PINEAPPLE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Pineapple: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84167-5 1. Pineapple-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on pineapple. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PINEAPPLE ................................................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Pineapple....................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PINEAPPLE ........................................................................................ 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 Finding Nutrition Studies on Pineapple........................................................................................ 9 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 11 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PINEAPPLE ................................................................ 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 18 General References ....................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PINEAPPLE .................................................................................. 21 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 21 Dissertations on Pineapple........................................................................................................... 21 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PINEAPPLE ............................................................................................. 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 Patents on Pineapple.................................................................................................................... 23 Patent Applications on Pineapple ................................................................................................ 52 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PINEAPPLE................................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 59 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 60 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 61 Chapters on Pineapple.................................................................................................................. 62 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PINEAPPLE ................................................................... 63 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 63 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 63 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 64 Academic Periodicals covering Pineapple .................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 67 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 68 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 71 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 73 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 75 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 77 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 80 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83
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Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 89 PINEAPPLE DICTIONARY........................................................................................................... 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 123
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with pineapple is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about pineapple, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to pineapple, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on pineapple. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to pineapple, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on pineapple. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PINEAPPLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on pineapple.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and pineapple, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Small Bowel Review: Normal Physiology Part 1 Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 46(12): 2567-2587. December 2001. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Customer Service Department, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (781) 871-6600. Fax (781) 6819045. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.wkap.nl. Distribution Centre, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 31 78 6392392. Fax: 31 78 6546474. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: In the past year (2000) there have been many advances in the area of small bowel physiology and pathology and therapy. In preparation for this review article, the authors assessed over 1,500 papers. The focus is on presenting clinically useful information for the practicing gastroenterologist. In this article, the first in a series of
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two that summarize these findings, the authors identified numerous important clinical learning points; some are summarized below. Inducers of cytochrome P450 decrease glucose and fructose absorption and increase glucose consumption in the intestine. The regulated release of nutrients from the stomach into the upper intestine ensures that the modest intestinal transport reserve capacity is not exceeded. Hepatocyte growth factor and short chain fatty acids may enhance intestinal adaptation and prevent the atrophy seen when total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is infused. Inhibitors of pancreatic lipase and phospholipase H2 may be useful clinically to reduce absorption as part of a treatment program for obesity and hyperlipidemia (high levels of fats in the blood). Physicians should suspect bile acid malabsorption in the patient with otherwise unexplained chronic diarrhea. A proportion of lipid absorption is protein-mediated and this opens the way to targeting these proteins and thereby therapeutically modifying lipid absorption. A high protein diet may be useful to increase the intestinal absorption of drugs. The nutrient transporters such as SGLT1 are responsible for a portion of the intestinal absorption of water. The influence of nitric oxide on intestinal water absorption and secretion depends on its concentration. A trial of bile acid- sequestering agent may prove useful in the treatment of the patient who experiences diarrhea while taking an enteral diet. The antisecretory effect of the new peptide, sorbin, needs to be tested in a clinical situation on patients with diarrhea. Other new and promising antidiarrheal agents include bromelain, an extract from pineapple stems, and igmesine, a final sigma ligand. 195 references. •
Smell Diskettes as Screening Test of Olfaction Source: Rhinology. 37(4): 145-148. December 1999. Contact: Available from Rhinology. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Utrecht, P.O. Box 85.500, NL-3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail:
[email protected]. Summary: This article describes a screening test of olfaction (smell) that was developed with reusable diskettes as applicators of 8 different odorants (coffee, vanilla, smoke, peach, pineapple, rose, coconut, vinegar). Using a questionnaire with illustrations, the test was designed as a triple forced multiple choice test resulting in a score of 0 to 8 correct answers. To validate the test, 102 volunteers with normal olfaction, as well as 22 patients with subjective hyposmia (reduced sense of smell) or anosmia (lack of the sense of smell), were tested. To compare the developed test with an already validated method, the same persons also performed the sniffin' sticks screening test. The results indicate that the screening test with smell diskettes recognizes patients with normal olfaction and consistently distinguishes them from patients with hyposmia or anosmia.
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Sweet Selections Source: Diabetes Forecast. 56(6): 95-96. June 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article helps readers with diabetes understand the low-calorie sweeteners now available. The author notes that even though sugar is now allowed for people with diabetes, many people still prefer low-calorie sweeteners because they do not promote cavities, they allow people watching their weight to enjoy sweets, and they do not count toward the daily total of Carbohydrate Exchanges. The author describes saccharin (Sweet'N'Low, Sweet Thing Saccharin), aspartame (NutraSweet, Equal, NatraTaste, Sweet Thing Aspartame), acesulfame K (DiabetiSweet, Sweet One, Sunette),
Studies
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sucralose (Splenda), and neotame. The author notes that low calorie sweeteners generally substitute well when sugar's only purpose in a recipe is adding sweetness, such as in sauces, pies, and drinks. But in foods in which sugar adds moistness, volume, or texture, such as cakes and brownies, low calorie sweeteners may produce disappointing results. The article includes a recipe for Pineapple Banana Sorbet, using aspartame. •
Neat and Nifty Noshes Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 7(5): 17-20. September-October 1990. Summary: This brief article stresses the importance and fun of including snack foods in a healthy diet. The author lists healthy snack choices and includes recipes for the following snacks: cranberry juice cubes, pineapple cracker spread, ginger spice cookies, so-easy fruit cooler, Italian-style nibble mix, and Denver pizza snacks.
Federally Funded Research on Pineapple The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to pineapple. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to pineapple. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore pineapple.
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html. 4 With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
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full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for pineapple in the PubMed Central database: •
16S Ribosomal DNA Characterization of Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Isolated from Banana (Musa spp.) and Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merril). by Magalhaes Cruz L, Maltempi de Souza E, Weber OB, Baldani JI, Dobereiner J, de Oliveira Pedrosa F.; 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=92882
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Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of the Pathway in Pantoea citrea Leading to Pink Disease of Pineapple. by Pujol CJ, Kado CI.; 2000 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111272
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Identification and characterization of a Pantoea citrea gene encoding glucose dehydrogenase that is essential for causing pink disease of pineapple. by Cha JS, Pujol C, Kado CI.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=168304
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Polysaccharide composition of unlignified cell walls of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] fruit. by Smith BG, Harris PJ.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157275
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Purification and Structural and Kinetic Characterization of the Pyrophosphate:Fructose-6-Phosphate 1-Phosphotransferase from the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant, Pineapple. by Tripodi K, Podesta FE.; 1997 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158196
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with pineapple, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for pineapple (hyperlinks lead to article summaries):
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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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Allergic reactions, including asthma, to the pineapple protease bromelain following occupational exposure. Author(s): Baur X, Fruhmann G. Source: Clin Allergy. 1979 September; 9(5): 443-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=498486&dopt=Abstract
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Bromelain, from pineapple stems, proteolytically blocks activation of extracellular regulated kinase-2 in T cells. Author(s): Mynott TL, Ladhams A, Scarmato P, Engwerda CR. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1999 September 1; 163(5): 256875. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10452995&dopt=Abstract
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Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. Author(s): Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988 February-March; 22(2): 191-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3287010&dopt=Abstract
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Bromelian, a thiolprotease from pineapple stem, depletes high molecular weight kininogen by activation of Hageman factor (Factor XIII). Author(s): Oh-ishi S, Uchida Y, Ueno A, Katori M. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1979; 14(4-5): 665-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=483261&dopt=Abstract
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Does kinin released by pineapple stem bromelain stimulate production of prostaglandin E1-like compounds? Author(s): Felton GE. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1977 February; 36(2): 39-47. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=323193&dopt=Abstract
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Evaluation of residual levels of benomyl, methyl parathion, diuron, and vamidothion in pineapple pulp and bagasse (Smooth cayenne). Author(s): Cabrera HA, Menezes HC, Oliveira JV, Batista RF. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 November; 48(11): 5750-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087549&dopt=Abstract
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Gastrointestinal response to diets containing pineapple. Author(s): Burroughs SE, Calloway DH. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1968 October; 53(4): 336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5742049&dopt=Abstract
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IgE reactivity to profilin in pollen-sensitized subjects with adverse reactions to banana and pineapple. Author(s): Reindl J, Rihs HP, Scheurer S, Wangorsch A, Haustein D, Vieths S. Source: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 2002 June; 128(2): 105-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065910&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Dissolution of phytobezoar using pineapple juice. Author(s): Feffer JL, Norton RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 October 4; 236(14): 1578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=989128&dopt=Abstract
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Neutral detergent fibre and pectic substances in pineapple and its derivates: juices and nectars. Author(s): Camara Hurtado M, Diez Marques C, Torija Isasa E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 October; 49 Suppl 3: S277-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8549548&dopt=Abstract
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Occupational exposure to 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone II) in Hawaiian pineapple culture. Author(s): Albrecht WN. Source: Archives of Environmental Health. 1987 September-October; 42(5): 286-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3452296&dopt=Abstract
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Of pillows and pineapple juice. Author(s): McCann EJ. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1981 July; 81(7): 1354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6910343&dopt=Abstract
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Survey of occupational injuries on a large pineapple plantation during the harvesting season. Author(s): Langworthy JR, Maligro D. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1987 February; 46(2): 52, 55. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3570760&dopt=Abstract
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Systemic allergic reaction and diarrhoea after pineapple ingestion. Author(s): Kabir I, Speelman P, Islam A. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1993; 45(2): 77-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8511816&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PINEAPPLE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and pineapple.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Pineapple The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “pineapple” (or a synonym): •
Analysis of sterols: a novel approach for detecting juices of pineapple, passionfruit, orange and grapefruit in compounded beverages. Source: Ng, L.K. Hupe, M. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. April 1998. volume 76 (4) page 617-627. 0022-5142
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Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Tropical Agriculture, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Source: Taussig, S J Batkin, S J-Ethnopharmacol. 1988 Feb-March; 22(2): 191-203 03788741
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Comparison of static and step-pulsed ultra-high pressure on the microbial stability of fresh cut pineapple. Source: Aleman, G.D. Ting, E.Y. Farkas, D.F. Mordre, S.C. Hawes, A.C.O. Torres, J.A. Jsci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. March 1998. volume 76 (3) page 383388. 0022-5142
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Deacetylated chitin used as adsorbent in production of clarified pineapple syrup. Source: Noomhorm, A. Kupongsak, S. Chandrkrachang, S. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. February 1998. volume 76 (2) page 226-232. 0022-5142
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Detection of pineapple bacilliform virus using the polymerase chain reaction. Source: Thomson, K.G. Dietzgen, R.G. Thomas, J.E. Teakle, D.S. Ann-appl-biol. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists. August 1996. volume 129 (1) page 57-69. 0003-4746
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Dietary fibre in pineapple fruit. Author(s): Instituto del Frio, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain. Source: Bartolome, A P Ruperez, P Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1995 October; 49 Suppl 3S261-3 0954-3007
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Effect of plant extracts and systemic fungicide on the pineapple fruit-rotting fungus, Ceratocystis paradoxa. Author(s): Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal, India. Source: Damayanti, M Susheela, K Sharma, G J Cytobios. 1996; 86(346): 155-65 0011-4529
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Effect of processing and storage on the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content of some pineapple varieties grown in the Rivers State of Nigeria. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Source: Achinewhu, S C Hart, A D Plant-Foods-Hum-Nutr. 1994 December; 46(4): 335-7 0921-9668
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Ferulic acid is esterified to glucuronoarabinoxylans in pineapple cell walls. Author(s): School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. Source: Smith, B G Harris, P J Phytochemistry. 2001 March; 56(5): 513-9 0031-9422
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Neutral detergent fibre and pectic substances in pineapple and its derivates: juices and nectars. Author(s): Dpto. Bromatologia y Tecnicas Analiticas Farmaceuticas, Fac. Farmacia, UCM Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain. Source: Camara Hurtado, M Diez Marques, C Torija Isasa, E Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1995 October; 49 Suppl 3S277-80 0954-3007
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Non-volatile organic acids, pH and titratable acidity changes in pineapple fruit slices during frozen storage. Source: Bartolome, A.P. Ruperez, P. Fuster, C. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. April 1996. volume 70 (4) page 475-480. 0022-5142
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Pineapple shell as a source of dietary fiber with associated polyphenols. Source: Larrauri, J.A. Ruperez, P. Saura Calixto, F. J-agric-food-chem. Washington, D.C. : American Chemical Society. October 1997. volume 45 (10) page 4028-4031. 0021-8561
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Protective effect of cysteine-HCl on vitamin C in dehydrated pickled/candied pineapples and guava. Source: Mohamed, S. Kyi, K.M.M. Sharif, Z.M. J-sci-food-agric. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Limited. 1993. volume 61 (1) page 133-136. 0022-5142
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The peroxisomal dienoyl-CoA reductase pathway in pineapple fruit. Source: Berger, R.G. Dettweiler, G.R. Kollmannsberger, H. Drawert, F. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1990. volume 29 (7) page 2069-2073. 0031-9422
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Vermifuge property of the semipurified glycosides from the leaves of pineapple (Ananas comosus, Linn., Family Bromeliaceae). Author(s): Centro Escolar Univ., Manila (Philippines). Graduate School Source: Licsi, M.L.G. Graduate-and-Faculty-Studies (Philippines). (1995). volume 39 page 7-8. Issued October 1998.
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to pineapple; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
Vitamins Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
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Minerals Bromelain/Quercetin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,941,00.html Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Food and Diet Cherimoya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,242,00.html Cottage Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition
Cream Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fruit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mangoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,56,00.html Monstera Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,256,00.html Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html Papaya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,60,00.html Pineapple Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pineapple Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,64,00.html Plums Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Star Fruit (Carambola) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,238,00.html Sugar Alcohols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tropical Fruit Smoothie Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PINEAPPLE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to pineapple. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to pineapple and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to pineapple: •
Antibody binding to venom carbohydrates is a frequent cause for double positivity to honeybee and yellow jacket venom in patients with stinging-insect allergy. Author(s): Hemmer W, Focke M, Kolarich D, Wilson IB, Altmann F, Wohrl S, Gotz M, Jarisch R. Source: The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2001 December; 108(6): 104552. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11742287&dopt=Abstract
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Antimetastatic effect of bromelain with or without its proteolytic and anticoagulant activity. Author(s): Batkin S, Taussig SJ, Szekerezes J. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1988; 114(5): 507-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3182910&dopt=Abstract
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Antimutagenic effect of fruit and vegetable ethanolic extracts against N-nitrosamines evaluated by the Ames test. Author(s): Ikken Y, Morales P, Martinez A, Marin ML, Haza AI, Cambero MI. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 August; 47(8): 3257-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552641&dopt=Abstract
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Asean. Author(s): United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs. Office of Public Communication. Source: Department of State Publication. Background Notes Series. 1992 March; : 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12178041&dopt=Abstract
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Bromelain reversibly inhibits invasive properties of glioma cells. Author(s): Tysnes BB, Maurer HR, Porwol T, Probst B, Bjerkvig R, Hoover F. Source: Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.). 2001 November-December; 3(6): 469-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774029&dopt=Abstract
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Bromelain, the enzyme complex of pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An update. Author(s): Taussig SJ, Batkin S. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988 February-March; 22(2): 191-203. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3287010&dopt=Abstract
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Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Author(s): Maurer HR. Source: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : Cmls. 2001 August; 58(9): 1234-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11577981&dopt=Abstract
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Diet intake patterns of non-Bengali Muslim mothers during pregnancy and lactation. Author(s): Chaudhuri RN, Ghosh BN, Chatterjee BN. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1989 April-June; 33(2): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2641755&dopt=Abstract
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Effect on cell surface hydrophobicity and susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to medicinal plant extracts. Author(s): Annuk H, Hirmo S, Turi E, Mikelsaar M, Arak E, Wadstrom T. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1999 March 1; 172(1): 41-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10079525&dopt=Abstract
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Homology of functionally diverse proteins. Author(s): Strydom DJ.
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Source: Journal of Molecular Evolution. 1977 August 5; 9(4): 349-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=894736&dopt=Abstract •
Inhibition of tumour growth in vitro by bromelain, an extract of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). Author(s): Taussig SJ, Szekerczes J, Batkin S. Source: Planta Medica. 1985 December; (6): 538-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4095199&dopt=Abstract
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Inhibitory activity of cranberry juice on adherence of type 1 and type P fimbriated Escherichia coli to eucaryotic cells. Author(s): Zafriri D, Ofek I, Adar R, Pocino M, Sharon N. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1989 January; 33(1): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2653218&dopt=Abstract
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Letter: Dissolution of phytobezoar using pineapple juice. Author(s): Feffer JL, Norton RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 October 4; 236(14): 1578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=989128&dopt=Abstract
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Neonatal tetanus in Maputo, Mozambique. Part I. Hospital incidence and childbirth practices. Author(s): Cliff J. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1985 January; 31(1): 9-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3872719&dopt=Abstract
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On the pharmacology of bromelain: an update with special regard to animal studies on dose-dependent effects. Author(s): Lotz-Winter H. Source: Planta Medica. 1990 June; 56(3): 249-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2203073&dopt=Abstract
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Palliation in cancer of the oesophagus - what passes down an oesophageal stent? Author(s): Holdoway A, Davis M. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2003 October; 16(5): 369-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14516390&dopt=Abstract
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to pineapple; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 19
Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Herbs and Supplements Amoxicillin Alternative names: Amoxil, Trimox, Wymox Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ananas Comosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bromelain Alternative names: Ananas comosus, Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Bromelainum Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Digestive Enzymes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10051,00.html
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Foeniculum Alternative names: Fennel; Foeniculum vulgare Mill Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ocimum Alternative names: Basil, Albahaca; Ocimum basilicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Proteolytic Enzymes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Turmeric Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10062,00.html
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PINEAPPLE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to pineapple. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “pineapple” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on pineapple, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Pineapple ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to pineapple. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
Mass Production of Anagyrus Ananatis Gahan (Hymenoptera: encyrtidae) for the Augmentative Biological Control of Pink Pineapple Mealybug Dysmicoccus Brevipes (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) by Pandey, Raju Raj; PhD from University of Hawaii, 2002, 263 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070720
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Pineapple Juice: Phenolic Composition and Enzymatic Browning Inhibition by Wen, Ling; PhD from Oregon State University, 2002, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3044357
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Pineapple Mealybug Wilt-Associated Viruses: Vectors, Impacts, and Dynamics by Sether, Diane M.; PhD from University of Hawaii, 2002, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045442
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Tax Burden on Rubber, Coconut and Pineapple Smallholders in Johore, Malaysia by Bin Hussein, Mohammed Ariff, PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 1977, 230 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7803308
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PINEAPPLE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “pineapple” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on pineapple, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Pineapple By performing a patent search focusing on pineapple, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on pineapple: •
ACC synthase genes from pineapple, papaya and mango Inventor(s): Botella; Jose Ramon (Kenmore, AU) Assignee(s): The University of Queensland (Queensland, AU) Patent Number: 6,124,525 Date filed: March 20, 1998 Abstract: New ACC synthase genes from pineapple, papaya and mango are disclosed which have utility as targets for the generation of transgenic plants in which the expression of ACC synthase is substantially controlled to effect the regulation of plant development, and in particular, fruit ripening. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to ACC synthase and, in particular, novel nucleotide sequences encoding ACC synthase enzymes derived from pineapple, papaya and mango. Ethylene is a well-established plant hormone. It plays an important role in virtually every phase of plant development including seed germination, fruit ripening, leaf and flower senescence, and abscission. The production of ethylene may also be induced by external factors such as mechanical wounding, anaerobiosis, auxin treatment, ultraviolet light, temperature extremes, water stress, and ions such as cadmium, and lithium ions (Abeles, F. B., 1973, Ethylene in Plant Biology, 197-219, Academic Press, London; Yang & Hoffman, 1984, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 35, 155189). The pathway for ethylene biosynthesis has been established, the first step of which involves the formation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) by S-adenosyl-Lmethionine synthetase. AdoMet is subsequently converted by S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthio-adenosine-lyase (ACC synthase; EC 4.4.1.14) to the nonprotein amino acid 1aminocyclopropane-1 carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene in higher plants (Adams & Yang, 1979, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76, 170-174). Physiological analysis has suggested that this is the key regulatory step in the pathway, (Kende, 1989, Plant Physiol., 91, 1-4). Thus, the rate of endogenous expression of ACC synthase is considered to limit substantially the rate of ethylene production. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06124525__
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Apparatus for peeling pineapples Inventor(s): Ross; Edward E. (San Rafael, CA), Strasser; Jurgen H. (Lafayette, CA) Assignee(s): Del Monte Corporation (San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 4,606,263 Date filed: June 7, 1985 Abstract: Apparatus for removing the peel from a pineapple comprises a cylindrical body provided with a toothed cutting edge designed to cut through a pineapple and fixed guide means telescopically positioned within the cylindrical body and adapted to direct the toothed cutting edge of the cylindrical body towards a pineapple that is placed on a cutting pad positioned in opposing relationship to the toothed cutting edge. The apparatus is optionally provided with a core tube slidably disposed in a passageway extending through the guide means and designed to cut through the central core of a pineapple placed on the cutting pad. The apparatus is also provided with
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means for simultaneously or separately moving the cylindrical body and the core tube towards the pineapple and the cutting pad. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to apparatus for peeling and coring fresh pineapples. The universal appeal of fresh fruits is readily confirmed by the large consumer demand that exists for such products. The most popular fruits are those which can be prepared for consumption with little effort on the part of the consumer. The popularity of pineapples in the fresh fruit market has been somewhat limited, therefore, due to the difficulties consumers have in removing the thick, hard shells from pineapples and separating the edible flesh from the cores of the pineapples. Devices for peeling and/or coring pineapples and intended for use by the consumer have been described in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,540,503 and 4,490,912 describe hand-held devices for peeling and coring pineapples. Somewhat more elaborate apparatus for performing this task is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,441,413. The devices disclosed in these patents, however, are not entirely satisfactory for various reasons relating to operational aspects thereof. The operational aspects are particularly important because such devices are generally employed by inexperienced users. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04606263__ •
Cola beverages comprising tastand additives from Saccharum officinarum leaves Inventor(s): Javes; Michael F. (Merton, WI), Kinlin; William J. (Middletown, NJ), Miller; Kevin P. (Middletown, NJ), Muralidhara; Ranya (Fair Haven, NJ), Pittet; Alan Owen (Colts Neck, NJ), Ramirez; Carlos (Iselin, NJ), Schulman; Marvin (Howell, NJ) Assignee(s): International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 6,245,376 Date filed: November 17, 1999 Abstract: Described are processes for removing the bitter aftertaste and enhancing the sweetness of a cola beverage having dissolved therein a sweetening quantity and concentration of aspartame, which causes a bitter aftertaste on subsequent ingestion of the cola beverage. The process consists of adding to the beverage from about 1 up to about 20 ppb of damascenone and at least one of the alcohols:cis-3-hexenol;1-octen-3-ol; or.beta.-phenylethyl alcohol.In the alternative, the process consists of adding to the cola beverage from about 1 up to about 20 ppb of.beta.-homocyclocitral and at least one of the oxo compounds, cis-3-hexenol, acetophenone, or the pineapple compound. In the alternative, the process consists of adding to the cola beverage from about 1 up to about 20 ppb of a mixture of cis-3-hexenol and the pineapple compound. Excerpt(s): whereby a natural tastand or food additive is separated and isolated from the remainder of said plurality of Saccharum officinarum leaves, macerates thereof or mixtures of leaves and macerates thereof. The physical separation unit operations include but are not limited to steam distillation; high pressure extraction, for example, using one or more screw presses; pervaporation; extraction using an extraction column such as a charcoal extraction column; standard fractional distillation, batch or continuous; high pressure, volatile solvent extraction; and super critical carbon dioxide extraction. Foodstuffs, chewing gums and beverages, which are sweetened with sweeteners other than natural sugars or which contain sodium chloride replacers, for example foodstuffs, chewing gums and beverages which contain potassium chloride and/or L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester have been made the subject of intensive research efforts whereby the bitter or metallic taste of the eatable is covered or
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"improved." Thus, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,788 assigned to Bioresearch, Incorporated discloses a composition comprising (a) an eatable having a bitter and/or metallic taste and (b) at least one tastand selected from L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine, Laspartyl-L-tyrosine and their salts in a substantially tasteless amount of 0.0000001-300 weight percent based on the weight of the eatable. U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,788 indicates that the eatable is bitter tasting potassium chloride, an amino acid, a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein or N-1-.alpha.-aspartyl-1-phenylalanine ethyl ester. It is further indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,788 that the eatable is any ingested material taken by humans, animals and the like and may be a foodstuff, non-calorie food component (e.g., flavoring or medicine including bitter chocolate or a drug such as ibuprofen). The tastand is indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,788 to be incorporated in or ingested with an eatable and can prevent bitter components from interacting with the mammalian taste receptor. Use of the tastand is indicated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,788 to allow reformulation for lowcalorie or low-sodium foods. From a reading of such documents as U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,788, it has become apparent that there exists a need to provide improvement of bitter or metallic taste of such eatables containing such materials as potassium chloride and L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester using natural substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06245376__ •
Composition for the treatment of diarrhea, its use and its preparation Inventor(s): Abu-Shaaban; Medhat (8529 Huntspring Dr., Lutherville, MD 21093) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,576,001 Date filed: February 22, 1995 Abstract: A composition for treating diarrhea comprises carrots, rice, bananas and glucose in powdered form, the carrots and rice having been cooked and dried prior to being ground to a powder. The composition may also contain one or more of powdered pineapple, apples, soybeans and maltodextrin. An effective amount of the composition is administered to a patient, such as an infant, to treat and alleviate diarrhea. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition for treating diarrhea, as well as to the use and to the preparation of said composition. Diarrhea is a widespread and recurring ailment that attacks adults, children, infants and warm-blooded animals throughout the world. It has been estimated that in the United States, 16.5 million children under the age of five years experience 21-37 million episodes of diarrhea each year, 10% of said episodes leading to a physician's visit. Over 200 thousand of the children are hospitalized and 325 to 425 of the children die, most of them infants under one year of age. On a worldwide basis, next to respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of death among children under five years of age. Thus, it is evident that control of this condition deserves the attention of the medical and veterinary communities and is in need of an effective, low-cost, easily administrable therapeutic agent. The proper relationship of nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, and water through the intestines depends on an appropriate balance of absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes by the intestinal epithelium. However, there are many forces that interfere with the normal functioning of the body, leading to diarrhea. These forces may involve infections, chemicals or radiation, for example, and may reflect the condition of the immune system, such as in HIV syndrome. The function of the anti-diarrheal agent generally is not to attack the cause of the condition, but to relieve the symptoms and discomfort associated with said condition. The organisms responsible for diarrhea
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include those that cause amebiasis, cholera, infectious colitis, and bacteremia (particularly from Salmonella), in addition to the specific organisms, enterotoxigenic and invasive Escherichia coli, Giardia lamblia, Isospora belli, Shigella, Strongyloides stercoralis, and essentially all organisms for which there is effective antimicrobial therapy causing diarrhea in immuno-compromised hosts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05576001__ •
Cysteine proteinases, production and use Inventor(s): Buttle; David J. (5 Hobart Road, Cambridge, CB1 3PU, GB2), Rowan; Andrew D. (69 Roseford Road, Cambridge, CB4 2HA, GB2) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,106,621 Date filed: November 30, 1990 Abstract: A cysteine proteinase characterized in that it is immunologically distinct, has a molecular mass of about 25,000 and has a distinct net charge is disclosed. "Ananain" and "comosain" are such enzymes, which may be distinguished by their specificities for certain synthetic substrates.A process for the production thereof is also disclosed which comprises separation from pineapple plant material and purification. Such enzymes may be used in the debridement of eschar tissues. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to cysteine proteinases, to the production and use thereof; more particularly, it relates to two such enzymes, termed "ananain" and "comosain" herein, to the production thereof involving separation and purification in particular from pineapple stem extract, and to the use thereof in the debridement of eschar tissue of wounds. Various cysteine proteinases are to be found in the latex and juice of several tropical plants; papain (EC 3.4.22.2) from Carica papaya latex being a well known example. Another cysteine proteinase is to be found in the leaves and stems of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus) and is referred to as stem bromelain (EC 3.4.22.4). Proteolytic enzymes have a wide variety of applications and one area which has attracted considerable attention is the use thereof in the early debridement (digestion and separation) of eschar tissues, such as in burn wounds, decubitus ulcers, pressure necroses and bed sores. The devitalised tissue in burns and sores for example, provides an excellent culture medium for opportunistic pathogens leading to a high frequency of septicemia and eventual death in the majority of severely burned patients. In an attempt to effect early debridement, various agents have been employed, such as pyruvic acid, tannic acid, salicylic acid, streptokinase, trypsin and papain. However, such attempts have been unsuccessful due to unacceptable toxicity or low activity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05106621__
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Detergent composition Inventor(s): Uyama; Shizuo (19-12, Shinonome 1-chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-0022, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,653,272 Date filed: November 7, 2001
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Abstract: A detergent composition that contains inorganic powder and a soap such as a soda soap, wherein the inorganic powder is zeolite powder, calcium carbonate powder, silica powder, ceramic powder, alga fossil powder, seashell powder or the like, and pineapple enzymes are fixed thereto by adding pineapple juice thereto and fermenting. This detergent composition does not cause water pollution like synthetic detergents do, thus enabling water pollution caused by wastewater from cleaning to be prevented. Moreover, due to the positive water-cleaning action of the pineapple enzymes, the detergent composition cleans the insides of drainage pipes, purifier tanks and the like, thus improving the functions thereof. Water pollution can thus be ameliorated. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a detergent composition, and more particularly to a detergent composition that can be used, for example, in cleaning tableware, cooking appliances, sinks and the like in household kitchens, and cleaning tableware, food processing appliances, kitchen equipment and the like at food processing sites. Water pollution greatly affects human health. Sources of water pollution include domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater and agricultural wastewater, and things that cause water pollution include microorganisms, chemical substances, industrial and other waste, and foreign matter in sewage water. Of these things that cause water pollution, petroleum-based synthetic detergents used for cleaning tableware, cooking appliances, sinks and the like in households and at food processing sites and the like have good cleaning power, but unlike soaps, are not readily biodegraded into harmless substances by microorganisms, and thus persist in water. Moreover, unlike industrial wastewater that is generated from localized sources, wastewater from cleaning that contains such synthetic detergents is discharged from the kitchens and the like of all households, and hence the source of this wastewater extends over a broad range, and thus even though such wastewater from cleaning is a large cause of water pollution, treating this wastewater efficiently is extremely difficult. In recent years, with a view to reducing the use of synthetic detergents that cause water pollution, soaps have thus been looked at anew. However, soaps are inescapably inferior to synthetic detergents in terms of cleaning power, and hence the current situation is that soaps are only used a very little compared with synthetic detergents, and thus water pollution caused by synthetic detergents is not really improving but rather continues to worsen. In view of the current water pollution situation as described A above, an object of the present invention is thus to provide a detergent composition that does not cause water pollution like synthetic detergents do, thus enabling water pollution caused by wastewater from cleaning to be prevented, and moreover has a positive water-cleaning action, thus cleaning the insides of drainage pipes, purifier tanks and the like and improving the functions thereof, and enabling water pollution to be ameliorated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653272__ •
Dietary supplement Inventor(s): Garzone; Rafaele (Bari, IT), Policappelli; Nini E. (361 N. Robertson Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048), Russo; Claudio (Bari, IT) Assignee(s): Policappelli; Nini E. (Los Angeles, CA) Patent Number: 5,612,039 Date filed: April 21, 1995 Abstract: A composition for dietary supplementation includes the following three compositions: The first composition is Germander (Teucrium Chamaedrys Herba),
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Camelia Tea (Camelia Thea Folia), and Spirulina (Spirulina Maxima); the second composition is Garcinia Gambogia, dry extract (Garcinia Cambogia Fructuse), Brown Algae, dry extract (Fucus Vesicolosus), and Germander (Teucrium Chamaedrys Herba); the third composition is Garcinia Gambogia, dry extract (Garcinia Cambogia Fructuse), Brown Algae, dry extract (Fucus Vesicolosus), and Orthosiphon, dry extract (Orthosiphon Stamineus Folia), respectively. Additionally, there is a fourth composition including Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris Fructus), Garcinia Cambogia, dry extract (Garcinia Cambogia Fructus), Pineapple, dry extract (Ananas Sativus Stipites), Gymnema Sylvestre, dry extract (Gymnema Sylvestre Folia), and Chromium Dinicotinate (Chromium). Excerpt(s): Today, obesity is one of the most prevalent problems associated with nutrition. In the United States, 20-30% of adults suffer from obesity. Although there are many factors which attribute to the problem, it is characterized by the deposit of fat cells and influenced by caloric intake, metabolism and genetic predisposition. This invention is directed to a chemical composition being a dietary supplement. The invention is also described as method of weight loss using this supplement. The invention is particularly concerned with reducing the build-up of body fat of any living being. In particular, the invention is concerned with treating individuals with "normal" obesity, rather than obesity associated with medical problems of the endocrine or neuroendocrine system. Such individuals require medical assistance to control the condition of obesity. In normal obesity, weight can be reduced by reduction of caloric intake and the increased energetic consumption. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05612039__ •
Flavor and fragrance compositions produced using process for quantitatively and qualitatively substantially continuously analyzing the aroma emitted from a living fruit Inventor(s): Mookherjee; Braja D. (Holmdel, NJ), Patel; Subha M. (Bridgewater, NJ), Trenkle; Robert W. (Brielle, NJ), Wilson; Richard A. (Westfield, NJ), Zampino; Michael J. (Roselle Park, NJ) Assignee(s): International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,321,005 Date filed: August 19, 1993 Abstract: A process for producing flavor and fragrance compositions by means of first quantitatively and qualitatively substantially continuously analyzing the aroma emitted and rates of emission of the components thereof:(I) from within; and(II) from the outer surface ofa living fruit using simultaneously-operating aroma trapping devices connected to (a) the outer surface of the living fruit and (b) an internal portion of the living fruit, and then providing and admixing at least the major components found in the analysis or analyses. The living fruit may, for example, be a living pineapple or a living nectarine growing on a nectarine tree. Excerpt(s): Our invention concerns a process for producing flavor and fragrance compositions by means of quantitatively and qualitatively substantially continuously analyzing the aroma emitted and rates of emission of the components thereof from within and from the outer surface of a living fruit simultaneously and then providing and admixing at least the major components found in the resulting analysis or analyses. Uses of aromas evolved from living fruits are highly sought after in the perfumery and
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flavor arts. Great difficulty has been experienced in attempting to capture and reproduce actual aroma ingredients of the living fruit. U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,805 issued on Aug. 11, 1992 describes an air-tight flexible transparent container containing at least one living flower immersed in an aqueous suspension. Described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,805 is an article useful (i) for display purposes; and/or (ii) for analysis of the head space in the container above the living flower when the container is fitted with a tube effecting communication of the internal 3-space (internal volume) of the container with outside analytical means and/or (iii) for aromatizing the environment surrounding the container when the container is fitted with a wick effecting communication of the internal 3-space (internal volume) of the container with the environment surrounding the container. However, U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,805 does not teach or infer a technique for producing flavor and/or fragrance compositions by means of quantitatively and qualitatively substantially continuouosly analyzing the aroma emitted and rates of emission of the components thereof from within and the from the outer surface of a living fruit simultaneously and then providing and admixing at least the major components found in the resulting analysis or analyses. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05321005__ •
Fruit and nut-containing confectionary candy and method of preparation Inventor(s): Nakayama; Raymond M. (120 Opihikao Way, Honolulu, HI 96825) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,364,653 Date filed: December 3, 1992 Abstract: A confectionary candy product is formed by first preparing by squeezing a fruit to form a fruit concentrate of 40 to 60 weight percent of solids either directly or by freeze-drying and reconstituting with water to that solids content. The fruit preferably is passion fruit, guava, mango, pineapple or papaya. The fruit concentrate in the amount of from 5 to 30 weight percent is mixed with from 50 to 90 weight percent of a sweetflavored or fruit-flavored compound coating to form a base mixture to which from preferably 15 to 25 weight percent of chopped or small whole nuts are admixed. The resultant final mixture is formed into predetermined volumetric shapes by hand or in a mold, chilled to set the final product, removed from the chiller and the final product then packaged. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a fruit and nut-containing confectionary candy edible product More particularly the invention is directed to a moldable candy product including a natural, preferably exotic fruit juice concentrate, chopped nuts and compound coating. With the continuing trend in food products incorporating natural food components, the present objective is to produce a confectionary candy which contains a combination of natural fruits and nuts which is nutritional and beneficial. Various candy products have been formulated in the past using sugar and nuts; ground compressed fruit and nuts; fruit-containing chocolate products; and fruit centers in a caramel/nut layer encapsulated by an exterior chocolate-flavored compound coating. These are exemplified, respectively, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,085 in which chopped nuts are added to a sugar-saturated syrup, with and without cocoa powder, starch, gum enzyme, vitamin C, fruit juice concentrate, honey, molasses or combination thereof and the mix crystallized and dried; U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,995 where compressed fruit and nuts are mixed, ground, extruded and compressed into an edible product; U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,042 where emulsified melted chocolate is homogenized with an extra sugar containing fruit
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concentrate and a lyophilic additive, and filled into molds and used for coating a corpora such as whole strawberries, banana sections, cherries, raisins and even ants; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,187 where a fruit center is contained within a caramel/nut coating and an outer coating of chocolate-flavored compound coating is provided. "Compound coating" as used in the prior art and in this specification is a chocolate substitute using 45-55% high grade sugar with either hydrogenated or fractionated palm kernel oil, a lauric fat base, and 15-25% milk solids with appropriate emulsifiers, flavoring and food colorants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05364653__ •
Fruit drink with vitamins Inventor(s): Langer; David W. (9227 E. Florence Ave., #8, Downey, CA 90240), Langer; Nathan (9933 Pangborn Ave., Downey, CA 90240) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,737,367 Date filed: July 26, 1985 Abstract: An improved, tasty fruit flavored beverage containing all or a substantial portion of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins. The beverage is predominantly a mixture of about 10% to 60% (by volume) orange juice and about 20% to 70% (by volume) pineapple juice. Apple, grape and pear juices and apricot, peach, nectarine and banana purees may be added to develop a more flavorful taste. Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to the field of fruit flavored drinks such as fruit juices and, particularly, to such beverages having high concentrations of vitamins. With an increased awareness of the need for vitamins, many people take vitamin supplements in the form of tablets, capsules, elixirs and the like. However, for the very young and the elderly and those who have strong gag reflexes, the taking of the Recommended Daily Allowance of vitamins in such forms is frequently not very acceptable. For many years fruit juices and other fruit flavored drinks have been fortified with vitamins. However, in these cases the number of vitamins and the concentrations thereof have been very limited because of the rather severe effects such vitamin additions have on the taste and palatability of such additions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04737367__
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Genetically transformed pineapple plants and methods for their production Inventor(s): Firoozabady; Ebrahim (Pleasant Hill, CA), Gutterson; Neal (Oakland, CA) Assignee(s): DNA Plant Technology Corporation (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 5,952,543 Date filed: February 24, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to methods for the genetic transformation of pineapple plant tissue with Agrobacterium. The present invention also provides for the regeneration of intact pineapple plants from the transformed tissue. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to methods for genetically transforming pineapple plants. The present invention also relates to transformed plants.
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More particularly, the invention relates to a method for genetically transforming and regenerating pineapple plants. Pineapple (Ananas spp.) is an important food crop. Many varieties of pineapple are used for human consumption, including Smooth Cayenne, Red Spanish, Perolera, Pernambuco, Primavera. The most important variety for use in production of canned pineapple, other processed pineapple products, and fresh pineapple is Smooth Cayenne. Within many varieties there are a large number of clones which have been established in different geographical areas, and which are adapted to production in those locations. Amongst the Smooth Cayenne clones are the Champaka clones which have been used extensively for production of canned and fresh pineapple. Pineapple is self-incompatible with long periods between successive fruit generations. Consequently, conventional breeding to improve fruit quality has been difficult. Indeed, breeding as a means to develop varieties of pineapple has been generally unsuccessful. There are, however, many traits that would be of interest to introduce into specific pineapple varieties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05952543__ •
Method for evenly dyeing yarn cheeses Inventor(s): Ono; Kazuhiko (Kobe, JP) Assignee(s): Osaka Bobbin Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,784,735 Date filed: December 16, 1996 Abstract: A method for evenly dyeing yarn cheeses comprising: enveloping the cheeses, which have a generally cylindrical outer configuration, e.g. a cylindrical, truncated conical, pineapple cone form or the like, in a perforated heat-shrinkable film of a synthetic resin; applying heat to the film to shrink and adapt it to the outer configuration of the cheeses, thus wrapping up the cheeses in the film; charging the wrapped cheeses onto spindles in a dyeing machine; and flowing a dye liquor through the wrapped cheeses from inside the spindles to the outer yarn layer sides of the cheeses, and vice versa, alternatingly, thereby evenly dyeing the cheese. Preferably, the film is fashioned into a generally cylindrical body having a marginal extension projecting longitudinally through a joint line thereof, wherein the body is hot-melt sealed to form the joint line. The film can be readily removed from the cheeses by tearing along the joint line, when the extension is pulled. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a cheese dyeing method having improved evenness of dyeing, wherein yarns are wound up on bobbins for use in dyeing to form yarn packages in a cheese form called yarn cheeses, which are, in turn, dyed. Further, in cases where the yarn cheeses have difficulty retaining their shapes, depending upon the kind of yarns, due to the sinking displacement of the outer yarn layers when mounted on spindles during dyeing, an approach of covering the yarn cheeses with a net was sometimes taken lest a worker be troubled with conveying and handling them, wherein the net was placed between the bobbin and yarns to be wound and then covered the wound yarn layers by the turning up thereof. However, there were various problems with the former methods. The method of sticking the trailing end in the outer yarn layers not only required extra work, as such, it was likely to cause the yarn end portions to loosen out of the outer yarn layers during dyeing, as a result of which, the yarn end portions unwound and floated into the dye liquor and became entangled. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05784735__
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Method for processing pineapples Inventor(s): Bingham; David W. (Brighton, AU) Assignee(s): Pitters Pty. Ltd. (AU) Patent Number: 4,985,268 Date filed: December 7, 1989 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of and apparatus for processing pineapples. Pineapples are processed by initially slicing the pineapples into discs, grading the discs according to diameter, and then de-skinning and coring the discs. This process provides a more efficient arrangement since less usable fruit is lost during de-skinning. The apparatus includes a device for removing the ends of the pineapple, a grading device for grading discs according to diameter and a de-skinning and coring machine for treating the graded discs. The machine may include a series of circular cutters which may be rotatable and are operable to remove the skins of the discs while the discs are passed through the machine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the processing of pineapple and particularly the process whereby the skin of the fruit is removed from the body of flesh. In more general terms, the invention is concerned with the preparation of pineapple for canning or other purposes. Machinery has been developed to prepare pineapple by automatically removing the skin and the core to leave a cylindrical body of fruit flesh with a cylindrical bore through its centre. That machinery operates by first using a relatively large diameter tubular knife to remove the skin from the side of the fruit, the ends of the fruit are then removed by appropriate means to produce a square ended cylinder, after which the hard core of the fruit is removed by use of a smaller tubular knife. Those prior art processing steps are shown diagrammatically by FIGS. 1 to 4 of the attached drawings. An object of the present invention is to provide a method of processing which maximizes the amount of recoverable fruit. It is a further object of the invention to provide apparatus for carrying out that method. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04985268__
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Method for propagating and growing plants of the bromeliaceae family, and plants obtained in this way Inventor(s): Chaintron; Jean-Marc (Orgerus, FR) Assignee(s): Societe de Creation et d'Obtention Vegetale et de Recherche (Garancieres, FR) Patent Number: 4,934,095 Date filed: August 31, 1988 Abstract: In a method of propagating and growing plants of the bromeliaceae family, in particular of the genus pineapple, to obtain ornamental pot plants, the plant is caused to grow in the usual way until a floral stalk carrying a fruit is formed and this floral stalk is cut and rooted in a pot filled with soil. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a method for propagating and growing plants of the bromeliaceae family, especially of the genus pineapple, and plants obtained in this way. Plants of this family comprise numerous genuses, subdivided into multiple varieties, which are cultivated for their fruit and/or their flowers, for consumption and/or decoration. Plants of the genus pineapple are cultivated principally for their fruit for
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consumption, but some varieties, the fruits of which are of little interest from the consumption point of view, are cultivated as ornamental plants or to provide cut flowers to be kept in vases filled with water. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04934095__ •
Method for treating pineapple to inhibit browning Inventor(s): Obrero; Faustino P. (Manila, PH), Schnitzler; Wilfred H. (Manila, PH) Assignee(s): Del Monte Corporation (San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 4,857,344 Date filed: December 31, 1986 Abstract: Freshly harvested pineapple intended for sale in the fresh fruit market is treated with effective amounts of a nonionic or anionic surfactant-containing solution to inhibit internal browning. The fresh condition of the fruit is maintained for an increased period of time and the shelf life of the fruit is extended. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for extending the shelf life of freshly harvested fruit by treating the fruit to inhibit internal browning. The invention also pertains to fruit treated according to the inventive method. In recent years, the fresh produce market has expanded as health-conscious consumers have demanded greater varieties and amounts of high quality fresh fruits and vegetables. Consequently, considerable efforts have been expended to ensure that losses due to spoilage or deterioration in quality of the produce are curtailed, so that consumers may enjoy the highest quality produce at the lowest possible price. In particular, efforts have been directed at inhibiting the dark and unappealing color change known as "browning" which many fruits and vegetables suffer after being cut, scratched, or otherwise subjected to surface wounds during harvesting, packaging, or shipment. Browning, which is thought to result from the enzymatic oxidation of certain phenolic compounds present in the plant tissue, also occurs internally in uncut pineapple fruits. Internal browning is especially pronounced in fruit that has undergone cold storage during shipment. Because browning ruins the fresh quality of the harvested fruit over time, the marketable shelf life of the fruit is significantly decreased. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04857344__
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Method for treating pineapple to prevent pineapple fruit diseases Inventor(s): Obrero; Faustino P. (Manila, PH), Schnitzler; Wilfred (Manila, PH) Assignee(s): Nabisco Brands, Inc. (Parsippany, NJ) Patent Number: 4,771,571 Date filed: December 31, 1986 Abstract: Ripening pineapple fruit in the field is treated with effective amounts of an aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant to inhibit infection of the pineapple fruit by disease-causing microorganisms. Microbial spoilage is reduced, and thus the quality of pineapple fruit for the fresh market is improved. Additionally, disease blemishes in pineapple fruits for canning are reduced, resulting in increased pineapple solids recovery.
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Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for treating ripening pineapple fruit in the field to inhibit infection by disease-causing microrganisms. Ripening pineapple fruit is susceptible to infection by a variety of disease-causing microorganisms. Such diseases tend to develop and damage the fruit during fruit maturation starting from 20 days before the fruits are harvested until they reach the consumer as fresh fruit or are processed in the cannery as canned pineapple. Thus, the internal quality of fresh fruit is reduced and fruit solid recovery in the cannery may be significantly decreased due to attack by such microorganisms as Acetomonas sp., and Erwinia herbicola, which are believed to cause pineapple pink disease. Other deteriorating pineapple diseases resulting from microbial action include marbling, which is believed to be caused by species of Acetobacter. and fruitlet-core rot (black spot), which is is believed to be caused by a complex of microorganisms such as Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp., bacteria, and yeasts. It is known in the art that the deterioration of fruit by microbial action, e.g. fungus or bacterial growth, can be inhibited by subjecting the fruit after harvesting to an atmosphere having a low oxygen and high carbon dioxide content. See, A. A. Kader, M. A. El-Govrani, and N. F. Sommer, Effect of CO+ Elevated CO.sub.2 and/or Reduced O.sub.2 Levels on Postharvest Behavior and Quality of Peaches, Vol. 14(3) Hort Science (1979), p. 471. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04771571__ •
Method for treating pineapples Inventor(s): Liu; Yuan K. (Concord, CA) Assignee(s): Del Monte Corporation (San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 4,614,659 Date filed: April 1, 1985 Abstract: The crowns of mature pineapples ready for harvest are treated with an aqueous medium containing sufficient amounts of a gibberellin to retard withering and senescense of the crowns. The medium is preferably applied to the crowns soon after the pineapples have been harvested. The pineapples treated in accordance with this invention retain a freshly harvested appearance for an extended period of time and make them ideally suited for sale in the fresh fruit market. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the treatment of pineapples which are intended for sale as fresh produce in the fresh fruit market. The appeal of fresh fruits and vegetables to consumers is universal and forms the basis for a huge fresh produce market. Since most fruits and vegetables are highly perishable, the production and marketing of fresh produce results in substantial losses due to spoilage or deterioration in quality. Very considerable efforts have been directed to reducing these losses so that consumers may enjoy the highest quality produce at the lowest possible price. These efforts have given rise to a number of techniques which involve treatment not only of the harvested produce but also of the growing plants. The treatment of harvested produce includes storage and/or shipment of the produce under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure, humidity and air circulation. Particular gaseous atmospheres have also been employed to suppress growth of harmful fungi on fresh produce or to control the ripening process of certain fruits subsequent to harvest. Another technique that has been widely used to extend the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables is the application of waxy protective films which tend to reduce moisture loss, respiration and spoilage. Such films may include low levels of fungicides or other active agents to enhance the protection afforded thereby.
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04614659__ •
Method of treating pineapples to inhibit opening of the pineapple flowers Inventor(s): Obrero; Faustino P. (Manila, PH), Schnitzler; Wilfred H. (Manila, PH) Assignee(s): Del Monte Corporation (San Francisco, CA) Patent Number: 4,834,790 Date filed: December 31, 1986 Abstract: Pineapple plants are chemically treated in the field with effective amounts of an aqueous solution of a nonionic or anionic surfactant to inhibit opening of the pineapple flowers, so that the susceptibility of the pinapple plant to fruit disease is reduced. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to a method for reducing the susceptability of pineapple plants to fruit diseases by chemical treatment to inhibit opening of the pineapple flowers. Pineapple fruits are known to have about 150 to 200 flowers which open acropetally in batches of 2 to 15 flowers a day. Generally, the flowering period for each fruit is completed in about 21 days. Because the open flowers serve as the main entrance points for many of the microorganisms causing pineapple fruit diseases, the pineapple plant becomes more disease prone as flowering proceeds. Consequently, efforts have been directed towards developing pineapple varieties having closed flowers, which are more resistant to pineapple fruit diseases. To date, the plant growth regulator ethrel (2-chloroethyl phosphoric acid) is the only generally known compound for preventing pineapple flowers from opening. During decomposition, ethrel releases ethylene, a growth regulator that occurs naturally in most plants. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04834790__
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Missile warheads Inventor(s): Osofsky; Irving B. (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA) Assignee(s): Science Applications International Corp. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 4,664,035 Date filed: March 1, 1982 Abstract: An improved anti-ballistic missile warhead in which the missile structure and warhead projectiles are combined into a single entity. The structure, which may be formed of superalloy to resist heat, requires no heat shield, the outer surface being aerodynamically smooth. It is fabricated by precision casting, individual projectiles being pre-formed by casting internal cavities which delineate the projectiles for at least a substantial part of the thickness of the casting. Figuratively, the combined missile structure and warhead is in the form of a pineapple or hand grenade which is "inside out". The explosive may be cast in place or installed separately within a thin canister. Because there is no skin to pierce, less explosive is required and dispersion is substantially reduced. Excerpt(s): Conventional warheads of anti-ballistic missiles, especially of the larger size, comprise separate munitions which are positioned in a canister of plastic, composite, aluminum or steel, which is itself contained within the missile skin and structure. These warheads are usually cylindrical in shape and have pre-formed projectiles surrounding
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a cylinder of explosive. The missile structures themselves are highly specialized, with a heat shield secured to the outer surface thereof. Normally, the warhead is designed as an independent package to be inserted into a missile structure as a component thereof. Pre-formed projectiles, usually in the form of cubes, are placed over the explosive charge and held in place by an exterior layer of fiberglass, plastic, composite, or metal. The entire warhead unit is fitted with a flange and a forward support so that it can be bolted into the missile structure. The warhead structural elements must be rigid and strong to withstand the missile acceleration loads without greatly deflecting or fracturing the explosive or displacing the projectile pattern. These loads are generally supported at the forward and aft flanges where the warhead assembly interfaces with the missile structure. It is usual practice to avoid rings or frames and discontinuities on the missile structure which must be pierced by the warhead fragments. The missile structure actually duplicates, to a degree, the function of the warhead structure, and also provides stiffness to the sections of the missile forward and aft of the warhead. The warhead is usually emplaced as far forward as possible in the missile because the warhead is the single heaviest and densest component of the missile assembly and, its forward location reduces the amount of ballast that is required for stability and balance. Special effort is always made to position the warhead as close as possible to the outer skin line so as to more fully utilize the internal volume of the missile. When the warhead is detonated, the projectile pattern must penetrate the missile structure and the missile heat shield to reach the target. This tends to scatter the projectiles, and the precise pattern is perturbed as projectiles are deflected by bits and pieces of structure. In addition, some energy is lost in the penetration and acceleration of the structure by the projectiles and explosive. Because there are really three layers of structure to be accelerated by the explosive, and two to be penetrated by the projectiles, the pattern disturbance and loss of effective charge-to-mass ratio. becomes significant. Furthermore, it is possible for projectile breakup to occur as a result of the skin penetration process, particularly for projectiles with a significant L/D (length to diameter ratio). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04664035__ •
Natural antibrowning and antioxidant compositions and methods for making the same Inventor(s): Wen; Ling (Corvallis, OR), Wrolstad; Ronald E. (Corvallis, OR) Assignee(s): The State of Oregon Acting By and Through the State Board of Higher (Portland, OR) Patent Number: 6,224,926 Date filed: August 23, 1999 Abstract: The present invention, provides natural-source compositions having consistent, effective antibrowning and antioxidant characteristics. Additionally, the present invention provides methods for making the antibrowning/antioxidant compositions of the present invention. More specifically, the present invention provides natural-source, browning and oxidizing inhibitor compositions comprising S-sinapyl-Lcysteine, N-L-.gamma.-glutamyl-S-sinapyl-L-cysteine, S-sinapyl glutathione, or various mixtures thereof. Methods for making such natural, antibrowning/antioxidant compositions from pineapple juice and/or from pineapple processing plant waste streams include efficient and effective separation of the present invention compositions from unwanted sugars, acids, phenolic compounds, and other undesirable compounds present in pineapple juice and/or pineapple processing plant waste streams.
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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to natural antibrowning, antioxidant compositions for foods, and methods for making the same. The food industry is concerned with how quickly most fruits (and various fruit products) become discolored upon exposure to air. The discoloration upon exposure to air is caused by a chemical reaction known as oxidation. Oxidation (typically indicated by discoloration) of fruits involves an enzymecatalyzed oxidation of phenolic compounds present in the fruit. Browning of fruits is also a concern of the food industry. Browning of a fruits typically occurs following a mechanical injury to the fruit, such as during the harvesting or processing of such foods. Bisulfite compounds are currently used to inhibit the enzymatic oxidation and browning in "fresh-cut" and processed fruits. Since a segment of the population is hypersensitive to sulfites, however, food processors prefer to avoid using sulfite compounds. Further, concern over labeling requirements for sulfur dioxide (due to allergic reactions by many users) also causes food processors to avoid its usage. It is particularly desirable in the food industry that an oxidation/browning inhibitor composition be derived from a natural source, rather than a synthetic chemical. That is, main-line food processing companies are seeking effective, natural alternatives to synthetic food additives. Additionally, the FDA typically requires less extensive testing information for a preparation derived from a natural source than for a preparation derived from a synthetic chemical. This is particularly true if the "natural source" is a common foodstuff. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06224926__ •
Phosphosoda buffered saline laxative Inventor(s): Curro; Frederick A. (Emerson, NJ), Parashos; Demetra E. (Flushing, NY), Wood; Thomas G. (Morris Plains, NJ) Assignee(s): Block Drug Company, Inc. (Jersey City, NJ) Patent Number: 5,498,425 Date filed: March 17, 1995 Abstract: A laxative composition in powder or tablet form, having a pleasant odor and taste. The composition comprises sodium bicarbonate, monobasic sodium phosphate in stoichiometric excess, and a pineapple flavoring composition containing also Magnasweet 185 and sodium saccharin. A minor amount of citric or malic acid may be present. Excerpt(s): Purgatives (laxatives or cathartics) are widely used as self medications to satisfy the patient's desire for an altered or more regular bowel habit. They are also used for bowel clearance before radiological examination, surgery, or childbirth. Purgatives used in the treatment of functional constipation include phenolphthalein, senna, cascara, bisacodyl, and sodium picosulfate. Salts of inorganic acids which are not extensively absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, such as sodium phosphate, retain water in the lumen of the bowel by an osmotic effect and are also used as purgatives. Prolonged use of purgatives may produce excessive loss of water and electrolytes, particularly potassium. A commonly used oral lavage solution is Fleet's concentrated phosphosoda solution which is manufactured according to the National Formulary monograph for Sodium Phosphates Oral Solution. This product, as described in the National Formulary (USP 23/NF 18, p. 1430), contains disbasic sodium phosphate and monobasic sodium phosphate or phosphoric acid in water. The marketed product, which claims a gingerlemon flavor, in fact, has a very strong salty and sour taste. No other flavoring is evident, even as an aftertaste. The present invention provides a laxative composition
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having a pleasant odor and taste. The composition comprises sodium bicarbonate, monobasic sodium phosphate and a pineapple flavoring, the monobasic sodium phosphate being present in stoichiometric excess. The pineapple flavoring composition contains pineapple flavor, Magnasweet 185 and sodium saccharin. A minor proportion of citric or malic acid may be present. The composition may be in powder dosage form or in the form of a tablet. An excess of monobasic sodium phosphate monohydrate is used to react with a calculated amount of sodium bicarbonate so that with the addition of water the amount of dibasic sodium phosphate required by the NF Monograph for Sodium Phosphate Oral Solution is produced. The reaction product is a buffer system of monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate. A non-gas producing powder pineapple flavoring formula is added. All components are in powder form and are mixed well together, so that a homogeneous mixture ensures before the addition of water. The final solution has a pleasant odor and taste. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05498425__ •
Pineapple corer and peeler Inventor(s): Cushman; Richard (Livonia, MI) Assignee(s): R. Cushman & Associates, Inc. (Livonia, MI) Patent Number: 4,741,265 Date filed: July 27, 1987 Abstract: A pineapple corer and peeler comprises a power rotated head stock and an adjustable tail stock upon a framework to axially support and rotate a pineapple. A rotatable core cutting tube with sharpened circular edges advances axially through the head stock to longitudinally sever the pineapple core and a peeler blade upon a power rotated lead screw feeds along and spirally peels the pineapple during rotation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to power mechanism for coring and peeling a pineapple and particularly to the power rotation of a pineapple upon its long axis, axially severing the core and spirally peeling the pineapple. Heretofore it is common practice after the manual twisting and removal of the green growth at one end of a fresh pineapple of transversely cutting off the ends and thereafter with a sharp knife cutting longitudinally outer surface strips of the pineapple and thereafter transversely cutting the pineapple with its peeling removed into a series of transverse circular slices. It is common practice to thereafter one or two slices at a time, make a pair of spaced and right angular related cuts across the respective slices to sever and isolate the central core portion, and successively trimming the remaining portions of the slices into smaller pieces or for removing remaining skin portions of the pineapple. More recently there has been used in markets a manual machine which axially grips the pineapple in an upright position and wherein a pair of opposed concentric sharpened cylindrical tubes are brought towards each other longitudinally removing the outer scale portions of the pineapple. Some of these machines may have a coring tool which simultaneously cuts out the core. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04741265__
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Pineapple cutting and coring device Inventor(s): Healy; Daniel P. (10206 Bayport Rd., Louisville, KY 40299) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,067,397 Date filed: March 28, 1991 Abstract: A pineapple cutting and coring device includes a cutting board base plate for supporting a pineapple, an inside cylindrical cutting blade disposed above the cutting board, an outside cylindrical cutting blade positioned coaxial with the inside cutting blade, and first and second diametrically opposed radial cutting blades outwardly extend from the outside cylindrical blade. A leveraged moving device is suitably attached to the cutting blades and the cutting board base to move the blades downwardly through the pineapple. A stationary guide plate keeps the cutting blades in a vertical orientation as the cutting blades move downwardly through the pineapple. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pineapple cutting devices and more specifically to manually operated devices that remove the inedible core of the pineapple and also that cut and remove the inedible outer shell of the pineapple from the edible flesh. Various pineapple cutting devices are known. Edward E. Ross U.S. Pat. No. 4,653,393, awarded on Mar. 31, 1987; Kashichi Mori U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,245 awarded on Feb. 5, 1985; and Savino Balzano U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,047 awarded on Sep. 1, 1987 are examples of these. It is the object of the invention to provide a pineapple cutting and coring device that supplies sufficient mechanical advantage to easily cut entirely through the pineapple. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05067397__
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Pineapple eye extractor Inventor(s): Goulter; Victor H. (485 Molimo Dr., San Francisco, CA 94127) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,619,046 Date filed: December 4, 1985 Abstract: A tool (15) with pivoted handles (18 and 19) for operating jaws (16 and 17) provides a means for removing unwanted "eyes" (7) from pineapples (6) when such handles are squeezed to close the jaws around and under an eye (7a). A spring (11) exerts opening pressure on handles so as to open the jaws after each use. An anvil blade (16) on one jaw cooperates with an open loop cutter blade (17) on the other jaw. In one preferred embodiment the jaws meet so as to sever the pineapple's fibers, while in another preferred embodiment, the anvil blade passes through the loop jaw so as to push the eyes out after cutting. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tool used in the preparation of fruit for eating. In particular, it relates to a tool used to remove the "eyes" of produce, such as those which remain on pineapples after the skin is cut off. In the past, pineapple skins had to be cut off so that they were very thick, sometimes up to 12 mm (1/2 in) thick in order to remove the pineapple's deep-set "eyes" (pips or fruitlets). This practice, unfortunately, not only also removes up to 25 percent of the edible part of the fruit, but some of its sweetest part. The skin could be cut to only half or a quarter of this depth, but then the remaining deep-set eyes had to be removed with the point of a knife, which
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is a slow and troublesome job. Alternatively, the eyes could be left in, but one had to take care not to eat them. However this took away much of the pleasure of eating pineapples, and sometimes caused mouth injuries because of sharp edges on the eyes. Also, if one unintentionally chewed a hard, sharp-edged eye, he or she had an unnerving and unpleasant experience. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04619046__ •
Pineapple gear and method of manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Rourke; Edward G. (20705 Cheney Dr., Topanga, CA 90290) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,497,671 Date filed: February 2, 1994 Abstract: A gear combination is disclosed in which a spherical body has a plurality of grooves defined therein into which a pin gear enmeshes. Substantially all the pins on the pin gear engage the grooves in the spherical body at all times. The spherical body rotates about a first axis and the pin gear rotates about a second axis. The grooves are cut into the spherical body by a computer-controlled milling machine. The groove is endless or eventually returns to its beginning position. The axis of the milling tool may be oriented at any angle with respect to the axis of the lathe head, since the resulting motion of the milling tool necessarily cuts whatever lissajous shape is dictated by the relative periodic motions of the lathe head and milling table. The pins in the pin gear thus follow the grooves defined in the spherical body so that the rotation of the pin gear relative to the spherical body mimics the relative motions of the lathe head and milling table when the spherical body was cut. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the field of gears and in particular, to angled gears where in addition to gearing ratios, an angle is provided between axes of rotation of the driving and driven gears is realized. Gear combinations for providing gear ratios and changes in the direction of the axis of rotation are well known to the art and are generally realized through various types of bevel gears. Examples of such bevel gears can be found in many application, such as shown in Calvert, "Angle Meshing Gear," U.S. Pat. No. 4,167,127 (1979). Such right angle gearing has also been employed in a number of applications in which one of the gears is a toothed gear, having a pin gear with a plurality of circumferentially spaced studs or pins instead of a shaped gear tooth. Examples of pin gears can be found, for example, in Sager, "Angle Gearing," U.S. Pat. No. 602,629 (1898); Tamiya, "Differential Gearing," U.S. Pat. No. 4,602,527 (1986); and Brooks, "Power Transmission Means," Reissue 22,555 (1944). The use of pin gears in combinations with various types complex machined grooves can be found in McCartin, "Spherical Thread and Pin Gear Reduction," U.S. Pat. No. 3,495,470 ( 1970); ClaudMantle, "Indexing Mechanism," U.S. Pat. No. 2,933,964 (1960); Hunt, "Rotary Cam Gear," U.S. Pat. No. 498,552 (1893); Winter, "Multiple Speed Gear Transmission and Tooth Construction," U.S. Pat. No. 3,075,397 (1963); and Koll, "Stufengetriebe," Austrian Patent 149,799 (1937). Pin gears have also been used in hybrid pin and hole combinations such as shown by Fuchs, "Coacting Pin-in-Hole Gears," U.S. Pat. No. 3,661,028 (1972). The use of gear-like structures in dish-shaped or doorknob-shaped bodies are also illustrated in the application of Stokes et al, "Motion Transmitting Device," U.S. Pat. No. 705,624 (1902); and Mohr et al, "Angular Drive Intermittent Motion Mechanism," U.S. Pat. No. 5,197,354 (1993).
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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05497671__ •
Pineapple peeler Inventor(s): Breton; Roger J. (Costa Mesa, CA), Raub; John R. (Oceanside, CA) Assignee(s): Juice Tree, Inc. (Garden Grove, CA) Patent Number: 4,834,795 Date filed: October 23, 1987 Abstract: A semiautomatic pineapple peeler in which adjustable width knife blades sever the ends of the pineapple and concentric cylindrical knives core and peel it, leaving the detached core in the peeled pineapple. The one step process is driven by two D.C. electric linear ball screw actuators, sequenced by an integrated circuit logic board and magnetic proximity limit switch arrangement. The peel is split in half by two radially mounted fins on the top and bottom of the large cylindrical knife, allowing the waste to be collected below.The pineapple machine completely removes all of the peel and cores a single pineapple automatically, eliminating the two step manual operation of first cutting the ends off and then using the existing labor intensive lever operated coring and peeling devices. Excerpt(s): In the past, pineapple peeling, on a commercial level, has been done exclusively on manual machines. Several types are in existence. Some do not core the pineapple and others reduce the labor required by rotating concentric cylindrical blades. All are level-actuated and require the ends of the pineapple to be previously removed. The object of this invention is to provide a pineapple peeler that automatically cores and completely peels a single pineapple. The invention provides a safe means of peeling a pineapple completely by lifting a shield, inserting a pineapple, lowering the shield and pushing a start button. The machine does not need to be attended while operating. A pineapple support plate 21 is adjustably received on support slide 11 and comprises a pair of rectangular plates 23a and 23b in side-by-side arrangement, joined along their respective medial edges 25a and 25b with the planes of said plates forming an upwardly-facing obtuse angle "Z". A shank 27 depends from plate 21 and is received in a sleeve 29, formed in cross-arms 15a. A plurality of cross-bores 31 are formed in shank 27 for mating relationship with one or more pairs of cross-apertures 33 formed in sleeve 29 for matching therebetween in locking engagement with a pin 35 to adjust plate 21 for various diameters of pineapples. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04834795__
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Pineapple processing method Inventor(s): Neumann; J. Scott (Southfield, MI), Neumann; John W. (Birmingham, MI) Assignee(s): Neumann Industries, Incorporated (Madison Heights, MI) Patent Number: 4,761,291 Date filed: April 27, 1987 Abstract: Pineapple processing method comprising automatic steps of slicing the raw pineapple, positioning individual slices on conveyor pallets progressing through sequential processing stations for individually scanning each slice, recording an image of each slice based on distinguishing relative transmissivity of edible fruit from unedible
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shell, flaws such as eyes, and core, using control responsive to recorded image for cutting irregular perimeter path along the boundary line of edible fruit, determining maximum diameter of edible cylindrical slice within the irregular perimeter path for selective size whole slice processing, followed by small piece processing of remaining perimeter of edible fruit. Excerpt(s): The present state of the art for processing fresh pineapples is based upon the GINACA MACHINE, invented in 1914. The machine employs two concentric cylindrical knife blades which remove a cylindrical section of the pineapple along its core axis and then removes the butt and crown ends of the cylinder. The cylindrical section of the fruit is next processed by hand to remove any remaining shell, eyes and nectar ducts not removed by the outer Ginaca knife. The cylindrical shape of the removed section of fruit does not correspond to the true natural shape of the pineapple, which is ovoidal or egg shaped, thereby leaving a large amount of high quality solid pack to be recovered as less profitable crushed pineapple or juice. Attempts have been made to develop a contour peeler whereby the pineapple is rotated about its core axis along a peeler knife to peel the shell by following the outer contour of the fruit. This method was ultimately unsuccessful, however, because the pineapple, especially soft ripened pineapple, could not withstand the mechanical stress. Some labor and fruit savings have been realized by an attachment to the Ginaca Machine that automatically removes most excess shell left by the Ginaca Machine. This, while an improvement, does not address the basic problem of lost fruit from the mid-section of the pineapple, or the labor intensive hand trimming of the fruit following the Ginaca processing. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04761291__ •
Polyphenyl oxidase genes from banana Inventor(s): Robinson; Simon Piers (Hawthorn, AU) Assignee(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Campbell, AU) Patent Number: 6,627,794 Date filed: February 15, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides genetic sequences encoding polyphenol oxidase enzymes of lettuce, banana, tobacco and pineapple plants, and recombinant vectors comprising same, and methods of identifying related sequences using said nucleic acid molecules. The invention further provides methods of modifying PPO expression in plants using the inventive nucleic acid molecules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to genetic sequence of plants that encode polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and functional fragments and parts thereof. More particularly, the present invention provides nucleic acid molecules encoding polyphenol oxidase enzymes of lettuce, banana, tobacco and pineapple plants. The invention further provides methods of isolating said nucleic acid molecules. Browning of plant tissues often occurs following injury or damage and this generally results in spoilage of fruit and vegetables. Undesirable browning also occurs during processing of plant materials to produce food or other products. Steps are taken during transport, storage, and processing to prevent these browning reactions. Often this involves the use of chemicals such as sulphur dioxide but the use of these substances is likely to be restricted in the future due to concerns about their safety and consumer acceptance. For example, the US Food and Drug Administration banned the use of sulphite for most
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fresh fruit and vegetables in 1986. The production of fruit and vegetable varieties with an inherently low susceptibility to brown would remove the need for these chemical treatments. It will be understood that browning in plants is predominantly catalysed by the enzyme PPO. PPO is localised in the plastids of plant cells whereas the phenolic substrates of the enzyme are store in the plant cell vacuole. This compartmentation prevents the browning reaction from occurring unless the plant cells are damaged and the enzyme and its substrates are mixed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627794__ •
Process for converting tropical plant material into fibers Inventor(s): Hondroulis; Dimitrios George (Metairie, LA), Ratowsky; Ian Paul (Harrisburg, PA) Assignee(s): FyBx Corporation (New Orleans, LA) Patent Number: 5,958,182 Date filed: April 4, 1997 Abstract: A process for converting tropical materials into fibers useful in paper-making, textiles, insulation, general fiber filler and the absorption of liquids. The tropical materials utilized in the process include, banana, plantain or cavendish plant stalks, pineapple crowns, coconut, palm or palmetto fronds, or the pinzote of palm. The process includes the steps of: reducing the raw fibrous plant materials to separated fibers by cutting, shredding or grinding; washing the separated fibers in a mild alum solution to extract latex and natural resinous substances; pressing the fibers to remove a high percentage of excess water and residual latex and natural resinous substances with the consumption of a minimum amount of energy; and drying the fibers to less than 10% by weight water content. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a process for producing useful fibers from tropical fiber waste products for ultimate use in connection with a variety of applications, such as the absorption of liquids, paper, textiles, insulation and general fiber filler. The invention also relates to an apparatus for producing the useful fibers. Presently, banana stalks, plantain stalks, Cavendish plant stalks, pineapple crowns, palm, palmetto and coconut fronds, as well as a variety of other fibrous tropical plant materials are thought of as waste agricultural byproducts in the countries in which they are produced. Currently these byproducts are usually disposed of in landfills, where they can attract insects and contribute to landfill capacity problems. Additionally, they may be discarded into rivers, where they oxidize and can cause potential environmental problems. In other instances, the byproducts are left on the ground to act as a natural fertilizer. Clearly, it would be desirable to convert these plant byproducts into useful fibers rather than allowing them to contaminate the environment. Generally, these plant materials have a water and natural latex content of as much as 80% by weight, including a variety of resinous or gummy substances. In order to produce workable fibers which have characteristics desirable for use in liquid absorbent applications, textiles, papermaking and insulation, it is necessary to extract these fluids and, in particular, wash out or extract the latex and other natural resinous substances. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05958182__
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Process for curing meat with fruit juice Inventor(s): Stumpf; Robert E. (16309 Boone Rd., Columbia Station, OH), Stumpf; Robert W. (16309 Boone Rd., Columbia Station, OH 44028) Assignee(s): Fitch; Rebecca (Columbiana Station, OH), Stumpf; Robert W. (Columbiana Station, OH) Patent Number: 4,806,373 Date filed: February 1, 1988 Abstract: A process is disclosed for curing meat using certain fruit juices or a fruit juice composition. In one embodiment, the process involves the steps of (a) contacting the meat with a curing composition comprising apple juice, grape juice, pear juice, cherry juice, strawberry juice, pineapply juice, and/or peach juice, and (b) curing said meat for an effective period of time to provide a desired cured meat product. In another embodiment of the invention, the process involves the steps of (a) preparing a mixture comprising at least one meat and at least one fruit juice selected from the group consisting of apple juice, pear juice, strawberry juice, pineapple juice, grape juice, and/or peach juice, (b) comminuting said mixture, and (c) curing said mixture for an effective period of time to provide a desired cured meat product acceptable to USDA standards. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for curing meat and, more particularly, to a process for curing meat using certain fruit juices. Specifically this invention provides a cured meat containing sufficient fruit juice sweetner of glucose-fructose type to enhance taste and improve the effectiveness of the seasoning and other curing additives. Meat curing involves treating a meat product with addivites such as salt, color-fixing ingredients and seasonings in order to impart desired palletability traits to the meat product. The meat products that can be cured in this manner include intact meat products and comminuted meat products. Intact meat products include bacon, corned beef, ham, smoked butt, pork hocks, chicken, turkey and related meat products. Comminuted meat products include all types of sausage items. Products intermediate to these categories include sectioned meat products, chunked meat products and formed meat products. Meat curing agents or additives include sodium chloride, sodium and potassium nitrate, sodium and potassium nitrite, sodium ascorbate, sodium erythorbate, phosphates, sugar, seasonings, and the like. The.salt content of such cured meats generally varies from about 1 to about 12% by weight depending on the particular type of meat product. Salt is used for flavor, preservation and extraction of myofibrillar protein. Nitrite promotes color development, flavor and preservation by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and fat oxidation. Erythorbate acts as a color stabilizer, reduces fat oxidation and inhibits undesirable nitrite reactions. Phoshates facilitate myofibrillar protein extraction, inhibit fat oxidation and improve color development. Sugar is used principally for flavor, but also helps set color or develop glazes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04806373__
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Process for drying mango and pineapples Inventor(s): Durance; Timothy Douglas (Vancouver, CA), Meyer; Richard Schlomer (Tacoma, WA), Wang; Jian Hua (Vancouver, CA) Assignee(s): The University of Bristish Columbia (Vancouver, CA) Patent Number: 5,962,057 Date filed: June 30, 1998 Abstract: A vacuum microwave dehydration process for drying fresh mango and pineapple fruit pieces at low temperatures which results in a product with a "fresh", uncooked flavor and a unique crunchy texture with little or no shrinkage which can not be achieved through conventional air drying. Excerpt(s): The invention pertains to vacuum microwave drying of fresh mango and/or pineapple fruit pieces to produce an improved dried product. U.S. Pat. No. 4,341,803, Koshida, issued Jul. 27, 1982 discloses a method for producing dried fruit chips in which starting fruit chips having an adjusted water soluble sugar concentration (6 to 25%) are freeze-dried to reduce the moisture content to a predetermined moisture content range (between 15 to 60%). The freeze dried fruit chips are vacuum microwave-dried to further reduce the moisture content to a second predetermined range (between 10 and 40%); then the vacuum microwave-dried fruit chips are vacuum dried to further reduce the moisture content (below 5%) to a range suitable for ready eating as a snack. The patent stresses that all three steps are essential to produce a suitable product. The porous snack, so produced has a high density since it is infused with 6% to 25% sugar and the final product has 29% to 63% sugar content. U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,237 Gross, issued Jun. 4, 1991 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,122 Gross, Aug. 4, 1992 each describe a method and apparatus for vacuum dehydrating fruit and vegetables to a moisture content below 15% but preferably below about 5%, using the combined infrared energy and microwave energy simultaneously to produce a dried product that retains its natural flavor, a puffed appearance and crisp texture (about 3% moisture). The process applies microwave energy to drive the internal moisture out and infrared energy to dry the surface which when applied simultaneously speed up drying. This technique subjects the fruit to drying temperatures in the order of about 95.degree. C. and the final product takes on "cooked" flavors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05962057__
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Process for sorbing liquids using tropical fibers Inventor(s): Bergquist-Kingham; Katherine Tracy (Dunwoody, GA), Hondroulis; Dimitrios George (Metairie, LA), Kingham; Neville William (Dunwoody, GA), Ratowsky; Ian Paul (Harrisburg, PA) Assignee(s): FyBx Environmental, Inc. (Atlanta, GA) Patent Number: 6,027,652 Date filed: April 4, 1997 Abstract: A process is described for using tropical fibers to recover spilled oil, gasoline, kerosene, hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol, creosote or other hazardous liquids from land or water. The sorbent fiber material is produced from agricultural byproducts from cultivation of banana, plantain, cavendish plant, pineapple, coconut, palm, or other tropical fruit bearing plants. The sorbent fibers are produced by separating the raw
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plant materials; washing the separated fibers in a solution of 1% alum; pressing the fibers to extract liquids and natural juices; further separating the fibers by beating or agitating; and drying the fibers. The sorbent fibers have a water and natural liquid content of less than 10% by weight and may be applied to the surface or periphery of an oil or chemical spill, whereupon they will sorb the oil or chemical. Once the oil or chemical is sorbed the fibers may be collected and the oil or chemical may be partially recovered by compressing the fibers. The fibers may be disposed of by landfilling or may be thermally treated. When thermally treated in a boiler or furnace, the liquid laden fibers may also be a valuable source of fuel. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to the use of a sorbent material to sorb liquids. Particularly, this invention relates to the use of processed tropical fibers, such as banana, plantain, cavendish plant, pineapple, coconut, and palm, to recover spilled oil, gasoline, kerosene, solvents, hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol (PCP), creosote or other liquids. Spills of oil, solvents and hazardous materials are a continuing problem having serious environmental consequences, including damage to the oceans, beaches, inland rivers, streams and creeks, as well as detrimental effects upon the health of wildlife and humans. The need for oil and chemical products has created consistent growth in the chemical industry, including the transport and manufacturing of these compounds, resulting in increasing environmental problems associated with spills, accidents and improper disposal. Sorbent materials, including both materials that absorb and materials that adsorb, have been used for many years in the cleanup of oil and hazardous materials by private industry and the federal government. Sorbent clay materials are currently the material of choice for absorbing or recovering oil or other hazardous chemicals on land. In industrial applications, these materials have the disadvantages of low sorbent capacity and a high density which make them both heavy and difficult to transport. Additionally, the abrasiveness and friability of these products may lead to increased wear of nearby industrial machinery. These clay based sorbents are not biodegradable and, therefore, pose an additional environmental problem because they must be disposed of in the limited space available in landfills. Peat, diatomaceous earth and vermiculite are sometimes used as alternatives to the clay based sorbents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06027652__ •
Production of a food powder and of food products containing the powder Inventor(s): Lauly; Alain (22 boulevard Dardenne, 31110 Luchon, FR) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,925,693 Date filed: July 11, 1988 Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for obtaining a food powder, the food powder thus obtained, and food products made by using as a starting material the food powder and other ingredients. The process comprises the peeling of the pineapple stems, drying them, and crushing them in order to obtain a powder of a certain grain size. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for preparing a food powder, to the powder obtained by this process, and to food products prepared with the said powder as a starting material as well as with other ingredients. The food powder obtained according to the present invention contains a small fraction of easily digestible sugar
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such as glucose, fructose, or sucrose, an important portion of the complex sugar such as starch, and an important fraction of plant fibers, such as the cellulose and the hemicellulose. This powder is therefore important for the incorporation in the preparation of food products which have a low content of immediately available calories and a large content in plant fibers necessary to diminish the intestinal transit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04925693__ •
Semi solid ethanol based fuel Inventor(s): Brungardt; Trueman A. (Loveland, CO) Assignee(s): T.A.V., Inc. (Greeley, CO) Patent Number: 4,908,044 Date filed: April 25, 1989 Abstract: A solid or semi-solid fuel produced entirely from vegetable products having an approximate formulation of 86.1% ethanol, 2.2% water and 11.7% sodium salts of fatty acids produced by virtually any commercially available process for producing ethanol from vegetable crops such as cane sugar, beet sugar, wheat, pineapple, corn and the like which also produces "sweetwater" which contains fatty acids, sugar water and fibrous plant material in which the sweetwater is mixed with the ethanol in a reactor which heats the mixture to a temperature of 110-140 degrees fahrenheit wherein the mixing is performed in two stages by two reactors in which the first reactor rotates at between 750-1800 r.p.m. for from five to seven minutes and the second reactor rotates at between 2200-3100 r.p.m. for about five to seven minutes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the invention of a semi-solid fuel based on alcohols produced from vegetable products such as corn, wheat, sugar cane and others which can be fermented to produce an alcohol. The invention also relates to the process for producing the inventive products. Products currently available range from Sterno (a registered trademark of Colgate Co.) to napalm which is used by military forces around the world. While these products are useful in one way or another, they all have serious defects. Sterno, for example, is too volatile for safe use in many environments. The nation's largest scouting organizations either prohibit or restrict the use of Sterno as a cooking fuel on scout outings. In addition, sterno has a relatively short shelf-life because of its high volatility. Sterno tends to burn with a colorless flame which leads to potentially dangerous situations. Other solid or semi-solid fuels are well known as starters for charcoal fires or as wood fire-place fire starters. These products generally burn with some unpleasant residue and, once started, are difficult. if not impossible to extinguish and then re-use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04908044__
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Smoking materials Inventor(s): Yagisawa; Masaru (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Ikeda Bussan Kaisha, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 4,969,477 Date filed: October 17, 1988
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Abstract: Disclosed is a smoking material mainly composed of fruit fiber of pineapple. Lees remaining after pressing the juice from pineapple pulp is dried, rolled, cut, flavored and moistened, and then the resultant product looks like tobacco. It can be formed into nicotine-free cigarettes if no tobacco is blended. The smoking material or tobacco substitute is free of unpleasant taste and irridation, and it can be flavored to give mild taste. Also, controlled amount of tobacco leave can be blended with the tobacco substitute to produce a smoking material having a reduced nicotine content. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a smoking material or tobacco substitute. The harmfulness of tobacco to health has been discussed hotly. Usually the habit of smoking is difficult to be broken. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce the harmfulness of tobacco to health a variety of improved filters have been proposed. Cigarettes which are modified to draw air in and qualify the smoke, are marketed. Also, a variety of nicotinefree tobacco substituets have been proposed. These are made of tea leaves, Japan cedar leaves, pine leaves, corn silk, orange peel, Japan knotweed leaves, lettuce or partially oxidized cellulose resulting from purified pulp. These substitutes, however, are less pleasing in appearance, taste and flavor. No tobacco substitute is pleasing enough to serve in place of tabacco. In view of this the inventor had engaged himself in finding any smoking material or nicotine-free tobacco substitute which can be prepared in the form of cigarette, and can be commercially available at a reduced cost all the time, and finally the inventor found that dried lees remaining after pressing the juice from pineapple pulp is appropriate for the purpose. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04969477__ •
Soybean cooking process Inventor(s): Saub; Jerry C. (2211 Ala Wai Blvd., Apt. #2410, Honolulu, HI 96815) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 4,601,910 Date filed: June 20, 1985 Abstract: Whole soybeans are processed by first soaking in an aqueous solution of a fruit juice selected from guava, papaya, pineapple, apple and orange, in a plastic vessel, followed by boiling in the same solution for at least about fifteen minutes, and finally draining off the solution and any loosened hulls. The fruit juice solution provides softening and palatability of the beans in an unusually short period of time. Added flavor and fragrance control may be achieved by a post-soak using any of a variety of fruit juices. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the processing of soybeans into palatable products, and particularly to a process for soaking and boiling soybeans to soften them to a crunchy state and yet impart an appealing flavor and/or fragrance to the final product in an unusually short time. Despite its high nutritional value, its long history of use in the food preparations among Asian cultures, and the ease and low cost of its cultivation, the soybean has failed to gain widespread acceptance as a food product for human consumption. The difficulty lies in the tough skin of the bean which requires soaking for sixteen to twenty-four hours prior to cooking in order to produce a palatable product. In addition, the tough skin, unlike that of similar legumes, is particularly difficult to remove from the soybean. To date, there are only two widely used methods for processing soybeans. The first involves the crushing of the bean followed by subsequent restructuring of the nutrient particles, as in the preparation of tofu, soy isolates, soy
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flour and soy powders. The second is the fermentation of the bean, as in the production of such products as tempeh, natto, miso, koji, shoyu and sufu. Each of these processes is costly and time consuming and completely changes the nature of the bean. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04601910__ •
Storage system for ice slurry Inventor(s): Heath; Harold R. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Coca-Cola Company (Atlanta, GA) Patent Number: 5,000,008 Date filed: January 4, 1990 Abstract: A method and apparatus for storing an ice slurry of a aqueous liquid is disclosed. A storage tank contains an ice slurry which is in the form of a layer of ice (i.e., an ice cap) floating on liquid. Liquid is pumped out from the lower part of the storage tank and fed to the top of the storage tank. The liquid which is fed to the top of the ice storage tank is returned to the lower part of the tank substantially without contacting the layer of ice contained therein via a vertically oriented tube. By pumping the liquid out of the lower part of the storage tank and recirculating it, pressure build-up due to the ice cap is controlled. In one embodiment, the liquid to be stored is a fruit juice such as orange juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice, grape juice, apple juice, or the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to an apparatus and method for storing an ice slurry of an aqueous liquid of a fruit such as orange juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice, grape juice, apple juice and the like for subsequent use or reconstitution. It is often the case that aqueous beverages must be stored under stabilized conditions in large quantities after preparation and prior to distribution to consumers. For instance, fruit juices such as orange, grapefruit, pineapple, grape and apple juice are pasteurized in order to deactivate enzymes and kill microorganisms, and stored under refrigerated conditions in order to retard temperature induced flavor changes and to control the presence of microorganisms. Juices may also be deaerated in order to control oxidation and accompanying degradation. At present, it is a common practice that aqueous beverages such as orange juice which must be kept cold or frozen in order to avoid rapid deterioration and/or growth of microorganisms are stored in drums (e.g., 55 gallons), bags or in frozen blocks following their preparation and prior to packaging for distribution to consumers. The juice stored in this manner requires labor intensive systems for filling, storing and retrieving the juice. Furthermore, the cost of packaging material can add significantly to the selling price of the juice. Exposure during the retrieval process may cause loss of juice or flavor qualities and provides opportunities for contamination or adulturation. Open block storage of juices can have the disadvantage of losing water vapor and may leak concentrate during storage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05000008__
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System for perfume creation using aroma emission analysis from a living fruit and flower in close proximity Inventor(s): Mookherjee; Braja D. (Holmdel, NJ), Trenkle; Robert W. (Brielle, NJ), Wilson; Richard A. (Westfield, NJ) Assignee(s): International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,367,899 Date filed: April 15, 1994 Abstract: Described is a process for qualitatively and quantitatively substantially continuously analyzing the aroma emitted and rates of emission of the components thereof from a portion of the outer surface of a living fruit and from a living flower located within a specifically enclosed 3-dimensional space proximate said portion of the outer surface of said living fruit, simultaneously, using an aroma trapping device connected to the enclosed 3-dimensional space, and utilizing the resulting analysis for preparation of perfume compositions, perfumed articles and colognes. Also described is apparatus for carrying out such a process. The living fruit may, for example, be a living pineapple or a living nectarine growing on a nectarine tree. The living flower may, for example, be a living rose growing on a rose bush. Excerpt(s): Our invention concerns a process for qualitatively and quantitatively substantially continuously analyzing the aroma emitted and rates of emission of the aroma components thereof from a portion of the surface of a living fruit and from a living flower simultaneously at a given point in time over a given time period using a single enclosure to contain the living flower proximate and juxtaposed with the portion of the surface of the living fruit, and having aroma trapping means attached to the single enclosure; and apparatus for carrying out such a process. Our invention also concerns a process for preparing one or more perfume compositions comprising the steps of carrying out the aforementioned analysis or analyses and then, using the results of such analysis or analyses providing and admixing at least the major components found in the analysis, apparatus for carrying out such process, perfume compositions prepared using such apparatus and process, and perfumed articles and colognes containing such perfume compositions. Uses of aromas evolved from living flowers and living fruits which are part of living plants or which are parts of living trees are highly sought after in the perfumery and flavor arts. Great difficulty has been experienced in attempting to capture and reproduce actual aroma ingredients of such living flowers or living fruits at various points in time relative to the maturation of the plant or tree on which the living flower or living fruit is growing. In addition, a need has arisen for observation of the growth of living flowers and living fruits and a need for measuring such growth, standardizing the measurements of such growth at various times of plant or tree maturation and observing such growth; in an effort to optimize the marketing of perfume compositions based on living flower and living fruit components in conjunction with one another. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05367899__
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Tool for separating a core, a rind and flesh of a fruit, in particular a pineapple Inventor(s): Aulbers; Antonius P. (Delft, NL), Been; Bernard W. (The Hague, NL), d'Hond; Paul I. (Zwijndrecht, NL), Knoppers; German E. (De Zweth, NL) Assignee(s): Chiquita Tropical Fruit Company, B.V. (Zwijndrecht, NL) Patent Number: 5,157,836 Date filed: September 30, 1991 Abstract: A tool is described for separating a core, a rind and flesh of a fruit, in particular a pineapple, including, at least, a cylindrical corer which is provided at one end with a cutting edge and at the other end with a handle or other driving member, such as a motor. In the tool there is provided, close to the cutting edge of the corer at least one flesh cutter extending radially thereon and provided with at least one cutting edge, the shape of the flesh cutter being chosen such that upon rotating of the tool, it executes a helical movement with a predetermined pitch, and in that at the end of the flesh cutter, opposite the end fixed to the corer, there is provided, at least locally, a rind cutter extending parallel to the corer and provided with at least one cutting edge. Further an auxiliary screw connected with the corer may be present to at least partially determine the pitch of the tool. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tool for separating a core, a rind and flesh of a fruit, in particular a pineapple, comprising, at least, a cylindrical corer which is provided at one end with a cutting edge and at the other end with a handle or other driving member, such as a motor. Such a tool is generally known and is described in e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,047. The tool described in this patent specification comprises, besides the cylindrical corer, a coaxial cylindrical member which is intended to separate the flesh from the rind. In order to use the tool, both ends have to be cut off the pineapple, following which the tool is driven into the remainder by a rotational or reciprocating movement. After the entire remainder is pierced, the rind and the core can be separated form the flesh. The flesh is then provided in the form of a cylinder for further processing. This tool and the use thereof present a number of disadvantages. Firstly, both ends of the pineapple have to be removed, which precludes the use of the hollowed-out pineapple as e.g. a decorative dessert or serving bowl. It further results in the juice formed during the hollowing-out operation being lost and, for instance, running onto the working surface. Furthermore, the cylindrical flesh thus formed must afterwards be cut into slices or the like, which requires an additional operation and also a certain dexterity, so that attractive slices with the desired regular thickness are not always achieved. More juice is lost in the process. This tool thus presents disadvantages in domestic as well as industrial use. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05157836__
Patent Applications on Pineapple As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to pineapple: 9
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
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Alcohol sweetened and sparkling fruit ciders and method for same Inventor(s): Young, Thomas B. III; (US) Correspondence: Galgano & Burke; 300 Rabro Drive; 300 Rabro Drive; Suite 135; Hauppauge; NY; 11788; US Patent Application Number: 20020172738 Date filed: April 12, 2000 Abstract: An alcoholic, sparkling, sweetened fruit cider with Ethanol content in the range 3.5% to 7.5% made by:selecting a fruit juice or puree to form the desired flavor base of the beverage from a group comprising orange juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice, cherry juice, tomato juice, blueberry juice or puree, cranberry juice or puree, blackberry juice or puree, apricot juice or puree, prune juice, guava juice or puree, raspberry juice or puree, peach juice, lemon juice, lime juice, strawberry juice or puree, and kiwi fruit juice or puree, adding yeast and a nutrient mineral salts mixture as set forth in TABLE I below: 1 TABLE I gms per 100 gms Ammonium chloride 61 Yeast extract 3 Potassium phosphate 20 Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate 14 Thiamine hydrochloride 2adding sugar derived from corn, cane, beet or barley malt as required to establish an initial sugar level in the 8 to 14% w/v range, fermenting the mixture and clarifying the resulting broth, adding a sweetener to the broth selected from the group comprising corn sugar, sucrose, sorbose stabilizer, and a low calorie sweetener, carbonating the beverage, bottling and cold storing the same. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit under Title 35, USC.sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/153,499. This invention relates to midrange alcoholic fruit ciders made from fruit juices and purees including orange juice, grapefruit juice, pineapple juice, cherry juice, blueberry juice or puree, cranberry juice or puree, blackberry juice or puree, apricot juice or puree, prune juice, guava juice or puree, raspberry juice or puree, peach juice, lemon juice, lime juice, strawberry juice or puree, kiwi fruit juice or puree, and tomato juice and to a method for making same. Some fruit juices ferment naturally and have been used for many years to make alcoholic beverages, notably grape juice for making wine and apple juice for making hard (alcoholic) cider. More recently numerous fruit juices and fruits have been used for making high range alcoholic wines of 11 to 14% ethanol. Among these are blueberries, oranges and orange juice (U.S. Pat. No. 3,979,521, JP 60,30674, JP 60,30674, JP 62,248801, JP 55,127983, JP 64,055174, JP 6,205664, JP 54,73199, JP 57,144967, JP 3,266948, JP 1,179647, JP 60,043376, JP 62,294024, DE 2,357,970 and FR 2,657,878), apples and apple juice, and other fruits like guava. In these products enough sugar is added to obtain either dry or sweet mostly non-sparkling wines similar in alcoholic content to wines made from grape juice (11 to 14%). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Cosmetic base complex Inventor(s): Doucet, Olivier; (Villefranche s/Mer, FR), Golz-Berner, Karin; (Monaco, MC), Zastrow, Leonhard; (Monaco, MC) Correspondence: Stephan A. Pendorf; Pendorf & Cutliff; P O Box 20445; Tampa; FL; 33622-0445; US Patent Application Number: 20030170333 Date filed: February 13, 2003
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Abstract: The invention relates to a cosmetic base complex that contains extracts from fruit and daily products. Said base complex is characterized by an aqueous gel base which contains an encapsulated extract from an aqueous extraction of pineapple and the residue of an aqueous extraction of yogurt. The extractions are carried out in a temperature range of from 10 to 30.degree. C. and the ratio of pineapple extract to yogurt residue ranges from 20:80 to 80:20. When used in a cosmetic preparation, the inventive complex may produce a certain feeling of happiness by increasing the serotonin and noradrenaline levels. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a cosmetic base complex that contains extracts from fruit and dairy products. A number of proposals have already been made for incorporating fruit or fruit extracts, including maritime plants and algae, into cosmetic products (DE-C-3515231 hafnia extract; DE-A-19824727 catechin and green tea). It is also known to integrate milk or suitably prepared dairy products into cosmetic products. EPA-839519, for example, discloses a cosmetic composition containing proteins and vitamins which contains 5-90% by weight of mammalian milk, 1-6% by weight of protein and yeast glucan. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for facilitating pathogen resistance Inventor(s): Fairbairn, David James; (Chapel Hill, AU), Graham, Michael Wayne; (Jindalee, AU), Mesa, Jose Ramon Botella; (Kenmore, AU) Correspondence: Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear Llp; 2040 Main Street; Fourteenth Floor; Irvine; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030150017 Date filed: November 7, 2002 Abstract: Methods are provided for the genetic control of pathogen infestation in host organisms such as plants, vertebrate animals and fungi. Such methods utilize the host as a delivery system for the delivery of genetic agents, preferably in the form of RNA molecules, to a pathogen, which agents cause directly or indirectly an impairment in the ability of the pathogen to maintain itself, grow or otherwise infest a host plant, vertebrate animal or fungus. Also provided are DNA constructs and novel nematode nucleotide sequences for use in same, that facilitate pathogen resistance when expressed in a genetically-modified host. Such constructs direct the expression of RNA molecules substantially homologous and/or complementary to an RNA molecule encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the genome of a pathogen and/or of the cells of a host to effect down-regulation of the nucleotide sequence. Particular hosts contemplated are plants, such as pineapple plants, and particular pathogens are nematodes. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/341,404, filed Dec. 14, 2001. THIS INVENTION relates generally to the genetic control of pathogen infestation in host organisms such as plants, vertebrate animals and fungi. More particularly, the present invention contemplates the delivery of genetic agents to a pathogen which agents cause directly or indirectly an impairment in the ability of the pathogen to maintain itself, grow or otherwise infest a host plant, vertebrate animal or fungus. In a particular form, the present invention provides a genetically modified plant, vertebrate animal or fungal host which comprises properties which facilitate a reduction in the ability for a pathogen to maintain itself, grow or otherwise infest the host. Consequently, the present invention contemplates the
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induction or facilitation of resistance or at least increased tolerance of a plant, vertebrate animal or fungus to infection by a pathogen. The present invention provides DNA constructs and novel nematode nucleotide sequences for use in same, the expression of which in a cell or when applied to cells or tissue of a plant, vertebrate animal or fungal host, results in the down-regulation of a nucleotide sequence in the pathogen, thereby causing a deleterious effect on the maintenance, viability and/or infectivity of the pathogen. The present invention is further directed to the expression of a nucleotide sequence transcribable to an RNA sequence which is substantially homologous and/or complementary to an RNA molecule comprising an RNA sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence within the genome of a pathogen to effect down-regulation of the nucleotide sequence. The down-regulated nucleotide sequence in the pathogen results in a deleterious effect on the maintenance, viability and/or infectivity of the pathogen. The constructs and nucleotide sequences of the present invention may be useful in controlling, ameliorating or otherwise modulating infestation by a range of pathogens in plants, vertebrate animals and/or fungi. Plants and other organisms displaying resistance and/or enhanced tolerance to infestation through the methods of the present invention are also encompassed. The increasing sophistication of recombinant nucleic acid technology is greatly facilitating research and development in a range of biological industries. This is particularly evident in relation to the agricultural and horticultural industries. A greater understanding of the mechanisms, underlying a number of genetic events permits the exploitation of these mechanisms to create more efficacious genetic agents to alter the properties of plants and animals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
No fat, no cholesterol cake and process of making the same Inventor(s): Donovan, Margaret E.; (Aurora, CO) Correspondence: Ramon L. Pizarro; Suite 200; 3515 South Tamarac Drive; Denver; CO; 80237; US Patent Application Number: 20020041924 Date filed: April 3, 2001 Abstract: A no fat, no cholesterol cake possesses a dry premix component, consisting, on a volumetric percentage basis, of about 52.4% flour, 46.6% sugar, and 1% baking soda. Egg. whites and various wet mix ingredients are added to the dry premix to produce a variety of different cakes. In each instance, the wet mix includes an acidic component consisting of fruit and/or fruit juice which reacts with the baking soda to leaven the cake. The fruits and/or fruit juices which may be used include pineapple, orange, cranberry, apple, lemon, and cherry. Natural flavoring ingredients including raisins, dates, bananas, carrots, zucchini, apricots, non-fat yogurt, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, cloves, and vanilla may also be employed. No shortening, fillers, or unnatural ingredients are utilized. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cakes, and more particularly pertains to an improved no fat, no cholesterol cake. For health reasons, there is an increasing interest in no fat and no cholesterol bakery products. In order to produce such products, particularly cakes, the prior art has proposed various cake mixes in which the conventional shortening components are replaced with alginate and other fillers and chemicals. Many individuals have found such chemical and filler laden cakes to be unacceptable, both for reasons of their unnatural ingredients, as wells as for their poor taste and mouth feel. Accordingly, there is an interest in and need for an improved no
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fat, no cholesterol cake consisting entirely of natural ingredients, and possessing good flavor and mouth feel characteristics. In order to achieve these and other objects of the invention, the present invention provides an improved no fat, no cholesterol cake which includes a dry premix component, consisting, on a volumetric percentage basis, of about 52.4% flour, 46.6% sugar, and 1% baking soda. Egg whites and various wet mix ingredients are added to the dry premix to produce a variety of different cakes. In each instance, the wet mix includes an acidic component consisting of fruit and/or fruit juice which reacts with the baking soda to leaven the cake. The fruits and/or fruit juices which may be used include pineapple, orange, cranberry, apple, lemon, and cherry. Natural flavoring ingredients including raisins, dates, bananas, carrots, zucchini, apricots, non-fat yogurt, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, cloves, and vanilla may also be employed. No shortening, fillers, or unnatural ingredients are utilized. There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Pineapple knife Inventor(s): Lee, Paul; (Signal Hill, CA) Correspondence: Paul Lee; 1841 Molino Ave Apt#3; Signal Hill; CA; 90804; US Patent Application Number: 20020194740 Date filed: June 21, 2001 Abstract: when preparing pineapple for consumption this knife makes it easier and faster to remove the eyes of pineapples, and save good pineapple meat that is closer to the skin. Excerpt(s): This knife is use to remove the eyes of Pineapples. The drawing shows a triangular shape, measured half of an inch in all sides and half an inch in all width(s) and has a handle in the middle of one side. A piece of stainless steel having half of an inch in width and 16.sup.th of an inch in thickness is bent into a triangular shape measuring half an inch in all sides. One of the three sides has a handle in the middle, and the other two sides are sharpening on the same side of edges to cut the pineapple. All three angles have a small radius from forming. The knife cuts the eyes of the pineapple in a spiral form from top to bottom because pineapple eyes arrange in a spiral row.
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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Process for preserving fresh pineapple Inventor(s): Abram, Debra D.; (San Francisco, CA), Chenchin, Eduardo E.; (Pukalani, HI), Hsia, Samson T.; (Fremont, CA), Mahin, William C.; (Pukalani, HI) Correspondence: Thomas M. Freiburger; 25th Floor; 650 California Street; San Francisco; CA; 94108; US Patent Application Number: 20020015774 Date filed: July 31, 2001 Abstract: A process for treating and storing freshly cut pineapple greatly enhances flavor and increases shelf life of the refrigerated cut pineapple, maintaining the enhanced flavor. The freshly cut pineapple is first surface-disinfected. Its Brix and acid, and thus Brix/acid ratio, are measured or estimated. Then selection is made from batches of previously stored juice or other liquid medium, which may be pineapple juice from a different season or different part of the same season, or which may be white grape juice, acidified high fructose corn syrup, or blends. The juice or medium is selected to have a Brix/acid ratio which counterbalances that of the fresh fruit, so that the combined fruit/juice has a Brix/acid ratio of around 19, or preferably in the range of about 16 to 23. The freshly cut fruit, preferably chilled to just above freezing, is immersed in the selected juice and is stored and shipped preferably close to freezing. The resulting fruit has a long shelf life and exhibits a very fresh and balanced flavor. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/473,511, filed Dec. 28, 1999, which was a division of application Ser. No. 09/174,068, filed Oct. 16, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,863. This invention concerns preservation of freshly cut fruit, both from a microbiological aspect and from the aspect of flavor balance. In particular, the invention is directed at the preservation of flavor and shelf life in freshly cut pineapple. Fresh fruits have enjoyed increasing popularity in recent times, primarily because of the need for a balanced diet, the health benefits and low calories in fruits, and superior flavor of fresh fruit as compared to canned fruit. In addition, interest in tropical and more exotic fruits has increased. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
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Process for the isolation of polyhydroxybutyrate from Bacillus mycoides RLJ B-017 Inventor(s): Borah, Bornali; (Jorhat, IN), Bordoloi, Manobjyoti; (Jorhat, IN), Nigam, Jagdish Narayan; (Jorhat, IN), Thakur, Purbali S.; (Jorhat, IN) Correspondence: William R. Evans; Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61 Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030027293 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the isolation of polyhydroxybutyrate of the formula 1 1by growing a culture of Bacillus mycoides RLJ B017 in a growth medium and a carbon source selected from sucrose, molasses and pineapple waste.
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Excerpt(s): from Bacillus mycoides RLJ B -017 by using sucrose, molasses, pine apple waste, etc. as the carbon source. Commodity polymers are typically produced from petrochemical sources by well-known synthetic means. However, recent advances in technology have resulted in the promise of new sources of commodity polymers. Particularly promising is the production of plastic resins using living organisms ("bioplastic" or Biopol), including bacteria to produce polymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a number of bacteria which naturally produce PHA are also promising sources of PHA. (see for example, NOVEL BIODEGRADABLE MICROBIAL POLYMERS, B. A. Dawes, ed, NATO ASI Series, Series E. Applied Sciences--Vol. 196, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1990); Poirier, Y., D. E. Dennis, K. Klomparens and C. Somerville. "Polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable thermoplastic produced in transgenic plants", SCIENCE, Vol. 256, pp. 520-523 (1992) In a large scale production, for example agricultural production, isolation and culture of a new organism and cheap raw material for the production of bioplastic is a critical step for determining the practical feasibility of such technology. PHB is an energy storage material produced by a variety of bacteria in response to environmental stress and is a homopolymer of D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate of the formula 1 which has properties comparable to polypropylene. Because PHB is biodegradable, there is considerable interest in using PHB for packaging purposes as opposed to other plastic materials in order to reduce the environmental impact of human garbage. PHB also has utility in antibiotics, drug delivery, medical suture and bone replacement applications. PHB is commercially produced from Alcaligenes eutrophus and sold under the trade name Biopol. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with pineapple, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on pineapple. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning pineapple. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PINEAPPLE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to pineapple. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on pineapple include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on pineapple: •
The Fat Free Living Family Cookbook Source: Scottsdale, AZ: Fat Free Living, 379p., 1998. Contact: Fat Free Living, Inc., 15202 North 50th Pl., Scottsdale, AZ 85254. (602) 996-6300. FAX (602) 996-9897. Email
[email protected]. Website http://www.fatfreeliving.com. Summary: Steinback has compiled a book of low-fat and no-fat recipes for a variety of dishes, including dessert, soups, snacks, pasta, barbecue, and appliance cooking. For each recipe, nutritional information and diet exchange information is given. Recipes include Buffalo tenders, pineapple sponge cake, hummus, and raspberry-lemonade sorbet. Steinback also includes basic nutrition information. A separate section describes Steinback's exercise program. The exercises are illustrated with photographs.
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Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “pineapple” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “pineapple” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “pineapple” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Canned pineapple fruit from Thailand (SuDoc ITC 1.12:731-TA-706/PRELIM.) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010LFT4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010LFT4/icongroupinterna
•
Farm Size, Resource Use Efficiency, and Rural Development: Technoserve and SmallScale Pineapple Farmer Groups in Ghana by Daniel Bruce Sarpong, A. B. West (2002); ISBN: 1573600474; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573600474/icongroupinterna
•
Guidelines for Exporters of Avocados, Mangoes, Pineapples, Papayas and Passion Fruit to the UK Market (Guidelines for Exporters of Selected Horticultural Products); ISBN: 0850925223; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0850925223/icongroupinterna
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How to grapple with the pineapple : from planting pineapple tops to baking upsidedown cakes by Helen Rosenbaum; ISBN: 0801521742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0801521742/icongroupinterna
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Konnichiwa Florida Moon: The Story of George Morikami, Pineapple Pioneer by Virginia Aronson; ISBN: 1561642630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1561642630/icongroupinterna
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Manual of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Excluding the Banana, Coconut, Pineapple, Citrus Fruits, Olive, and Fig. by Wilson, Popenoe; ISBN: 0028502809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028502809/icongroupinterna
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MAUI LAND & PINEAPPLE COMPANY, INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597262039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597262039/icongroupinterna
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Pineapple Gold by Joann Hulett Dobbins (1983); ISBN: 096105400X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096105400X/icongroupinterna
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Pineapple Smoothy by Lynda S. Milligan, Nancy J. Smith; ISBN: 1880972212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1880972212/icongroupinterna
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Pineapple Tart by Anne Dunlop; ISBN: 1853711691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853711691/icongroupinterna
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Pineapple White by Jon Shirota, et al; ISBN: 0897500555; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897500555/icongroupinterna
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Pineapple-Leaf Fibres by P. Chellamani, Indra Doraiswamy (1993); ISBN: 1870812476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1870812476/icongroupinterna
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SIAM AGRO INDUSTRY PINEAPPLE & OTH PCL: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series) by Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597184844; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597184844/icongroupinterna
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TAIWAN PINEAPPLE CORP: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd., Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597477345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597477345/icongroupinterna
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The Pineapple Cookbook by Patti Donnelly; ISBN: 0935848894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935848894/icongroupinterna
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The pineapple story; ISBN: 0916888037; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916888037/icongroupinterna
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The Pineapple: Botany, Production and Uses by D. P. Bartholomew (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0851995039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851995039/icongroupinterna
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The pineapple--top grower's handbook by Jack Kramer; ISBN: 0136762883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0136762883/icongroupinterna
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The silver pineapple by Elisabeth Kyle; ISBN: 0432084886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0432084886/icongroupinterna
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The World Market for Pineapple Juice: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00013467E; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00013467E/icongroupinterna
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Why Are Pineapples Prickly? (The Why Books) by Dorling Kindersley; ISBN: 0751355143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751355143/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •
10
The nutritional value of canned pineapple. Author: Killian, John A.; Year: 1933; San Francisco,
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Chapters on Pineapple In order to find chapters that specifically relate to pineapple, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and pineapple using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on pineapple: •
Fruits Source: in Warshaw, H.S. and Webb, R. Diabetes Food and Nutrition Bible: A Complete Guide to Planning, Shopping, Cooking, and Eating. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2001. p. 121-163. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association (ADA). Order Fulfillment Department, P.O. Box 930850, Atlanta, GA 31193-0850. (800) 232-6733. Fax (770) 4429742. Website: www.diabetes.org. PRICE: $18.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 158040037. Summary: Fruits are packed with vitamins and minerals, they may satisfy one's sweet tooth, and many fruits make great portable snacks or put the finishing touch on a meal. The diabetes food pyramid suggests that people with diabetes eat 2 to 4 servings of fruit each day. This chapter on fruits is from a book that offers a complete food and nutrition resource for people with diabetes. The book brings readers up to date on meal planning, carbohydrate counting, vitamins, minerals, and the best ways to prepare healthy delicious meals. In this chapter the authors discuss the benefits of eating fruits, tips for portion control, fruit juices, fruits as sources of vitamin A and vitamin C, common questions about fruits and nutrition, fanciful fruits (figs, pomegranates, papayas, pineapples), berries, and citrus. Numerous recipes are then provided: blueberries with almond cream, blueberry lemon muffins, strawberry-peach soup, strawberry raspberry almond shake, orange and fennel salad, grapefruit combo salad, lime guacamole with mango, pan-seared pork with mango salsa, mango chicken salad, cool melon soup, orange and kiwi salad, minted kiwi salad, apple sandwiches, red cherry frozen yogurt sundae, red grape and turkey salad, pears baked with white wine, and island sundaes. The chapter concludes with a chart of common vegetables and their nutrition values, and two special focus sections on fiber and on fats.
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PINEAPPLE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover pineapple.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on pineapple is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to pineapple. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “pineapple” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for pineapple: •
Pineapple extract protects against enterotoxigenic E. coli Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 23, 1998
•
Pineapple extract could prevent travelers' diarrhea Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 22, 1998
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “pineapple” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to pineapple, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “pineapple” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly
Periodicals and News
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to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on pineapple: •
Fantastic Fruit Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. May 1998. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 1501 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20036. (202) 332-9110. Web Address http://www.cspinet.org/. Email:
[email protected]. Summary: This article compares fresh fruits to determine which are the most nutritious. Meltzer considered five nutrients as critical: vitamin C, carotenoids, folate, potassium, and fiber. Some of the fruits scored as best include guava, watermelon, grapefruit, papaya, cantaloupe, orange, kiwifruit, apricots, and strawberries. The least nutritious group included dried figs, nectarines, dried currants, canned pineapple, canned peaches, and cranberry sauce.
Academic Periodicals covering Pineapple Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to pineapple. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering pineapple that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for pineapple. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with pineapple. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to pineapple: Cholestyramine •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Questran http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202137.html
Colestipol •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Colestid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202161.html
Lansoprazole •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prevacid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202787.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
11
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 251 9 954 1 0 1215
HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “pineapple” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
14
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
15
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
19 Adapted 20
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on pineapple can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to pineapple. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to pineapple. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “pineapple”:
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•
Other guides Carcinoid Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/carcinoidtumors.html Congenital Heart Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/congenitalheartdisease.html Diabetic Diet http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabeticdiet.html Dietary Fiber http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietaryfiber.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on pineapple. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
High Potassium Foods Source: Birmingham, AL: Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 199x. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Department of Food and Nutrition Services, University Hospital. 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35233. (205) 934-8055. Fax (205) 9342987. PRICE: $0.65 per copy; bulk copies available; plus shipping and handling. Summary: Most fruits, vegetables, meats, nuts, milk and milk products are high in potassium. This single fold brochure lists high potassium foods in two categories: vegetables and juices, and fruits and juices. The first category includes Brussels sprouts, blackeyed peas, lima beans, navy beans, broccoli, raw carrots, potato (including hash browns), tomato, tomato juice, acorn squash, sweet potato, eggplant, pumpkin, greens (turnip, collards, mustard, beet), spinach, and rutabaga. The fruits category lists grapefruit juice, cantaloupe, grapefruit, nectarine, banana, apricots, dates, prunes, raisins, oranges, tangerines, prune juice, watermelon, orange juice, fruit cocktail, grape juice, pineapple juice, peaches, and honeydew melon. The brochure is printed on cardstock and illustrated with graphics of the foods listed.
•
Recipes for Calorie Watchers Source: Parsipanny, NJ: Estee Corporation. 1992. 5 p.
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Contact: Available from Estee Corporation, Professional Services Department. 169 Lackawanna Avenue, Parsipanny, NJ 07054. (800) 523-1734, ext. 200, or (201) 335-1000. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This booklet was developed to help readers plan and enjoy meals while following a weight reduction or weight conscious diet. The recipes in the booklet are lower in calories, fat, and sodium and contain no table sugar (sucrose). The introductory section reminds readers with noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) about the importance of weight control in their diabetes management program. Recipes included are Pasta with Broccoli and Shrimp; Curried Turkey Salad; Chicken Sate; Chocolate Crumb Pie; Sesame Slaw; Little Lemon Cakes; Strawberry Pineapple Trifle; and Fajita Salad. The recipes feature products available from the Estee Corporation. Complete nutritional information and diabetic exchange information follow each recipe. (AA-M). •
Fruits for Health in Hawai'i Source: [Honolulu, HI]: Hawai'i Department of Health. 1993. 4 p. Contact: Available from Hawai'i Department of Health, Nutrition Branch. (808) 586-4671 (O'ahu), (808) 933-4675 (Hawai'i), (808) 243-5373 (Maui), (808) 241-3650 (Kaua'i). PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure describes various fruits available in Hawaii and their role in a healthy diet. The brochure includes a chart listing the vitamin C content of each of the fruits; guidelines for storing fresh fruits; and a chart of the food groups and the recommended daily amount for each group. The bulk of the brochure consists of a description of each fruit and its uses; fruits covered are: avocado, banana, breadfruit, guava, Hawai'i orange, lychee, mango, mountain apple, papaya, passion fruit or liliko'i, pineapple, poha or cape gooseberry, pomelo, starfruit or carambola, surinam cherry, tangerine, and watermelon.
•
Diabetes Women's Health Take Time to Care: for Yourself: for Those Who Need You Source: Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 200x. 8 p. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. E-Mail:
[email protected] Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This brochure encourages women to consider their risk factors for diabetes and to be aware of the complications of the disease. Those complications, including cardiovascular problems, are the primary reason to screen for diabetes. The brochure includes a seven-item assessment tool for identifying those women at risk of having diabetes. The brochure also lists common symptoms of diabetes, the different types of diabetes, how insulin works in the body, the role of diet and exercise in managing diabetes, drug therapy (including insulin) to manage diabetes, and the importance of blood glucose monitoring (SMBG). The brochure includes an insert of five recipe cards for healthy foods, including Chunky Apple Cake, Grilled Shrimp with Pasta and Pineapple Salsa, Oven Fried Chicken, Collard Greens, and Fresh Salsa. Each recipe lists the nutrition facts for that item, using the standard Nutrition label to help familiarize readers with its use.
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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to pineapple. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to pineapple. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with pineapple. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about pineapple. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at
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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “pineapple” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “pineapple”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “pineapple” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “pineapple” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
22
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
23
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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PINEAPPLE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and
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stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix.
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[NIH]
Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]
Anthelmintics: Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of helminthiasis in man and animal. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH]
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Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auxin: A natural organic compound formed in actively growing parts of plants, particularly in the growing points of shoots, which in minute concentrations regulates cell expansion and other developmental processes. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benomyl: A systemic agricultural fungicide used for control of certain fungal diseases of stone fruit. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH]
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Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Bromelain: An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis
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patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Caloric intake: Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Carrier State: The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissable to another susceptible host. [NIH] Cascara: Component of the dried bark of a buckthorn (Rhamnus purshiana) that contains the anthraquinone emodin. It is used as a laxative. [NIH] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange
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materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire
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functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of
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organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Decubitus: An act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. [EU] Decubitus Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure in patients permitted to lie too still for a long period of time. The bony prominences of the body are the most frequently affected sites. The ulcer is caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin, fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant pressure. [NIH] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH]
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Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dysentery: Any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of
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the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. [EU]
Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]
Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]
Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
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[NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipients: Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form; a binder, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the
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same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungicide: An agent that destroys fungi. [EU] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Gibberellin: One of a class of plant hormones that promote elongation. Synthesis occurs mainly in leaves and roots. They function by stimulating cell division and the hydrolisis of sugars to glucose and fructose, and stimulate extensive growth, especially of internodes.
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Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]
Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Happiness: Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy. [NIH] Helminthiasis: Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class. [NIH] Helminths: Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the acanthocephala, nematoda, and platyhelminths. Some authors consider certain species of leeches that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the
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Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Herbicide: A chemical that kills plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hymenoptera: An extensive order of highly specialized insects including bees, wasps, and ants. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens).
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[NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infestation: Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin and/or its appendages, as by insects, mites, or ticks; sometimes used to denote parasitic invasion of the organs and tissues, as by helminths. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH]
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Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU]
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Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Assistance: Financing of medical care provided to public assistance recipients. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary
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arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molasses: The syrup remaining after sugar is crystallized out of sugar cane or sugar beet juice. It is also used in animal feed, and in a fermented form, is used to make industrial ethyl alcohol and alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH]
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Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nipples: The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands. [NIH]
Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfaction: Function of the olfactory apparatus to perceive and discriminate between the molecules that reach it, in gas form from an external environment, directly or indirectly via the nose. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH]
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Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Papain: A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and chymopapain that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2. [NIH] Parasitic: Having to do with or being a parasite. A parasite is an animal or a plant that lives on or in an organism of another species and gets at least some of its nutrients from it. [NIH] Parathion: A highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an acaricide and as an insecticide. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pentachlorophenol: An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions
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is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]
Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid
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and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH]
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Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that
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promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Public Assistance: Financial assistance to impoverished persons for the essentials of living through federal, state or local government programs. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH]
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Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Self Administration: Administration of a drug or chemical by the individual under the direction of a physician. It includes administration clinically or experimentally, by human or animal. [NIH] Self Medication: The self administration of medication not prescribed by a physician or in a manner not directed by a physician. [NIH] Senescence: The bodily and mental state associated with advancing age. [NIH] Senna: Preparations of Cassia senna L. and C. angustifolia of the Leguminosae. They contain sennosides, which are anthraquinone type cathartics and are used in many different
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preparations as laxatives. [NIH] Septicemia: Systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH]
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Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stent: A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptokinase: Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (streptodornase and streptokinase). EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or
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chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thrombolytic: 1. Dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. A thrombolytic agent. [EU] Thrombolytic Therapy: Use of infusions of fibrinolytic agents to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a
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heavy metal. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuole: A fluid-filled cavity within the cytoplasm of a cell. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH]
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Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Wasps: Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]
123
INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 51, 91 A Abdomen, 91, 95, 101, 106, 108, 118 Acceptor, 91, 111 Acetylcholine, 91, 97, 110 Acidity, 11, 91 Adaptation, 4, 91 Adenine, 91 Adenosine, 24, 91, 112 Adjustment, 91 Adverse Effect, 91, 117 Affinity, 91, 117 Agonist, 91, 100, 110 Algorithms, 92, 94 Alimentary, 92, 100, 111 Alkaline, 92, 95, 112 Alkaloid, 92, 110 Alpha Particles, 92, 115 Alternative medicine, 64, 92 Alum, 44, 47, 92 Aluminum, 36, 92 Amebiasis, 27, 92 Ameliorated, 28, 92 Ameliorating, 55, 92 Amino acid, 24, 26, 92, 93, 94, 103, 104, 108, 112, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120 Anaesthesia, 92, 93, 106 Analgesic, 92, 105 Analogous, 92, 113, 120 Anatomical, 92, 106, 107 Anionic, 34, 36, 92 Anions, 92, 107 Annealing, 92, 113 Anosmia, 4, 93 Anthelmintics, 93 Antibiotics, 58, 93 Antibody, 15, 91, 93, 97, 105, 106, 108, 115 Anticoagulant, 15, 93 Antigen, 91, 93, 98, 105, 106, 108 Anti-infective, 93, 102, 117 Anti-Infective Agents, 93, 102 Anti-inflammatory, 93, 95, 105 Antimicrobial, 17, 27, 93, 99, 112 Antioxidant, 37, 38, 93, 118 Antiseptic, 93, 112 Approximate, 48, 93
Aqueous, 30, 34, 35, 36, 49, 50, 54, 93, 94, 99, 107 Arachidonic Acid, 93, 114 Arginine, 93, 110, 120 Aromatic, 93, 112 Arterial, 93, 114 Arteries, 93, 95, 99, 109 Ascorbic Acid, 10, 93, 105 Aspartame, 4, 25, 94 Aspartic, 94, 97 Aspartic Acid, 94, 97 Asymptomatic, 92, 94 Atrophy, 4, 94 Auxin, 24, 94 B Bacteremia, 27, 94 Bacteria, 6, 35, 58, 93, 94, 101, 102, 109, 118, 120 Bacterial Physiology, 91, 94 Bactericidal, 94, 102 Base, 30, 31, 40, 53, 54, 91, 94, 99, 102, 103, 107, 112 Benomyl, 7, 94 Bile, 4, 94, 108 Bile Acids, 94 Bile Acids and Salts, 94 Biochemical, 6, 94, 117 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 61, 64, 73, 94 Blastocyst, 95, 98 Blood Coagulation, 95 Blood Glucose, 79, 95, 106 Blood Platelets, 95, 117 Blood pressure, 95, 117 Blood vessel, 95, 96, 101, 104, 107, 118, 119, 120 Body Fluids, 95, 117 Bowel, 3, 38, 95, 100, 106, 107 Bradykinin, 95, 110 Branch, 79, 87, 95, 117, 119 Breakdown, 95, 100, 103 Breeding, 32, 95 Bromelain, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 27, 95 Burns, 18, 27, 95 Burns, Electric, 95 C Cadmium, 24, 95 Cadmium Poisoning, 95 Calcium, 28, 95, 96, 98, 111
124 Pineapple
Calcium Carbonate, 28, 95 Calcium Oxalate, 96, 111 Caloric intake, 29, 96 Capillary, 95, 96, 116 Capillary Fragility, 96, 116 Capsules, 31, 96, 102 Carbohydrate, 4, 62, 96, 110, 113 Carbon Dioxide, 25, 35, 96, 116 Carcinogenic, 96, 110 Cardiovascular, 79, 96, 117 Carotenoids, 65, 96 Carrier State, 92, 96 Cascara, 38, 96 Catechin, 54, 96 Cations, 96, 107 Cause of Death, 26, 96 Caustic, 96, 117 Cell Division, 94, 96, 103, 112 Cell Respiration, 96, 116 Cellobiose, 96 Cellulose, 48, 49, 96, 103, 112 Central Nervous System, 91, 97, 117 Chlorophyll, 97, 103 Cholera, 27, 97, 121 Cholesterol, 55, 94, 97 Cholinergic, 97, 110 Chronic, 4, 18, 92, 97, 106, 111, 118 Chymopapain, 97, 111 CIS, 25, 97, 116 Citrus, 60, 62, 93, 97 Clinical Medicine, 97, 114 Clinical trial, 5, 73, 97 Cloning, 94, 97 Coenzyme, 93, 97 Cofactor, 97, 114 Colitis, 27, 97 Collagen, 92, 95, 96, 97, 113 Colon, 97, 101, 107 Complement, 97, 98 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 20, 98 Complementary medicine, 15, 98 Computational Biology, 73, 98 Concentric, 39, 42, 43, 98 Conception, 56, 98 Cone, 32, 98 Conjugated, 94, 98, 99 Connective Tissue, 93, 97, 98, 116 Constipation, 38, 98 Consumption, 4, 25, 29, 32, 33, 44, 49, 56, 98, 100, 111 Contamination, 50, 98
Contraindications, ii, 99 Coronary, 99, 108 Coronary Thrombosis, 99, 109 Crowns, 35, 44, 99 Curative, 99, 119 Cyclic, 99, 104, 110, 114 Cytochrome, 4, 99 Cytoplasm, 99, 120 D Dairy Products, 54, 99 Decubitus, 27, 99 Decubitus Ulcer, 27, 99 Dehydration, 46, 97, 99 Denaturation, 99, 113 Density, 46, 47, 99, 110 Depressive Disorder, 99, 108 Detergents, 28, 99 Developed Countries, 100, 102 Dexterity, 52, 100 Diagnostic procedure, 23, 64, 100 Diarrhea, 4, 26, 63, 92, 100 Diarrhoea, 8, 100 Dietary Fats, 100, 107 Dietary Fiber, 11, 78, 100 Digestion, 27, 92, 94, 95, 100, 106, 107, 108, 118 Digestive system, 100, 103 Dihydrotestosterone, 100, 115 Diploid, 100, 113 Direct, iii, 24, 54, 67, 97, 100, 116 Disinfectant, 100, 102, 112 Diuron, 7, 100 Dopamine, 100, 110, 112 Dose-dependent, 17, 100 Drive, ii, vi, 9, 41, 46, 100 Drug Interactions, 68, 100 Drug Tolerance, 100, 119 Duodenum, 94, 100, 118 Dysentery, 92, 100 E Elastic, 101, 118 Electrolyte, 101, 113, 114, 117 Embryo, 95, 101, 106, 113 Emodin, 96, 101 Encapsulated, 30, 54, 101 Endemic, 97, 101 Endocrine System, 101, 109 Endogenous, 24, 100, 101 Endothelium, 101, 110 Endothelium-derived, 101, 110 Endotoxic, 101, 107 Energetic, 29, 101
Index 125
Enteropeptidase, 101, 120 Environmental Health, 8, 72, 74, 101 Enzymatic, 21, 34, 38, 92, 95, 98, 101, 111, 113, 116 Epinephrine, 100, 101, 110, 120 Epithelial, 101 Epithelial Cells, 101 Epithelium, 26, 101 Esophagus, 100, 101, 118 Ethanol, 48, 53, 102 Evacuation, 98, 102, 107, 115 Excipients, 102, 112 Exogenous, 101, 102 Expiration, 102, 116 Extracellular, 7, 98, 102, 117 Extraction, 25, 45, 54, 102 F Faecal, 100, 102 Family Planning, 73, 102 Fat, 29, 31, 45, 55, 59, 79, 93, 94, 99, 102, 107, 110, 116, 118 Fatty acids, 4, 48, 102, 114, 117 Feces, 98, 102 Fermentation, 50, 102, 103 Fertilizers, 102, 114 Filler, 44, 55, 102 Flatus, 102, 103 Flavoring Agents, 102, 112 Folate, 65, 102 Fold, 78, 102 Folic Acid, 102 Food Additives, 38, 102 Food Preservatives, 102, 103 Forearm, 95, 103, 115 Free Radicals, 93, 103 Fructose, 4, 6, 45, 48, 57, 103 Fungi, 35, 54, 103, 109, 121 Fungicide, 10, 94, 103 Fungus, 10, 35, 54, 103 G Gas, 39, 96, 102, 103, 105, 110, 118 Gasoline, 46, 47, 103 Gastrin, 103, 105 Gastroenterologist, 3, 103 Gastrointestinal, 7, 38, 95, 101, 102, 103, 117, 118, 121 Gastrointestinal tract, 38, 102, 103, 117, 118 Gene, 6, 61, 94, 103 Genetic Code, 103, 110 Genetic testing, 103, 113 Gibberellin, 35, 103
Ginger, 5, 38, 55, 56, 104 Gland, 104, 111, 116, 118, 119 Glioma, 16, 104 Glucose, 4, 6, 26, 45, 48, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 106 Glycine, 92, 94, 104, 110, 117 Goats, 99, 104 Governing Board, 104, 114 Grade, 31, 104 Grading, 33, 104 Graft, 104, 105 Growth, 4, 17, 35, 36, 39, 45, 47, 50, 51, 57, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 112, 119, 120 Guanylate Cyclase, 104, 110 H Haploid, 104, 112 Happiness, 54, 104 Helminthiasis, 93, 104 Helminths, 104, 106 Heme, 99, 104 Hemodialysis, 95, 104 Hemolytic, 104, 118 Hemostasis, 105, 117 Herbicide, 100, 105, 111 Heredity, 103, 105 Heterotrophic, 103, 105 Homogeneous, 39, 105 Homologous, 54, 55, 105, 119 Hormonal, 94, 105 Hormone, 24, 101, 103, 105, 106, 119 Host, 54, 96, 105, 121 Hybrid, 41, 105 Hydrogen, 91, 94, 96, 99, 105, 109, 110, 111, 115 Hydrolysis, 94, 96, 105, 115, 120 Hydrophilic, 99, 105 Hydrophobic, 99, 105 Hydroxyproline, 92, 97, 105 Hymenoptera, 21, 105 Hyperlipidemia, 4, 105 Hyperreflexia, 105, 119 I Ibuprofen, 26, 105 Id, 12, 18, 80, 86, 88, 105 Immune adjuvant, 92, 105 Immune response, 92, 93, 105, 106, 118, 121 Immune system, 26, 105, 106, 120 Immunogenic, 106, 107 Impairment, 54, 106 Implantation, 98, 106 In vitro, 17, 106, 113
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In vivo, 106 Incision, 106, 107 Indicative, 60, 106, 120 Induction, 55, 106 Industrial Waste, 28, 106 Infarction, 99, 106, 108 Infection, 19, 34, 35, 55, 92, 93, 96, 106, 108, 118 Infestation, 54, 104, 106 Ingestion, 8, 25, 95, 106, 113 Inorganic, 28, 38, 106, 112, 118 Insulin, 79, 106 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 106 Intestinal, 4, 26, 48, 101, 106, 108 Intestine, 4, 94, 95, 106, 107, 118 Intracellular, 106, 110, 113, 114, 115 Intramuscular, 107, 111 Intravenous, 107, 111 Invasive, 16, 27, 107 Ions, 24, 91, 94, 101, 105, 107 Ischemia, 94, 99, 107 J Joint, 32, 107 K Kb, 72, 107 Kerosene, 46, 47, 107 Kidney stone, 107, 111 L Laceration, 107, 119 Lactation, 16, 107 Large Intestine, 100, 106, 107, 115, 117 Latent, 107, 114 Lavage, 38, 107 Laxative, 38, 96, 101, 107 Library Services, 86, 107 Life cycle, 103, 107 Linkages, 107, 118 Lipase, 4, 107 Lipid, 4, 106, 107 Lipid A, 4, 107 Lipopolysaccharides, 107 Liquor, 32, 107 Lithium, 24, 108 Liver, 93, 94, 100, 102, 108 Localized, 28, 101, 106, 108, 112, 119, 120 Locomotion, 108, 112 Loop, 40, 108 Lubricants, 108, 112 Lumen, 38, 108 Lymphatic, 101, 106, 108 Lysine, 108, 120
M Malabsorption, 4, 108 Malnutrition, 94, 108 Mammary, 108, 110 Manic, 108 Mannans, 103, 108 Meat, 45, 56, 95, 100, 108 Meat Products, 45, 100, 108 Medial, 42, 108 Mediator, 108, 117 Medical Assistance, 29, 108 MEDLINE, 73, 108 Melanin, 108, 112, 120 Membrane, 98, 108, 111, 112 Mental, iv, 5, 72, 74, 108, 116 Methionine, 24, 108, 118 Methyl Parathion, 7, 108 MI, 16, 39, 42, 89, 108 Microbe, 109, 120 Microbiological, 57, 109 Microbiology, 16, 91, 109 Microorganism, 97, 109, 111, 121 Modification, 92, 109 Molasses, 30, 57, 58, 109 Molecular, 7, 16, 17, 27, 73, 75, 94, 98, 109, 113, 115, 120 Molecular mass, 27, 109 Molecule, 54, 55, 93, 94, 97, 98, 101, 105, 109, 111, 115 Morphological, 101, 103, 109 Motility, 109, 117 Mutagenic, 109, 110 Myocardium, 108, 109 N NCI, 1, 71, 97, 109 Need, 3, 26, 31, 42, 44, 47, 51, 55, 57, 59, 62, 64, 79, 81, 109, 119 Neoplasm, 109, 120 Nervous System, 97, 108, 109, 110, 118, 119 Neuroendocrine, 29, 109 Neurons, 109, 110, 118 Neurotransmitter, 91, 92, 94, 95, 100, 104, 110, 118, 119 Neutrons, 92, 110, 115 Nicotine, 49, 110 Nipples, 110 Nitric Oxide, 4, 110 Nitrogen, 6, 92, 109, 110, 120 Nitrosamines, 16, 110 Nucleic acid, 43, 55, 103, 110 Nutritive Value, 102, 110
Index 127
O Occupational Exposure, 7, 110 Ointments, 110, 117 Olfaction, 4, 110 Opacity, 99, 110 Organelles, 99, 111, 113 Osmosis, 111 Osmotic, 38, 111 Ovary, 111, 113 Oxalate, 13, 111 Oxidation, 34, 38, 45, 50, 91, 93, 99, 111 Oxygen Consumption, 111, 116 P Palliative, 111, 119 Pancreas, 100, 106, 107, 111, 120 Pancreatic, 4, 111 Papain, 27, 111 Parasitic, 93, 101, 104, 106, 111 Parathion, 108, 111 Parenteral, 4, 111 Parenteral Nutrition, 4, 111 Pathogen, 54, 111 Patient Education, 78, 84, 86, 89, 111 Pentachlorophenol, 46, 47, 111 Peptide, 4, 26, 92, 101, 112, 114, 115 Perception, 98, 112 Perennial, 112, 120 Petroleum, 28, 103, 107, 112 Pharmaceutic Aids, 103, 112 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 97, 102, 112 Pharmacologic, 112, 120 Phenolphthalein, 38, 112 Phenylalanine, 25, 94, 112, 120 Phenylethyl Alcohol, 25, 112 Phosphates, 38, 45, 112 Phospholipids, 102, 112 Phosphorus, 95, 112 Physiologic, 92, 112, 114, 115 Physiology, 3, 112 Pigments, 112, 113, 116 Pitch, 52, 112 Plasma, 105, 113, 115 Plasminogen, 113, 118 Plastids, 44, 111, 113 Platelet Aggregation, 110, 113 Platelets, 110, 113 Platinum, 108, 113 Pneumonia, 99, 113 Poisoning, 95, 111, 113, 117 Pollen, 8, 113, 115 Polymerase, 10, 113 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 10, 113
Polymers, 58, 113, 114 Polysaccharide, 6, 93, 96, 113 Potassium, 25, 38, 45, 53, 65, 78, 113, 114, 117 Potassium Chloride, 25, 114 Practice Guidelines, 74, 114 Precursor, 24, 93, 100, 101, 112, 113, 114, 120 Predisposition, 29, 114 Progressive, 100, 104, 114, 120 Prone, 36, 114 Prostaglandin, 7, 114 Prostaglandins A, 114 Protease, 7, 114 Protein S, 61, 94, 103, 114 Proteins, 4, 16, 54, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117 Proteolytic, 15, 20, 27, 98, 101, 111, 114 Protons, 92, 105, 115 Protozoa, 101, 109, 115 Public Assistance, 108, 115 Public Policy, 73, 115 Pulmonary, 18, 95, 98, 115, 118 Purgative, 101, 107, 115 Q Quercetin, 12, 115 R Radiation, 26, 91, 103, 115 Radiation therapy, 91, 115 Radiological, 38, 115 Radiology, 115 Radius, 56, 115 Receptor, 26, 91, 93, 98, 100, 115, 117 Receptors, Serotonin, 115, 117 Recombinant, 43, 55, 115 Reconstitution, 50, 115 Rectum, 97, 100, 102, 103, 107, 115 Reductase, 11, 115 Refer, 1, 97, 103, 108, 110, 116, 120 Regeneration, 31, 115, 116 Respiration, 35, 96, 116 Restoration, 99, 115, 116 Retinal, 98, 116 Retinoids, 116, 121 Rheumatism, 105, 116 Ribose, 91, 116 Rigidity, 112, 116 Risk factor, 79, 116 Rutin, 115, 116 S Saccharin, 4, 38, 39, 116 Salicylic, 27, 116
128 Pineapple
Scatter, 37, 116 Screening, 4, 97, 116 Secretion, 4, 26, 106, 107, 116 Self Administration, 116 Self Medication, 38, 116 Senescence, 24, 116 Senna, 38, 116 Septicemia, 27, 117 Sequencing, 113, 117 Serine, 117, 120 Serotonin, 54, 110, 115, 117, 120 Serum, 97, 115, 117 Side effect, 67, 91, 117, 120 Skeleton, 107, 114, 117 Small intestine, 100, 105, 106, 117, 120 Soaps, 28, 117 Sodium, 25, 38, 45, 48, 79, 117 Sodium Bicarbonate, 38, 39, 117 Solvent, 25, 102, 107, 111, 117 Specialist, 80, 117 Species, 35, 101, 104, 105, 111, 117, 118, 121 Sperm, 113, 117 Spinal cord, 97, 109, 117 Stabilizer, 45, 53, 118 Steel, 36, 56, 118 Stent, 17, 118 Stimulus, 100, 118 Stomach, 4, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 117, 118 Strand, 113, 118 Streptococci, 118 Streptokinase, 27, 118 Stress, 24, 43, 58, 96, 114, 118 Subacute, 106, 118 Subclinical, 106, 118 Subcutaneous, 111, 118 Subspecies, 117, 118 Substance P, 115, 116, 118 Sulfites, 38, 118 Sulfur, 38, 108, 118 Sulfur Dioxide, 38, 118 Supplementation, 28, 118 Surfactant, 34, 36, 118 Synaptic, 110, 118, 119 Synaptic Transmission, 110, 119 Systemic, 8, 10, 68, 94, 95, 101, 106, 115, 117, 119 T Tachycardia, 94, 119 Tachypnea, 94, 119 Testosterone, 115, 119
Tetani, 119 Tetanic, 119 Tetanus, 17, 119 Therapeutics, 68, 119 Thermal, 110, 113, 119 Thrombolytic, 113, 118, 119 Thrombolytic Therapy, 118, 119 Thrombosis, 7, 114, 119 Thyroid, 119, 120 Thyroxine, 112, 119 Ticks, 106, 119 Tolerance, 55, 119 Tome, 119 Tone, 111, 119 Tooth Preparation, 91, 120 Topical, 102, 111, 117, 120 Toxic, iv, 108, 110, 111, 118, 120 Toxicity, 27, 100, 101, 120 Toxicology, 74, 120 Toxin, 101, 119, 120 Transfection, 94, 120 Translation, 92, 120 Trees, 51, 120 Trypsin, 27, 101, 120 Tryptophan, 97, 117, 120 Tumour, 17, 120 Tyrosine, 26, 100, 120 U Ulcer, 99, 120 Ulceration, 99, 120 Unconscious, 105, 120 Urine, 96, 107, 111, 120 V Vaccine, 92, 120 Vacuole, 44, 120 Vascular, 101, 106, 110, 120 Vasodilators, 110, 120 Venom, 15, 120 Venous, 114, 121 Veterinary Medicine, 73, 121 Vibrio, 97, 121 Vibrio cholerae, 97, 121 Virulence, 120, 121 Virus, 10, 121 Vitamin A, 31, 121 Vitro, 121 W Wasps, 105, 121 Y Yeasts, 35, 103, 121 Z Zygote, 98, 121
129
130 Pineapple
Index 131
132 Pineapple
