
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Personality differences between patients with major depression and bipolar disorder-the impact of minor symptoms on self-ratings of personality. Author(s): Sauer H, Richter P, Czernik A, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Schochlin C, Greil W, von Zerssen D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 February; 42(2-3): 169-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9105958&dopt=Abstract
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Personality disorders in recent-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pica S, Edwards J, Jackson HJ, Bell RC, Bates GW, Rudd RP. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1990 November-December; 31(6): 499-510. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2265534&dopt=Abstract
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Personality pathology among married adults with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Carpenter D, Clarkin JF, Glick ID, Wilner PJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 August 18; 34(4): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8550952&dopt=Abstract
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Personality patterns and outcome in depressive and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Heerlein A, Richter P, Gonzalez M, Santander J. Source: Psychopathology. 1998; 31(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500682&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives for clinical research on bipolar disorders in the new millennium. Author(s): Goodwin G. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 December; 2(4): 302-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252641&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives on lithium treatment of bipolar disorder: action, efficacy, effect on suicidal behavior. Author(s): Schou M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 1999 September; 1(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256657&dopt=Abstract
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Perspectives on the use of anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Brambilla P, Barale F, Soares JC. Source: The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology / Official Scientific Journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (Cinp). 2001 December; 4(4): 421-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11806868&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacogenetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mansour HA, Alda M, Nimgaonkar VL. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 April; 4(2): 117-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914172&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacogenetics of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Alda M. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1999 March; 24(2): 154-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212559&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vasudev K, Das S, Goswami U, Tayal G. Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2001 September; 15(3): 18790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11565626&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacological issues in the treatment of bipolar disorder: focus on moodstabilizing compounds. Author(s): Potter WZ, Ketter TA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 April; 38(3 Suppl 2): S51-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8500079&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder: the role of atypical antipsychotics and experimental strategies. Author(s): Malhi GS, Berk M. Source: Human Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 17(8): 407-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12457376&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacotherapy of depression and mixed states in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Montgomery SA, Schatzberg AF, Guelfi JD, Kasper S, Nemeroff C, Swann A, Zajecka J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 September; 59 Suppl 1: S39-S56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121826&dopt=Abstract
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Pharmacotherapy patterns in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Russo P, Smith MW, Dirani R, Namjoshi M, Tohen M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 December; 4(6): 366-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519096&dopt=Abstract
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Phenomenology of adolescent and adult mania in hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): McElroy SL, Strakowski SM, West SA, Keck PE Jr, McConville BJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 January; 154(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988957&dopt=Abstract
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Phenomenology of prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder: examples of elated mood, grandiose behaviors, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and hypersexuality. Author(s): Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Delbello MP, Frazier J, Beringer L. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Spring; 12(1): 3-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014593&dopt=Abstract
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Phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder in responders to lithium versus lamotrigine. Author(s): Passmore MJ, Garnham J, Duffy A, MacDougall M, Munro A, Slaney C, Teehan A, Alda M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 April; 5(2): 110-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680900&dopt=Abstract
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Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ventricular enlargement in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kato T, Shioiri T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Inubushi T, Takahashi S. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1994 March; 55(1): 41-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8047628&dopt=Abstract
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Pilot study on patients' and spouses' attitudes toward potential genetic testing for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Trippitelli CL, Jamison KR, Folstein MF, Bartko JJ, DePaulo JR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 July; 155(7): 899-904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659854&dopt=Abstract
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Placebo effect in randomized, controlled maintenance studies of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Keck PE Jr, Welge JA, Strakowski SM, Arnold LM, McElroy SL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 April 15; 47(8): 756-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10773185&dopt=Abstract
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Plasma lithium level and interepisode functioning in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goodnick PJ, Fieve RR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 June; 142(6): 761-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4003601&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet endogenous adenosine 5'-diphosphate ribosylation in drug-free and lithiumtreated subjects with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Young LT, Woods CM, Robb JC, Patelis-Siotis I, Asghari V, Sokolov ST. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 September 1; 42(5): 413-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9276082&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate alterations in bipolar disorder--evidence from a single case study. Author(s): Soares JC, Dippold CS, Mallinger AG. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 March 24; 69(2-3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109187&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet membrane phospholipids in euthymic bipolar disorder patients: are they affected by lithium treatment? Author(s): Soares JC, Mallinger AG, Dippold CS, Frank E, Kupfer DJ. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 February 15; 45(4): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10071717&dopt=Abstract
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Platelet protein kinase C alpha levels in drug-free and lithium-treated subjects with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Young LT, Wang JF, Woods CM, Robb JC. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1999; 40(2): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10474058&dopt=Abstract
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Polyglutamine coding genes in bipolar disorder: lack of association with selected candidate loci. Author(s): Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Joober R, Lafreniere R, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 April; 58(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760559&dopt=Abstract
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Polyglutamine tracts: no evidence of a major role in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Joober R, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1999 May; 4(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10395210&dopt=Abstract
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Polymorphisms at the G72/G30 gene locus, on 13q33, are associated with bipolar disorder in two independent pedigree series. Author(s): Hattori E, Liu C, Badner JA, Bonner TI, Christian SL, Maheshwari M, DeteraWadleigh SD, Gibbs RA, Gershon ES. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003 May; 72(5): 1131-40. Epub 2003 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12647258&dopt=Abstract
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Population isolates: their special value for locating genes for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Escamilla MA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 December; 3(6): 299-317. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843780&dopt=Abstract
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Possible locus for bipolar disorder near the dopamine transporter on chromosome 5. Author(s): Kelsoe JR, Sadovnick AD, Kristbjarnarson H, Bergesch P, MroczkowskiParker Z, Drennan M, Rapaport MH, Flodman P, Spence MA, Remick RA. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 November 22; 67(6): 533-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8950410&dopt=Abstract
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Possible relationship between electroencephalogram finding and lithium response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ikeda A, Kato N, Kato T. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(5): 903-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369264&dopt=Abstract
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Possible reversed affective lateralization in a case of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sackeim HA, Decina P, Epstein D, Bruder GE, Malitz S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 September; 140(9): 1191-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6614227&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum depression with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Freeman MP, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 April; 158(4): 652. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282711&dopt=Abstract
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Postpartum prophylaxis for women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cohen LS, Sichel DA, Robertson LM, Heckscher E, Rosenbaum JF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 November; 152(11): 1641-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7485628&dopt=Abstract
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Postreceptor pathways for signal transduction in depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Young LT. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 2001; 26 Suppl: S17-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590965&dopt=Abstract
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kennedy BL, Dhaliwal N, Pedley L, Sahner C, Greenberg R, Manshadi MS. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 2002 September; 100(9): 395-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357916&dopt=Abstract
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Potential overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hutto B. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2001 May; 52(5): 687-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11331810&dopt=Abstract
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Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Author(s): American Psychiatric Association. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 April; 159(4 Suppl): 1-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11958165&dopt=Abstract
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Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Author(s): McClellan J, Werry J. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997 October; 36(10 Suppl): 157S-76S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9432516&dopt=Abstract
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Pre- and perinatal complications and risk for bipolar disorder: a retrospective study. Author(s): Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Tohen M, Tramer S. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 September; 50(2-3): 117-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9858071&dopt=Abstract
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Predictability of rehospitalisation over 5 years for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Author(s): Daniels BA, Kirkby KC, Hay DA, Mowry BJ, Jones IH. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 April; 32(2): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9588308&dopt=Abstract
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Predicting outcome in child and adolescent (early onset) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Werry JS, McClellan JM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1992 January; 31(1): 147-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1537767&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of outcome in a representative population of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frangou S. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 41-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479676&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of service utilization in veterans with bipolar disorder: a prospective study. Author(s): Bauer MS, Shea N, McBride L, Gavin C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 July; 44(2-3): 159-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241576&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of treatment response in bipolar disorders: evidence from clinical and brain imaging studies. Author(s): Ketter TA, Wang PW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 3: 21-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908918&dopt=Abstract
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Preliminary evidence of an association between bipolar disorder in females and the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene. Author(s): Mynett-Johnson LA, Murphy VE, Claffey E, Shields DC, McKeon P. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 1998 Winter; 8(4): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861640&dopt=Abstract
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Premorbid personality traits of men who develop unipolar or bipolar disorders. Author(s): Clayton PJ, Ernst C, Angst J. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 1994; 243(6): 340-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8043619&dopt=Abstract
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Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences. Author(s): Cannon M, Jones P, Gilvarry C, Rifkin L, McKenzie K, Foerster A, Murray RM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 November; 154(11): 1544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9356562&dopt=Abstract
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Premorbid social functioning with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Reznik I, Sirota P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 June; 156(6): 986. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360170&dopt=Abstract
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Prevailing mood, mood changes and dreams in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Beauchemin KM, Hays P. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 October 9; 35(1-2): 41-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8557886&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of bipolar disorder in a psychogeriatric population. Author(s): Yassa R, Nair V, Nastase C, Camille Y, Belzile L. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1988 May-June; 14(3): 197-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2968383&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of bipolar disorder: a further study in The Netherlands. Author(s): Regeer EJ, Rosso ML, ten Have M, Vollebergh W, Nolen WA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479674&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum detected by MRI in patients with bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia. Author(s): Shioiri T, Oshitani Y, Kato T, Murashita J, Hamakawa H, Inubushi T, Nagata T, Takahashi S. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1996 March; 26(2): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8685300&dopt=Abstract
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Prevalence of migraine in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mahmood T, Romans S, Silverstone T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1999 January-March; 52(1-3): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10357039&dopt=Abstract
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Primary structure of the serotonin transporter in unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lesch KP, Gross J, Franzek E, Wolozin BL, Riederer P, Murphy DL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1995 February 15; 37(4): 215-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7711157&dopt=Abstract
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Prior stimulant treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder: association with age at onset. Author(s): DelBello MP, Soutullo CA, Hendricks W, Niemeier RT, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 April; 3(2): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333062&dopt=Abstract
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Probabilistic diagnosis in linkage analysis of bipolar disorder: putting weights on the fringe. Author(s): Van Eerdewegh P, Santangelo SL, Lee H, Laird NM, Blacker D. Source: Genetic Epidemiology. 1997; 14(6): 693-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433565&dopt=Abstract
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Probable nefazodone-induced mania in a patient with unreported bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zaphiris HA, Blaisdell GD, Jermain DM. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1996 December; 8(4): 207-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8986316&dopt=Abstract
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Problems in diagnosing bipolar disorder in catatonic patients. Author(s): Fein S, McGrath MG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1990 May; 51(5): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2335495&dopt=Abstract
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Prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: how and who should we treat in the long term? Author(s): Goodwin GM. Source: European Neuropsychopharmacology : the Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 August; 9 Suppl 4: S125-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10524839&dopt=Abstract
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Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M, Berghoefer A, Vojtechovsky M, Nilsson A, Robertson C. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(1-2): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099738&dopt=Abstract
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Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bipolar disorder versus intermittent explosive disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Davanzo P, Yue K, Thomas MA, Belin T, Mintz J, Venkatraman TN, Santoro E, Barnett S, McCracken J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 August; 160(8): 1442-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900307&dopt=Abstract
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Pseudodementia in a twenty-one-year-old with bipolar disorder and vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. Author(s): Reid SD. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2000 December; 49(4): 347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211551&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric diagnoses in the context of genetic studies of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Duffy A, Grof P. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 December; 3(6): 270-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843777&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric morbidity in the relatives of patients with DSM-III schizophreniform disorder: comparisons with the relatives of schizophrenic and bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Pulver AE, Brown CH, Wolyniec PS, McGrath JA, Tam D. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1991; 25(1-2): 19-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2027094&dopt=Abstract
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Psychiatric symptoms and syndromes among adolescent children of parents with lithium-responsive or lithium-nonresponsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Duffy A, Alda M, Kutcher S, Fusee C, Grof P. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 March; 155(3): 431-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9501760&dopt=Abstract
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Psychoeducation and expressed emotion in bipolar disorder: preliminary findings. Author(s): Honig A, Hofman A, Hilwig M, Noorthoorn E, Ponds R. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1995 April 28; 56(3): 299-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7568553&dopt=Abstract
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Psycho-education in bipolar disorder: effect on expressed emotion. Author(s): Honig A, Hofman A, Rozendaal N, Dingemans P. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1997 August 29; 72(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355815&dopt=Abstract
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Psychoeducational and cognitive-behavioral strategies in the management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Otto MW, Reilly-Harrington N, Sachs GS. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 January; 73(1-2): 171-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507750&dopt=Abstract
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Psychopharmacologic treatment strategies for depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Author(s): Glick ID, Suppes T, DeBattista C, Hu RJ, Marder S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2001 January 2; 134(1): 47-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11187420&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosensory symptoms in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ali SO, Denicoff KD, Ketter TA, Smith-Jackson EE, Post RM. Source: Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology. 1997 October; 10(4): 223-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9359118&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial approaches to suicide prevention: applications to patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gray SM, Otto MW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001; 62 Suppl 25: 56-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11765098&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial factors in the course and treatment of bipolar disorder: introduction to the special section. Author(s): Miklowitz DJ, Alloy LB. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 November; 108(4): 555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609419&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial functioning in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Author(s): Geller B, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, Williams M, DelBello MP, Gundersen K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 December; 39(12): 1543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128332&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial interventions as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Parikh SV, Kusumakar V, Haslam DR, Matte R, Sharma V, Yatham LN. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1997 August; 42 Suppl 2: 74S-78S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288439&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Craighead WE, Miklowitz DJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Supp 13: 58-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153813&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Callahan AM, Bauer MS. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1999 September; 22(3): 675-88, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10550862&dopt=Abstract
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Psychosocial predictors of major affective recurrences in bipolar disorder: a 4-year longitudinal study of patients on prophylactic treatment. Author(s): Stefos G, Bauwens F, Staner L, Pardoen D, Mendlewicz J. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1996 June; 93(6): 420-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8831857&dopt=Abstract
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Reduced frontal cortex inositol levels in postmortem brain of suicide victims and patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Shimon H, Agam G, Belmaker RH, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 August; 154(8): 1148-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247405&dopt=Abstract
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Role of the cholinergic muscarinic system in bipolar disorder and related mechanism of action of antipsychotic agents. Author(s): Bymaster FP, Felder CC. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7 Suppl 1: S57-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986996&dopt=Abstract
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Rostral and orbital prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the manic state of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Blumberg HP, Stern E, Ricketts S, Martinez D, de Asis J, White T, Epstein J, Isenberg N, McBride PA, Kemperman I, Emmerich S, Dhawan V, Eidelberg D, Kocsis JH, Silbersweig DA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 156(12): 1986-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588416&dopt=Abstract
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Scanning the genome with 1772 microsatellite markers in search of a bipolar disorder susceptibility gene. Author(s): Polymeropoulos MH, Schaffer AA. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1996 November; 1(5): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9154235&dopt=Abstract
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Search for bipolar disorder susceptibility loci: the application of a modified genome scan concentrating on gene-rich regions. Author(s): Murphy VE, Mynett-Johnson LA, Claffey E, Bergin P, McAuliffe M, Kealey C, McKeon P. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 December 4; 96(6): 728-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11121170&dopt=Abstract
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Search for common haplotypes on chromosome 22q in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from the Faroe Islands. Author(s): Jorgensen TH, Borglum AD, Mors O, Wang AG, Pinaud M, Flint TJ, Dahl HA, Vang M, Kruse TA, Ewald H. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2002 March 8; 114(2): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11857589&dopt=Abstract
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Searching high and low: a review of the genetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Potash JB, DePaulo JR Jr. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 March; 2(1): 8-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254025&dopt=Abstract
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Season of birth and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Dassa D, Azorin JM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 March; 150(3): 526-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8434681&dopt=Abstract
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Season of birth: schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Boyd JH, Pulver AE, Stewart W. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1986; 12(2): 173-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3520803&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal variation in hospital admission for bipolar disorder, depression and schizophrenia in Tasmania. Author(s): Daniels BA, Kirkby KC, Mitchell P, Hay D, Mowry B. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 July; 102(1): 38-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892608&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal variation of mixed and pure episodes of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cassidy F, Carroll BJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 February; 68(1): 25-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869779&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonal variations in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pio-Abreu JL. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1997 May; 170: 483-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9307704&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonality of bipolar disorders in a forensic setting. Author(s): London WP, Taylor BM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1981 October; 5(2): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6945609&dopt=Abstract
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Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Author(s): Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, Yolken RH. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1997 November 7; 28(1): 1-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9428062&dopt=Abstract
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Seasons and bipolar disorder. Author(s): D'Mello DA, McNeil JA, Msibi B. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1995 March; 7(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8541932&dopt=Abstract
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Selection of initial treatment for bipolar disorder, manic phase. Author(s): Frye MA, Altshuler LL. Source: Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997; 25: 88-113. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9344372&dopt=Abstract
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Selection of the initial drug(s) in the treatment of bipolar disorder, depressed phase. Author(s): Maj M. Source: Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997; 25: 66-77. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9344370&dopt=Abstract
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Self-reported quality of life across mood states in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vojta C, Kinosian B, Glick H, Altshuler L, Bauer MS. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2001 May-June; 42(3): 190-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11349236&dopt=Abstract
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Sensorimotor gating deficits in bipolar disorder patients with acute psychotic mania. Author(s): Perry W, Minassian A, Feifel D, Braff DL. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 September 15; 50(6): 418-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566158&dopt=Abstract
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Sequence and genomic organization of the human G-protein Golfalpha gene (GNAL) on chromosome 18p11, a susceptibility region for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Vuoristo JT, Berrettini WH, Overhauser J, Prockop DJ, Ferraro TN, AlaKokko L. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2000 September; 5(5): 495-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11032382&dopt=Abstract
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Serial analysis of gene expression in the frontal cortex of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sun Y, Zhang L, Johnston NL, Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2001 June; 41: S137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450174&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonergic dysregulation in bipolar disorders: a literature review of serotonergic challenge studies. Author(s): Sobczak S, Honig A, van Duinen MA, Riedel WJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 December; 4(6): 347-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519094&dopt=Abstract
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Serotoninergic dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Marazziti D, Lenzi A, Cassano GB. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1991 September; 24(5): 164-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1775521&dopt=Abstract
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Serotonin-induced platelet intracellular calcium mobilization in various psychiatric disorders: is it specific to bipolar disorder? Author(s): Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 May; 64(2-3): 291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11313098&dopt=Abstract
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Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression: the importance of distinguishing between unipolar and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Rihmer Z, Arato M. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1990 July; 82(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2399830&dopt=Abstract
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Serum leptin and cholesterol levels in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, Ustundag B, Bayik Y. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 46(4): 176-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566933&dopt=Abstract
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Serum lithium during treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Swartz CM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1990 April 19; 322(16): 1159-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2320087&dopt=Abstract
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Serum lithium levels and the outcome of maintenance therapy of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hopkins HS, Gelenberg AJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 1): 174-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256684&dopt=Abstract
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Severe behaviour problems associated with rapid cycling bipolar disorder in two adults with profound mental retardation. Author(s): Lowry MA, Sovner R. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1992 June; 36 ( Pt 3): 269-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1623316&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual victimization in women with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Darves-Bornoz JM, Lemperiere T, Degiovanni A, Gaillard P. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1995 March; 30(2): 78-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7754420&dopt=Abstract
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Shifts in hospital diagnostic frequencies: bipolar disorder subtypes, 1981-1993. Author(s): Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M, Baraibar G, Zarate SB, Baldessarini RJ. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 March; 43(1): 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9127833&dopt=Abstract
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Signaling: cellular insights into the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Manji HK, Lenox RH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 518-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018224&dopt=Abstract
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Single major locus models for bipolar disorder are implausible. Author(s): Craddock N, Van Eerdewegh P, Reich T. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1997 February 21; 74(1): 18-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9034000&dopt=Abstract
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Six-month stability and outcome of a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Author(s): Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, Delbello MP, Soutullo CA. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Fall; 10(3): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052406&dopt=Abstract
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Sleep and sleep-wake cycle in an 81-year-old patient with de novo ultra-rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schreiner R, Mirisch S, Vesely Z, Wiegand MH. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001; 251(1): 29-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11315515&dopt=Abstract
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Social competence in schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and negative and non-negative schizophrenia. Author(s): Bellack AS, Morrison RL, Mueser KT, Wade J. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1989 July-October; 2(4-5): 391-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2487180&dopt=Abstract
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Social support and the course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Johnson SL, Winett CA, Meyer B, Greenhouse WJ, Miller I. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 November; 108(4): 558-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609420&dopt=Abstract
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Social support in bipolar disorder: its relevance to remission and relapse. Author(s): Johnson L, Lundstrom O, Aberg-Wistedt A, Mathe AA. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 April; 5(2): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680903&dopt=Abstract
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Social support in elderly patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Beyer JL, Kuchibhatla M, Looney C, Engstrom E, Cassidy F, Krishnan KR. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 February; 5(1): 22-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656934&dopt=Abstract
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Sociotropy/autonomy and vulnerability to specific life events in patients with unipolar depression and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Hammen C, Ellicott A, Gitlin M, Jamison KR. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1989 May; 98(2): 154-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2708658&dopt=Abstract
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Somatic treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Weller EB, Danielyan AK, Weller RA. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 July; 11(3): 595-617. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222085&dopt=Abstract
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Some fairly obvious distinctions between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg TE. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 September 29; 39(2): 127-32; Discussion 161-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10507523&dopt=Abstract
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Some possible genetic parallels across alcoholism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Author(s): Schuckit MA, Kelsoe JR, Braff DL, Wilhelmsen KC. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2003 March; 64(2): 157-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12713187&dopt=Abstract
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Special issues in the treatment of paediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chang KD, Ketter TA. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 2(4): 613-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11336611&dopt=Abstract
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Spectrum of activity of lamotrigine in treatment-refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, McElroy SL, Cookson J, Andersen J, Keck PE Jr, Rhodes L, Bolden-Watson C, Zhou J, Ascher JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 July; 156(7): 1019-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401445&dopt=Abstract
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Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Delucchi GA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1990 April; 147(4): 431-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2107762&dopt=Abstract
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Stability of diagnosis in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chen YR, Swann AC, Johnson BA. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998 January; 186(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9457143&dopt=Abstract
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Stabilization of mood from below versus above baseline in bipolar disorder: a new nomenclature. Author(s): Ketter TA, Calabrese JR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 February; 63(2): 146-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874216&dopt=Abstract
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Status of bipolar disorder research. Bibliometric study. Author(s): Clement S, Singh SP, Burns T. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2003 February; 182: 148-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562743&dopt=Abstract
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Stimulatory G-protein alpha-subunit mRNA levels are not increased in autopsied cerebral cortex from patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Young LT, Asghari V, Li PP, Kish SJ, Fahnestock M, Warsh JJ. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 1996 November; 42(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8915579&dopt=Abstract
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Strategies for managing depression complicated by bipolar disorder, suicidal ideation, or psychotic features. Author(s): Hartmann PM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1996 July-August; 9(4): 261-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829075&dopt=Abstract
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Stressful life events, bipolar disorder, and the “kindling model”. Author(s): Hlastala SA, Frank E, Kowalski J, Sherrill JT, Tu XM, Anderson B, Kupfer DJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2000 November; 109(4): 777-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11196004&dopt=Abstract
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Striatal excitatory amino acid transporter transcript expression in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Author(s): McCullumsmith RE, Meador-Woodruff JH. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 March; 26(3): 368-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850151&dopt=Abstract
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Striatal ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Author(s): Meador-Woodruff JH, Hogg AJ Jr, Smith RE. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 July 15; 55(5): 631-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576760&dopt=Abstract
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Striving for stability with bipolar disorder despite barriers. Author(s): Pollack LE. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 1995 June; 9(3): 122-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625868&dopt=Abstract
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Structural and functional brain changes in bipolar disorder: a selective review. Author(s): Pearlson GD. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 September 29; 39(2): 133-40; Discussion 162. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10507524&dopt=Abstract
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Study questions bipolar disorder treatment guidelines. Author(s): Rollins G. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2003 July 25; 14(14): 7-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12931701&dopt=Abstract
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Stylized transcript map of chromosome 4q35 encompassing the locus for a bipolar disorder susceptibility gene. Author(s): Blair IP, Adam LJ, Badenhop RF, Moses MJ, Scimone A, Morris JA, Ma L, Austin CP, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Schofield PR. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(7): 669. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192607&dopt=Abstract
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Subjective experiences in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Arduini L, Kalyvoka A, Stratta P, Gianfelice D, Rinaldi O, Rossi A. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2002 February; 252(1): 24-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12056578&dopt=Abstract
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Subjects with major depression or bipolar disorder show reduction of prodynorphin mRNA expression in discrete nuclei of the amygdaloid complex. Author(s): Hurd YL. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 2002; 7(1): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11803449&dopt=Abstract
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Substance abuse in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cassidy F, Ahearn EP, Carroll BJ. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 August; 3(4): 181-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11552957&dopt=Abstract
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Substance use disorders among inpatients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder in a general hospital. Author(s): Lin CC, Bai YM, Hu PG, Yeh HS. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1998 March; 20(2): 98-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9582594&dopt=Abstract
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Subsyndromal depression is associated with functional impairment in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Altshuler LL, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Leight KL, Frye MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 September; 63(9): 807-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363122&dopt=Abstract
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Subsyndromal symptoms in bipolar disorder. A comparison of standard and low serum levels of lithium. Author(s): Keller MB, Lavori PW, Kane JM, Gelenberg AJ, Rosenbaum JF, Walzer EA, Baker LA. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1992 May; 49(5): 371-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1586272&dopt=Abstract
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Subsyndromal unipolar and bipolar disorders: comparisons on positive and negative affect. Author(s): Lovejoy MC, Steuerwald BL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1995 May; 104(2): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7790640&dopt=Abstract
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Subtraction libraries for the molecular characterization of gene-environmental interactions in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yolken RH. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 77-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479686&dopt=Abstract
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Suggestive linkage to chromosomal regions 13q31 and 22q12 in families with psychotic bipolar disorder. Author(s): Potash JB, Zandi PP, Willour VL, Lan TH, Huo Y, Avramopoulos D, Shugart YY, MacKinnon DF, Simpson SG, McMahon FJ, DePaulo JR Jr, McInnis MG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 April; 160(4): 680-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668356&dopt=Abstract
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Suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder: risk and prevention. Author(s): Tondo L, Isacsson G, Baldessarini R. Source: Cns Drugs. 2003; 17(7): 491-511. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751919&dopt=Abstract
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Suicidality among patients with mixed and manic bipolar disorder. Author(s): Strakowski SM, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, West SA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 May; 153(5): 674-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615413&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Jamison KR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Suppl 9: 47-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826661&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Jamison KR. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1986; 487: 301-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3471163&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide attempts in rapid cycling bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Wu LH, Dunner DL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1993 September; 29(1): 57-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254145&dopt=Abstract
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Suicide in bipolar disorder in Finland. Author(s): Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Lonnqvist JK. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 July; 151(7): 1020-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8010358&dopt=Abstract
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Support for the presence of bipolar disorder susceptibility loci on chromosome 5: heterogeneity in a homogeneous population in Quebec. Author(s): Shink E, Morissette J, Villeneuve A, Bordeleau L, Rochette D, Gagne B, Laprise C, Plante M, Barden N. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December; 26(7-8): 1273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502013&dopt=Abstract
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Susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder: overlap with inherited vulnerability to schizophrenia. Author(s): Berrettini WH. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 February 1; 47(3): 245-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10682222&dopt=Abstract
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Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder is not a working memory impairment in disguise. Author(s): Harmer CJ, Clark L, Grayson L, Goodwin GM. Source: Neuropsychologia. 2002; 40(9): 1586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985840&dopt=Abstract
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Sustained attention deficit in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Clark L, Iversen SD, Goodwin GM. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 April; 180: 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11925353&dopt=Abstract
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Symptoms and functioning of patients with bipolar disorder six months after hospitalization. Author(s): Dion GL, Tohen M, Anthony WA, Waternaux CS. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1988 June; 39(6): 652-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3402925&dopt=Abstract
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Synaptic, intracellular, and neuroprotective mechanisms of anticonvulsants: are they relevant for the treatment and course of bipolar disorders? Author(s): Li X, Ketter TA, Frye MA. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 May; 69(1-3): 1-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12103447&dopt=Abstract
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Systematic chart review of the pharmacologic treatment of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in youth with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Biederman J, Mick E, Prince J, Bostic JQ, Wilens TE, Spencer T, Wozniak J, Faraone SV. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1999; 9(4): 247-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10630454&dopt=Abstract
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T2 hyperintensities in bipolar disorder: magnetic resonance imaging comparison and literature meta-analysis. Author(s): Altshuler LL, Curran JG, Hauser P, Mintz J, Denicoff K, Post R. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 August; 152(8): 1139-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7625460&dopt=Abstract
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Tardive dyskinesia in bipolar disorders: possible role of pineal melatonin. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1990 June; 52(3-4): 233-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2269610&dopt=Abstract
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Teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse. When were outcomes separated? Author(s): Cates C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 June 5; 318(7197): 1557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10356031&dopt=Abstract
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Teasing out the genetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bradbury J. Source: Lancet. 2001 May 19; 357(9268): 1596. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377658&dopt=Abstract
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Telephone versus in-person clinical and health status assessment interviews in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Revicki DA, Tohen M, Gyulai L, Thompson C, Pike S, Davis-Vogel A, Zarate C. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1997 July-August; 5(2): 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9385024&dopt=Abstract
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Temporal horn enlargement is present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Roy PD, Zipursky RB, Saint-Cyr JA, Bury A, Langevin R, Seeman MV. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1998 September 15; 44(6): 418-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777171&dopt=Abstract
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Tentative association of the serotonin transporter with schizophrenia and unipolar depression but not with bipolar disorder in Han Chinese. Author(s): Liu W, Gu N, Feng G, Li S, Bai S, Zhang J, Shen T, Xue H, Breen G, St Clair D, He L. Source: Pharmacogenetics. 1999 August; 9(4): 491-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10780268&dopt=Abstract
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Ten-year use of hospital-based services by geriatric veterans with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sajatovic M, Popli A, Semple W. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1996 September; 47(9): 961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8875661&dopt=Abstract
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Texas Medication Algorithm Project: development and feasibility testing of a treatment algorithm for patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Suppes T, Swann AC, Dennehy EB, Habermacher ED, Mason M, Crismon ML, Toprac MG, Rush AJ, Shon SP, Altshuler KZ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 June; 62(6): 439-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465521&dopt=Abstract
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The 5HT1Dbeta receptor gene in bipolar disorder: a family-based association study. Author(s): Mundo E, Zai G, Lee L, Parikh SV, Kennedy JL. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001 October; 25(4): 608-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11557174&dopt=Abstract
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The association between antisaccade task and working memory task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gooding DC, Tallent KA. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 January; 189(1): 8-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11206670&dopt=Abstract
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The association between substance abuse and antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Whiteside JE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 September; 63(9): 791-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12363119&dopt=Abstract
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The Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale in clinical trials of therapies for bipolar disorder: a 20-year review of its use as an outcome measure. Author(s): Bech P. Source: Cns Drugs. 2002; 16(1): 47-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772118&dopt=Abstract
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The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. Author(s): Neves-Pereira M, Mundo E, Muglia P, King N, Macciardi F, Kennedy JL. Source: American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002 September; 71(3): 651-5. Epub 2002 August 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161822&dopt=Abstract
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The calcium second messenger system in bipolar disorders: data supporting new research directions. Author(s): Dubovsky SL, Murphy J, Christiano J, Lee C. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1992 Winter; 4(1): 314. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1320969&dopt=Abstract
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The childhood roots of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Akiskal HS. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 November; 51(2): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10743839&dopt=Abstract
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The collaborative practice model for bipolar disorder: design and implementation in a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Bauer MS. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 October; 3(5): 233-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903206&dopt=Abstract
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The comorbidity of bipolar disorder and axis II personality disorders: prevalence and clinical correlates. Author(s): George EL, Miklowitz DJ, Richards JA, Simoneau TL, Taylor DO. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 April; 5(2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680901&dopt=Abstract
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The confusion between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in youth: where does it stand in the 1990s? Author(s): Carlson GA, Fennig S, Bromet EJ. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 May; 33(4): 453-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8005897&dopt=Abstract
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The correlates of community functioning in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kusznir A, Cooke RG, Young LT. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 December; 61(1-2): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11099744&dopt=Abstract
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The course and management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. Author(s): Viguera AC, Cohen LS. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(3): 339-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803767&dopt=Abstract
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The course of a seasonal bipolar disorder influenced by caffeine. Author(s): Tondo L, Rudas N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1991 August; 22(4): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1939933&dopt=Abstract
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The density and spatial distribution of GABAergic neurons, labelled using calcium binding proteins, in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Author(s): Cotter D, Landau S, Beasley C, Stevenson R, Chana G, MacMillan L, Everall I. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 March 1; 51(5): 377-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11904132&dopt=Abstract
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The dental management of patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Friedlander AA, Brill NQ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986 June; 61(6): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2873546&dopt=Abstract
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The dexamethasone suppression test in mixed bipolar disorder. Author(s): Evans DL, Nemeroff CB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 May; 140(5): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6846594&dopt=Abstract
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The diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Soares JC, Gershon S. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 March; 2(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11254015&dopt=Abstract
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The differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Young CR, Weiss EL, Bowers MB Jr, Mazure CM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1997 March; 58(3): 123. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9108815&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of adjunctive light therapy on ameliorating breakthrough depressive symptoms in adolescent-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Papatheodorou G, Kutcher S. Source: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience : Jpn. 1995 May; 20(3): 226-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7786884&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of comorbid substance use disorders on the course of bipolar disorder: a review. Author(s): Tohen M, Greenfield SF, Weiss RD, Zarate CA Jr, Vagge LM. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 1998 September-October; 6(3): 133-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372281&dopt=Abstract
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The effect of concomitant use of neuroleptic drugs and lithium on the erythrocyte/plasma lithium ratio in Iranian patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Azizabadi-Farahani M, Mirazi N, Azar M, Farsam H, Dehpour AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 1996 February; 21(1): 3-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8737176&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 8: 15-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892537&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of lamotrigine in rapid cycling and non-rapid cycling patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Rhodes LJ, Keck PE Jr, Cookson J, Anderson J, Bolden-Watson C, Ascher J, Monaghan E, Zhou J. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 April 15; 45(8): 953-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10386176&dopt=Abstract
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The efficacy of lamotrigine in rapid cycling and non-rapid cycling patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hamer RM, Simpson PM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1999 December 15; 46(12): 1711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624556&dopt=Abstract
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The emerging differential roles of GABAergic and antiglutamatergic agents in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Ketter TA, Wang PW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 3: 15-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662129&dopt=Abstract
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The emerging role of valproate in bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Author(s): Guay DR. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 1995 September-October; 15(5): 631-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8570437&dopt=Abstract
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The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Chengappa KN, Gershon S, Levine J. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2001 October; 3(5): 215-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11912568&dopt=Abstract
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The expanding pharmacopoeia for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mitchell PB, Malhi GS. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 2002; 53: 173-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818469&dopt=Abstract
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The Expert Consensus Guideline Series: Medication Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 2000. Author(s): Sachs GS, Printz DJ, Kahn DA, Carpenter D, Docherty JP. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 2000 April; Spec No: 1-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10895797&dopt=Abstract
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The Expert Consensus Guidelines for treating depression in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frances AJ, Kahn DA, Carpenter D, Docherty JP, Donovan SL. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59 Suppl 4: 73-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9554324&dopt=Abstract
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The familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder pedigrees. Author(s): Potash JB, Willour VL, Chiu YF, Simpson SG, MacKinnon DF, Pearlson GD, DePaulo JR Jr, McInnis MG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 August; 158(8): 1258-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11481160&dopt=Abstract
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The foundations of effective management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kusumakar V, Yatham LN, Haslam DR, Parikh SV, Matte R, Sharma V, Silverstone PH, Kutcher SP, Kennedy S. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1997 August; 42 Suppl 2: 69S-73S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9288438&dopt=Abstract
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The genetics of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mitchell P, Mackinnon A, Waters B. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 December; 27(4): 560-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8135682&dopt=Abstract
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The genetics of pediatric-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 970-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788242&dopt=Abstract
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The high affinity inositol transport system--implications for the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): van Calker D, Belmaker RH. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 June; 2(2): 102-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252649&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of lithium prophylaxis on the course of bipolar disorder: a review of the research evidence. Author(s): Maj M. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 June; 2(2): 93-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252656&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of reproductive events on the course of bipolar disorder in women. Author(s): Freeman MP, Smith KW, Freeman SA, McElroy SL, Kmetz GE, Wright R, Keck PE Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 April; 63(4): 284-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004800&dopt=Abstract
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The impact of substance abuse on the course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Fleck DE, Arndt S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 477-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018221&dopt=Abstract
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The importance of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and Tourette's syndrome. Author(s): McEvoy JP, Allen TB. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2002 August; 1(4): 43342. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769615&dopt=Abstract
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The increasing use of anticonvulsants in prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yang YY, Deng HC, Wang BH. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 August; 52(4): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766693&dopt=Abstract
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The index manic episode in juvenile-onset bipolar disorder: the pattern of recovery. Author(s): Rajeev J, Srinath S, Reddy YC, Shashikiran MG, Girimaji SC, Seshadri SP, Subbakrishna DK. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2003 February; 48(1): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635565&dopt=Abstract
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The influence of successful prophylactic drug treatment on cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Wolf T, Muller-Oerlinghausen B. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 August; 4(4): 263-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190716&dopt=Abstract
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The lifetime cost of bipolar disorder in the US: an estimate for new cases in 1998. Author(s): Begley CE, Annegers JF, Swann AC, Lewis C, Coan S, Schnapp WB, BryantComstock L. Source: Pharmacoeconomics. 2001; 19(5 Pt 1): 483-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11465308&dopt=Abstract
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The long-term management of bipolar disorders with lithium, carbamazepine, and antidepressants. Author(s): Fawcett J, Kravitz HM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 February; 46(2): 58-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3968046&dopt=Abstract
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The Maudsley bipolar disorder project. A survey of psychotropic prescribing patterns in bipolar I disorder. Author(s): Frangou S, Raymont V, Bettany D. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 December; 4(6): 378-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519097&dopt=Abstract
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The Maudsley bipolar disorder project. Clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder I in a Catchment area treatment sample. Author(s): Raymont V, Bettany D, Frangou S. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 February; 18(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648890&dopt=Abstract
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The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: the effect of medication, family history, and duration of illness on IQ and memory in bipolar I disorder. Author(s): Donaldson S, Goldstein LH, Landau S, Raymont V, Frangou S. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 January; 64(1): 86-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590629&dopt=Abstract
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The mitochondrial hypothesis of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hough CJ, Chuang DM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2000 September; 2(3 Pt 1): 145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256681&dopt=Abstract
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The nature of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Manji HK, Lenox RH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Supp 13: 42-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153812&dopt=Abstract
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The neurobiology of bipolar disorder: focus on signal transduction pathways and the regulation of gene expression. Author(s): Bezchlibnyk Y, Young LT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 March; 47(2): 135-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926075&dopt=Abstract
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The phospholipase C-gamma1 gene (PLCG1) and lithium-responsive bipolar disorder: re-examination of an intronic dinucleotide repeat polymorphism. Author(s): Lovlie R, Berle JO, Stordal E, Steen VM. Source: Psychiatric Genetics. 2001 March; 11(1): 41-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11409699&dopt=Abstract
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The place of anticonvulsants and other putative mood stabilisers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Mitchell PB. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S99-107. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622184&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of affective disorder and in particular of a rapid cycling of bipolar disorder in patients with abnormal thyroid function tests. Author(s): Oomen HA, Schipperijn AJ, Drexhage HA. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 1996 August; 45(2): 215-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8881455&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Cosoff SJ, Hafner RJ. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 February; 32(1): 6772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565185&dopt=Abstract
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The prevalence of major depressive and bipolar disorders in Hungary. Results from a national epidemiologic survey. Author(s): Szadoczky E, Papp Z, Vitrai J, Rihmer Z, Furedi J. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1998 September; 50(2-3): 153-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9858075&dopt=Abstract
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The prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Silverstone T, Romans S. Source: N Z Med J. 1995 October 13; 108(1009): 397-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7478331&dopt=Abstract
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The prognostic significance of “switching” in patients with bipolar disorder: a 10year prospective follow-up study. Author(s): Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 October; 159(10): 1711-7. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry 2002 December; 159(12): 2132. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12359677&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between bipolar disorder and alcoholism: a controlled family study. Author(s): Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Delmo C, Heun R. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1995 July; 25(4): 787-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480456&dopt=Abstract
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The relationship between substance abuse and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Brady KT, Sonne SC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995; 56 Suppl 3: 19-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7883738&dopt=Abstract
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The relatively good prognosis of bipolar disorders in a Turkish bipolar clinic. Author(s): Ozerdem A, Tunca Z, Kaya N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 April; 64(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11292517&dopt=Abstract
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The reproducibility of depressive and hypomanic symptoms across repeated episodes in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Clark CH, Myers FS. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1995 February 21; 33(2): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7759665&dopt=Abstract
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The risk of suicide in patients with bipolar disorders. Author(s): Simpson SG, Jamison KR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 2: 53-6; Discussion 75-6, 113-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10073388&dopt=Abstract
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The role of antipsychotic agents in the treatment of bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Soares JC, Mallinger AG, Gershon S. Source: International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1997 March; 12(2): 65-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219041&dopt=Abstract
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The role of novel antipsychotics in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Yatham LN. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 3: 10-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908916&dopt=Abstract
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The role of serotonin transporter protein gene in antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: preliminary findings. Author(s): Mundo E, Walker M, Cate T, Macciardi F, Kennedy JL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 June; 58(6): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386982&dopt=Abstract
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The search for the wandering thymostat: a review of some developments in bipolar disorder research. Author(s): Ferrier IN, MacMillan IC, Young AH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement. 2001 June; 41: S103-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11450169&dopt=Abstract
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The somatics of psyche: structural neuromorphometry of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Benabarre A, Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Reinares M, Colom F, Lomena F, Martin F, Valdes M. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2002 July-August; 71(4): 180-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097782&dopt=Abstract
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The temporal relationship between anxiety disorders and (hypo)mania: a retrospective examination of 63 panic, social phobic and obsessive-compulsive patients with comorbid bipolar disorder. Author(s): Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Toni C, Simonini E, Gemignani A. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 December; 67(1-3): 199-206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869769&dopt=Abstract
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The treated prevalence of bipolar disorder in a large staff-model HMO. Author(s): Unutzer J, Simon G, Pabiniak C, Bond K, Katon W. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1998 August; 49(8): 1072-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9712215&dopt=Abstract
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The treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): James AC, Javaloyes AM. Source: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2001 May; 42(4): 439-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11383960&dopt=Abstract
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The use of administrative data to assess quality of care for bipolar disorder in a large staff model HMO. Author(s): Unutzer J, Simon G, Pabiniak C, Bond K, Katon W. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2000 January-February; 22(1): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10715498&dopt=Abstract
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The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. Author(s): Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998 April-June; 30(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9692379&dopt=Abstract
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The use of ECT for mania in childhood bipolar disorder. Author(s): Carr V, Dorrington C, Schrader G, Wale J. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1983 October; 143: 411-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6626861&dopt=Abstract
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The use of lithium and management of women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Author(s): Llewellyn A, Stowe ZN, Strader JR Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998; 59 Suppl 6: 57-64; Discussion 65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9674938&dopt=Abstract
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The use of mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents with bipolar disorders. Author(s): Kowatch RA, DelBello MP. Source: Cns Spectr. 2003 April; 8(4): 273-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679742&dopt=Abstract
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The use of primidone in the treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schaffer LC, Schaffer CB, Caretto J. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1999 June; 11(2): 61-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10440522&dopt=Abstract
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The use of quetiapine for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder: a case series. Author(s): Ghaemi SN, Katzow JJ. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1999 September; 11(3): 137-40. Erratum In: Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000 March; 12(1): 63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10482123&dopt=Abstract
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The use of risperidone in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 March; 57(3): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8617699&dopt=Abstract
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The use of the Rorschach to differentiate unipolar and bipolar disorders. Author(s): Singer HK, Brabender V. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1993 April; 60(2): 333-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8473969&dopt=Abstract
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The use of valproate in the treatment of mentally retarded persons with typical and atypical bipolar disorders. Author(s): Sovner R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 March; 50 Suppl: 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2494159&dopt=Abstract
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The Wnt signaling pathway in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gould TD, Manji HK. Source: The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry. 2002 October; 8(5): 497-511. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374432&dopt=Abstract
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The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders, Part II: Treatment of Mania. Author(s): Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G, Bowden C, Baldwin D, Licht RW, Vieta E, Moller HJ; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorders. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003 January; 4(1): 5-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582971&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Okuma T. Source: The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 1983 March; 6(1): 157-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6351033&dopt=Abstract
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Therapeutic drug monitoring of mood stabilizers in Medicaid patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Marcus SC, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Zarin DA, Kupfer DJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 July; 156(7): 1014-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401444&dopt=Abstract
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Third generation anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder: a review of efficacy and summary of clinical recommendations. Author(s): Yatham LN, Kusumakar V, Calabrese JR, Rao R, Scarrow G, Kroeker G. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 April; 63(4): 275-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000201&dopt=Abstract
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Thrombin-induced platelet calcium mobilization is enhanced in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Kusumi I, Koyama T, Yamashita I. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1992 October 15; 32(8): 731-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1457629&dopt=Abstract
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Thyroid function tests in first-episode bipolar disorder manic and mixed types. Author(s): Zarate CA, Tohen M, Zarate SB. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 August 15; 42(4): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270910&dopt=Abstract
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Thyroid hypofunction in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder after lithium challenge. Author(s): Gyulai L, Bauer M, Bauer MS, Garcia-Espana F, Cnaan A, Whybrow PC. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 May 15; 53(10): 899-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742677&dopt=Abstract
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in a patient with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Philpot VB Jr. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1993 Summer; 5(3): 349-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8369648&dopt=Abstract
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Tiagabine and the treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Schaffer LC, Schaffer CB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 156(12): 2014-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10588423&dopt=Abstract
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Tiagabine in treatment refractory bipolar disorder: a clinical case series. Author(s): Suppes T, Chisholm KA, Dhavale D, Frye MA, Altshuler LL, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Nolen WA, Kupka R, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Rush AJ, Post RM. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 October; 4(5): 283-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479659&dopt=Abstract
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Tobacco smoking and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gonzalez-Pinto A, Gutierrez M, Ezcurra J, Aizpuru F, Mosquera F, Lopez P, de Leon J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 May; 59(5): 225-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9632031&dopt=Abstract
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Tolerability of combined treatment with lithium and paroxetine in patients with bipolar disorder and depression. Author(s): Fagiolini A, Buysse DJ, Frank E, Houck PR, Luther JF, Kupfer DJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2001 October; 21(5): 474-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11593071&dopt=Abstract
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Topiramate versus bupropion SR when added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: a preliminary single-blind study. Author(s): McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Sagman D, Kennedy SH. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 June; 4(3): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180276&dopt=Abstract
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Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. Author(s): Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 January; 73(1-2): 133-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507746&dopt=Abstract
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Toward an understanding of bipolar disorder and its origin. Author(s): Rush AJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 6: 4-8; Discussion 28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720474&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia in members of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder pedigrees. Author(s): Malaspina D, Goetz RR, Friedman JH, Kaufmann CA, Faraone SV, Tsuang M, Cloninger CR, Nurnberger JI Jr, Blehar MC. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 March; 158(3): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11229986&dopt=Abstract
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Traumatic brain injury in individuals convicted of sexual offenses with and without bipolar disorder. Author(s): DelBello MP, Soutullo CA, Zimmerman ME, Sax KW, Williams JR, McElroy SL, Strakowski SM. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 December 27; 89(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10708275&dopt=Abstract
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Treating a child with Asperger's disorder and comorbid bipolar disorder. Author(s): Frazier JA, Doyle R, Chiu S, Coyle JT. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 January; 159(1): 13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772683&dopt=Abstract
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Treating panic disorder -- its comorbidity with bipolar disorders. Author(s): Manning JS. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 1999 January-February; 12(1): 102-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10050651&dopt=Abstract
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Treating the suicidal patient with bipolar disorder. Reducing suicide risk with lithium. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 April; 932: 24-38; Discussion 39-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411189&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment advances in bipolar disorder--making up for lost time. Author(s): Keck PE Jr. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2000 September 15; 48(6): 430-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11018214&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment delays in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Hennen J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 May; 156(5): 811-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10327940&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment guidelines: current and future management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000; 61 Supp 13: 12-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153806&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of a case of comorbid bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Author(s): Schaller JL, Behar D. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 Spring; 10(2): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9608417&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of aggression in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Swann AC. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 15: 25-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10418811&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of agitation in bipolar disorder across the life cycle. Author(s): Alderfer BS, Allen MH. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003; 64 Suppl 4: 3-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672259&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Kafantaris V. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 June; 34(6): 732-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7608046&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment of bipolar disorder in older adults. Author(s): Sajatovic M. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 September; 17(9): 865-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12221662&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in the treatment of bipolar disorder by outpatient psychiatrists. Author(s): Blanco C, Laje G, Olfson M, Marcus SC, Pincus HA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 June; 159(6): 1005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042190&dopt=Abstract
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Trinucleotide repeat expansions: do they contribute to bipolar disorder? Author(s): Goossens D, Del-Favero J, Van Broeckhoven C. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 October-November 1; 56(3-4): 243-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719258&dopt=Abstract
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Tryptophan depletion in stable lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder in remission. Author(s): Benkelfat C, Seletti B, Palmour RM, Hillel J, Ellenbogen M, Young SN. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995 February; 52(2): 154-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7848051&dopt=Abstract
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Twelve-month outcome of patients with DSM-III-R schizoaffective disorder: comparisons to matched patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Strakowski SM, Keck PE Jr, Sax KW, McElroy SL, Hawkins JM. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 1999 January 11; 35(2): 167-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9988853&dopt=Abstract
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Two-dimensional assessment of cytoarchitecture in the anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: evidence for decreased neuronal somal size and increased neuronal density. Author(s): Chana G, Landau S, Beasley C, Everall IP, Cotter D. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 15; 53(12): 1086-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814860&dopt=Abstract
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Ultra-ultra rapid cycling bipolar disorder is associated with the low activity catecholamine-O-methyltransferase allele. Author(s): Papolos DF, Veit S, Faedda GL, Saito T, Lachman HM. Source: Molecular Psychiatry. 1998 July; 3(4): 346-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702745&dopt=Abstract
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Use of a structured diagnostic interview to identify bipolar disorder in adolescent inpatients: frequency and manifestations of the disorder. Author(s): Gammon GD, John K, Rothblum ED, Mullen K, Tischler GL, Weissman MM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1983 May; 140(5): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6846581&dopt=Abstract
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Use of antidepressants to treat depression in bipolar disorder. Author(s): El-Mallakh RS, Karippot A. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2002 May; 53(5): 580-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986507&dopt=Abstract
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Use of herbal products and symptoms of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Emmanuel NP, Jones C, Lydiard RB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 November; 155(11): 1627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812133&dopt=Abstract
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Use of lamotrigine in a patient with bipolar disorder and psychiatric comorbidity. Author(s): Ballasiotes AA, Skaer TL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2000 September; 22(9): 1146-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11048910&dopt=Abstract
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Use of linkage disequilibrium approaches to map genes for bipolar disorder in the Costa Rican population. Author(s): Escamilla MA, Spesny M, Reus VI, Gallegos A, Meza L, Molina J, Sandkuijl LA, Fournier E, Leon PE, Smith LB, Freimer NB. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1996 May 31; 67(3): 244-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8725743&dopt=Abstract
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Use of mood stabilizers by hospitalized geriatric patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sanderson DR. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1998 September; 49(9): 1145-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9735954&dopt=Abstract
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Use of nortriptyline in adolescent-onset bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gilbert-Johnson AM, Constantino JN. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Winter; 12(4): 363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625998&dopt=Abstract
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Use of the Beck Scale for suicide ideation with psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or bipolar disorders. Author(s): Pinninti N, Steer RA, Rissmiller DJ, Nelson S, Beck AT. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2002 September; 40(9): 1071-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12296492&dopt=Abstract
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Use of topiramate as an adjunctive medication in an elderly patient with treatmentresistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Madhusoodanan S, Bogunovic O, Brenner R, Gupta S. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 10(6): 759. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427586&dopt=Abstract
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Utility of the daily prospective National Institute of Mental Health Life-Chart Method (NIMH-LCM-p) ratings in clinical trials of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Denicoff KD, Ali SO, Sollinger AB, Smith-Jackson EE, Leverich GS, Post RM. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 2002; 15(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11816046&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of psychosocial treatments by patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and substance dependence. Author(s): Weiss RD, Kolodziej ME, Najavits LM, Greenfield SF, Fucito LM. Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2000 Fall; 9(4): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256355&dopt=Abstract
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Validation of the hypomania interview guide-seasonal affective disorder (HIGHSAD) version in patients with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Feldman-Naim S, Lowe CH, Myers FS, Turner EH, Weinstock LM, Leibenluft E. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1998; 8(4): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9871819&dopt=Abstract
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Validity of rapid cycling as a course specifier for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Maj M, Magliano L, Pirozzi R, Marasco C, Guarneri M. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994 July; 151(7): 1015-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8010357&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate for acute mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Macritchie K, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam D, de Lima M, Goodwin G. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd004052. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535506&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate for alcoholics with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Sonne SC, Brady KT. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 July; 156(7): 1122. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401478&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate in bipolar disorder: the Canadian perspective. Author(s): Joffe RT. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1993 April; 38(3 Suppl 2): S46-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8098990&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate in the treatment of bipolar disorder: literature review and clinical guidelines. Author(s): McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1992 February; 12(1 Suppl): 42S-52S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1541717&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate in the treatment of posttraumatic bipolar disorder in a psychogeriatric patient. Author(s): Yassa R, Cvejic J. Source: Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology. 1994 January-March; 7(1): 55-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8192831&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Steingard S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 October; 9(5): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2507592&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1988 August; 8(4): 275-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3145291&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate prophylaxis in a prospective clinical trial of refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Denicoff KD, Smith-Jackson EE, Bryan AL, Ali SO, Post RM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 October; 154(10): 1456-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9326833&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate use in acute mania and bipolar disorder: an international perspective. Author(s): Fawcett J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1989 March; 50 Suppl: 10-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2494152&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate with lithium and carbamazepine in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Freeman MP. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 May; 156(5): 810-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10327939&dopt=Abstract
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Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Author(s): McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Kennedy SH. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 February; 5(1): 28-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656935&dopt=Abstract
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Valproic acid in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ramoran N, Hart LL. Source: Dicp. 1990 March; 24(3): 257-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2107640&dopt=Abstract
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Valproic acid in the treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Author(s): Shliselberg N, Bosch JR, Herrera J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 April; 10(2): 151-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2111335&dopt=Abstract
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Valproic acid intoxication in a patient with bipolar disorder and chronic uremia. Author(s): Lapierre O, Dubreucq JL, Beauchemin MA, Vinet B. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1999 March; 44(2): 188. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10097841&dopt=Abstract
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Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Macritchie KA, Geddes JR, Scott J, Haslam DR, Goodwin GM. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (3): Cd003196. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687047&dopt=Abstract
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a lawyer/parliamentarian. Author(s): Cole N. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S109-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622186&dopt=Abstract
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a psychologist/writer. Author(s): Orum M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622188&dopt=Abstract
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a writer. Author(s): Rowe P. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S117-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622189&dopt=Abstract
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of a writer/photographer. Author(s): Dennison D. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S111-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622187&dopt=Abstract
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of an academic psychologist. Author(s): Smith M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622190&dopt=Abstract
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Variation at the fragile X locus does not influence susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Author(s): Craddock N, Daniels J, McGuffin P, Owen M. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 1994 June 15; 54(2): 141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8074164&dopt=Abstract
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Variation in the coding sequence and flanking splice junctions of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) gene does not play an important role in genetic susceptibility to bipolar disorder or bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Author(s): Middle F, Jones I, Robertson E, Morey J, Lendon C, Craddock N. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2003 April 1; 118B(1): 72-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627470&dopt=Abstract
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VASE-containing N-CAM isoforms are increased in the hippocampus in bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia. Author(s): Vawter MP, Hemperly JJ, Hyde TM, Bachus SE, VanderPutten DM, Howard AL, Cannon-Spoor HE, McCoy MT, Webster MJ, Kleinman JE, Freed WJ. Source: Experimental Neurology. 1998 November; 154(1): 1-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9875262&dopt=Abstract
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Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder. Author(s): Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Zimmerman ME, Getz GE, Mills NP, Ret J, Shear P, Adler CM. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 November; 159(11): 1841-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411217&dopt=Abstract
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Verapamil prophylaxis in pregnant women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goodnick PJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 October; 150(10): 1560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8379565&dopt=Abstract
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Verapamil treatment for women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Perel JM, Hanusa BH, Piontek CM, Baab S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 May 1; 51(9): 745-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983188&dopt=Abstract
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Vesicular monoamine transporter concentrations in bipolar disorder type I, schizophrenia, and healthy subjects. Author(s): Zubieta JK, Taylor SF, Huguelet P, Koeppe RA, Kilbourn MR, Frey KA. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 January 15; 49(2): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164757&dopt=Abstract
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Viruses, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yolken RH, Torrey EF. Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1995 January; 8(1): 131-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7704891&dopt=Abstract
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Volumetric MRI studies of mood disorders: do they distinguish unipolar and bipolar disorder? Author(s): Strakowski SM, Adler CM, DelBello MP. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 April; 4(2): 80-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071513&dopt=Abstract
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Was bipolar disorder the correct diagnosis? Author(s): Werner A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 August; 141(8): 1016-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6465362&dopt=Abstract
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Well-being and functioning in patients with bipolar disorder assessed using the MOS 20-ITEM short form (SF-20). Author(s): Cooke RG, Robb JC, Young LT, Joffe RT. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 July 8; 39(2): 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8827417&dopt=Abstract
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Weygandt's On the Mixed States of Manic-Depressive Insanity: a translation and commentary on its significance in the evolution of the concept of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ, Centorrino F, Egli S, Albert M, Gerhard A, Maggini C. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2002 September-October; 10(5): 255-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12202452&dopt=Abstract
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What are the new treatments for bipolar disorder? Author(s): Rush AJ, Suppes T. Source: The Harvard Mental Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 1998 May; 14(11): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581536&dopt=Abstract
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What is new in bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Author(s): Carlson GA, Kashani JH. Source: Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2002 July; 11(3): Xv-Xxii. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222089&dopt=Abstract
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What is the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder? Author(s): Colom F, Vieta E, Martinez A, Jorquera A, Gasto C. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1998; 67(1): 3-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9491434&dopt=Abstract
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When lithium does not help: the use of anticonvulsants and calcium channel blockers in the treatment of bipolar disorder in the older person. Author(s): Masters JC. Source: Geriatric Nursing (New York, N.Y.). 1996 March-April; 17(2): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8707155&dopt=Abstract
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Women and bipolar disorder: an update. Author(s): Leibenluft E. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 2000 Winter; 64(1): 5-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695156&dopt=Abstract
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Women with bipolar disorder: findings from the NIMH Genetics Initiative sample. Author(s): Blehar MC, DePaulo JR Jr, Gershon ES, Reich T, Simpson SG, Nurnberger JI Jr. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1998; 34(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9803748&dopt=Abstract
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World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Part I: Treatment of bipolar depression. Author(s): Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G, Bowden C, Baldwin D, Licht R, Vieta E, Moller HJ; World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorders. Source: World J Biol Psychiatry. 2002 July; 3(3): 115-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478876&dopt=Abstract
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Ziskind-Somerfeld Research Award 1996. Medial and superior temporal gyral volumes and cerebral asymmetry in schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder. Author(s): Pearlson GD, Barta PE, Powers RE, Menon RR, Richards SS, Aylward EH, Federman EB, Chase GA, Petty RG, Tien AY. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 1997 January 1; 41(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8988790&dopt=Abstract
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Zonisamide treatment of bipolar disorder: a case report. Author(s): Berigan TR. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 November; 47(9): 887. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500762&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and bipolar disorder.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Bipolar Disorder The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “bipolar disorder” (or a synonym): •
Algorithms for the pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder. Author(s): National Center Hospital for Mental, Nervous and Muscular Disorders, Kodarira, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Motohashi, N Psychiatry-Clin-Neurosci. 1999 October; 53 SupplS41-4 1323-1316
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Altered IMPA2 gene expression and calcium homeostasis in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Section of Biochemical Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5T 1R8. Source: Yoon, I S Li, P P Siu, K P Kennedy, J L Cooke, R G Parikh, S V Warsh, J J MolPsychiatry. 2001 November; 6(6): 678-83 1359-4184
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Antiepileptic drugs for the acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Source: De Leon, O A Harv-Rev-Psychiatry. 2001 Sep-October; 9(5): 209-22 1067-3229
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Bipolar disorders: new approaches to therapy. Author(s): University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Leazes Wing, RVI, Newcastle, NE1 4LP, UK.
[email protected] Source: Watson, S Young, A H Expert-Opin-Pharmacother. 2001 April; 2(4): 601-12 14656566
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Calcitonin and bipolar disorder: a hypothesis revisited. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Victoria. Source: Vik, A Yatham, L N J-Psychiatry-Neurosci. 1998 March; 23(2): 109-17 1180-4882
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Can we conduct some large simple trials in bipolar disorder? Source: Geddes, J R Bipolar-Disord. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 62-3 1398-5647
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Cognition following acute tryptophan depletion: difference between first-degree relatives of bipolar disorder patients and matched healthy control volunteers. Author(s): Brain and Behaviour Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Universiteit Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: Sobczak, S Riedel, W J Booij, I Aan Het Rot, M Deutz, N E Honig, A PsycholMed. 2002 April; 32(3): 503-15 0033-2917
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Confusion and dysphoria with low-dose topiramate in a patient with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
[email protected] Source: Andrade, C Bipolar-Disord. 2001 August; 3(4): 211-2 1398-5647
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Current aspects of valproate in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria. Source: Lennkh, C Simhandl, C Int-Clin-Psychopharmacol. 2000 January; 15(1): 1-11 0268-1315
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Divalproex for the treatment of geriatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
[email protected] Source: Mordecai, D J Sheikh, J I Glick, I D Int-J-Geriatr-Psychiatry. 1999 June; 14(6): 4946 0885-6230
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Does inositol signalling have a role in disease susceptibility and drug treatment of bipolar disorder? Author(s): Dr E. Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry and Locus on Neuroscience, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Norway. Source: Steen, V M Bipolar-Disord. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 53-5 1398-5647
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Expression of G-proteins and regulators of G-protein signalling in neutrophils of patients with bipolar disorder: effects of mood stabilizers. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Freiburg, Germany. Source: Willmroth, F Spleiss, O Wiesmann, K Moser, D Atmanspacher, R van Calker, D Bipolar-Disord. 2002; 4 Suppl 1: 75-6 1398-5647
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Gabapentin and methylphenidate treatment of a preadolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Yale University, School of Nursing, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. Source: Hamrin, V Bailey, K J-Child-Adolesc-Psychopharmacol. 2001 Fall; 11(3): 301-9 1044-5463
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Firat Medical Center, Firat (Euphrates) University, Elazig, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Kuloglu, Murat Ustundag, Bilal Atmaca, Murad Canatan, Halit Tezcan, A Ertan Cinkilinc, Nadire Cell-Biochem-Funct. 2002 June; 20(2): 171-5 0263-6484
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Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Author(s): School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Mitchell, P B Hadzi Pavlovic, D Bull-World-Health-Organ. 2000; 78(4): 515-7 0042-9686
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Manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are neurological disorders at the extremes of CNS maturation and nutritional disorders associated with a deficit in marine fat. Author(s): Department of Anatomy, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway. Source: Saugstad, L F Med-Hypotheses. 2001 December; 57(6): 679-92 0306-9877
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MAOA: association and linkage studies with lithium responsive bipolar disorder. Author(s): Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Turecki, G Grof, P Cavazzoni, P Duffy, A Grof, E Ahrens, B Berghofer, A Muller Oerlinghausen, B Dvorakova, M Libigerova, E Vojtechovsky, M Zvolsky, P Joober, R Nilsson, A Prochazka, H Licht, R W Rasmussen, N A Schou, M Vestergaard, P Holzinger, A Schumann, C Thau, K Rouleau, G A Alda, M Psychiatr-Genet. 1999 March; 9(1): 13-6 0955-8829
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Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Author(s): Douglas Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada. Source: Turecki, G Grof, P Grof, E D'Souza, V Lebuis, L Marineau, C Cavazzoni, P Duffy, A Betard, C Zvolsky, P Robertson, C Brewer, C Hudson, T J Rouleau, G A Alda, M Mol-Psychiatry. 2001 September; 6(5): 570-8 1359-4184
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Mood stabilizers in the treatment of juvenile bipolar disorder. Advances and controversies. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, USA.
[email protected] Source: Davanzo, P A McCracken, J T Child-Adolesc-Psychiatr-Clin-N-Am. 2000 January; 9(1): 159-82 1056-4993
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Newer antiepileptic drugs in bipolar disorder: rationale for use and role in therapy. Author(s): Mood Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
[email protected] Source: Macdonald, K J Young, L T CNS-Drugs. 2002; 16(8): 549-62 1172-7047
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Pharmacogenetics of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
[email protected] Source: Alda, M J-Psychiatry-Neurosci. 1999 March; 24(2): 154-8 1180-4882
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Pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in patients with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Lady Harding Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India. Source: Vasudev, K Das, S Goswami, U Tayal, G J-Psychopharmacol. 2001 September; 15(3): 187-90 0269-8811
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Preliminary evaluation of oral anticonvulsant treatment in the quinpirole model of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel. Source: Shaldubina, A Einat, H Szechtman, H Shimon, H Belmaker, R H J-NeuralTransm. 2002 March; 109(3): 433-40 0300-9564
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Response to lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders: comparison of women and men. Author(s): The International Consortium for Bipolar Disorder Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
[email protected] Source: Viguera A, C Baldessarini R, J Tondo, L Bipolar-Disord. 2001 October; 3(5): 24552 1398-5647
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Special issues in the treatment of paediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA. Source: Chang, K D Ketter, T A Expert-Opin-Pharmacother. 2001 April; 2(4): 613-22 1465-6566
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The Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale in clinical trials of therapies for bipolar disorder: a 20-year review of its use as an outcome measure. Author(s): Psychiatric Research Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, Frederiksborg General Hospital, Hillerod, Denmark.
[email protected] Source: Bech, Per CNS-Drugs. 2002; 16(1): 47-63 1172-7047
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The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic/University of Pittsburgh Health System, PA 15213-2593, USA.
[email protected] Source: Chengappa K, N Gershon, S Levine, J Bipolar-Disord. 2001 October; 3(5): 215-32 1398-5647
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The influence of successful prophylactic drug treatment on cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, District Hospital Itzehoe, Germany. Source: Wolf, T Muller Oerlinghausen, B Bipolar-Disord. 2002 August; 4(4): 263-70 13985647
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The place of anticonvulsants and other putative mood stabilisers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
[email protected] Source: Mitchell, P B Aust-N-Z-J-Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 SupplS99-107 0004-8674
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The Wnt signaling pathway in bipolar disorder. Source: Gould, T D Manji, H K Neuroscientist. 2002 October; 8(5): 497-511 1073-8584
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Treatment of bipolar disorder in older adults. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio 44106-5000, USA.
[email protected] Source: Sajatovic, M Int-J-Geriatr-Psychiatry. 2002 September; 17(9): 865-73 0885-6230
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Utility of the daily prospective National Institute of Mental Health Life-Chart Method (NIMH-LCM-p) ratings in clinical trials of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Section on Psychobiology, Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
[email protected] Source: Denicoff, Kirk D Ali, S OMarch Sollinger, Ann B Smith Jackson, Earlian E Leverich, Gabriele S Post, Robert M Depress-Anxiety. 2002; 15(1): 1-9 1091-4269
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Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, OX3 7JX.
[email protected] Source: Macritchie, K A Geddes, J R Scott, J Haslam, D R Goodwin, G M CochraneDatabase-Syst-Revolume 2001; (3): CD003196 1469-493X
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World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Part I: Treatment of bipolar depression. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
[email protected] Source: Grunze, H Kasper, S Goodwin, G Bowden, C Baldwin, D Licht, R Vieta, E Moller, H J World-J-Biol-Psychiatry. 2002 July; 3(3): 115-24 1562-2975
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to bipolar disorder; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Minerals Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lecithin and choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Lecithin/Phosphatidylcholine/Choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Naproxen/Naproxen Sodium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Food and Diet Omega-3 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Omega-3 fatty acids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,992,00.html Salmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,102,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to bipolar disorder. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to bipolar disorder and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to bipolar disorder: •
A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocsis JH, Portera L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999 November; 60(11): 733-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584760&dopt=Abstract
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Alternative therapies for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Lerer B. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1985 August; 46(8): 309-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3926754&dopt=Abstract
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Brain SPECT imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in euthymic bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Anand A, Verhoeff P, Seneca N, Zoghbi SS, Seibyl JP, Charney DS, Innis RB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 July; 157(7): 1108-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10873919&dopt=Abstract
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Children with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Staton D, Lysne D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 May; 38(5): 495-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10230176&dopt=Abstract
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Clinical features of antidepressant associated manic and hypomanic switches in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Serretti A, Artioli P, Zanardi R, Rossini D. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2003 August; 27(5): 751-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12921905&dopt=Abstract
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Coping and medication adherence in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Greenhouse WJ, Meyer B, Johnson SL. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2000 September; 59(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854641&dopt=Abstract
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Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals in a bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Cluss PA, Houck PR, Stapf DA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 February; 63(2): 120-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11874212&dopt=Abstract
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Diagnosis and treatment of rapidly cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Maj M. Source: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2001; 251 Suppl 2: Ii62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11824840&dopt=Abstract
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Do lithium and anticonvulsants target the brain arachidonic acid cascade in bipolar disorder? Author(s): Rapoport SI, Bosetti F. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 July; 59(7): 592-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090811&dopt=Abstract
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Drug abuse and bipolar disorder: comorbidity or misdiagnosis? Author(s): Sherwood Brown E, Suppes T, Adinoff B, Rajan Thomas N. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2001 July; 65(2): 105-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356233&dopt=Abstract
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Drug abuse in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Miller FT, Busch F, Tanenbaum JH. Source: The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 1989; 15(3): 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2763984&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of different recruitment sources on the composition of a bipolar disorder case registry. Author(s): Scholle SH, Peele PB, Kelleher KJ, Frank E, Jansen-McWilliams L, Kupfer D. Source: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2000 May; 35(5): 220-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941997&dopt=Abstract
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Effective mood stabilization with a chelated mineral supplement: an open-label trial in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Kaplan BJ, Simpson JS, Ferre RC, Gorman CP, McMullen DM, Crawford SG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 December; 62(12): 936-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780873&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of mood and subtype on cerebral glucose metabolism in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, George MS, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Benson BE, Willis MW, Danielson A, Frye MA, Herscovitch P, Post RM. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2001 January 15; 49(2): 97-109. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11164756&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of the rate of discontinuing lithium maintenance treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Faedda GL, Suppes TR, Floris G, Rudas N. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1996 October; 57(10): 441-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8909329&dopt=Abstract
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Emerging options in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Berk M, Segal J, Janet L, Vorster M. Source: Drugs. 2001; 61(10): 1407-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11558830&dopt=Abstract
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Features associated with the delayed initiation of mood stabilizers at illness onset in bipolar disorder. Author(s): Goldberg JF, Ernst CL.
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Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002 November; 63(11): 985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444811&dopt=Abstract •
Fish oils and bipolar disorder: a promising but untested treatment. Author(s): Calabrese JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 May; 56(5): 413-4; Discussion 415-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232295&dopt=Abstract
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Manic depression: do people receive adequate support? Author(s): Shepherd G, Hill RG. Source: Nurs Times. 1996 June 26-July 2; 92(26): 42-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717697&dopt=Abstract
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Marijuana (cannabis) use is anecdotally said to precipitate anxiety symptoms in patients with panic disorder. Is there any research evidence to support this? Also, can marijuana use precipitate or expose paranoia in patients with an underlying bipolar disorder? Author(s): Seibyl JP, Krystal JH, Charney DS. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1990 February; 10(1): 78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2307743&dopt=Abstract
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Methodological considerations in clinical studies of omega 3 fatty acids in major depression and bipolar disorder. Author(s): Stoll AL, Damico KE, Daly BP, Severus WE, Marangell LB. Source: World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2001; 88: 58-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935971&dopt=Abstract
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Modulation of carbachol-stimulated AP-1 DNA binding activity by therapeutic agents for bipolar disorder in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Author(s): Pacheco MA, Jope RS. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 1999 October 1; 72(2): 138-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529472&dopt=Abstract
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Mutual aid for affective disorders: the manic depressive and depressive association. Author(s): Kurtz LF. Source: The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1988 January; 58(1): 152-5. Erratum In: Am J Orthopsychiatry 1988 April; 58(2): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3344801&dopt=Abstract
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Neurobiological findings before and during successful lithium therapy of a patient with 48-hour rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Voderholzer U, Weske G, Ecker S, Riemann D, Gann H, Berger M.
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Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2002; 45 Suppl 1: 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893872&dopt=Abstract •
New approaches to the treatment of manic depressive illness. Author(s): Naylor GJ. Source: Neuropharmacology. 1980 December; 19(12): 1233-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6777710&dopt=Abstract
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Novel treatments for bipolar disorder. Author(s): Bowden CL. Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2001 April; 10(4): 661-71. Review. Erratum In: Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001 July; 10(7): Following 1205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281816&dopt=Abstract
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Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Author(s): Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 May; 56(5): 407-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232294&dopt=Abstract
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Omega-3 fatty acids and bipolar disorder: a review. Author(s): Stoll AL, Locke CA, Marangell LB, Severus WE. Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 1999 May-June; 60(5-6): 329-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10471117&dopt=Abstract
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Outcome after rapid vs gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Author(s): Faedda GL, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Suppes T, Tohen M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993 June; 50(6): 448-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8498879&dopt=Abstract
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Patient- and family-rated scale for bipolar disorder symptoms: Internal State Scale. Author(s): Huang CL, Yang YK, Chen M, Lee IH, Yeh TL, Yang MJ. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2003 April; 19(4): 170-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12795346&dopt=Abstract
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Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder. Author(s): Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA.
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Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 February; 64(2): 161-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633125&dopt=Abstract •
Polarity of the first episode, clinical characteristics, and course of manic depressive illness: a systematic retrospective investigation of 320 bipolar I patients. Author(s): Perugi G, Micheli C, Akiskal HS, Madaro D, Socci C, Quilici C, Musetti L. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 January-February; 41(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646613&dopt=Abstract
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Predictors of treatment response in bipolar disorders: evidence from clinical and brain imaging studies. Author(s): Ketter TA, Wang PW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2002; 63 Suppl 3: 21-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908918&dopt=Abstract
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Quetiapine in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Vieta E, Parramon G, Padrell E, Nieto E, Martinez-Aran A, Corbella B, Colom F, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Torrent C. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2002 October; 4(5): 335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479667&dopt=Abstract
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Recovery from neuroendocrinological abnormalities and frontal hypoperfusion after remission in a case with rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Shimizu E, Kodama K, Sakamoto T, Komatsu N, Yamanouchi N, Okada S, Sato T. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1997 August; 51(4): 207-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316165&dopt=Abstract
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Researching the pathophysiology of pediatric bipolar disorder. Author(s): Leibenluft E, Charney DS, Pine DS. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2003 June 1; 53(11): 1009-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12788246&dopt=Abstract
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Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of bipolar disorders. Author(s): Suppes T. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2002 December; 22(6): 599-609. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454560&dopt=Abstract
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Sexual health and women with bipolar disorder. Author(s): McCandless F, Sladen C.
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Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 October; 44(1): 42-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956668&dopt=Abstract •
Short-cycle manic depressive psychosis in mental defectives: a clinical and physiological study. Author(s): Reid AH, Naylor GJ. Source: J Ment Defic Res. 1976 March; 20(1): 67-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1271457&dopt=Abstract
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Social support and the course of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Johnson SL, Winett CA, Meyer B, Greenhouse WJ, Miller I. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 November; 108(4): 558-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609420&dopt=Abstract
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The Maudsley bipolar disorder project. Clinical characteristics of bipolar disorder I in a Catchment area treatment sample. Author(s): Raymont V, Bettany D, Frangou S. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2003 February; 18(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648890&dopt=Abstract
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The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. Author(s): Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Source: J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998 April-June; 30(2): 171-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9692379&dopt=Abstract
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Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Author(s): Gitlin MJ. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 2001 Winter; 65(1): 26-40. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280956&dopt=Abstract
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Use of herbal products and symptoms of bipolar disorder. Author(s): Emmanuel NP, Jones C, Lydiard RB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 November; 155(11): 1627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9812133&dopt=Abstract
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Utilization of psychosocial treatments by patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder and substance dependence. Author(s): Weiss RD, Kolodziej ME, Najavits LM, Greenfield SF, Fucito LM.
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Source: The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2000 Fall; 9(4): 314-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11256355&dopt=Abstract •
Valproate in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Author(s): Steingard S. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1989 October; 9(5): 382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2507592&dopt=Abstract
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Van Gogh and lithium. Creativity and bipolar disorder: perspective of an academic psychologist. Author(s): Smith M. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 December; 33 Suppl: S120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10622190&dopt=Abstract
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Vanadium and manic depressive psychosis. Author(s): Naylor GJ. Source: Nutr Health. 1984; 3(1-2): 79-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6443582&dopt=Abstract
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Vanadium: a possible aetiological factor in manic depressive illness. Author(s): Naylor GJ, Smith AH. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1981 May; 11(2): 249-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6791192&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to bipolar disorder; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
General Overview Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Manic depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Alternative Therapy Light therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements 5-Hydroxytryptophan Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Etodolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ibuprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ketorolac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lecithin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lithium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Moexipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nabumetone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oxaprozin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prochlorperazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
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S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com SAMe Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,818,00.html St. John's Wort Alternative names: Hypericum perforatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to bipolar disorder. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “bipolar disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on bipolar disorder, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Bipolar Disorder ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to bipolar disorder. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Acute and Chronic Stress, Psychotherapy, and Recovery from Episodes of Bipolar Disorder by Hlastala, Stefanie Anne; Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066956
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An Investigation into the Association between Adhd in Children and Bipolar Disorder in Mothers among Recipients of Family Benefits by O'brien, Shannon E. Msc from Dalhousie University (canada), 2002, 72 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67535
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Aspects of Cognitive Function in Healthy Volunteers Administered Antipsychotic Drugs and in Patients with Bipolar Disorder by Barrett, Suzanne Lucia; Phd from Queen's University of Belfast (northern Ireland), 2002, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f601457
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Bipolar Disorder in Prepubertal Children: a Survey of Psychiatrists and Psychologists by Mull, Beth Ann; Psyd from Immaculata College, 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3018299
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Cognitive Correlates of Psychosocial Outcome in Bipolar Disorder by Wilder-willis, Kelly Elizabeth; Phd from University of Cincinnati, 2002, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060341
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Commonality of Factors in the Personal Histories of Severely Disabled Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder/major Depression Clients by Monschke, Alice Allen, Phd from Kansas State University, 1997, 239 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9817170
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Developmental Pathways to Bipolar Disorder: a Prospective Study by Meyer, Stephanie Elisa; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052786
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Dissecting Genetic Heterogeneity in Susceptibility to Bipolar Disorder by Addington, Anjene Musick; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046409
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Evaluating Compliance with Bipolar Disorder Patients Receiving Lithium and Psychotherapy Whose Treatment Regimen Is Monitored by Clinical Social Workers Trained in Psychopharmacology by Troy, Charles Mcgregor, Ii, Dsw from Boston College, 1988, 300 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8904212
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Executive Function and Mood State in Bipolar Disorder by Larson, Eric Read; Phd from University of Cincinnati, 2002, 53 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060328
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Genetic Diversity of the Dopamine Transporter Gene and Evidence for Its Possible Role in Bipolar Disorder by Greenwood, Tiffany A. Phd from University of California, San Diego, 2002, 166 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055784
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Kate Chopin's Edna Pontellier: Profile of Bipolar Disorder by Halydier, Susan Kay; Ma from Texas Woman's University, 2002, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408613
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Molecular Analysis of Altered Calcium Homeostasis in Bipolar Disorder Using Differential Display and Candidate Gene Approaches by Yoon, Il-sang; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69205
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Mood Stabilizer Effects on Expression of Signal Transducer Genes Implicated in Bipolar Disorder by Corson, Timothy William; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68878
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Neuropsychological Performance and Medication Response in Bipolar Disorder Patients by Wroolie, Tonita Emily; Phd from Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, 2002, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3055186
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Parent-of-origin Effect in Families of Bipolar Disorder by Lan, Tsuo-hung; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 319 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028295
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Phenomenology in Children at High Risk for Developing Bipolar Disorder by Soutullo Esperon, Cesar A. Dr from Universidad De Navarra (spain), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f785009
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Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder by Loeber, Russell Todd; Phd from Boston University, 2002, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028902
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The Roles of Lithium(+), Magnesium(2+), and Sodium Ions in Bipolar Disorder and Essential Hypertension: a Multinuclear Nmr and Fluorescence Study by Williams, Nicole Marie; Phd from Loyola University of Chicago, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056455
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning bipolar disorder.
Recent Trials on Bipolar Disorder The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to bipolar disorder.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
An Inpatient Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Depakote ER in the Treatment of Mania/Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Abbott Laboratories Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of Depakote ER compared to placebo in the treatment of bipolar disorder, manic or mixed type in adults. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060905
•
An Outpatient Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Depakote ER in the Treatment of Mania/Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Abbott Laboratories
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of Depakote ER (Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release Tablets) compared to placebo in the treatment of bipolar disorder, manic or mixed type in children and adolescents ages 10-17 years. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067262 •
Bipolar Disorder Study Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): (Sponsor Name Pending) Purpose - Excerpt: A Placebo Controlled Study Evaluating Efficacy and Safety of Medication in Patients with Bipolar Disorder Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056277
•
Brain Imaging in Depression Condition(s): Depression; Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to use brain imaging technology to examine the role of certain brain receptors and the nervous system chemical acetylcholine in major depression. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050700
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Brain Tissue Collection for the Neuropathology Section of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Huntington Disease; Schizophrenia; Tourette Syndrome; Dementia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will actively request relatives of deceased patients to donate the brain of the patient for use in furthering the knowledge and understanding of certain neurological and psychiatric disorders. This study will allow the NIMH to participate along with other pathology departments of the Washington D.C. and metropolitan area as well as local medical examiner's offices in collecting donated brain tissue. This study will not directly benefit the deceased or the families of the deceased,
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but information gathered from donated tissue may lead to better treatments and potential cures for neurologic and psychiatric disorders in the future. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001260 •
Clinical Trial of Felbamate for Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the drug felbamate for treating depression in patients with bipolar disorder that has not responded to standard treatments. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00034229
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Clinical Trial of Mifepristone for Bipolar Depression Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of the drug mifepristone in treating patients with bipolar depression who are taking mood stabilizers. This study will also investigate how mifepristone and certain hormones cause changes in mood, thinking, and memory in some patients with bipolar depression. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00043654
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Clinical Trial of Pramipexole in Bipolar Depression Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine the safety and effectiveness of the drug pramipexole given in combination with lithium or divalproex for the shortterm treatment of acute depression in patients with bipolar disorder. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below
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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00025792 •
Clozapine for Treatment-Resistant Mania Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of clozapine as a treatment for the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029458
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Clozapine vs. Placebo in Treatment-Refractory Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of clozapine in children and adolescents with treatment resistant bipolar disorder. This study will also explore how the brain functions in early-onset bipolar disorder. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036582
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Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a triple drug regimen and a double drug regimen in treating patients with depression, hypomania, or mania. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063362
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Effect of Acetylcholine on Cognition and Emotion in Mood Disorders Condition(s): Mood Disorders Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
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Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the role of acetylcholine-a chemical messenger in the brain-in memory and attention problems seen in people with major depression and bipolar illness. Acetylcholine receptors may be overactive in depression, possibly causing some of the attention and memory problems. Scopolamine, a drug commonly used to treat motion sickness and diarrhea, blocks acetylcholine receptors. This study will evaluate how scopolamine influences attention and memory in normal volunteers and in depressed patients. Healthy normal volunteers and people with recurrent major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder between 18 and 45 years of age may be eligible for this study. Candidates must be moderately to severely depressed at the time of entry into the study. They will be screened with a physical examination, eye examination, blood, urine, and saliva tests, and an electrocardiogram (EKG). They will also have a battery of neuropsychological tests to assess general intelligence, handedness, and cognitive abilities, including memory and concentration. They will be interviewed for a history of psychiatric and medical problems, including a family history of psychiatric disorders, and severity of symptoms ratings. Participants will be enrolled in either a pilot study or a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (see below). Patients in both studies will be given scopolamine intravenously (through a vein). The drug is given over a 15-minute period through a catheter (plastic tube) inserted into a vein. The catheter stays in place for the duration of each session so that blood samples can be drawn periodically without repeated needle sticks. Pilot Study Participants will perform a series of memory and attention tasks in four separate testing sessions. T hey will be shown pictures of faces, houses, and words and will be asked questions about them. In three sessions the subject is tested under a dose of scopolamine (a different dose for each session) and one session is done under a placebo (a saline solution with no active drug). The results of this study will be used to determine the appropriate dose of scopolamine to use during the fMRI sessions. (fMRI) Study Participants will perform tasks similar to those described in the pilot study while undergoing MRI scanning. MRI is a diagnostic tool that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to show structural and chemical changes in tissues. During the scan, the subject lies still on a table in a narrow cylinder containing a magnetic field, wearing earplugs to muffle loud knocking and thumping sounds that occur during the scanning process. He or she can speak with a staff member via an intercom system at all times during the procedure. In one session the subject receives scopolamine, and in the other, a placebo. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00055575 •
Evaluation of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Treatment of Mood Disorders Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Mood Disorder; Unipolar Depression Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to evaluate repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a potential treatment for depression. In rTMS, a rapidly changing magnetic field passes through your scalp and skull and generates a small electrical pulses in your brain. rTMS at lower intensities has helped some people with depression but we do not know what the results will be in your case using higher intensities, or
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whether you will be randomized to 3 weeks of high frequency (20 cycles er second), low frequency (1 cycle per second), or inactive (sham)rTMS. You will be assigned to receive one of these types of rTMS over the left front art of your brain five times per week for the three weeks. Each rTMS treatment session should take between 20-30 minutes of actual stimulation, but weekly ratings, memory testing, and blood sampling may require several hours per week. We will also ask you to have brain imaging procedures to see if these will predict response to high vs. low frequency rTMS. If you are randomized to the 3 weeks of sham rTMS, you will have the opportunity to receive one of the active stimulation frequencies for an additional 3 weeks. Responders to any phase will be offered an additional month of rTMS prior to study termination and recommendations of alternative treatments. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001545 •
Evaluation of the Genetics of Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Anxiety Schizophrenia
Disorder;
Bipolar
Disorder;
Healthy;
Mood
Disorder;
Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to identify genes that may affect a person's chances of developing bipolar (BP) disorder and related conditions. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001174 •
Examination of Tamoxifen in Acute Mania in Patients with Bipolar I Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine how the drug tamoxifen affects the brain in patients with bipolar I disorder. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00026585
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Genetic Aspects of Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders Condition(s): Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Bipolar Disorder; Mental Disorder Diagnosed in Childhood; Mental Retardation; Schizophrenia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of the genetic causes of specific neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The study will focus on conditions of mental retardation, childhood onset schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), atypical psychosis of childhood, and bipolar affective disorder. The study addresses the belief that there may be several genes contributing to the illness. Researchers intend to use several molecular genetic techniques in order to identify the areas of chromosomes containing genes responsible for the development of these disorders. Patients will be selected to participate in this study based on an early age of onset of their condition as well as the severity of the illness and the frequency of the illness among family members. Researchers will collect DNA samples from patients as well as affected and unaffected family members of each patient. The DNA samples collected will be analyzed for a variety of genetic abnormalities including; triplet repeat expansions, chromosome rearrangements, and polymorphisms. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001544 •
MRI Brain Imaging of Normal Volunteers and Patients with Mental Illnesses Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Healthy; Mood Disorder; Parkinson's Disease; Schizophrenia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a magnetic field strength of 3 Tesla in brain imaging studies. This strength, which has been used for both medical and research purposes with no adverse effects, will likely provide advantages over the 1 or 1.5 strength commonly used. The MRIs will be used to compare differences in brain structure, chemistry and function in patients with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders and normal volunteers. Normal volunteers and patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, menstruation-related mood disorder, or mild to moderate Parkinson's disease who are 18 years or older may be eligible for this study. Patients enrolled in the study will also participate in one of five other National Institute of Mental Health studies on schizophrenia and affective disorders. All participants-patients and normal volunteers-will have a MRI scan. The subject lies on a table that slides into the MRI scanner-a large donut-shaped machine with a magnetic field. Earplugs are placed in the ears to soften the loud sounds that occur when the magnetic gradients are switched. A circular or rectangular coil-a device that improves the quality of the images-is placed on the head. During the scan, the subject may be asked to listen to tones or watch a screen, or to think about tones or pictures and respond to them by pressing a button. The scan usually lasts between 45 and 90 minutes, but may take as little as 20 minutes or as long as 2 hours. Scans of patients and normal volunteers will be compared to find differences that might lead to a better understanding of affective disorders and schizophrenia and better treatments. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004571
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Olanzapine Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Mania in Adolescents with Bipolar I Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Eli Lilly and Company Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy (how well the drug works), safety, and any side effects of olanzapine compared to placebo in the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder in adolescents. Both the potential benefits and side effects of olanzapine will be evaluated throughout this trial. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00050206
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Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); Pronova Biocare Purpose - Excerpt: This is a 12 month study of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. This study will be a 12-month, parallel group, double-blind comparison of the prophylactic efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids vs. placebo in 120 bipolar I patients. All subjects entering the primary prophylactic study will be euthymic or have only subsyndromal mood symptoms for at least 4 weeks. In addition, their concomitant medication (only lithium, divalproex, or no medication will be permitted) will also be stable and at accepted therapeutic levels for at least 4 weeks. An 8-week lead-in phase will be available to subjects who do not meet the current symptom and concomitant medication inclusion criteria (however, subjects must meet all of the other inclusion/exclusion criteria): 1. 4 weeks of euthymic or subsyndromal mood. 2. Subjects who are not already receiving lithium or divalproex. 3. Subjects receiving other psychotropic medications. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00010868
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Optimizing Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression Condition(s): Depression; Depressive Disorder; Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) administered concurrently with antidepressant medication. This study will also compare two different types of ECT. Phase(s): Phase IV
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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00045916 •
Relapse Prevention for Bipolar Type-II Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Depression Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of fluoxetine (Prozac) in treating and preventing recurrent bipolar (manic depressive) type II episodes. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044616
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Riluzole and Lithium to treat Depression in Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the safety and effectiveness of riluzole (Rilutek trademark) in combination with the lithium, a mood stabilizer, for short-term treatment of depression symptoms, such as depressed mood, psychomotor retardation, and excessive sleeping in patients with bipolar disease. Riluzole is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease). Preliminary findings of a study using riluzole to treat acute depression in patients with unipolar depression indicate that it may have antidrepressant properties in some patients. Patients between 18 and 80 years of age with bipolar I or II disorder without psychosis may be eligible for this 8-week study. Candidates must be currently depressesed, must have had at least one previous major depressive episode, and must have failed to improve with prior treatment with at least one antidepressant. They will be screened with a medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (EKG), blood and urine tests, and psychiatric evaluation. A blood or urine sample will be analyzed for illegal drugs. Women of childbearing potential will have a pregnancy test. After screening, those enrolled in the study will be tapered off all psychiatric medications except lithium, and those who are not taking lithium will be started on the drug. Participants will then begin an 8-week course of treatment, starting with a placebo (a sugar pill formulated to look like the active drug) and, at some point, switching to riluzole. In addition to drug treatment, participants will undergo the following procedures: - Physical examination and electrocardiogram (EKG) at the beginning and end of the study; - Weekly check of vital signs (temperature, blood pressure and heart rate); - Weekly 1-hour interviews consisting of psychiatric and psychomotor rating scales to assess treatment response; - Weekly blood tests to measure blood levels of riluzole and evaluate drug side effects. At the end of the study, participants' psychiatric status will be reassessed and appropriate long-term psychiatric treatment arranged.
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Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054704 •
Serotonin Receptor Imaging in Mood Disorders Condition(s): Mood Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This protocol will study serotonin function in the brain of patients with major depression and examine how the stress hormone, cortisol, affects serotonin receptor function. Serotonin is a natural chemical in the brain that attaches to brain cell receptors to regulate emotion, sleep, stress hormones and other body functions that are disturbed in major depression. People between the ages of 18 and 60 years with major mood disorder (MMD) or bipolar disorder (BP), normal healthy volunteers, and patients with Cushings disease (CD) may be eligible for this study. All participants will have an initial medical and psychiatric evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. In addition, some patients will have a dexamethasone-CRH stimulation test, mood stabilizing treatment, or lumbar puncture. Initial evaluation includes a psychiatric and medical history; ratings of depression, anxiety, negative thinking and level of functioning; and battery of tests of general intelligence and cognitive abilities, including memory and concentration. In addition, a physical examination will be done, along with blood and urine tests and collection of a saliva sample. Menstruating women will also have a pregnancy test and tests to determine menstrual phase and time of ovulation. MRI uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to obtain detailed pictures of the brain's structure. For the scan, the subject lies very still on a bed in a narrow circular machine (the scanner). A plasticencased metal coil is placed close to the head to improve the images. PET provides images of brain blood flow and serotonin receptor binding. The subject lies very still on a table inside the scanning machine. During the scan, small amounts of radioactive drugs are injected through a catheter (thin plastic tube) placed in an arm vein. The radioactive tracer is detected by a special camera and used to create pictures of brain blood flow patterns and serotonin receptor binding. Radioactivity in the blood is measured from blood samples collected through another catheter placed in the wrist. Dexamethasone-CRH stimulation assesses the regulation of stress hormone release. This test is done for all participants except CD patients. The subject takes 1.5 mg dexamethasone by mouth and two blood samples are collected the following afternoon to measure hormone levels. Sheep CRH is then injected into a vein and eight additional blood samples are collected at 15- to 30-minute intervals. Mood-stabilizing treatment is offered BP patients to reduce the chance of developing mania. Treatment consists of lithium or divalproex sodium. It requires drug blood level monitoring and follow-up visits with a NIH psychiatrist. Additional medications to treat depression, anxiety, hallucinations or delusions will be prescribed if required. Lumbar puncture examines the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord. This test is done for MDD and BP patients. Three days before the procedure, the subject follows a low monoamine diet. The evening before the test, the subject is admitted to the hospital for heart rate, pulse and blood pressure monitoring and blood sampling. For the lumbar puncture, a local anesthetic is administered and a needle is inserted in the space
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between the bones in the lower back where the CSF circulates below the spinal cord. A small amount of fluid is then collected through the needle. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00026832 •
Symptoms and Causes of Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to learn more about the mood and behavior in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. This study also seeks to learn what changes in the brain might be associated with this disorder. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006177
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Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) Condition(s): Mood Disorders; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Bipolar Disorder; Cyclothymic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: STEP-BD is the largest treatment study ever conducted for bipolar disorder. It is a long-term outpatient study (5 years) that aims to find out which treatments, or combinations of treatments, are most effective for treating episodes of depression and mania and for preventing recurrent episodes. In addition, the study will evaluate treatment effectiveness in terms of quality of life, adherence to treatment, ability to work, social functioning, and treatment cost-effectiveness. While many treatments are used currently for bipolar disorder, including medications and psychotherapies, doctors are uncertain which of these treatments or combination of treatments actually work best. Findings from STEP-BD will help improve the treatment standards used by doctors in everyday clinical practice. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00012558
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The Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Treatment-Resistant Depression Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study seeks to learn about brain function in adolescents with depression and to determine whether adding lithium carbonate to antidepressant medication can reduce depression in children and adolescents. Functional magnetic
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resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) will examine brain chemistry and function. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029640 •
Treatment and Outcome of Early Onset Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of 2 maintenance strategies in treating bipolar adolescents with prominent psychotic features or severe aggression. This study will also determine whether maintenance antipsychotic treatment is effective for preventing a recurrence of psychotic features or severe aggression in bipolar adolescents. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00048802
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Treatment of Early Age Mania Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Manic Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drugs lithium, valproate, and risperidone in treating children and adolescents with bipolar disorder or symptoms of mania. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00057681
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A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Topiramate in the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar I Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C. Purpose - Excerpt: This is a 12-week study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of topiramate compared to carbolithium or placebo in the treatment of Bipolar I Disorder. An optional 6-month open-label extension is available for qualified patients following completion of the study. Phase(s): Phase III
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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00035230 •
Does Bipolar Disease Program (BDP) intervention improve long term manic and depressive symptoms.. Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs; Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program Purpose - Excerpt: Based on highly promising preliminary data, it is proposed to conduct a multi-site randomized controlled trial of a high-intensity ambulatory treatment program for bipolar disorder against standard office-based, physiciancentered care. The major characteristics of this program are that it emphasizes (1) aggressive guideline-driven pharmacotherapy, (2) continuity of care with identified primary mental health nurse clinicians supported by psychiatrist back-up, and (3) patient education to improve treatment alliance and illness management skills. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007761
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Maintenance Therapies in Bipolar Disorders Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if adding a regimen of individualized psychotherapy can help bipolar I patients who are on lithium. While having a manic or depressed episode patients will be assigned randomly (like tossing a coin) to receive appropriate medication either with or without additional individual psychotherapy. If a patient responds well, he/she will again be assigned randomly to receive further preventative treatment in which medication will be managed either with continued medication clinic visits alone or with additional individual psychotherapy (the patient may not receive the same additional treatment this time). Patient response to treatment will be evaluated throughout the study. If manic/depressive symptoms return at any point during the study, the patient will be treated with appropriate medication and will continue the study. An individual may be eligible for this study if he/she: Has Bipolar I disorder, is experiencing a manic or depressed episode at the time of study entry, and is at least 18 years old. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000369
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Safety and Efficacy Trial of the Use of Quetiapine Fumarate (SEROQUEL(r)) in the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Depression Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Depression, Bipolar Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): AstraZeneca Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of quetiapine in the treatment of a major depressive episode in patients with bipolar disorder. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060489
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Study of Aripiprazole in Patients with a history of Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to learn if aripiprazole is effective in the treatment of patients with a history of bipolar disorder. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036348
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Study of Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Patients with Acute Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to learn if aripiprazole is effective for the treatment of patients with acute symptoms of Bipolar disorder. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00036101
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Study of the Psychological Development of Children of Parents with and without Affective Disorders Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Involutional Depression; Mood Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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Purpose - Excerpt: This research study is the continuation of a study started more than 20 years ago. The study was designed to explore the effect that depressed parents have on their children and to better understand the factors that contribute to depression development and maintenance. The study will continue to investigate if children have certain characteristics in early and middle childhood that predict the later development of psychological disorders. In addition, the study will continue looking at the processes responsible for the development of children of parents with and without affective (mood) disorders. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001170 •
The Assessment of a weight-gain agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-obesity Agent in Patients with Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder Condition(s): Schizophrenia; Psychotic Disorders; Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Eli Lilly and Company Purpose - Excerpt: Olanzapine is currently marketed for the treatment of schizophrenia and acute manic episodes with bipolar 1 disorder. This Anti-obesity Agent is currently marketed for the management of obesity. In this study, the Anti-obesity Agent is being tested to see if it can treat weight gain that may be associated with taking olanzapine. The purposes of this study are to determine the safety of olanzapine when given in combination with the Anti-obesity Agent and any side effects that might be associated with it and whether weight-gain agent can help treat weight gain that may be associated with taking olanzapine. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00044187
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A study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of topiramate compared to placebo in the treatment of Bipolar I Disorder. Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is terminated. Sponsor(s): Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C. Purpose - Excerpt: A 4-week study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of topiramate compared to placebo in the treatment of Bipolar I Disorder with an optional 6-month open-label extension for qualified patients following completion of the study. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00035802
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Acute Effectiveness of Additional Drugs to the Standard Treatment of Depression Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will compare the effectiveness of relatively new antidepressants which have different mechanisms of action. Buproprion (Wellbutrin) works on dopamine and the dopaminergic pathway. Sertraline (Zoloft) works as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Venlafaxine (Effexor) works as a mixed serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Subjects enrolled in this study will be patients diagnosed with a bipolar disorder who are presently taking medication to prevent the symptoms of the disease (prophylactic treatment), but have had breakthrough episodes of depression despite taking their medication. Patients will receive any one of the three antidepressant medications as noted above plus a placebo inactive sugar pill, in order to mask which antidepressant is being prescribed) in addition to their regular medication for bipolar disorder. All of the doses will be calculated as effective for the treatment of a unipolar major depressive disorder. The patient will continue receiving the medication for ten weeks. The effectiveness of the drug treatment will be measured by using three different scales; 1. Inventory for Depressive Symptoms - Clinicians form (IDS-C) 2. Clinical Global Impression scale(CGIBP) 3. Life Charting Methodology (LCM) Patients who do not respond to their medication within ten weeks from the beginning of the study will be considered as nonresponders and be offered the opportunity to start the study again, taking one of the two remaining medications. For example, if a patient was assigned to take Wellbutrin but it was ineffective, he/she could re-enter the study and be given either Zoloft or Effexor. Patients that do respond in the first ten weeks of the study will be eligible to continue taking the medication for one year to assess the long term effectiveness of the drug on preventing episodes of depression and to assess for any possible differential induction of mania. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001483
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Bipolar Study Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): (Sponsor Name Pending) Purpose - Excerpt: Bipolar study of tolerability, clinical response and patient satisfaction Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067938
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Drug Treatment for Alcoholics with Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Alcoholism; Bipolar Disorder
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Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of sodium valproate (Depacon) in treating individuals with alcohol dependence and comorbid bipolar disorder. Recruited individuals will receive drug therapy as inpatients and then followed as outpatients for six months. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000439 •
Effects of Sex Hormones on Circadian Rhythm in Men and Women Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Circadian Rhythm; Depressive Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: For many years researchers have been trying to better understand the regulation of sleep and activity by studying circadian (daily) rhythms of human beings. It appears that the hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone play a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm in animals. Researchers believe these hormones may also play a similar role in the regulation of human circadian rhythms. Little research has been conducted on how these hormones affect human circadian rhythms. This study is designed to learn more about how specific hormones influence men and women's daily rhythms. This study will use women from another research study being conducted at the NIMH called, "The central nervous system effects of pharmacologically induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with and without estrogen and progesterone". Male subjects will be recruited from another NIMH study called, "The central nervous system effects of pharmacologically induced hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with and without testosterone replacement". In order to test the possibility that gonadal steroids (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) change circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle in humans, participants will undergo chronobiologic evaluations. The chronobiologic evaluations will look at sleep and rest periods, activity as measured by a wrist monitor, and 24 hour inpatient electroencephalograph (EEG), rectal temperature, and melatonin monitoring. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001285
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Evaluation of Patients with Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder (RCBD) Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Bipolar disorder is a mood (affective) disorder characterized by the occurrence of alternating feelings of excitement (mania) and depression. It is a common, but serious condition, and potentially life-threatening. Patients are considered to have a rapid cycling form of bipolar disorder if they experience four or more episodes of
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hypomania (mild degree of mania), mania, and/or depression. Approximately 20% of the patients in bipolar clinics have the rapid cycling form of the disorder. Therefore it can be said that RCBD is not a rare condition and that it can severely impair a patient. These reasons alone justify studying RCBD. However, researchers also believe that information gathered by studying patients with RCBD can be used while studying other patients with different forms of bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study is to screen patients diagnosed as having rapid cycling bipolar disorder to see if they fit the criteria for the diagnosis and to see if they would be interested in participating in other research studies. Patients will undergo diagnostic interviews, physical examination, routine blood tests, EKG (electrocardiogram), and complete self-rating forms as part of the screening process. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001772 •
Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Eli Lilly and Company Purpose - Excerpt: This is a research study comparing the safety and efficacy of two active study medications for the treatment of bipolar I disorder. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00034580
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Double-Blind, PlaceboControlled Trial Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Involutional Depression; Mood Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids, compounds found in plants and fish, in treating bipolar disorder. Some studies have indicated that omega-3 fatty acids may be effective in treating mood disorders. For example, one investigator has shown a correlation between the prevalence of major depression and the amount of fish consumed per capita worldwide. Others have found decreased amounts of EPA (one of the active ingredients in omega-3 fatty acids) in the red blood cells of patients with major depression. And a recent small study of patients with bipolar illness indicated that omega-3 fatty acids prevented relapses, especially of depression, in patients. Patients with bipolar disorder who are not benefiting satisfactorily on their current medications are eligible to participate in this study. Candidates will be screened with a psychiatric evaluation, routine blood tests, a urine test and other tests needed to monitor medications. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: one group will receive 6 grams of omega-3 fatty acid every day for 16 weeks; the second will receive a placebo (inactive capsule). In addition, patients in both groups will continue to take their previous medications. Every 2 weeks,
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all patients will have their vital signs checked and be evaluated for side effects and mood changes. At the end of the 16-week study period, all patients will be given the opportunity to continue in the study for another 8 months and receive active drug (omega-3 fatty acid). Patients who continue will be evaluated once a month and will have blood drawn on the last visit for routine tests. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001146 •
Open-label Adjunctive Zonisamide for Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorders Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): Elan Pharmaceuticals Purpose - Excerpt: To study the safety and efficacy of zonisamide as adjunctive therapy for children and adolescents with bipolar I or II disorder. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00047567
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Pilot Study of Levetiracetam (Keppra(r) (Registered Trademark)) for Bipolar Illness Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will explore the possible effectiveness of levetiracetam in patients with bipolar illness who have not responded adequately to standard treatments. Levetiracetam was recently approved to treat seizures. Other drugs in the same class as levetiracetam, including carbamazepine and valproate, are widely recognized as substitute medications for lithium or are used as an adjunct to it, and other anticonvulsants have also shown promise in improving bipolar symptoms. Patients with bipolar illness whose manic, depressed or unstable moods are not adequately controlled by their current treatment and who have not responded previously to two standard treatments (i.e., lithium, valproate, carbamazepine or neuroleptics) may be eligible for this study. Participants will take levetiracetam starting at 500 mg daily. If this dose is well tolerated, it will be increased to 500 mg twice a day. Every 3 days, doses may be increased until the target dose of 3000 mg/day is reached. Higher doses, not to exceed 4000 mg/day, may be tried in patients who do not respond fully to the lower doses. Patients and observers will use standard ratings to evaluate the patients' response to therapy during the 8-week study. If, after 8 weeks, the results appear promising, patients may continue treatment for an additional 6 months to evaluate longer-term effects. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional
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Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00015769 •
Study of Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Patients with Acute Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar I disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to learn if aripiprazole is effective in the treatment of patients with acute symptoms of Bipolar Disorder. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00046384
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The Evaluation and Follow-up of Patients with Bipolar Disorder Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this research protocol is to screen and enroll individuals who have bipolar disorder and to track each person's course of illness in order to study the long-term course of illness and to elucidate possible clinical and biological predictors of acute and sustained treatment response. As a part of this protocol, subjects will: systematically be administered psychiatric rating scales such as the life-chart method (LCM) for daily assessment of mood, sleep, and behavior; be asked to participate in non-invasive research procedures, such as blood drawing for measurement of thyroid antibodies and intracellular calcium; and be medicated as is clinically appropriate. This protocol also serves as a stepping stone to other protocols such as the comparative acute and long-term efficacy of three antidepressants (#95-M0129), and the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids (#00-M-0004), for which separate written informed consents are obtained. Patients in this study are participants in the larger NIMH-Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network (SFBN), which involves six academic sites focused on better understanding the long-term course and treatment of the illness. The current protocol thus serves as an entry point for individuals with bipolar disorder for screening and detailed longitudinal assessment both prior to and in between more formal blind randomized IRB approved treatment protocols. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001652
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Treatment of Depression in Youth with Bipolar Disorders Condition(s): Bipolar Disorder; Depression Study Status: This study is terminated. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
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Purpose - Excerpt: THIS STUDY HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED. The study is designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fluoxetine for treating children and adolescents with bipolar disorder who are experiencing an episode of major depression while being treated with a mood stabilizer. The study involves a 2-week assessment period. Patients who are on stable, therapeutic doses of lithium or valproate and continue to have depression will be randomized to a 12-week treatment of fluoxetine or placebo. Those who respond favorably to treatment will be followed openly for an 18-week continuation phase. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005015
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “bipolar disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on bipolar disorder, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Bipolar Disorder By performing a patent search focusing on bipolar disorder, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on bipolar disorder: •
Anticonvulsant derivatives useful in treating manic-depressive bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Shank; Richard P. (Blue Bell, PA) Assignee(s): Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation (Raritan, NJ) Patent Number: 5,753,693 Date filed: June 23, 1997 Abstract: This application relates to the use of topiramate and related sulfonamides for the treatment of manic-depressive bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application No. 60/020,850, filed Jun. 28, 1996. ... Compounds of Formula I were initially found to possess anticonvulsant activity in the traditional maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in mice (SHANK, R. P., GARDOCKI, J. F., VAUGHT, J. L., DAVIS, C. B., SCHUPSKY, J. J., RAFFA, R. B., DODGSON, S. J., NORTEY, S. O., and MARYANOFF, B. E., Epilepsia 35 450-460, 1994). Subsequent studies revealed that Compounds of Formula I were also highly effective in the MES test in rats. More recently topiramate was found to effectively block seizures in several rodent models of epilepsy (J. NAKAMURA, S. TAMURA, T. KANDA, A. ISHII, K. ISHIHARA, T. SERIKAWA, J. YAMADA, and M. SASA, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 254 83-89, 1994), and in an animal model of kindled epilepsy (A. WAUQUIER and S. ZHOU, Epilepsy Res. 24, 73-77, 1996). ... Recent preclinical studies on topiramate have revealed previously unrecognized pharmacological properties which suggest that topiramate should be effective in treating manicdepressive bipolar disorder (MDBD). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05753693__
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BDNF polymorphism and association with bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Lander; Eric S. (Cambridge, MA), DePaulo; J. Raymond (Baltimore, MD), Sklar; Pamela (Brookline, MA), McInnis; Melvin G. (Timonium, MD) Assignee(s): Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD), General Hospital Corporation (Boston, MA), Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 6,458,541 Date filed: August 11, 2000 Abstract: Methods for diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric disorders, especially bipolar disorder, and to methods for identifying compounds for use in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders are disclosed. Also disclosed are novel compounds and pharmaceutical compositions for use in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): Modem psychiatry typically subdivides mood disorders into bipolar disorders (episodes of mania or both mania and depression) and unipolar depressive disorder (episodes of depression). Symptoms of mania include expansive, elevated or irritable mood, inflated self-esteem, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, increased talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with a high potential for painful
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consequences. Depressive symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure in activities, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt, inability to concentrate or act decisively, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Several mental disorders have been proposed as alternate expressions of a bipolar genotype, including variants of schizoaffective disorder, recurrent unipolar depression and hypomania (bipolar II disorder). ... Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, attention deficit disorders, schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders and unipolar disorders, differ from neurological disorders in that anatomical or biochemical pathologies are readily detectable for the latter but not the former. Largely as a result of this difference, drugs which have been used to treat individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders, including lithium salts, valproic acid and carbamazepine, have not been predictably effective in treatment regimens across a variety of patients. Treatment regimens are further complicated by the fact that clinical diagnosis currently relies on clinical observation and subjective reports. Identification of the anatomical or biochemical defects which result in neuropsychiatric disorders is needed in order to effectively distinguish between the disorders and to allow the design and administration of effective therapeutics for these disorders. ... As described herein, it has been discovered that a polymorphism in the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is negatively correlated with incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder). In particular, it has been discovered that one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms within the nucleotide sequence encoding the 132 amino acid prepro portion of the BDNF gene product is correlated with reduced incidence of bipolar disorder in a sample population assessed as described herein. In one embodiment, a single nucleotide polymorphism from G to A at nucleotide position 424, resulting in an amino acid change from valine to methionine at amino acid position -63 (relative to the start of the mature protein), is correlated with a reduced incidence of bipolar disorder in the sample population assessed as described herein. That is, it has been determined that there is a variation from random (i.e., that which would be expected by chance) in the transmission of the reference (G) and variant (A) alleles from a parent who is heterozygous for the BDNF alleles to an offspring diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The variant allele (A) is transmitted less frequently (34 of 98 times) to the bipolar offspring than would be expected by chance, while the reference allele (G) is transmitted more frequently (64 of 98 times) than would be expected by chance (p=0.004). Thus, it appears that the variant allele may contribute to protection or reduction in symptomology with respect to bipolar disorder. Alternatively, this particular polymorphism may be one of a group of two or more polymorphisms in the BDNF gene which contributes to the presence, absence or severity of the neuropsychiatric disorder, e.g., bipolar disorder. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06458541__ •
Choline in the treatment of bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Stoll; Andrew L. (Lincoln, MA) Assignee(s): Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 5,585,118 Date filed: June 2, 1995 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods in which a lithium source and a choline source act synergistically to reduce or eliminate the symptoms associated with bipolar disorder.
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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical treatments for psychiatric disorders. More specifically, it deals with novel methods and compositions useful in treating patients with bipolar disorder. ... Patients with bipolar disorder suffer recurrent, alternating cycles of mania and depression. A number of anecdotal reports have suggested that lecithin (phosphotidylcholine), a dietary precursor of choline, has antimanic properties that might be useful in treating patients with this disorder (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 137:242-243 (1980); Schreier, Am. J. Psychiatry 139:108-110 (1982); Leiva, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 14:423-429 (1990)). In addition, a controlled clinical study performed more than a decade ago reported that lecithin has a modest anti-manic effects when given to patients with bipolar illness (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982)). ... At the time that lecithin administration was begun in the 1982 clinical study by Cohen et al., many patients were taking other medications, including lithium. The patients continued on such medications during the course of the study but no attempt was made to identify particular drugs that might contribute to the observed beneficial effects of lecithin. The possibility that lithium might be essential to the effect was not appreciated. In addition, it was uncertain, both from this paper as well as from the anecdotal reports mentioned above, whether the beneficial effects observed with lecithin were due to choline derived from the digestion of the compound. Lecithin is a major component of cellular membranes and the possibility was recognized that lecithin might be exerting its effects on mania by causing alterations in the membranes of neural cells (Cohen et at., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05585118__ •
Method for the treatment of mania and bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Pande; Atul Chandra (Ann Arbor, MI) Assignee(s): Warner-Lambert Company (Morris Plains, NJ) Patent Number: 6,359,005 Date filed: April 13, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to the use of pregabalin and derivatives thereof for use in the treatment of mania and bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): wherein R.sub.1 is a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbons, phenyl, or cycloalkyl having from 3 to 6 carbons, R.sub.2 is hydrogen or methyl; and R.sub.3 is hydrogen, methyl, or carboxyl. The compounds are useful in antiseizure therapy and for CNS disorders such as epilepsy, Huntington's Chorea, cerebral ischemia, Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, and spasticity. The compounds are recited as also possibly useful as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics. ... U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,876 covers the compounds of Formula I above in the treatment of pain. ... U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/050736 covers the compounds of Formula I above in the treatment of inflammation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06359005__
Patents 297
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Method for treating bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Shannon; Harlan E (Carmel, IN), Bymaster; Franklin P (Brownsburg, IN) Assignee(s): Eli Lilly and Company (Indianapolis, IN) Patent Number: 6,117,890 Date filed: December 16, 1998 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating or alleviating the symptoms of bipolar disorder, comprising administering an effective amount of xanomeline (3-(4-hexyloxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine) . Excerpt(s): This invention provides a method for treating or alleviating the symptoms of bipolar disorder, comprising administering an effective amount of 3-(4-hexyloxy-1,2,5thiadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine (hereinafter referred to as "xanomeline"). ... Bipolar Disorder is a psychiatric condition which is prevelant across cultures and age groups. The lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Disorder can be as high as 1.6%. DSM-IV, p. 353 (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. 1994). Bipolar Disorder is a recurrent disorder characterized by one or more Manic Episodes immediately before or after a Major Depressive Episode or may be characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes accompanied by at least one Hypomanic Episode. Additionally, the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. In some cases the Hypomanic Episodes themselves do not cause impairment; however, the impairment may result from the Major Depressive Episodes or from a chronic pattern of unpredictable mood episodes and fluctuating unreliable interpersonal and occupational functioning. The symptoms of Bipolar Disorder must not be better accounted for by a psychotic condition or due to the direct physiological effects of a medication, other somatic treatments for depression, drugs of abuse, or toxin exposure. ... Bipolar Disorder is associated with a significant risk of completed suicide. Further, the patient suffering from Bipolar Disorder is likely to suffer from school truancy, school failure, occupational failure, or divorce. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06117890__
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Method of treating manic depression by brain infusion Inventor(s): Rise; Mark T. (7745 Aetna Ave. NE., Monticello, MN 55432) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,176,242 Date filed: April 30, 1999 Abstract: Techniques using one or more drugs, electrical stimulation or both to treat depression or manic depression by means of an implantable signal generator and electrode and/or an implantable pump and catheter. A catheter is surgically implanted in selected sites in the brain to infuse the drugs, and one or more electrodes are surgically implanted in the brain at selected sites to provide electrical stimulation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nerve tissue stimulation and infusion techniques, and more particularly relates to such techniques for treating depression and manic depression. ... A persons immediate emotional state is referred to as their affective state. Two normal emotions or affective states are eurphoria and depression. These affective states are experienced transiently by all persons in response life situations. For some
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individuals however, these normal emotional responses may become sustained for long periods of time. The general affective state may not reflect the momentary expeiences of the individual. Two affective disorders involving the emotions of eurphoria and depression are unipolar or major depression and bipolar depression or manic depression. ... Unipolar depression manifests as episodes of dysphoria (unpleasant mood) and anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) which may last for months. Symptoms may include a loss of energy, changes in weight (most often weight loss but possibly weight gain) insomnia or sometimes oversleeping, restlessness, and inability to concentrate, loss of sex drive, negative thoughts, feelings of worthlessness and suicidal ideation. Unipolar depression is characterized by subtypes. The estimates are that there may be as many as 4 million people in the United States suffering from depression. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06176242__ •
Omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Severus; Wolfram E. (Badensche Strasse 7, D-10825 Berlin, DE), Stoll; Andrew L. (35 Old Winter St., Lincoln, MA 01773) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,344,482 Date filed: March 22, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of treating patients with bipolar disorder by administering omega-3 fatty acids. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical treatments for psychiatric disorders. More specifically, it is concerned with novel methods and compositions for treating patients with bipolar disorder. ... Patients with bipolar disorder suffer recurrent, alternating cycles of mania and depression. In a controlled clinical study performed more than a decade ago, it was reported that lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) has antimanic properties when administered to such patients (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982); see also Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 137:242-243 (1980); Schreier, Am. J. Psychiatry 139:108-110 (1982)). More recent reports, have suggested that the beneficial effects observed for lecithin are due primarily to the metabolic release of free choline (Stoll et al., Biol. Psychiatry 37:170-174 (1995)). ... Although effective in reducing mania, lecithin is not widely used in treating bipolar patients. One of the main reasons for this is that 15-30 grams of lecithin per day must typically be given to a patient in order to obtain a beneficial effect, and the intake of such a large quantity of lipid would, over time, tend to promote cardiovascular disease. An ideal solution to this problem would be to administer a therapeutic agent that has the same beneficial effect as lecithin in controlling mania but which does not have the same adverse effect with respect to cardiovascular disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06344482__
Patents 299
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Use of (+)-.alpha.-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl) piperidinemethanol in treating depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
ethyl]-4-
Inventor(s): Mondadori; Cesare (Basking Ridge, NJ) Assignee(s): Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Bridgewater, NJ) Patent Number: 6,380,216 Date filed: October 30, 2000 Abstract: The present invention is directed to the use of (+)-.alpha.-(2,3dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidine methanol in treating Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to the use of compound (+)-.alpha.-(2,3dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4-piperidine methanol or its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts in a method of treating Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders in patients in need of such therapy. ... The compound (+)-isomer of .alpha.-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-4piperidinemeth anol is generically described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,096 and specifically described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,149, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This compound is described therein as a 5HT.sub.2A receptor antagonist. It has since been discovered that this compound is useful in the treatment of Depressive Disorders and Bipolar Disorders. ... The compound of the present invention solves the complicated problem of treating patients for Depression Disorders of Bipolar Disorders through an unusual compound profile. It is a highly selective 5HT.sub.2A receptor antagonist having subnanomolar affinity for the 5HT.sub.2A receptor versus affinities of greater than 100 nM for the 5HT.sub.2C, D.sub.1 (dopamine), D.sub.2 (dopamine), and .alpha.-1 receptors in in vitro models. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06380216__
Patent Applications on Bipolar Disorder As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to bipolar disorder: •
CARBAMATE COMPOUNDS FOR USE IN PREVENTING OR TREATING BIPOLAR DISORDER Inventor(s): Gordon, Robert ; (Robbinsville, NJ), Choi, Yong Moon ; (Towaco, NJ), Twyman, Roy E. ; (Doylestown, PA), Plata-Salaman, Carlos R. ; ( Ambler, PA), Zhao, Boyu ; (Lansdale, PA) Correspondence: AUDLEY A. CIAMPORCERO JR.; JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA; NEW BRUNSWICK; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020198257 Date filed: February 21, 2002
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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for preventing or treating bipolar disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): 1wherein phenyl is substituted at X with one to five halogen atoms selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine; and, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl; wherein C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl is optionally substituted with phenyl (wherein phenyl is optionally substituted with substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, C.sub.1C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy, amino, nitro and cyano). Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/271,681, filed Feb. 27, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. ... This invention is directed to a method for use of a carbamate compound in preventing or treating bipolar disorder. More particularly, this invention is directed to a method for use of a halogenated 2-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol monocarbamate compound for preventing or treating bipolar disorder. ... Recurrences of bipolar disorder illness have been hypothesized to be caused by electrophysiologic/neurophysiologic kindling (F. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, Manic-Depressive Illness, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 405-407,1990; Ghaemi S. N., Boiman E. E., Goodwin F. K., Kindling and second messengers: an approach to the neurobiology of recurrence in bipolar disorder, Biol. Psychiatry, 1999, 45(2), 137-44; Stoll A. L., Severus W. E., Mood stabilizers: shared mechanisms of action at postsynaptic signal-transduction and kindling processes, Harv. Rev. Psychiatry, 1996, 4(2), 77-89; Goldberg J. F., Harrow M., Kindling in bipolar disorders: a longitudinal follow-up study, Biol. Psychiatry, 1994, 1; 35(1), 70-2). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Chromosomal markers and diagnostic tests for manic-depressive illness Inventor(s): Gershon, Elliot S. ; (Silver Spring, MD), Esterling, Lisa E. ; (Salt Lake City, UT), Sanders, Alan R. ; (Chicago, IL), Yoshikawa, Takeo ; (Rockville, MD), Berrettini, Wade H. ; (Haverford, PA), Badner, Judith A. ; (Silver Spring, MD), Detera-Wadleigh, Sevilla D. ; (Bethesda, MD), Goldin, Lynn R. ; (Bethesda, MD) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; EIGHTH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030170668 Date filed: September 19, 2002 Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided for determining a genotype associated with increased susceptibility to manic-depressive illness. The genotype is determined using markers for a region of chromosome 18 exhibiting linkage disequilibrium with manic-depressive illness. The invention also provides for a novel myo-inositol monophosphatase protein encoded for on chromosome 18. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation-In-Part application ("CIP") of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/029,278, filed Oct. 28, 1996. The aforementioned application is explicitly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. ... The present invention relates to compositions and methods for determining the genotype associated with an increased or decreased susceptibility to manicdepressive illness. The invention also provides a means to determine an individual's increased or decreased risk of developing manic-depressive illness. ... Genome screening efforts by several groups, designed to identify regions linked to bipolar disorder, have
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revealed evidence for potential susceptibility loci on chromosome 18. Berrettini (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:5918-5921, reported evidence for a susceptibility locus in the pericentromeric region of the chromosome. In a subsequent study on an independent pedigree series, Stine (1995) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:1384-1394, found support for the prior hypothesis on 18p (Berrettini et al., Proc Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91:5918-5921, 1994). In the same study, Stine (1995) supra, presented evidence for a possible additional linkage on 18q. Recently, Freimer (1996) Nature Genet. 12:436-441, proposed a predisposing locus close to the telomere of 18q in Costa Rican kindreds. These reports suggest that the regions potentially implicated in bipolar disorder encompass a very large portion of chromosome 18. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of determining susceptibility to bipolar disorders Inventor(s): Muglia, Pierandrea ; (Toronto, CA), Kennedy, James L. ; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: BERESKIN AND PARR; SCOTIA PLAZA; 40 KING STREET WESTSUITE 4000 BOX 401; TORONTO; ON; M5H 3Y2; CA Patent Application Number: 20030087269 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: Methods and kits for determining susceptibility of a patient to bipolar disorders are described. The method comprises the steps of: (a) obtaining a sample from a patient; and (b) testing the sample for the presence of a polymorphism selected from (i) a 2 repeat allele in the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region of the DRD4 gene and (ii) a 4 repeat allele in the VNTR region of the DRD4 gene, wherein the presence of the 2 repeat allele indicates that the patient is less susceptible to a bipolar disorder and the presence of the 4 repeat allele indicates that the patient is more susceptible to a bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods and kits for determining susceptibility of a patient to bipolar disorders. ... Family, twin and adoption study demonstrated evidence for importance of genetic factors in bipolar disorder (Gershon et al 1990). The mode of inheritance does not follow the Mendelian rules and multiple genes (Risch and Botsein 1996) with likely complex gene-gene (Berrettini 1999) and gene-environment interaction are likely to be involved. ... Different linkage studies have investigated the short arm of chromosome 11 in bipolar families since the first evidence for linkage in an Old Order Amish kindred (Egeland et al 1987). This finding however was not replicated in the reanalysis of the families after the disease occurred in some individuals that were unaffected in the primary analysis (Kelsoe et al 1989). Further linkage studies of 11p in several data sets of bipolar families have failed to show consistent results (Detera-Wadleigh et al 1987; Nothen et al 1990; Byerley et al 1992; Sidenberg et al 1994; Smyth et al 1996; Smith et al 1997; Malafosse et al 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Nucleic acids and encoded polypeptides associated with bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Evans, Glen A. ; (San Marcos, CA) Correspondence: CAMPBELL & FLORES LLP; 4370 LA JOLLA VILLAGE DRIVE; 7TH FLOOR; SAN DIEGO; CA; 92122; US Patent Application Number: 20030104385 Date filed: August 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an isolated human mannosyl transferase and the encoding nucleic acid. Nucleic acids and fragments thereof that correspond to the mannosyl transferase polypeptide similarly are applicable in therapeutic procedures. The invention also provides a human mannosyl transferase fusion polypeptide and a chromosome 9 fusion polypeptide, both of which result from a chromosomal translocation t(9,11) (p24;q23.1). The fusion nucleic acid sequence that encodes the human mannosyl transferase fusion polypeptide and the fusion nucleic acid sequence that encodes the chromosome 9 fusion polypeptide also are provided. The fusion proteins of the invention and their encoding nucleic acids are useful in methods provided by the present invention for diagnosing or predicting the susceptibility to bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the fields of molecular medicine and biochemistry and, more specifically, to nucleic acids and proteins associated with bipolar disorder. ... Manic-depressive illness, known in medical terms as bipolar disorder, is a common illness characterized by recurrent mood episodes of excessive highs (mania) to profound hopelessness (depression), usually with periods of normal mood in between. The type, severity and duration of mood episodes can vary. Some individuals may have a predominance of either mania or depression, whereas other sufferers may experience equal numbers of both. The mood episodes can last for a few days to as long as several months, particularly when left untreated or not treated effectively. Typically, a person with bipolar disorder can expect an average of ten episodes of mania or depression in his or her lifetime but some sufferers experience much more frequent mood episodes. The frequency of episodes tends to increase with time and individuals who experience four or more episodes in a year are said to have rapid cycling bipolar disorder, which affects between 13 to 20 percent of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder. ... Manic episodes are characterized by euphoria, constant talkativeness or movement, grandiose thoughts, need for less sleep, inability to focus, and reckless behavior. When severe mania sets in, the dividing line between reality and fantasy is crossed. Delusional ideation, paranoia, hallucinations, and disorganized behavior may be seen in full-blown mania, with patients requiring hospitalization to protect both themselves and those around them. Untreated, the manic phase can last as long as three months. As it abates, the patient may have a period of normal mood and behavior. Eventually, however, the depressive phase of the illness will set in. In some sufferers, depression occurs immediately or within the next few months, while for others there is a long interval before the next manic or depressive episode. The depressive phase has the same symptoms as major or unipolar depression, including feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, inability to concentrate, thoughts of death or suicide, change in appetite or weight, and fatigue or loss of energy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 303
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Omega-3 fatty acids and omega-3 phosphatidylcholine in the treatment of bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Severus, Wolfram E. ; (Berlin, DE), Stoll, Andrew L. ; (Lincoln, MA) Correspondence: Choate, Hall & Stewart; Exchange Place; 53 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20020091103 Date filed: February 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of treating patients with bipolar disorder by administering omega-3 fatty acids. These may be administered in a substantially purified form, as part of a pharmaceutical composition, or as part of a larger molecule, e.g. a triacylglycerol, which releases free fatty acid after ingestion by a patient.The present invention is also directed to triacylglycerols which are esterified at the gamma carbon of glycerol to phosphocholine and at either the alpha or beta carbon of glycerol to an omega-3 fatty acid. These "omega-3 phoshatidylcholines" are also used in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to medical treatments for psychiatric disorders. More specifically, it is concerned with novel methods and compositions for treating patients with bipolar disorder. ... Patients with bipolar disorder suffer recurrent, alternating cycles of mania and depression. In a controlled clinical study performed more than a decade ago, it was reported that lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) has antimanic properties when administered to such patients (Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 139:1162-1164 (1982); see also Cohen et al., Am. J. Psychiatry 137:242-243 (1980); Schreier, Am. J. Psychiatry 139:108-110 (1982)). More recent reports, have suggested that the beneficial effects observed for lecithin are due primarily to the metabolic release of free choline (Stoll et al., Biol. Psychiatry 37:170-174 (1995)). ... Although effective in reducing mania, lecithin is not widely used in treating bipolar patients. One of the main reasons for this is that 15-30 grams of lecithin per day must typically be given to a patient in order to obtain a beneficial effect and the intake of such a large quantity of lipid would, over time, tend to promote cardiovascular disease. An ideal solution to this problem would be to administer a therapeutic agent that has the same beneficial effect as lecithin in controlling mania but which does not have the same adverse effect with respect to cardiovascular disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Use of derivatives of valproic acid and 2-valproenic acid amides for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder Inventor(s): Shirvan, Mitchell ; (Hertzleya, IL), Bialer, Meir ; (Jerusalem, IL) Correspondence: Cooper & Dunham LLP; 1185 Avenue of the Americas; New York; NY; 10036; US Patent Application Number: 20020103237 Date filed: July 20, 2001 Abstract: A method for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder using derivatives of valproic acid and 2-valproenic acid amides having the following structures: 1wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are independently the same or different and are hydrogen, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, an aralkyl group, or an aryl group, and n is an integer
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which is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 3,or a compound containing a valproic or a 2-valproenic moiety, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising these derivatives or compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/220,102, filed Jul. 21, 2000. ... Throughout this application, various references are referenced by short citations within parenthesis. Full citations for these references may be found at the end of the specification, immediately preceding the claims. These references, in their entireties, are hereby incorporated by reference to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. ... Disclosed is a method for the treatment of mania in bipolar disorder using derivatives of valproic acid and 2valproenic acid amides. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with bipolar disorder, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” You will see two broad options: (1) Patent Grants, and (2) Patent Applications. To see a list of granted patents, perform the following steps: Under “Patent Grants,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on bipolar disorder. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning bipolar disorder. Simply go back to the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/main/patents.htm. Under “Services,” click on “Search Patents.” Select “Quick Search” under “Patent Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to bipolar disorder. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on bipolar disorder include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on bipolar disorder: •
Geriatric Psychopharmacology Source: New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1998. 469 p. Contact: Available from Marcel Dekker, Inc., Cimarron Road, P. O. Box 5005, Monticello, NY 12701-5185. (800)228-1160 or FAX (914)796-1772. Internet access: http://www.dekker.com. PRICE: $175.00. ISBN: 0824798511. Summary: This book presents information to doctors in the fields of gerontology, geriatric medicine, and geriatric psychiatry. Clinicians who deal with elderly patients need to learn the difference in the coping skills of the elderly, how their metabolic functions are altered, and the differences in elderly patients' presentation of illness and responses to treatment compared to the nonelderly. This book details the experiences and knowledge of modern geriatric psychiatrists and discusses gaps in current knowledge. In geriatric pharmacology it is necessary for doctors dealing with the
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elderly to have a sophisticated understanding of the available medicines and how they are influenced by factors that affect the elderly so that outcomes are enhanced and adverse complications are avoided. The contributors provide information on general principles of geriatric psychopharmacology, treatment of depression, treatment of depression with associated conditions, bipolar disorder, late-life psychosis, anxiety disorders, and dementia. 17 figures, 25 tables, numerous references, index. •
Effects of Drugs on Communication Disorders. 2nd ed Source: San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group. 1999. 238 p. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 774-8398. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939964. Summary: This handbook gives communication specialists information about prescription drugs and their use with patients who suffer neurogenic or psychogenic communication disorders. The book was designed for communication specialists who work in medical centers, rehabilitation clinics, private practice, public schools, or any setting in which drug therapy may influence a client's communication. Chapter 1 is a discussion of why and how drugs work, the scientific basis of neuropharmacology. Chapter 2 contains general information about drug related issues, including how drugs are administered and arrive at their destination in the body, the procedures for drug approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the influence of age on drug effectiveness, how to evaluate the effectiveness of a drug, and a discussion of dietary supplements and naturally occurring remedies. The authors next discuss the underlying neurologic and psychiatric diseases and conditions most likely to be encountered by speech language pathologists, along with the medicines currently and most commonly used to treat the disorders. Disorders covered include Parkinson disease, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, Wilson's disease, cerebral palsy, Huntington's disease, Tourette's syndrome, stroke, epilepsy, neoplasm (brain tumors), dementia, Alzheimer disease, traumatic brain injury (TBI), depression, mania, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), stuttering, spasmodic dysphonia, and dysphagia (swallowing disorders). The handbook concludes with a glossary of terms related to medical conditions and management, an appendix of abbreviations and definitions of terms associated with medical management, an appendix of drugs that affect the ear and hearing, and a subject index.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “bipolar disorder” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “bipolar disorder” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “bipolar disorder” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com):
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Adult Bipolar Disorders: Understanding Your Diagnosis and Getting Help by Mitzi Waltz (2002); ISBN: 0596500106; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0596500106/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder (Perspectives on Mental Health) by Judith Peacock; ISBN: 073680434X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/073680434X/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder : Biological Models & Their Clinical Applications by L. Trevor Young (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0824798724; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824798724/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar disorder : where's the balance?; ISBN: 0773218998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0773218998/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder [DOWNLOAD: ADOBE READER] by Mario Maj, et al (2002); ISBN: B00008ZQ50; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008ZQ50/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder and Depression (Health Watch) by Susan Dudley Gold, Linda Zamvil; ISBN: 0766016544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766016544/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder Demystified: Mastering the Tightrope of Manic Depression by Lana R. Castle (2003); ISBN: 1569245584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569245584/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder in Childhood and Early Adolescence by Barbara Geller (Editor), Melissa P. Delbello (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1572308370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572308370/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder, Depression, and Other Mood Disorders (Diseases and People) by Helen A. Demetriades; ISBN: 0766018989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0766018989/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder: A Clinician's Guide to Biological Treatments by Vivek Kusumakar, et al (2002); ISBN: 0415933900; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415933900/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder: A Cognitive Therapy Approach by Cory Frank Newman, et al (2002); ISBN: 1557987890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557987890/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families (Johns Hopkins Press Health Book) by Francis Mark Mondimore (1999); ISBN: 0801861179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801861179/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Approach to Treatment by Gary S. Sachs, Michael E. Thase; ISBN: 1853179647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853179647/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder: Family-Focused Treatment Approach, A by David J. Miklowitz (Author), Michal G. Goldstein (Author); ISBN: 1572302836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572302836/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorder: Rebuilding Your Life by James T. Stout (2002); ISBN: 1879384442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879384442/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders by Mario Maj (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471560375; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471560375/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders: 100 Years After Manic-Depressive Insanity by A. Marneros (Editor), Jules Angst (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 0792365887; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792365887/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders: 2nd Stanley Symposium, Freiburg, November 2000 (Neuropsychobiology) by J. Walden (Editor), H. Grunze (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 3805573898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805573898/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders: A Guide to Helping Children & Adolescents by Mitzi Waltz; ISBN: 1565926560; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565926560/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Jair C. Soares (Editor), Samuel Gershon (Editor); ISBN: 082470360X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082470360X/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders: Ce Booklet by Beth Harris, Hopkins Harris (1999); ISBN: 078171897X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/078171897X/icongroupinterna
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Bipolar Disorders: Clinical Course and Outcome by Joseph F. Goldberg (Editor), Martin Harrow (Editor); ISBN: 0880487682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880487682/icongroupinterna
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Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Disorder: A Therapist's Guide to Concepts, Methods and Practice by Dominic H. Lam (Author), et al; ISBN: 0471979457; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471979457/icongroupinterna
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Bipolar Disorder by Monica Ramirez Basco, Augustus Rush; ISBN: 1572300906; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572300906/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Bipolar Disorder and Manic-Depressive Illness (Coping) by Joann Jovinelly; ISBN: 0823931935; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823931935/icongroupinterna
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Coping With Bipolar Disorder: A Guide to Living With Manic Depression by Steven Jones, et al (2002); ISBN: 1851682996; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1851682996/icongroupinterna
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Depression and Bipolar Disorders (Your Personal Health) by Virginia Edwards (2002); ISBN: 1552976378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552976378/icongroupinterna
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Depression Sourcebook: Basic Consumer Health Information About Unipolar Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Postpartum Depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder, and Other Types of (Health Reference Series) by Karen Bellenir (Editor), Rhonda Rhea (2002); ISBN: 0780806115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780806115/icongroupinterna
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Diagnosis and Management of Bipolar Disorders by C.L. Bowden (2000); ISBN: 1858739039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1858739039/icongroupinterna
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Diseases Explained: Bipolar Disorder Wall Chart by Lexi-Comp; ISBN: 1930598696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930598696/icongroupinterna
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Essential Psychopharmacology of Depression and Bipolar Disorder by Stephen M. Stahl (Author), Nancy Muntner (2000); ISBN: 0521786452; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521786452/icongroupinterna
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Everything You Need to Know About Bipolar Disorder and Manic Depressive Illness (Need to Know Library) by Michael A. Sommers; ISBN: 0823931064; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823931064/icongroupinterna
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Journey Not Chosen...Destination Not Known: Living With Bipolar Disorder by Mary Worthen (2001); ISBN: 0874836476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874836476/icongroupinterna
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Living On a Roller Coaster: The Life of a Manic Depressive or Bipolar Disorder by James O. Wessinger III, James O. Wessinger III; ISBN: 1929925840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1929925840/icongroupinterna
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Living Well with Bipolar Disorder: A New Look by Monkey See Productions; ISBN: 1572309512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572309512/icongroupinterna
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Loving Someone With Bipolar Disorder by Julie A. Fast, John D. Preston (2004); ISBN: 1572243422; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572243422/icongroupinterna
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Management of Bipolar Disorder - pocketbook by Stuart A. Montgomery (1996); ISBN: 185317274X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185317274X/icongroupinterna
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Mental Health Disorders Sourcebook: Basic Information About Schizophrenia, Depression, Bipolar Disorder, Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobias and Other Anxiety disorder (Health Reference Series, Vol 9) by Karen Bellenir (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0780800400; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780800400/icongroupinterna
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New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Bipolar Disorders: 3rd Stanley Symposium, Andechs, November 2001 by J. Walden (Editor), H. Grunze (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 3805575491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805575491/icongroupinterna
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New Hope for People With Bipolar Disorder by Jan Fawcett, et al; ISBN: 0761530088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761530088/icongroupinterna
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Overcoming Depression and Manic Depression (Bipolar Disorder) A Whole-Person Approach by Paul A. Wider; ISBN: 0964915170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964915170/icongroupinterna
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Oxcarbazepine and Bipolar Disorder: A Guide by W. Jefferson James, et al; ISBN: 1890802271; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890802271/icongroupinterna
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Pediatric Bipolar Disorder by Robert L. Findling, et al (2002); ISBN: 1841840548; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841840548/icongroupinterna
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Practice Guideline for the Treatement of Patients With Bipolar Disorder (Revision) by American Psychiatric Association (2002); ISBN: 0890423229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890423229/icongroupinterna
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Practice Guideline for Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorders by American Psychiatric Association; ISBN: 0890423024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890423024/icongroupinterna
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Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder by Robert L. Leahy (Editor), Sheri L. Johnson (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1572309245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572309245/icongroupinterna
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Raising a Moody Child : How to Cope with Depression and Bipolar Disorder by Jill S. Goldberg Arnold (Author), Mary A. Fristad (Author) (2003); ISBN: 1572308710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572308710/icongroupinterna
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Structured Group Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder: The Life Goals Program by Mark S. Bauer, et al (2003); ISBN: 0826116949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0826116949/icongroupinterna
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Survival Strategies for Parenting Children with Bipolar Disorder: Innovative parenting and counseling techniques for helping children with bipolar disorder and the conditions that may occur with it by George T. Lynn (2000); ISBN: 1853029211; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853029211/icongroupinterna
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Surviving Manic Depression: A Manual on Bipolar Disorder for Patients, Families, and Providers by E. Fuller Torrey, Michael B. Knable (2002); ISBN: 0465086632; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465086632/icongroupinterna
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The Bipolar Disorder Survival Guide: What You and Your Family Need to Know by David J. Miklowitz (Author); ISBN: 1572305258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572305258/icongroupinterna
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The Natural Medicine Guide to Bipolar Disorder by Stephanie Marohn (2003); ISBN: 1571742913; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571742913/icongroupinterna
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The Pits and the Pendulum: A Life with Bipolar Disorder by Brian Adams (2002); ISBN: 1843101041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843101041/icongroupinterna
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The Years of Silence are Past : My Father¿s Life with Bipolar Disorder by Stephen P. Hinshaw (Author); ISBN: 0521817803; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521817803/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Addiction by N. Jody; ISBN: 9993163619; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993163619/icongroupinterna
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Understanding Bipolar Disorder and Addiction by Dennis C. Daley, Roger F. Haskett (2003); ISBN: 159285009X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159285009X/icongroupinterna
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Why Am I Up, Why Am I Down?: Understanding Bipolar Disorder (The Dell Guides for Mental Health) by Roger Granet, Elizabeth Ferber; ISBN: 0440234654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440234654/icongroupinterna
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Why Your Depression Isn't Getting Better: The Epidemic of Undiagnosed Bipolar Disorders by Michael R. Bartos (2000); ISBN: 0595122094; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595122094/icongroupinterna
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Win The Battle, The 3-Step Lifesaving Formula to Conquer Depression and Bipolar Disorder by Bob Olson, Melissa Olson (Contributor) (1999); ISBN: 1886284318; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886284318/icongroupinterna
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Chapters on Bipolar Disorder In order to find chapters that specifically relate to bipolar disorder, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and bipolar disorder using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on bipolar disorder: •
Psychiatric Disorders Source: in Vogel, D. Carter, J.E. Carter, P.B. Effects of Drugs on Communication Disorders. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 1999. p. 145-187. Contact: Available from Singular Publishing Group, Inc. 401 West 'A' Street, Suite 325, San Diego, CA 92101-7904. (800) 347-7707. Fax (800) 774-8398. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.singpub.com. PRICE: $49.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1565939964. Summary: This chapter on psychiatric disorders is from a handbook that gives communication specialists information about prescription drugs and their use with patients who suffer neurogenic or psychogenic communication disorders. The book was designed for communication specialists who work in medical centers, rehabilitation clinics, private practice, public schools, or any setting in which drug therapy may influence a client's communication. This chapter covers psychiatric disorders that may affect language. For each disorder, the authors provide a definition and cause; discuss the general features, symptoms, and signs; describe the features, symptoms, and signs of language impairment associated with each disorder; list pharmacologic (drug) treatment for each disorder; and discuss the influence that drug treatment may have on communication. Each section also lists references for additional information. Disorders covered are depression, mania, manic depressive illness (bipolar disorder), generalized anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 11 tables. 38 references.
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Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders Source: in Little, J.W., et al. Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 1997. p. 546-575. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146. (800) 325-4177. Fax (800) 874-6418. Website: www.harcourthealth.com. PRICE: $48.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0815156340. Summary: A working knowledge of the multitude of compromised health states is essential for dental professionals, as the majority of medically compromised patients need or want oral health care. This chapter on behavioral and psychiatric disorders is from a text that provides the dental practitioner with an up to date reference work describing the dental management of patients with selected medical problems. In this chapter, the authors discuss problems encountered in dental practice that stem from a patient's behavioral patterns rather than from physical conditions. The authors stress that both patients with emotional factors that contribute to oral or systemic problems and patients with more serious mental disorders can be managed in an understanding,
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safe, and empathetic manner. The authors discuss incidence and prevalence of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and somatoform disorders; psychologic factors affecting physical conditions, including substance abuse, schizophrenia, and organic mental syndromes (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, delirium); etiology; pathophysiology and complications; signs and symptoms (clinical presentation and laboratory findings); drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders; and the dental management of this population, including patient attitude toward the dentist, the psychologic significance of the oral cavity, and behavior toward illness; and management of specific patients, including those with depression bipolar disorder, somatoform disorder, psychophysiologic disorder, a cocaine habit, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and suicidal patients. The chapter concludes with a section on drug interactions and side effects in patients with mental disorders, including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, antianxiety drugs, and antipsychotic drugs. 3 figures. 25 tables. 40 references.
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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on bipolar disorder. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on bipolar disorder is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “bipolar disorder” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on bipolar disorder: •
Learning to Care: An Introduction to HIV Psychiatry Contact: Canadian Public Health Association, Canadian HIV/AIDS Clearinghouse, 4001565 Carling Ave Ste 400, Ottawa, (613) 725-3434, http://www.cpha.ca. Canadian Psychiatric Association, 260-441 MacLaren St, Ottawa, http://cpa.medical.org. Summary: This video, for mental health professionals, examines treating individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) for psychiatric disorders. The objectives of the video are to review the basic principles of psychiatric intervention with individuals living with HIV/AIDS, including drug therapy and psychotherapy strategies; to build on the viewer's existing knowledge; and to suggest ways of augmenting specific learning. The video features four patients affected by HIV/AIDS to illustrate how common psychiatric disorders and their treatment differ compared to regular psychiatric patients. It covers anxiety disorder, mood disorder, mania/bipolar disorders, psychosis, delirium, cognitive/motor disorders, and bereavement. It provides suggestions for specific psychotherapy and medications for each disorder.
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Bibliography: Multimedia on Bipolar Disorder The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in bipolar disorder (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on bipolar disorder (for more information, follow the hyperlink indicated): •
Bipolar disorder [electronic resource] Source: Nu-Vision, Inc; Year: 1989; Format: Electronic resource; [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Lippincott, [1989]
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Bipolar disorder [videorecording] Source: Mosby [and] Samuel Merritt College, Studio Three Productions; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; [St. Louis, Mo.]: Mosby-Year Book, c1997
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Bipolar disorders [videorecording]; Depressive disorders Source: Dean Schuyler; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; [Irvine, Calif.]: CME, c1998
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Clinical approaches in bipolar disorders. Year: 9999; Worthing, West Sussex, England: Cambridge Medical Publications
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Depression and manic depression [videorecording] Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; [Lebanon, N.H.]: DHMC, c1996
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Diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder [videorecording] Source: Marshfield Clinic, Saint Joseph's Hospital; a presentation of Marshfield Video Network; Year: 1995; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: The Clinic, [1995]
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Manic depression [sound recording]: voices of an illness Source: [a Lichtenstein Creative Media production]; Year: 1992; Format: Sound recording; New York, N.Y.: Lichtenstein Creative Media, c1992
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Manic depression [videorecording]: the agony & the ecstasy Source: produced by Mending the Mind and Dub-L Tape Productions; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; [Waco, Tex.]: Mending the Mind, c1989
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Manic depressive illness [filmstrip] Source: Trainex Corporation; Year: 1976; Format: Filmstrip; Garden Grove, Calif.: Trainex, c1976
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Manic depressive illness and lithium therapy [videorecording] Source: Social Psychiatry Research Institute; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; New York: SPRI, c1977
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Nursing care of a client with bipolar disorder, manic type--Mr. White [electronic resource] Source: Computerized Educational Systems; Year: 1989; Format: Electronic resource; Orlando, FL: Florida Hospital Association, Management Corporation, c1989
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Patient with manic depressive illness and alcoholism [electronic resource] Source: [by Robert Landeen]; Year: 1988; Format: Electronic resource; [Kansas City, Mo.: Evaluation Resource Center, University of Missouri--Kansas City, School of Medicine, 1988]
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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BIPOLAR DISORDER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover bipolar disorder.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on bipolar disorder is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to bipolar disorder. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for bipolar disorder: •
Abnormal gene expression similar in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 04, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/09/04/professional/links/20030904epid 005.html
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Antidepressant regimen aids bipolar disorder: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 01, 2003
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Glaxo drug wins FDA approval for bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 23, 2003
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AstraZeneca's Seroquel cleared in Mexico for bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 19, 2003
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Polymorphism in receptor kinase gene linked to bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 17, 2003
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AstraZeneca presents promising Seroquel bipolar disorder data Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 12, 2003
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Survey: Manic depressives not getting new drugs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 16, 2003
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Lamotrigine has antidepressant effect in patients with bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 02, 2003
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Ziprasidone efficacious in treating bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 04, 2003
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Doctors not aware enough of manic depression-study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 13, 2003
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Risperidone monotherapy quickly reduces manic symptoms in bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 10, 2002
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Glaxo files Lamictal epilepsy drug for manic depression Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 29, 2002
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Patients with bipolar disorder have a high prevalence of obesity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 26, 2002
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Lilly's Zyprexa wins EU nod for manic episodes of bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 13, 2002
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Researchers ID bipolar disorder drug target Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 17, 2002
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Drugs for bipolar disorder share same mechanism of action Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 17, 2002
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EMEA recommends Lilly's Zyprexa for bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 28, 2002
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Smoking linked to psychosis in patients with bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 24, 2001
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Cyberonics to begin pivotal trial of VNS in rapid cycling bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 17, 2001
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Gabapentin prevents bipolar disorder in lithium-resistant patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 25, 2001
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Diagnostic tool helps document severity of bipolar disorder in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 15, 2001
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Lamotrigine effective mood stabilizer for some with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: December 15, 2000
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Bipolar disorder not uncommon in migraineurs Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 07, 2000
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•
Children may exhibit early signs of manic depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 01, 2000
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Signs of bipolar disorder may start in infancy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 05, 2000
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Prodromal symptoms present a decade before diagnosis of bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 02, 2000
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AstraZeneca to begin phase III trial of Seroquel for bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: September 01, 2000
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Lithium, divalproex, carbamazepine efficacious for pediatric bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2000
•
Clinical benefit of divalproex for bipolar disorder not readily apparent Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 15, 2000
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Genset, Abbott to collaborate on bipolar disorder, diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 06, 2000
•
Hippocampal volume asymmetry linked to neuropsychological function in bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 27, 2000
•
History of substance abuse impedes recovery from mania in patients with bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 13, 1999
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Behavioral therapy helps bipolar disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 23, 1999
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Fish oil supplements help manic depression Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 13, 1999
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to bipolar disorder, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on bipolar disorder: •
Making the Most of Education and Support: CKD Patient Looks with Hope to the Future Source: Renal Rehabilitation Report. 10(2): S10. Summer 2002. Contact: Available from Life Options Rehabilitation Program. Medical Education Institute, Inc, 414 D'Onofrid Drive., Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719. (608) 833-8033. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: From coping with the diagnosis to preparing for dialysis or transplant, life with chronic kidney disease (CKD) can be full of challenge and uncertainty. This brief newsletter article offers evidence that a positive attitude is a vital component to rebuilding a life altered by kidney disease. The article shares the story of a 64 year old man with chronic kidney disease, John Mudie. John describes his own understanding of kidney disease and his approach to gathering information and educating himself about kidney disease and its treatments. In addition, he describes the importance of support systems in dealing with chronic disease; in his case, not only kidney disease, but also bipolar disorder and alcoholism. He also describes how his experiences with kidney disease have helped him to learn to live in the moment and enjoy life, to realize just how precious it is.
Academic Periodicals covering Bipolar Disorder Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to bipolar disorder. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering bipolar disorder that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html. 12
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•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
• •
The NLM Gateway14
The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 17401 339 94 43 8 17885
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x. The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/. 18 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 14 15
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
The Genome Project and Bipolar Disorder In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and bipolar disorder. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).22 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information.
Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 22 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease. 19 20
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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for bipolar disorder: •
Disrupted in Bipolar Disorder 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606941 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
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•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then
330 Bipolar Disorder
select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database23 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database24 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 24 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission. 23
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on bipolar disorder can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to bipolar disorder. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to bipolar disorder. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “bipolar disorder”:
332 Bipolar Disorder
•
Guides on bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html
•
Other guides Child Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childmentalhealth.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Panic Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/panicdisorder.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to bipolar disorder, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Bipolar Disorder Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/info/bipolar.html What is Bipolar Disorder? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00356
•
Diagnosis/Symptoms Bipolar Disorder - Signs and Symptoms Source: National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/bipolar/public/signs.cfm
•
Treatment Finding a Mental Health Professional: A Personal Guide http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/finding.pdf Finding Peace of Mind: Medication and Treatment Strategies for Bipolar Disorder http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/FPOM-Bipolar.pdf Lithium Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://ocd.nami.org/helpline/lithium.htm Medications Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/medicate.cfm Mental Health Providers: Making the Right Choice Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=MH00008
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New Treatment Options For Bipolar Disorder Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/helpline/newtreatment.html Understanding Treatment Challenges: Finding Your Way to Wellness http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/NewTreatChal.pdf •
Specific Conditions/Aspects Bipolar Disorder and African Americans Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.nmha.org/infoctr/factsheets/BipolarDisorderAfricanAmericans.cfm Bipolar Disorder: Rapid Cycling and Its Treatment http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/RapidCycling.pdf Helping a Friend or Family Member with a Mood Disorder http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/HelpingFamily.pdf Suicide Prevention and Mood Disorders http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/Suicide_Prevention.pdf What Is Bipolar Disorder? A Guide to Hope and Recovery for African Americans Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.nmha.org/infoctr/factsheets/bipolarDisorderAfricanAmericansBroch ure1.pdf
•
Children About Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder Source: Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation http://www.bpkids.org/learning/about.htm Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder: An Update from the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolarupdate.cfm Educational Needs of a Child or Adolescent with Bipolar Disorder Source: Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation http://www.bpkids.org/learning/educating.htm Facts About Childhood-Onset Bipolar Disorder Source: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/helpline/bipolar-child.html
•
From the National Institutes of Health Bipolar Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolar.cfm Going to Extremes: Bipolar Disorder Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/manic.cfm
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Story of Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolstory01.cfm •
Latest News Family-Focused Therapy Helps Bipolar Patients Cope Source: 09/11/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13950 .html Genetic Changes Seen in Major Psychotic Disorders Source: 09/05/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13895 .html Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Linked Source: 09/10/2003, United Press International http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13947 .html
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Organizations Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation http://www.bpkids.org/ Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/ National Alliance for the Mentally Ill http://www.nami.org/ National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/ National Mental Health Association http://www.nmha.org/
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Prevention/Screening Mood Disorder Questionnaire Source: Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance http://www.dbsalliance.org/questionnaire/screening_intro.asp
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Research Bipolar Disorder Research at the National Institute of Mental Health Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bipolarresfact.cfm
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Statistics Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America Source: National Institute of Mental Health http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/numbers.cfm
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Teenagers Bipolar Disorder Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_mind/mental_health/bipolar.html Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) in Teens Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry http://www.aacap.org/publications/factsfam/bipolar.htm Is It Just a Mood or Something Else? http://www.dbsalliance.org/PDF/mood.pdf
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on bipolar disorder. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
If You're Over 65 and Feeling Depressed: Treatment Brings New Hope Source: Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health. 1990. 12 p. Contact: National Institute of Mental Health. Office of Scientific Information, Information Resources and Inquiries Branch, Room 15C-05, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. (301) 443-4515. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet describes depression as a whole body disorder that can affect the way one thinks and feels, both physically and emotionally. Most cases of depression can be treated successfully once the illness is recognized. A proper diagnosis is important because some signs of depression can mimic Alzheimer's disease or other medical disorders. This booklet provides general information about the diagnosis and treatment of depression. It discusses the two serious types of clinical depression (major depression and bipolar disorder), symptoms of depression and mania, the need to rule out other illnesses, causes of depression, types of treatment, and sources of help. The booklet also lists contact information for several national advocacy organizations.
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Glossary of symptoms and mental illnesses affecting teenagers Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1997. 2 pp. Contact: Available from American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 3615 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W, Washington, DC 20016. Telephone: (202) 966-7300 / fax: (202)
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966-2891 / e-mail:
[email protected] / Web site: http://www.aacap.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This glossary, written for health professionals, educators, parents, and adolescents, provides information about various mental health issues that affect many adolescents. Included in this list are: alcohol and drug use, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder (manic depression), bulimia nervosa, conduct disorder, depression, learning disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorders, physical abuse, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, schizophrenia, sexual abuse, suicide, and Tourette's syndrome. A definition and list of symptoms are included for each of the disorders listed in the glossary. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision) Source: American Psychiatric Association - Medical Specialty Society; 1994 December (revised 2002 Apr); 50 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3302&nbr=2528&a mp;string=bipolar+AND+disorder
Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
A story of bipolar disorder (manic-depressive illness) Summary: Are you feeling really Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7587
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Bipolar Disorder Summary: This booklet describes the disorder; gives signs and symptoms, types of treatment, and how to find help. Includes referrals for additional information and resources. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=54
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Child and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder: An Update from the National Institute of Mental Health Summary: Research findings, clinical experience, and family accounts provide substantial evidence that bipolar disorder, also called manic-depressive illness, can occur in children and adolescents. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6612
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Going to Extremes: Bipolar Disorder Summary: Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a serious brain disease that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and functioning. It affects approximately 2. Source: National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6599
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Information about Depression and Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness) in Adolescents Summary: This on-line pamphlet for teens with depression and bipolar disorder discusses depression symptoms and treatment. Links for additional resources are included. Source: Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5793 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to bipolar disorder. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Bipolar Disorder The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to bipolar disorder: •
Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law Telephone: (202) 467-5730 Toll-free: Fax: (202) 223-0409 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.bazelon.org Background: The Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law is a national not-for-profit organization that uses litigation and federal policy reform to define and uphold the legal rights of children, adults, and elderly individuals with mental disabilities and to create approaches to meeting their needs that will assure them choice and dignity. Staff attorneys provide training and technical assistance to legal services, protection and advocacy, state ombudsman programs, and other advocates for low income individuals and families. The Center was formed in 1972 as the Mental Health Law Project; however, its name was changed in 1993 to honor the late Chief Justice of the U.S. Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia Circuit, David L. Bazelon. The Center publishes issue papers, booklets, manuals, and periodic newsletters explaining and interpreting major federal laws and regulations that protect the rights of and make resources available to children and adults with disabilities. Relevant area(s) of interest: Bipolar Disorder
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Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation (CABF) Telephone: (847) 256-8525 Toll-free: Fax: (847) 920-9498 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.bpkids.org Background: The Child and Adolescent Bipolar Foundation (CABF) is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to educate families, professionals, and the public about earlyonset bipolar disorder; support families to maximize the well-being of the child while minimizing the adverse impact of bipolar disorders on the family; and advocate for increased services to families and research on the nature, causes, and treatment of bipolar disorders in the young. CABF was established in 1999, and currently consists of more than 12,500 members. Relevant area(s) of interest: Bipolar Disorder
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Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives Telephone: (212) 223-4040 Toll-free: Fax: (212) 593-7623 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.dana.org Background: The Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives, a nonprofit organization supported by the Charles A. Dana Foundation, was established as an alliance of neuroscientists dedicated to providing information and promoting understanding concerning the personal and public benefits of brain research. (The Charles A. Dana Foundation is a private philanthropic foundation with grant programs in health and education.) According to the Alliance, approximately one in five Americans is affected by a brain disease or disorder, ranging from learning disabilities to Parkinson s Disease from epilepsy to spinal cord injuries. The Dana Alliance for Brain Initiatives is dedicated to answering questions concerning brain-related research and providing information concerning new developments. The Alliance offers a variety of periodicals, newsletters, reports, reference works, and books.
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Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association Telephone: (410) 955-4647 Toll-free: Fax: (410) 614-3241 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: www.drada.org Background: The Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association (DRADA) is a nonprofit organization uniting the efforts of persons with affective disorders, family members, and mental health professionals. The mission of the organization is to provide information, assistance, and support to those with depression and manic depression by assisting self-help groups. In addition, the Association lends support to research programs. Educational materials produced by the Depression and Related Affective Disorders Association include a variety of pamphlets, books, and videos.
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Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center Telephone: (617) 855-2400 Toll-free: (800) 272-4622 Fax: (617) 855-3199 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.brainbank.mclean.org:8080 Background: The Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center is a federally funded, not-forprofit organization, dedicated to serving as a national resource for the collection and distribution of postmortem brain tissues for medical research into the causes of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The Brain Bank is interested in the study of Huntington s, Alzheimer s, and Parkinson s diseases, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Tourette and Rett syndromes, and autism, as well as schizophrenia and manic depressive illnesses. The Center distributes brain tissue samples, at no charge, to qualified investigators in the United States who are involved in studying the neurobiology of these disorders. Relevant area(s) of interest: Bipolar Disorder, Manic Depression
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Lithium Information Center/Obsessive Compulsive Information Center Telephone: (608) 827-2470 Toll-free: Fax: (608) 827-2479 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.miminc.org Background: The Lithium Information Center and Obsessive Compulsive Information Center are affiliated with the Madison Institute of Medicine, a not-for-profit organization committed to conceptualizing, developing, and disseminating innovative approaches to the education of professionals, consumers, and the general public about psychiatric disorders and their treatment. An additional focus of the Institute is clinical research as a vehicle to advance the frontiers of medicine and improve quality of life. At the core of the Institute's educational efforts are the Lithium Information Center (LIC) and the Obsessive Compulsive Information Center (OCIC). The LIC acquires, catalogs, and disseminates information on the biomedical uses of lithium and other medications for the treatment of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder, a psychiatric disorder in which affected individuals experience recurrent mood swings including episodes of depression and episodes characterized by overactivity, elation, irritability, and other symptoms (mania). The Center currently has more than 28,000 references on such topic areas as lithium treatment in bipolar disorder or related psychiatric disorders, use of lithium during pregnancy, interactions with other medications, and appropriate monitoring procedures. The Obsessive Compulsive Center obtains, catalogs, and distributes biomedical information concerning obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders. OCD is an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive actions or rituals (compulsions) performed in response to recurrent obsessive thoughts, according to certain rules. The OCIC currently has more than 12,000 references on file on such topics as OCD, related disorders including trichotillomania and body dysmorphic disorder, diagnosis and classification, behavior therapy, and pharmacologic therapy. The LIC's and OCIC's references include medical journal articles, books, book chapters, government documents, meeting proceedings, pamphlets, magazine articles, and other documents. Reference files may be searched by author, title word, key word (subject), publication name, and year of publication. In response to requests, the Centers provide computer-printed bibliographies and single photocopies of articles (subject to copyright law) on any topic relating to lithium or OCD. The Centers also maintain physician and support group referral lists. The Madison Institute of Medicine also hosts semiannual Continuing Medical Education (CME) conferences concerning mental health and health care issues. Such programs are endorsed and certified by the University of Wisconsin Medical School Continuing Medical Education.
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March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation Telephone: (914) 428-7100 Toll-free: (888) 663-4637 Fax: (914) 997-4763 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.marchofdimes.com Background: The March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation is a national not-for-profit organization that was established in 1938. The mission of the Foundation is to improve the health of babies by preventing birth defects and infant mortality. The March of Dimes funds programs of research, community services, education, and advocacy.
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Educational programs that seek to prevent birth defects are important to the Foundation and to that end it also produces a wide variety of printed informational materials and videos. The Pregnancy and Newborn Health Education Center staffs trained health information specialists who provide researched information on pregnancy issues, complications and risks, newborn care, birth defects, genetic diseases and related topics as well as referrals to relevant organizations and support groups. •
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill Telephone: (703) 524-7600 Toll-free: (800) 950-6264 Fax: (703) 524-9094 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nami.org Background: The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) is a not-for-profit voluntary health organization dedicated to providing mutual support, education, advocacy, and research funding for people affected by mental illness, their families, and friends. The organization also serves those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenic depression and other related disorders. Established in 1979, this self-help organization refers individuals to nationwide support groups, services, and outreach programs. Educational materials produced by the organization include a database, directories, annual reports, informational brochures, pamphlets, a bimonthly newsletter entitled 'The Advocate,' and 'The Decade of the Brain,' NAMI's quarterly publication for presenting research, clinical practices and advances, and policy updates relevant to serious brain disorders.
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National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association (DMDA) Telephone: (312) 642-0049 Toll-free: (800) 826-3632 Fax: (312) 642-7243 Web Site: http://www.ndmda.org Background: The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Associatino (National DMDA) is the nation's largest patient-directed, illness-specific organization. Incorporated in 1986 and based in Chicago, it represents the voices of more than 23 million American adults living with depression and an additional 2.5 million adults living with manic-depression, also known as bipolar disorder. It is a not-for-profit organization that educates the public concerning the nature of depressioin and manicdepressive illnesses as treatable medical diseases. National DMDA has a grassroots network of mroe than 800 patient-run support groups that hold regular meetings across the United States and Canada. Relevant area(s) of interest: Bipolar Disorder, Manic Depression
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National Mental Health Association Telephone: (703) 684-7722 Toll-free: (800) 969-6642 Fax: (703) 684-5968 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.nmha.org
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Background: Established in 1909, the National Mental Health Association (NMHA) is a not-for-profit voluntary organization that addresses the mental health needs of individuals throughout the United States. The Association, which has over 300 affiliates in 35 states, has a network of volunteers across the country that work to meet the mental health needs of their communities. Activities include support groups, community outreach and education, information and referral programs, patient advocacy, and a wide array of other services. Nationally, the Association works with the media to keep the public informed about mental health and mental illness and with the Federal government to promote research and services for people with mental health problems. The Association also works with other major organizations to ensure that the nation s mental health needs are understood and addressed. Services include fact sheet and pamphlet distribution; buddy and companion programs; client services and case management; education and training programs; referral services; and social and recreational programs, workshops, and seminars. Educational materials distributed by the Association include quarterly newsletters entitled 'Prevention Update' and 'The Bell.'. •
National Mental Health Consumer Self-Help Clearinghouse Telephone: Toll-free: (800) 553-4539 Fax: (215) 636-6312 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.mhselfhelp.org Background: The National Mental Health Consumers' Self-Help Clearinghouse is a selfhelp technical assistance organization that was established in 1985. The Clearinghouse handles thousands of inquiries annually from people who are concerned with mental health issues. Clients include mental health care consumers, family members, professionals, and other interested people who request information and technical assistance about starting and developing self-help projects, self-advocacy projects, and consumer-run mental health services. The Clearinghouse also provides on-site consultations to individuals and groups interested in self-help group and consumer-run service development. In addition, the Clearinghouse sponsors conferences and training events and has developed a wide variety of printed pamphlets and manuals on issues related to developing self-help and self-advocacy projects. A national quarterly newsletter entitled 'The Key' provides assistance to consumers, their families, advocates, and physicians.
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SANE Australia Telephone: 61 3 9682 5933 Toll-free: 1800 688 382 Fax: 61 3 9682 5944 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.sane.org Background: SANE Australia is a national voluntary organization dedicated to improving the well-being of Australians affected by mental illness. Established in 1986, the organization is committed to promoting and conducting research, developing innovative resources for affected individuals and families, and campaigning for improved awareness, attitudes, and services. SANE Australia works to fulfill its mission and objectives by offering an information and referral helpline for Australian callers
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who are concerned about mental illness; conducting research into the effects of mental illness; promoting public awareness through media campaigns, sponsorships, and other activities; and having an informational network of over 100 community organizations across Australia that are dedicated to working with people affected by mental illness. The organization also develops a wide range of print and multimedia resources that explain mental illness and related issues in understandable language, including fact sheets, booklets, educational software, videotapes, audiotapes, a magazine entitled 'SANE News,' and a series entitled 'SANE Blueprints' that focuses on helping individuals affected by mental illness live in the community. Relevant area(s) of interest: Bipolar Disorder
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to bipolar disorder. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with bipolar disorder. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about bipolar disorder. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “bipolar disorder” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.
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The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “bipolar disorder”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “bipolar disorder” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “bipolar disorder” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for bipolar disorder. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with bipolar disorder. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to bipolar disorder: Benzodiazepines •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alprazolam Intensol; Ativan; Dalmane; Diastat; Diazepam Intensol; Dizac; Doral; Halcion; Klonopin; Librium; Lorazepam Intensol; Paxipam; ProSom; Restoril; Serax; Tranxene T-Tab; Tranxene-SD; Tranxene-SD Half Strength; Valium; Xanax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202084.html
Carbamazepine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atretol; Carbatrol; Epitol; Tegretol; Tegretol-XR http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202111.html
Clozapine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Clozaril http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202157.html
Lithium •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cibalith-S; Eskalith; Lithane; Lithobid; Lithonate; Lithotabs http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202330.html
Valproic Acid •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Depacon; Depakene; Depakote; Depakote Sprinkle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202588.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.
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Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDIX D. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.25
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of libraries recommended by the National
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Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)26: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
26
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 351
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
352 Bipolar Disorder
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 353
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
354 Bipolar Disorder
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
355
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on bipolar disorder: •
Basic Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder AIDS Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000594.htm Bipolar disorder - depressed Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000927.htm Bipolar disorder - manic phase Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000926.htm
•
Signs & Symptoms for Bipolar Disorder Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm
356 Bipolar Disorder
Hyperactivity Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003256.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Sadness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Seizure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Stress Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Bipolar Disorder ANA Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003535.htm ECT Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm Electroconvulsive therapy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003324.htm MRI Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003335.htm Urinalysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003579.htm
•
Background Topics for Bipolar Disorder Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Alcohol abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001944.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Incidence Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002387.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm Substance abuse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001945.htm
Online Glossaries 357
Support group Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002150.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
359
BIPOLAR DISORDER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenylic acid. Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH]
360 Bipolar Disorder
Adolescent Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in individuals 13-18 years. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affective Symptoms: Mood or emotional responses dissonant with or inappropriate to the behavior and/or stimulus. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental
Dictionary 361
process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Clinical manifestation consisting of a physiopathological lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. [NIH]
362 Bipolar Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]
Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]
Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects
Dictionary 363
(orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipsychotic Agents: Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in schizophrenia, senile dementia, transient psychosis following surgery or myocardial infarction, etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthrosis: A disease of a joint. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a
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variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Axonal: Condition associated with metabolic derangement of the entire neuron and is manifest by degeneration of the distal portion of the nerve fiber. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Barbiturates: A class of chemicals derived from barbituric acid or thiobarbituric acid. Many of these are medically important as sedatives and hypnotics (sedatives, barbiturate), as anesthetics, or as anticonvulsants. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH]
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Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Monoamines: Biogenic amines having only one amine moiety. Included in this group are all natural monoamines formed by the enzymatic decarboxylation of natural amino acids. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Groups: The classification systems (or schemes) of the different antigens located on erythrocytes.The antigens are the phenotypic expression of the genetic differences characteristic of specific blood groups. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH]
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Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Volume: Volume of circulating blood. It is the sum of the plasma volume and erythrocyte volume. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Bupropion: A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appear to block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as an aid to smoking cessation treatment. [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]
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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbamazepine: An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of phenytoin; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It
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can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Cortex: The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon and folds into gyri. It reaches its highest development in man and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chaos: Complex behavior that seems random but actually has some hidden order. [NIH] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU]
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Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]
Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH]
Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH]
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Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]
Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Coenzymes: Substances that are necessary for the action or enhancement of action of an enzyme. Many vitamins are coenzymes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Cohort Effect: Variation in health status arising from different causal factors to which each birth cohort in a population is exposed as environment and society change. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the
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high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Communication Disorders: Disorders of verbal and nonverbal communication caused by receptive or expressive language disorders, cognitive dysfunction (e.g., mental retardation), psychiatric conditions, and hearing disorders. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsion: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]
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Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]
Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU]
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Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortices: The outer layer of an organ; used especially of the cerebrum and cerebellum. [NIH] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]
Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia,
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hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined, pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of
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attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrete: Made up of separate parts or characterized by lesions which do not become blended; not running together; separate. [NIH] Discriminant Analysis: A statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values. It is sometimes used instead of regression analysis. [NIH] Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic
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effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Dreams: A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state. [NIH] Drug Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Monitoring: The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrocardiogram: Measurement of electrical activity during heartbeats. [NIH] Electroconvulsive Therapy: Electrically induced convulsions primarily used in the treatment of severe affective disorders and schizophrenia. [NIH] Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus
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becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]
Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy balance: Energy is the capacity of a body or a physical system for doing work. Energy balance is the state in which the total energy intake equals total energy needs. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependymal: It lines the cavities of the brain's ventricles and the spinal cord and slowly divides to create a stem cell. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erythrocyte Volume: Volume of circulating erythrocytes. It is usually measured by radioisotope dilution technique. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]
Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH]
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Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossa: A cavity, depression, or pit. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]
GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglionic Blockers: Agents having as their major action the interruption of neural transmission at nicotinic receptors on postganglionic autonomic neurons. Because their actions are so broad, including blocking of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, their therapeutic use has been largely supplanted by more specific drugs. They may still be used in the control of blood pressure in patients with acute dissecting aortic aneurysm and for the induction of hypotension in surgery. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating
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food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Techniques: Chromosomal, biochemical, intracellular, and other methods used in the study of genetics. [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Geriatric Psychiatry: A subspecialty of psychiatry concerned with the mental health of the aged. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory
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and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of D-glucose from UDPglucose into 1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl chains. EC 2.4.1.11. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Gravidity: Pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. [EU] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the major histocompatibility complex. [NIH]
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Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hearing Disorders: Conditions that impair the transmission or perception of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine:
1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic
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decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypogonadism: Condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. [NIH] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypomania: An abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. [EU] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU]
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Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be
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clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH]
Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted
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with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH]
Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Iofetamine: An amphetamine analog that is rapidly taken up by the lungs and from there redistributed primarily to the brain and liver. It is used in brain radionuclide scanning with I-123. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Mood: Abnormal or excessive excitability with easily triggered anger, annoyance, or impatience. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Language Disorders: Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lateral Ventricles: Cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of
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the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle. [NIH] Leptin: A 16-kD peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucocyte: All the white cells of the blood and their precursors (myeloid cell series, lymphoid cell series) but commonly used to indicate granulocytes exclusive of lymphocytes. [NIH]
Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukoencephalopathy: A condition with spongy holes in the brain's white matter. [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive
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disorders. [NIH] Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lod: The lowest analyte content which, if actually present, will be detected with reasonable statistical certainty and can be identified according to the identification criteria of the method. If both accuracy and precision are constant over a concentration range. [NIH] Lod Score: The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds." [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumbar puncture: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap. [NIH] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH]
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Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mastication: The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth. [NIH] McMaster: Index used to measure painful syndromes linked to arthrosis. [NIH] Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. [NIH]
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Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: illnesses. [NIH]
Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or
MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (antimalarials). effective against Plasmodium falciparum with very few side effects. [NIH]
It is very
Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation:
Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which
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originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Mentors: Senior professionals who provide guidance, direction and support to those persons desirous of improvement in academic positions, administrative positions or other career development situations. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary Cushing syndrome. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a
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molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH]
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Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Narcissism: A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH]
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Neuroanatomy: Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline. [NIH]
Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrinology: The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and schwann cells) and microglia. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]
Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropil: A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells in the gray matter of the central nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many
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substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nortriptyline: A metabolite of amitryptyline that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurse Clinicians: Registered nurses who hold Master's degrees in nursing with an emphasis in clinical nursing and who function independently in coordinating plans for patient care. [NIH] Obsession: A recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and selfdoubt. [EU] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH]
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Obstetrics: A medical-surgical specialty concerned with management and care of women during pregnancy, parturition, and the puerperium. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
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Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Parity: The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with gravidity, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]
Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU]
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Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Satisfaction: The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial. [NIH] Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU]
Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH]
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Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid
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and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-synaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH]
Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH]
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Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should
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fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Pruritus: An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH]
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Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]
Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotomimetic: Psychosis miming. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse:
The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of
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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] P-value: A statistics term. A measure of probability that a difference between groups during an experiment happened by chance. For example, a p-value of .01 (p = .01) means there is a 1 in 100 chance the result occurred by chance. The lower the p-value, the more likely it is that the difference between groups was caused by treatment. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radionuclide scanning: A test that produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. The person is given an injection or swallows a small amount of radioactive material; a machine called a scanner then measures the radioactivity in certain organs. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH]
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Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Redux: Appetite suppressant. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]
Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Relative risk: The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a specific risk factor to the incidence rate among unexposed individuals; synonymous with risk ratio. Alternatively, the ratio of the cumulative incidence rate in the exposed to the cumulative incidence rate in the unexposed (cumulative incidence ratio). The term relative risk has also been used synonymously with odds ratio. This is because the odds ratio and relative risk approach each other if the disease is rare ( 5 percent of population) and the
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number of subjects is large. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response rate: treatment. [NIH]
The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after
Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist that has reported anticonvulsant activity. It has been shown to prolong the survival of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has been approved in the United States to treat patients with ALS. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH]
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Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a
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gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedatives, Barbiturate: Those derivatives of barbituric or thiobarbituric acid that are used as hypnotics or sedatives. The structural class of all such derivatives, regardless of use, is barbiturates. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Self-Injurious Behavior: Behavior in which persons hurt or harm themselves without the motive of suicide or of sexual deviation. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of amino acid and nucleotide sequences provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of certain species. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH]
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Sex Determination: female or male. [NIH]
The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as
Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoking Cessation: Discontinuation of the habit of smoking, the inhaling and exhaling of tobacco smoke. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium
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current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal tap: A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Standardize: To compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. [EU] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension
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on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]
Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of
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homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptophysin: A 38-kDa integral membrane glycoprotein of the presynaptic vesicles in neuron and neuroendocrine cells. It is expressed by a variety of normal and neoplastic neuroendocrine cells and is therefore used as an immunocytochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation in various tumors. In Alzheimer disease and other dementing disorders there is an important synapse loss due in part to a decrease of synaptophysin in the presynaptic vesicles. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Telomere: A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. Its length is believed to be a few hundred base pairs. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart
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and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH]
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Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]
Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of cerebellar diseases, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of Parkinson disease. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU]
Dictionary 415
Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Trinucleotide Repeats: Microsatellite repeats consisting of three nucleotides dispersed in the euchromatic arms of chromosomes. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant properties used in the treatment of epilepsy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GABA levels in the brain or by altering the properties of voltage dependent sodium channels. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU]
416 Bipolar Disorder
Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to
Dictionary 417
treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]
418
INDEX A Abdomen, 371, 379, 405, 416, 418, 432, 433, 435 Abdominal, 371, 372, 396, 416, 417 Aberrant, 30, 371, 385 Acetylcholine, 231, 280, 283, 371, 383, 414 Acidity, 371, 418 Acoustic, 75, 371 Activities of Daily Living, 29, 371 Adaptation, 25, 371, 420 Adenine, 371 Adenosine, 53, 125, 193, 371, 380, 419, 435 Adenosine Monophosphate, 53, 371 Adenylate Cyclase, 65, 371 Adipocytes, 372, 404 Adjunctive Therapy, 137, 184, 297, 372 Adjustment, 4, 371, 372 Adolescence, 11, 15, 39, 69, 73, 76, 77, 94, 153, 188, 317, 372 Adrenal Cortex, 372, 388, 415, 422 Adrenal Medulla, 372, 382, 393, 394, 414 Adrenergic, 372, 375, 391, 394, 434, 438 Adverse Effect, 39, 285, 372, 419, 430 Affective Symptoms, 38, 372 Afferent, 372, 404, 421 Affinity, 230, 372, 373, 376, 413, 431 Age of Onset, 79, 135, 174, 285, 372 Ageing, 109, 372 Agonist, 373, 380, 381, 391, 425, 434 Akathisia, 373, 375 Alertness, 373, 380 Algorithms, 57, 256, 373, 379 Alkaline, 373, 380 Alkaloid, 373, 377, 385, 429, 435 Alleles, 19, 23, 146, 373, 405 Alternative medicine, 263, 273, 329, 373 Ameliorating, 228, 373 Amenorrhea, 373, 374 Amino acid, 101, 219, 373, 374, 376, 378, 383, 388, 394, 396, 397, 413, 418, 419, 420, 423, 428, 430, 433, 435, 436, 437, 438 Amino Acid Sequence, 373, 374, 394, 396 Amphetamine, 7, 85, 264, 373, 390, 403 Amplification, 138, 374 Amygdala, 11, 27, 59, 374, 377, 405, 435 Anaesthesia, 374, 402 Anal, 40, 162, 374, 390, 394, 406 Analog, 374, 403
Anatomical, 61, 374, 383, 401, 410, 413, 429 Anemia, 118, 339, 374 Anesthetics, 374, 377, 394 Anomalies, 110, 150, 374 Anorexia, 348, 374, 396 Anorexia Nervosa, 348, 374 Antagonism, 374, 380, 435 Antibacterial, 374, 432 Antibiotic, 374, 421, 432 Antibodies, 63, 299, 374, 398, 407, 420 Antibody, 372, 374, 375, 398, 399, 402, 408, 432 Anticonvulsant, 5, 63, 258, 375, 381, 384, 419, 428, 439 Antiemetic, 375 Antiepileptic, 63, 113, 181, 256, 258, 375 Antigen, 146, 372, 374, 375, 397, 399, 400, 402, 408, 410 Anti-infective, 375, 403 Anti-inflammatory, 375, 390, 397 Antioxidant, 162, 257, 375 Antipsychotic, 7, 31, 39, 47, 63, 129, 210, 234, 275, 290, 322, 375, 413, 428 Antipsychotic Agents, 7, 47, 210, 234, 375 Antiseptic, 376, 381 Antispasmodic, 376, 429 Antiviral, 376, 403, 418 Anus, 374, 376, 379, 385, 426 Anxiety Disorders, 27, 101, 188, 235, 316, 322, 376, 417 Anxiolytic, 376, 380 Apathy, 376, 413 Aqueous, 376, 378, 388 Arachidonic Acid, 116, 264, 376, 404, 422 Aromatic, 101, 376, 419 Arterial, 376, 400, 423 Arteries, 376, 379, 387, 409, 436 Artery, 376, 387, 417, 424 Arthrosis, 376, 408 Aspartate, 107, 376 Astringent, 376, 381 Astrocytes, 50, 376, 397, 410, 413 Asymptomatic, 182, 376 Ataxia, 57, 339, 376, 435 Atrophy, 338, 339, 377 Atropine, 377, 429 Atypical, 70, 71, 94, 95, 180, 191, 207, 228, 236, 237, 285, 377, 414, 428
Index 419
Auditory, 54, 377, 398, 421 Autoimmune disease, 377, 411 Autonomic, 371, 375, 377, 395, 414, 418 Autopsy, 176, 377 Axonal, 28, 377 Axons, 377, 389, 403, 414 B Back Pain, 144, 377 Bacteria, 374, 375, 377, 389, 409, 430, 432, 437, 439 Bacterial Physiology, 371, 377 Bacteriophage, 377, 437, 439 Barbiturates, 7, 377, 429 Basal Ganglia, 27, 61, 92, 375, 376, 377, 384, 400, 405, 424 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 376, 377, 384, 400 Base, 9, 10, 12, 33, 371, 378, 389, 396, 404, 435 Benzene, 378 Benzodiazepines, 7, 358, 378, 380 Bereavement, 4, 324, 378 Bewilderment, 378, 386 Bilateral, 34, 202, 378 Bile, 378, 395, 405, 433 Biochemical, 15, 23, 32, 256, 373, 378, 396, 418, 430 Biogenic Monoamines, 378, 405 Biological Factors, 35, 378 Biological Markers, 30, 148, 378 Biological response modifier, 378, 403 Biosynthesis, 376, 378, 438 Biotechnology, 40, 41, 329, 335, 338, 339, 340, 378 Biotransformation, 379 Bladder, 379, 386, 401, 411, 413, 423, 438, 440 Blood Coagulation, 379, 380 Blood Groups, 173, 379 Blood Platelets, 57, 379, 430, 436 Blood pressure, 288, 289, 379, 381, 383, 396, 400, 401, 410, 414, 431 Blood vessel, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 404, 405, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 439 Blood Volume, 112, 379 Body Fluids, 379, 431 Body Mass Index, 379, 416 Bone scan, 379, 428 Bowel, 374, 379, 390, 433 Bowel Movement, 379, 390, 433 Brain Stem, 380, 382 Branch, 14, 259, 280, 347, 365, 380, 413, 417, 424, 432, 434, 435
Bromine, 380 Bronchi, 380, 394, 435, 437 Bronchial, 380, 399, 435 Buccal, 380, 406 Bulimia, 242, 348, 380 Bupropion, 4, 60, 86, 135, 239, 380 Buspirone, 7, 380 C Caffeine, 227, 380 Calcium, 57, 58, 86, 215, 226, 227, 238, 252, 256, 276, 299, 380, 381, 402, 414, 431 Calcium channel blocker, 86, 252, 380 Calcium Channel Blockers, 252, 380 Calmodulin, 381, 402 Cannabis, 169, 236, 266, 269, 381 Carbachol, 174, 266, 381 Carbamazepine, 4, 46, 47, 87, 88, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 112, 113, 120, 152, 164, 231, 237, 248, 298, 328, 358, 381 Carbohydrate, 381, 397, 420, 429, 430 Carcinogenic, 378, 381, 402, 422, 433 Carcinogens, 381, 416 Cardiac, 380, 381, 394, 412, 433 Cardiovascular, 109, 373, 381, 405, 430 Cardiovascular disease, 109, 381 Case series, 122, 157, 237, 239, 381, 384 Catechol, 89, 167, 197, 381 Catecholamine, 69, 120, 245, 382, 391, 419 Catheter, 283, 289, 382 Causal, 24, 382, 385, 394 Cell Adhesion, 147, 382 Cell Differentiation, 382, 431 Cell Division, 338, 377, 382, 408, 420, 422 Cell membrane, 381, 382, 390, 402, 419, 432 Cell proliferation, 382, 431 Cellulose, 382, 420 Cerebellar, 11, 28, 112, 376, 382, 426, 437 Cerebellum, 27, 83, 176, 277, 382, 388, 426 Cerebral Cortex, 219, 376, 382, 395 Cerebral Palsy, 88, 316, 382 Cerebrospinal, 289, 382, 406, 432 Cerebrospinal fluid, 289, 382, 406, 432 Cerebrovascular, 377, 381, 382, 414, 435 Cerebrum, 382, 383, 388, 434, 438 Chaos, 152, 167, 383 Chemoreceptor, 375, 383 Child Behavior, 49, 383 Child Psychiatry, 12, 34, 383 Chin, 383, 409 Chlorine, 383 Cholecystokinin, 162, 383
420 Bipolar Disorder
Cholesterol, 216, 378, 383, 387, 408, 433, 434 Choline, 28, 34, 36, 91, 92, 124, 261, 383 Cholinergic, 210, 375, 381, 383 Chorea, 375, 383 Chromatin, 384, 414 Chromosomal, 18, 25, 37, 43, 75, 221, 374, 384, 396, 435 Chronic, 4, 15, 23, 24, 32, 38, 102, 144, 249, 275, 330, 338, 377, 384, 393, 402, 404, 406, 420, 433 Chronic Disease, 330, 384 Chronic renal, 384, 420 Circadian, 35, 40, 41, 92, 295, 384 Circadian Rhythm, 35, 295, 384 Clinical Medicine, 384, 421 Clinical study, 16, 77, 146, 384 Clonazepam, 94, 173, 384 Clone, 25, 26, 384 Clonic, 6, 384 Cloning, 16, 20, 25, 379, 384 Coca, 384, 385 Cocaine, 96, 158, 202, 322, 384, 385 Coenzymes, 385, 414 Cofactor, 385, 423 Cognition, 4, 5, 97, 135, 188, 256, 283, 385, 413 Cognitive Therapy, 48, 211, 317, 318, 385 Cohort Effect, 140, 385 Collagen, 373, 385 Colon, 338, 385, 404 Combination Therapy, 243, 282, 385 Communication Disorders, 300, 316, 321, 334, 385 Comorbidity, 8, 12, 15, 39, 64, 71, 83, 88, 99, 100, 118, 121, 138, 148, 188, 226, 240, 246, 265, 385 Complementary medicine, 263, 385 Complete remission, 386, 427 Compliance, 9, 30, 102, 171, 276, 386 Compulsion, 83, 386 Computational Biology, 335, 338, 386 Computed tomography, 5, 386, 428 Computerized axial tomography, 386, 428 Computerized tomography, 386 Concomitant, 228, 286, 386 Confusion, 15, 102, 226, 256, 386, 391, 400, 413, 438 Congestion, 375, 386 Conjunctiva, 386, 438 Connective Tissue, 385, 386, 395, 406, 427 Consciousness, 387, 389, 391, 423
Constipation, 375, 387 Constitutional, 387, 411 Consultation, 10, 16, 27, 35, 37, 208, 387 Continuum, 74, 387 Contraindications, ii, 387 Control group, 6, 29, 387, 425 Controlled study, 118, 133, 387 Convulsions, 375, 387, 392, 400 Coordination, 382, 387, 411 Coronary, 381, 387, 409 Coronary heart disease, 381, 387 Coronary Thrombosis, 387, 409 Corpus, 387, 397, 406, 412, 422, 430, 435 Corpus Callosum, 387, 430, 435 Corpus Luteum, 387, 406, 422 Cortex, 27, 34, 62, 92, 114, 138, 177, 205, 215, 227, 245, 387, 393, 421, 426 Cortical, 12, 104, 387, 394, 421, 429, 435 Cortices, 45, 388, 398 Cortisol, 40, 55, 92, 288, 388 Cortisone, 388, 390 Cranial, 382, 388, 398, 412, 418, 438 Craniotomy, 6, 388 Creatine, 107, 388 Creatinine, 388 Curative, 388, 414, 435 Cutaneous, 388, 406 Cyclic, 20, 29, 53, 371, 380, 381, 388, 435 Cytoplasm, 382, 388, 398, 402, 414, 428 D Data Collection, 14, 388 Databases, Bibliographic, 335, 388 De novo, 217, 388 Deamination, 388, 410 Decidua, 388, 410, 420 Degenerative, 388, 397, 411 Deletion, 71, 108, 149, 388 Delirium, 3, 121, 322, 324, 375, 389 Delusion, 389, 429 Dementia, 3, 4, 122, 280, 316, 322, 375, 389 Dendrites, 389, 413, 414 Dendritic, 28, 389, 408 Density, 26, 84, 108, 148, 206, 227, 245, 379, 389, 416 Dental Caries, 389, 395 Dentate Gyrus, 389, 399 Depersonalization, 389, 417, 429 Depolarization, 390, 431 Derealization, 389, 390, 417 Deuterium, 390, 400 Dexamethasone, 8, 111, 227, 288, 390 Dextroamphetamine, 373, 390, 409
Index 421
Diagnostic procedure, 26, 303, 329, 390 Diarrhea, 283, 390 Diencephalon, 390, 401, 421, 435 Digestive system, 300, 390 Diploid, 390, 420 Direct, iii, 15, 28, 357, 384, 385, 390, 391, 400, 426, 434 Discrete, 220, 390 Discriminant Analysis, 150, 212, 390 Disease Susceptibility, 117, 257, 390 Disorientation, 386, 389, 391 Dissection, 18, 21, 391 Dissociation, 372, 391 Distal, 47, 377, 391, 423 Diuresis, 380, 391, 435 Dizziness, 391, 417 Double-blind, 30, 44, 118, 185, 267, 286, 391 Dreams, 197, 391 Drug Approval, 316, 357, 391 Drug Interactions, 7, 130, 322, 358, 359, 391 Drug Monitoring, 238, 391 Drug Tolerance, 391, 436 Dyes, 392, 414 Dyskinesia, 39, 124, 224, 375, 392 Dysphagia, 316, 392 Dysphonia, 316, 392 Dysphoria, 102, 256, 392 Dysphoric, 390, 392 Dysplasia, 339, 392 Dyspnea, 392, 417 Dystonia, 78, 83, 375, 392 Dystrophy, 339, 392 E Effector, 371, 392 Electrocardiogram, 283, 288, 296, 392 Electroconvulsive Therapy, 86, 287, 392 Electroencephalography, 5, 392 Electrolyte, 389, 392, 421, 431 Electrons, 375, 378, 392, 403, 407, 416, 425 Electroplating, 381, 392 Elementary Particles, 392, 407, 423 Embryo, 382, 393, 402, 415 Emesis, 376, 393 Emollient, 393, 397 Empirical, 54, 393 Endocrine System, 393, 413 Endogenous, 53, 58, 193, 391, 393, 410, 437 Endometrium, 388, 393, 409, 410 Endorphins, 393, 414 End-stage renal, 384, 393, 420
Energy balance, 393, 404 Enhancer, 16, 393 Enkephalins, 393, 414 Entorhinal Cortex, 50, 178, 393, 399 Environmental Exposure, 378, 393, 415 Environmental Health, 334, 336, 393 Enzymatic, 373, 378, 380, 389, 393, 399, 409 Enzyme, 162, 257, 371, 378, 385, 392, 393, 397, 409, 410, 423, 431, 438, 440 Ependymal, 61, 393 Epidemiologic Studies, 378, 394 Epinephrine, 372, 391, 394, 414, 438 Erythrocyte Volume, 379, 394 Erythrocytes, 374, 379, 394, 426 Esophagus, 390, 394, 433 Essential Tremor, 123, 339, 394 Estrogen, 174, 250, 295, 394, 422, 429, 434 Estrogen receptor, 174, 250, 394 Euphoria, 394 Excitability, 394, 403 Excitation, 383, 394, 414 Excitatory, 219, 394, 397 Exocrine, 383, 394, 416 Exogenous, 121, 379, 393, 394 Exon, 74, 138, 394 Extracellular, 376, 386, 394, 413, 431 Extraction, 26, 394 F Facial, 11, 129, 162, 395, 417 Family Planning, 335, 395 Fat, 257, 372, 376, 387, 395, 404, 405, 411, 415, 416, 427 Fatigue, 4, 367, 395 Fatty acids, 30, 172, 185, 266, 267, 286, 297, 395, 397, 422, 436 Fetus, 395, 420, 421, 439 Fibrosis, 171, 339, 395, 428, 429 Fissure, 387, 389, 395, 421 Fluorine, 395 Fluoxetine, 135, 287, 299, 395 Foetoplacental, 395, 415 Forearm, 379, 395 Fossa, 382, 395 Free Radicals, 375, 391, 395 Frontal Lobe, 12, 52, 159, 202, 395, 421 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 45, 283, 290, 395 G GABA, 36, 136, 384, 395, 431, 439 Gallbladder, 371, 383, 390, 395 Ganglia, 71, 76, 371, 377, 395, 412, 418
422 Bipolar Disorder
Ganglionic Blockers, 395, 408 Gas, 383, 395, 396, 400, 414, 439 Gastrin, 396, 400 Gastroenteritis, 380, 396 Gastrointestinal tract, 396, 405, 408, 430 Gene Expression, 20, 58, 215, 232, 256, 326, 340, 396 Genetic Code, 396, 415 Genetic Engineering, 378, 384, 396 Genetic Techniques, 285, 396 Genetic testing, 70, 192, 396 Genomics, 25, 59, 90, 104, 396 Genotype, 9, 19, 23, 27, 396, 419 Geriatric, 3, 4, 56, 78, 115, 122, 171, 225, 241, 246, 248, 252, 256, 315, 396 Geriatric Psychiatry, 3, 56, 78, 115, 171, 241, 246, 248, 315, 396 Germ Cells, 396, 408, 416, 435 Gestation, 397, 418, 420 Giant Cells, 397, 428 Gland, 372, 388, 397, 406, 416, 417, 423, 429, 433, 436 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, 147, 397 Gliosis, 28, 397 Globus Pallidus, 377, 397, 424 Glucocorticoid, 390, 397, 410 Glucose, 122, 265, 338, 382, 397, 399, 400, 402, 428 Glutamate, 36, 90, 220, 397, 428 Glutamic Acid, 107, 113, 397, 414 Glycerol, 397, 419 Glycerophospholipids, 397, 419 Glycine, 373, 397, 414 Glycogen, 20, 397 Glycogen Synthase, 20, 397 Glycoprotein, 397, 398, 434 Gonad, 398 Gonadal, 296, 398, 433 Governing Board, 398, 421 Gp120, 398, 418 Granulocytes, 398, 404, 431 Gravidity, 398, 417 Gravis, 316, 398 Growth, 339, 372, 374, 376, 382, 398, 400, 403, 407, 410, 412, 415, 420, 436, 438, 439 H Haloperidol, 46, 398 Handedness, 283, 398 Haploid, 398, 420 Haplotypes, 17, 20, 212, 398 Haptens, 372, 398 Headache, 380, 398, 400
Health Services, v, 7, 10, 56, 77, 80, 128, 145, 148, 151, 243, 336, 398 Health Status, 224, 385, 398 Hearing Disorders, 385, 398 Heart attack, 381, 398 Hemoglobin, 374, 394, 399 Hemoglobinuria, 338, 399 Hemorrhage, 398, 399, 433 Hemostasis, 399, 430 Hepatic, 389, 399, 410 Hereditary, 399, 411, 427 Heredity, 143, 396, 399 Heterogeneity, 19, 39, 144, 161, 222, 276, 372, 399 Heterogenic, 399 Heterogenous, 5, 399 Hippocampus, 27, 147, 178, 205, 250, 389, 399, 405, 433 Histamine, 375, 399 Homeostasis, 58, 65, 256, 276, 399 Homogeneous, 17, 30, 145, 222, 387, 399 Homologous, 373, 399, 434 Hormonal, 377, 399 Hormone, 238, 288, 378, 384, 388, 394, 396, 399, 400, 403, 404, 410, 422, 427, 431, 435, 436 Hybrid, 384, 400 Hydrogen, 371, 378, 381, 390, 400, 410, 416, 418, 423 Hydrogenation, 378, 400 Hydrolysis, 379, 400, 419, 420 Hydroxylation, 400, 438 Hydroxyproline, 373, 385, 400 Hypersensitivity, 17, 400, 405, 427 Hypertension, 277, 381, 398, 400, 408 Hyperthyroidism, 159, 400 Hypoglycaemia, 389, 400 Hypogonadism, 296, 400 Hypokinesia, 400, 417 Hypomania, 239, 247, 282, 296, 400 Hypoplasia, 28, 400 Hypotension, 168, 375, 387, 396, 401 Hypothalamic, 8, 401 Hypothalamus, 390, 401, 405, 435 Hypothyroidism, 40, 164, 401 Hypoxia, 389, 401, 435 I Id, 260, 270, 344, 348, 349, 364, 366, 401 Idiopathic, 78, 401, 428 Imaging procedures, 284, 401, 437 Immune response, 150, 375, 377, 388, 398, 401, 407, 433, 439
Index 423
Immune system, 401, 405, 407, 411, 439 Immunity, 147, 401, 415 Immunodeficiency, 323, 338, 401 Immunology, 372, 401 Impairment, 4, 15, 28, 97, 135, 179, 206, 221, 223, 321, 376, 378, 389, 392, 401, 409, 424 Implantation, 401, 415 In vivo, 22, 30, 36, 57, 148, 401, 436 Incision, 401, 403 Incontinence, 401, 429 Indicative, 317, 401, 417, 439 Induction, 149, 294, 375, 396, 402, 422 Infancy, 328, 402 Infant Behavior, 383, 402 Infection, 53, 150, 378, 389, 396, 401, 402, 406, 407, 427, 433 Inflammation, 375, 395, 396, 402, 405, 420, 427, 436 Informed Consent, 124, 299, 402 Ingestion, 402, 420 Inhalation, 137, 402, 420 Initiation, 133, 265, 402, 437 Inositol, 24, 34, 46, 48, 92, 107, 117, 151, 184, 205, 230, 257, 272, 402 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 184, 402 Inotropic, 391, 402 Inpatients, 29, 37, 100, 103, 125, 145, 148, 151, 179, 221, 243, 245, 246, 295, 402 Insight, 101, 156, 179, 402 Insomnia, 402 Insulator, 403, 411 Interferon, 75, 88, 403, 406 Interferon-alpha, 75, 88, 403 Intermittent, 199, 403, 406 Interneurons, 136, 403 Interpersonal Relations, 5, 403 Intestinal, 383, 403, 407 Intestinal Mucosa, 383, 403 Intoxication, 249, 389, 403, 440 Intracellular, 20, 22, 30, 107, 152, 215, 223, 299, 380, 381, 396, 402, 403, 408, 421, 426, 431 Intrinsic, 372, 403 Invasive, 24, 299, 401, 403, 407 Involuntary, 377, 383, 394, 403, 412, 431, 432 Iodine, 403 Iofetamine, 146, 403 Ions, 277, 371, 378, 381, 391, 392, 400, 402, 403, 410, 432 Irritable Mood, 403
Ischemia, 377, 404 J Joint, 14, 376, 404 K Kb, 334, 404 Kidney Disease, 300, 330, 334, 339, 404 Kinetic, 404 L Lactation, 236, 404, 415, 422 Language Disorders, 385, 404 Large Intestine, 390, 404, 426, 431 Latent, 39, 55, 163, 404, 421 Lateral Ventricles, 404, 430, 435 Leptin, 216, 404 Lesion, 6, 397, 404, 406, 430, 434 Lethargy, 401, 404 Leucocyte, 404, 406 Leukemia, 338, 404 Leukocytes, 398, 403, 404, 414 Leukoencephalopathy, 130, 404 Leukotrienes, 109, 185, 267, 376, 404 Library Services, 364, 405 Life cycle, 241, 405 Ligament, 405, 423 Limbic, 11, 27, 32, 374, 405, 421 Limbic System, 374, 405, 421 Linkage Disequilibrium, 20, 21, 25, 27, 46, 64, 126, 142, 156, 246, 405 Lipid, 162, 257, 383, 397, 405, 411 Lithium Carbonate, 8, 24, 55, 290, 405 Liver, 371, 376, 378, 390, 395, 397, 399, 403, 405, 410, 428 Liver scan, 405, 428 Lobe, 12, 135, 405 Localization, 147, 405 Localized, 5, 27, 46, 389, 402, 406, 410, 420 Lod, 9, 406 Lod Score, 9, 406 Longitudinal study, 201, 406 Long-Term Care, 10, 406 Lumbar, 288, 377, 406, 432 Lumbar puncture, 288, 406, 432 Lupus, 4, 406 Luteal Phase, 406, 410 Lutein Cells, 406, 422 Lymph, 406, 428 Lymph node, 406, 428 Lymphatic, 402, 406, 432 Lymphoblasts, 154, 406 Lymphocyte, 375, 407, 408 Lymphoid, 374, 404, 407 Lymphoma, 338, 407
424 Bipolar Disorder
M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 5, 11, 36, 47, 52, 85, 206, 224, 277, 285, 288, 407, 428 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 8, 22, 24, 28, 30, 36, 57, 85, 92, 170, 192, 199, 202, 290, 407 Maintenance therapy, 7, 109, 122, 154, 216, 407 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 398, 407 Malabsorption, 338, 407 Malaise, 392, 407 Malignant, 338, 407 Malnutrition, 377, 407, 411 Mammary, 407, 434 Manic-depressive psychosis, 407, 424 Manifest, 377, 407 Man-made, 381, 407 Mastication, 408, 438 McMaster, 258, 408 Mecamylamine, 99, 408 Mediate, 34, 391, 408 Mediator, 383, 408, 430 Medical Records, 5, 6, 26, 408, 427 MEDLINE, 336, 338, 339, 408 Medullary, 408, 424 Mefloquine, 72, 408 Meiosis, 408, 434 Melanin, 408, 419, 438 Melanocytes, 408 Melanoma, 338, 408 Membrane Lipids, 408, 419 Memory, 8, 29, 106, 223, 225, 232, 281, 283, 284, 288, 389, 409 Meninges, 382, 409 Menopause, 409, 415, 421 Menstrual Cycle, 156, 406, 409, 415, 422 Menstruation, 285, 373, 388, 406, 409 Mental Disorders, 18, 26, 91, 300, 322, 346, 372, 383, 400, 409, 423, 424 Mental Retardation, 71, 90, 189, 203, 216, 285, 340, 385, 409 Mentors, 10, 35, 40, 409 Mesolimbic, 375, 409 Meta-Analysis, 18, 47, 49, 57, 101, 141, 156, 224, 409 Metabolite, 379, 409, 414 Methylphenidate, 136, 257, 409 Methyltransferase, 89, 167, 197, 245, 409 MI, 369, 409 Microbiology, 251, 371, 377, 409
Microglia, 376, 410, 413 Microwaves, 410, 425 Mifepristone, 281, 410 Migration, 108, 181, 410, 413 Mobilization, 215, 238, 410 Modification, 373, 396, 410, 425 Molecular Structure, 90, 410, 438 Molecule, 19, 375, 378, 391, 392, 394, 398, 400, 410, 416, 426, 431, 439 Monitor, 38, 296, 297, 388, 410, 414, 439 Monoamine, 4, 55, 66, 182, 251, 289, 322, 373, 390, 410, 438 Monoamine Oxidase, 4, 55, 66, 182, 322, 373, 390, 410, 438 Monotherapy, 50, 326, 411 Mood Disorders, 4, 5, 7, 20, 25, 26, 29, 35, 36, 251, 283, 288, 289, 297, 317, 322, 345, 411 Morphological, 372, 393, 408, 411 Morphology, 112, 411 Motility, 411, 430 Motion Sickness, 283, 411, 412, 429 Motor Activity, 149, 387, 411 Movement Disorders, 375, 411, 435 Mucins, 411, 428 Mucosa, 406, 411, 422 Multicenter study, 66, 411 Multiple sclerosis, 176, 204, 227, 316, 411 Muscle Fibers, 411 Muscular Atrophy, 339, 411 Muscular Dystrophies, 392, 411 Mutilation, 46, 411 Myasthenia, 316, 411 Mydriatic, 412, 429 Myelin, 411, 412, 413 Myocardium, 409, 412 Myotonic Dystrophy, 339, 412 N Narcissism, 86, 412 Narcolepsy, 97, 177, 390, 409, 412 Nausea, 375, 376, 396, 412, 417, 438 NCI, 1, 300, 333, 412 Necrosis, 409, 412, 428 Neonatal, 35, 138, 412 Neoplasia, 338, 412 Neoplastic, 407, 412, 434 Neostriatum, 412, 424 Nephropathy, 404, 412 Nerve, 372, 376, 377, 383, 389, 408, 410, 411, 412, 414, 417, 421, 429, 433, 437, 438 Nervous System, 280, 296, 339, 368, 371, 372, 373, 378, 380, 382, 383, 385, 390,
Index 425
395, 397, 398, 405, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 418, 429, 430, 434, 435, 438 Networks, 33, 412 Neural, 20, 33, 65, 126, 135, 258, 372, 395, 404, 410, 412, 432 Neuralgia, 103, 412 Neuroanatomy, 36, 405, 413 Neuroendocrine, 8, 413, 434 Neuroendocrinology, 8, 413 Neurogenic, 316, 321, 413 Neuroglia, 397, 413 Neuroleptic, 180, 228, 373, 375, 413 Neurologic, 281, 285, 316, 413 Neurology, 6, 12, 49, 56, 78, 142, 200, 207, 237, 248, 250, 413 Neuromuscular, 371, 413 Neuromuscular Junction, 371, 413 Neuronal, 20, 27, 29, 108, 179, 181, 206, 245, 413 Neurons, 108, 227, 385, 389, 394, 395, 403, 413, 434 Neuropeptide, 205, 413 Neuropharmacology, 36, 58, 158, 267, 316, 413 Neurophysiology, 11, 29, 36, 390, 413 Neuropil, 28, 413 Neuropsychological Tests, 29, 283, 414 Neurotransmitter, 17, 26, 371, 373, 391, 395, 397, 399, 414, 431, 433, 438 Neutrophils, 128, 257, 398, 404, 414 Niacin, 30, 414, 438 Nimodipine, 86, 181, 414 Nitrogen, 373, 414, 438 Nonverbal Communication, 385, 414, 424 Norepinephrine, 49, 294, 372, 391, 414 Nortriptyline, 246, 414 Nuclear, 18, 377, 392, 405, 408, 412, 414, 435 Nuclei, 34, 220, 374, 392, 396, 405, 407, 414, 423 Nucleic acid, 396, 414, 415 Nucleus, 123, 377, 384, 388, 390, 392, 397, 408, 412, 414, 415, 421, 422, 423, 424, 435 Nurse Clinicians, 291, 415 O Obsession, 386, 415 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 100, 319, 348, 415 Obstetrics, 35, 86, 415 Odds Ratio, 415, 427 Odour, 376, 415 Oestrogen, 183, 415
Omega-3 fatty acid, 30, 185, 261, 267, 286, 297, 299, 415 Oncogene, 338, 415 On-line, 349, 367, 416 Opacity, 389, 416 Orbit, 416 Orbital, 210, 416 Orthostatic, 375, 416 Osteoporosis, 109, 415, 416 Outpatient, 7, 152, 180, 244, 279, 289, 416 Ovary, 171, 387, 398, 415, 416 Overweight, 104, 110, 260, 416 Ovulation, 288, 406, 416 Ovum, 387, 388, 397, 405, 416, 422 Oxidation, 375, 379, 416 P Palliative, 415, 416, 435 Palsy, 90, 416 Pancreas, 371, 390, 416 Pancreatic, 338, 383, 416 Pancreatic cancer, 338, 416 Panic, 19, 74, 89, 99, 153, 169, 187, 235, 240, 266, 319, 344, 416 Panic Disorder, 19, 74, 89, 99, 153, 169, 240, 266, 319, 344, 416 Paralysis, 130, 417 Paresthesias, 417 Parity, 151, 417 Parkinsonism, 124, 375, 417 Parotid, 417, 428 Paroxetine, 31, 239, 417 Paroxysmal, 338, 417 Partial remission, 417, 427 Particle, 407, 417, 437 Partnership Practice, 417, 422 Parturition, 415, 417, 422 Patch, 30, 417 Pathogenesis, 33, 123, 125, 417 Pathologic, 387, 400, 417 Pathologies, 417 Pathophysiology, 18, 21, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 52, 208, 216, 230, 268, 322, 417 Patient Education, 190, 291, 347, 362, 364, 369, 417 Patient Satisfaction, 295, 418 Pedigree, 20, 26, 65, 100, 124, 126, 160, 194, 418 Pelvic, 418, 423 Pelvis, 371, 406, 418, 438 Peptide, 19, 41, 65, 373, 383, 404, 418, 420, 423 Peptide T, 41, 418
426 Bipolar Disorder
Perception, 47, 389, 398, 418, 429 Perinatal, 33, 35, 67, 196, 418 Peripheral blood, 21, 403, 418 Peripheral Nervous System, 393, 414, 416, 418, 433 Personality Disorders, 86, 170, 226, 418 PH, 5, 103, 113, 146, 174, 230, 418 Pharmacodynamics, 7, 418 Pharmacokinetic, 418 Pharmacologic, 4, 7, 186, 223, 321, 418, 437 Phenotype, 14, 17, 20, 37, 112, 119, 174, 186, 201, 217, 245, 378, 419 Phenyl, 419 Phenylalanine, 419, 438 Phenytoin, 381, 419 Phospholipases, 419, 431 Phospholipids, 193, 395, 402, 408, 419 Phosphorous, 52, 57, 419 Phosphorus, 192, 380, 419 Phosphorylated, 147, 419 Phosphorylation, 53, 58, 419 Phototherapy, 419, 429 Physical Examination, 283, 287, 288, 296, 419 Physiologic, 373, 378, 400, 409, 419, 426, 437 Physiology, 378, 413, 419 Pigment, 408, 419 Pilot study, 17, 30, 48, 122, 143, 176, 192, 283, 420 Placenta, 395, 420, 422, 424 Plants, 297, 373, 377, 383, 385, 397, 411, 414, 420, 428, 437 Plasma, 30, 108, 163, 172, 193, 211, 228, 374, 379, 382, 399, 420, 430 Plasma cells, 374, 420 Plasma Volume, 379, 420 Plasticity, 20, 420 Platelet Activation, 420, 431 Platelets, 53, 58, 420, 436 Pneumonia, 387, 420 Poisoning, 389, 396, 403, 412, 420 Polycystic, 171, 249, 339, 420 Polymorphic, 19, 21, 155, 182, 389, 420 Polymorphism, 9, 19, 42, 46, 49, 57, 61, 67, 68, 74, 232, 326, 420 Polypeptide, 373, 385, 420, 422 Polysaccharide, 375, 382, 420 Posterior, 374, 376, 377, 382, 416, 420 Postmenopausal, 416, 421 Postsynaptic, 421, 431 Post-synaptic, 36, 421
Post-traumatic, 78, 348, 411, 421 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 78, 348, 421 Potassium, 132, 155, 182, 183, 421 Potentiation, 421, 431 Practicability, 421, 437 Practice Guidelines, 93, 336, 348, 421 Preclinical, 15, 32, 421 Precursor, 24, 376, 383, 391, 392, 393, 414, 419, 421, 438 Predisposition, 20, 421 Prefrontal Cortex, 11, 27, 60, 147, 205, 206, 210, 421 Premedication, 421, 429 Prenatal, 33, 67, 393, 421 Presynaptic, 36, 414, 422, 434 Private Practice, 316, 321, 422 Progesterone, 295, 410, 422, 433 Prognostic factor, 422, 433 Progressive, 11, 28, 382, 384, 389, 391, 398, 411, 412, 420, 422, 427 Progressive disease, 11, 422 Projection, 403, 414, 421, 422, 426 Prolactin, 108, 422 Promoter, 16, 42, 61, 126, 139, 422 Prone, 81, 422 Prophase, 422, 434 Prospective Studies, 19, 422 Prospective study, 10, 50, 166, 172, 196, 406, 422 Prostaglandins, 109, 185, 267, 376, 410, 422 Prostate, 338, 415, 423 Protease, 385, 423 Protective Agents, 381, 423 Protein S, 128, 181, 257, 339, 340, 379, 396, 423, 428 Protocol, 25, 29, 30, 149, 288, 299, 423 Protons, 400, 407, 423, 425 Proximal, 391, 422, 423, 430 Proxy, 76, 423 Pruritus, 376, 423 Psychic, 409, 423, 429 Psychoactive, 236, 269, 423, 440 Psychogenic, 316, 321, 423 Psychomotor, 55, 287, 381, 389, 413, 423 Psychopathology, 11, 14, 30, 31, 38, 40, 56, 64, 72, 110, 114, 129, 190, 212, 423 Psychotomimetic, 373, 390, 424 Psychotropic, 202, 232, 286, 424 Puberty, 112, 424 Public Health, 8, 12, 14, 35, 37, 189, 323, 336, 424
Index 427
Public Policy, 335, 424 Publishing, 40, 316, 321, 424 Puerperium, 415, 424 Pulmonary, 379, 383, 405, 424, 439 Pulmonary Artery, 379, 424, 439 Pulmonary Edema, 383, 424 Pulse, 289, 410, 424 Putamen, 28, 377, 412, 424 P-value, 17, 425 Q Quality of Life, 4, 16, 51, 115, 144, 214, 290, 425 Quaternary, 425, 429 Quinpirole, 258, 425 R Race, 410, 425 Radiation, 392, 393, 395, 407, 425, 428, 440 Radio Waves, 283, 288, 410, 425 Radioactive, 289, 379, 400, 401, 405, 407, 414, 425, 428 Radioisotope, 394, 425, 437 Radionuclide scanning, 403, 425 Random Allocation, 425 Randomization, 25, 425 Randomized, 31, 109, 133, 193, 226, 284, 291, 299, 392, 425 Randomized clinical trial, 133, 425 Rape, 421, 426 Reagent, 383, 426 Reality Testing, 424, 426 Receptors, Serotonin, 426, 430 Recombinant, 426, 439 Rectal, 296, 426 Rectum, 376, 379, 385, 390, 396, 401, 404, 423, 426 Recur, 426, 429 Recurrence, 25, 30, 31, 35, 156, 209, 290, 379, 384, 407, 426, 429 Red blood cells, 297, 394, 426, 428 Red Nucleus, 377, 426 Redux, 73, 426 Refer, 1, 380, 391, 393, 403, 406, 413, 424, 426, 430, 437 Refraction, 426, 432 Refractory, 89, 93, 94, 95, 105, 137, 157, 158, 187, 218, 236, 238, 239, 243, 248, 249, 282, 426 Regimen, 30, 276, 282, 292, 326, 392, 418, 426 Regression Analysis, 390, 426
Relapse, 9, 23, 25, 38, 41, 132, 145, 149, 159, 160, 186, 203, 206, 211, 217, 224, 233, 287, 427 Relative risk, 17, 427 Reliability, 19, 208, 427 Remission, 30, 38, 46, 97, 101, 120, 185, 205, 209, 217, 244, 263, 268, 379, 407, 426, 427 Renal failure, 389, 427 Research Design, 10, 16, 33, 35, 39, 427 Research Support, 15, 29, 427 Respiration, 383, 410, 427 Response rate, 8, 427 Retinoblastoma, 338, 427 Retrospective, 51, 54, 113, 115, 170, 187, 196, 210, 235, 268, 427 Retrospective study, 113, 115, 196, 427 Rheumatism, 427 Rheumatoid, 4, 427 Rheumatoid arthritis, 4, 427 Ribose, 371, 428 Ribosome, 428, 437 Rigidity, 417, 420, 428 Riluzole, 287, 428 Risk factor, 40, 69, 140, 209, 394, 422, 427, 428 Risperidone, 47, 53, 122, 166, 210, 237, 243, 291, 326, 428 Rural Population, 134, 428 S Saline, 283, 428 Saliva, 283, 288, 428 Salivary, 211, 390, 416, 428 Salivary glands, 390, 428 Saponins, 428, 433 Sarcoidosis, 72, 428 Scans, 12, 17, 18, 23, 172, 286, 288, 425, 428 Schizoid, 429, 440 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 389, 429, 440 Sclerosis, 287, 316, 339, 411, 428, 429 Scopolamine, 283, 429 Screening, 9, 18, 20, 41, 46, 177, 212, 288, 296, 299, 346, 384, 429 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 247, 318, 429 Secretion, 40, 92, 384, 399, 401, 404, 410, 411, 429, 430 Sedatives, Barbiturate, 377, 429 Seizures, 5, 171, 298, 381, 384, 389, 417, 419, 429 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 429, 434
428 Bipolar Disorder
Self Care, 371, 429 Self-Injurious Behavior, 106, 430 Semen, 423, 430 Senile, 122, 375, 416, 430 Septal, 405, 430 Septum, 198, 404, 430 Septum Pellucidum, 198, 404, 430 Sequence Analysis, 184, 430 Sequence Homology, 418, 430 Sequencing, 9, 16, 101, 430 Serum, 35, 101, 144, 215, 216, 221, 430 Sex Characteristics, 372, 415, 424, 430, 435 Sex Determination, 339, 430 Shedding, 12, 430 Side effect, 4, 26, 286, 288, 293, 297, 322, 357, 372, 373, 375, 408, 430, 436 Signal Transduction, 30, 34, 195, 232, 402, 431 Signs and Symptoms, 322, 344, 348, 427, 431 Skeleton, 404, 431 Skull, 284, 388, 416, 431, 435 Small intestine, 400, 431 Smoking Cessation, 380, 431 Smooth muscle, 380, 381, 399, 431, 432, 433 Sneezing, 430, 431 Social Environment, 425, 431 Social Work, 74, 276, 431 Sodium, 36, 44, 99, 115, 120, 242, 261, 277, 280, 289, 295, 431, 432, 439 Sodium Channels, 432, 439 Solvent, 378, 397, 432 Somatic, 218, 372, 405, 408, 418, 421, 432 Spasm, 376, 432 Spasmodic, 316, 432 Specialist, 76, 355, 432 Species, 394, 396, 399, 400, 408, 410, 425, 430, 432, 438 Specificity, 59, 372, 432 Spectroscopic, 34, 92, 179, 407, 432 Spectrum, 10, 14, 29, 63, 186, 206, 218, 233, 410, 425, 432 Sperm, 384, 432 Spinal cord, 289, 376, 380, 382, 383, 393, 409, 412, 418, 432 Spinal tap, 406, 432 Spleen, 406, 428, 432 Stabilization, 30, 31, 70, 120, 165, 174, 219, 265, 419, 432 Stabilizer, 20, 31, 36, 37, 39, 175, 236, 239, 269, 276, 287, 299, 327, 432
Staging, 428, 432 Standardize, 14, 432 Staurosporine, 57, 433 Steroid, 147, 168, 388, 415, 428, 433 Stimulant, 87, 198, 373, 380, 390, 399, 409, 433, 434 Stimulus, 372, 394, 417, 433 Stomach, 371, 390, 394, 396, 400, 412, 431, 432, 433 Stool, 385, 401, 404, 433 Stress, 4, 23, 104, 195, 275, 288, 322, 368, 382, 388, 396, 412, 421, 427, 433 Striatum, 11, 397, 412, 433 Stroke, 76, 301, 316, 334, 381, 433 Subacute, 402, 433 Subclinical, 402, 429, 433 Subiculum, 178, 399, 433 Substance P, 409, 429, 433 Suppression, 227, 433 Survival Analysis, 140, 433 Sympathomimetic, 373, 390, 391, 394, 414, 433, 438 Symptomatic, 15, 23, 434 Symptomatology, 45, 434 Synapse, 372, 413, 422, 434, 437 Synapsis, 434 Synaptic, 28, 145, 223, 414, 431, 434 Synaptophysin, 57, 434 Synergistic, 422, 434 Systemic, 4, 322, 358, 379, 389, 394, 402, 428, 434 T Tacrine, 4, 434 Tamoxifen, 284, 429, 434 Tardive, 39, 124, 224, 375, 434 Telangiectasia, 339, 434 Telencephalon, 377, 382, 434 Telomere, 435 Temporal, 5, 32, 60, 108, 177, 182, 203, 206, 224, 235, 253, 374, 398, 399, 435 Temporal Lobe, 5, 60, 108, 206, 374, 435 Testis, 415, 435 Testosterone, 295, 435 Thalamic, 47, 123, 376, 435 Thalamic Diseases, 376, 435 Thalamus, 11, 27, 390, 405, 421, 435 Theophylline, 102, 435 Therapeutics, 79, 170, 174, 228, 246, 359, 411, 435 Third Ventricle, 401, 404, 435 Thoracic, 377, 435, 440 Thorax, 371, 406, 435
Index 429
Threonine, 418, 435 Thrombocytes, 420, 436 Thrombocytopenia, 118, 436 Thrombosis, 423, 433, 436 Thromboxanes, 376, 436 Thyroid, 71, 125, 233, 238, 299, 400, 401, 403, 436, 438 Thyroid Gland, 400, 436 Thyroiditis, 145, 436 Thyroxine, 84, 419, 436 Tolerance, 103, 384, 436 Tomography, 146, 288, 407, 436 Tone, 436 Tonic, 6, 384, 436 Tonicity, 392, 436 Tooth Preparation, 371, 436 Toxic, v, 3, 30, 377, 378, 393, 394, 401, 436, 437 Toxicity, 391, 436 Toxicology, 336, 437 Toxin, 436, 437 Trace element, 395, 437 Tracer, 37, 289, 437 Trachea, 380, 436, 437 Transcription Factors, 20, 437 Transduction, 30, 431, 437 Transfection, 379, 437 Translation, 252, 373, 437 Translational, 20, 437 Translocation, 43, 437 Transmitter, 371, 376, 391, 408, 413, 414, 437, 438, 439 Trauma, 378, 389, 398, 412, 435, 437 Treatment Outcome, 10, 36, 56, 437 Tremor, 417, 437 Triad, 17, 437 Tricyclic, 4, 7, 133, 273, 322, 437 Trigeminal, 103, 438 Trigger zone, 375, 438 Trinucleotide Repeats, 127, 438 Tryptophan, 54, 89, 97, 244, 256, 385, 430, 438 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 89, 438 Tuberculosis, 406, 438 Tuberous Sclerosis, 339, 438 Tyramine, 411, 438
Tyrosine, 117, 156, 169, 391, 438 U Unconscious, 374, 401, 438 Uremia, 249, 427, 438 Urethra, 423, 438 Urinary, 401, 429, 438 Urinate, 438, 440 Urine, 283, 288, 297, 379, 388, 391, 399, 401, 438 Uterus, 387, 388, 393, 409, 422, 438, 439 V Vaccine, 423, 439 Vagina, 409, 439 Valproic Acid, 32, 34, 118, 191, 258, 358, 439 Vascular, 9, 381, 402, 420, 436, 439 Vasodilator, 391, 399, 439 VE, 81, 156, 182, 196, 197, 212, 225, 439 Vector, 17, 437, 439 Vein, 283, 289, 414, 417, 439 Venter, 439 Ventral, 45, 401, 439 Ventricle, 374, 399, 404, 424, 435, 439 Ventricular, 159, 192, 251, 439 Vertebrae, 432, 439 Video Recording, 323, 439 Videodisc Recording, 439 Viral, 397, 437, 439 Virulent, 28, 439 Virus, 53, 85, 323, 377, 393, 396, 397, 398, 403, 437, 439 Vitamin A, 402, 439 Vitro, 401, 440 Vivo, 22, 440 Void, 14, 440 W Wakefulness, 389, 440 War, 421, 440 Weight Gain, 211, 293, 429, 440 Windpipe, 436, 440 Withdrawal, 32, 88, 121, 133, 389, 440 X X-ray, 386, 407, 414, 428, 432, 440 Y Yeasts, 419, 440
430 Bipolar Disorder
