Passion Flower: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

PASSION FLOWER A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Passion Flower: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84154-3 1. Passion Flower-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on passion flower. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PASSION FLOWER ..................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Passion Flower .............................................................................. 3 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PASSION FLOWER.............................................................................. 5 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 5 Finding Nutrition Studies on Passion Flower............................................................................... 5 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 12 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PASSION FLOWER ..................................................... 15 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 15 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 15 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 19 General References ....................................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PASSION FLOWER ....................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Dissertations on Passion Flower.................................................................................................. 25 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PASSION FLOWER .................................................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 Patents on Passion Flower ........................................................................................................... 27 Patent Applications on Passion Flower ....................................................................................... 31 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PASSION FLOWER ...................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 33 Chapters on Passion Flower......................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PASSION FLOWER ........................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 35 Academic Periodicals covering Passion Flower ........................................................................... 36 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 41 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 43 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 47 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 47 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 47 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 49 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 51 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 51 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 51 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 57 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 57 PASSION FLOWER DICTIONARY............................................................................................. 59

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INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 79

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with passion flower is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about passion flower, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to passion flower, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on passion flower. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to passion flower, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on passion flower. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PASSION FLOWER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on passion flower.

Federally Funded Research on Passion Flower The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to passion flower. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to passion flower. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore passion flower.

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.3 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH). 3 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with passion flower, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for passion flower (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

Characterization of the aromatic profile in aqueous essence and fruit juice of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa degner) by GC-MS and GC/O. Author(s): Jordan MJ, Goodner KL, Shaw PE. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002 March 13; 50(6): 1523-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11879031&dopt=Abstract

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Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana. Author(s): Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ. Source: Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology : Official Publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. 1997 November; 79(5): 449-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9396980&dopt=Abstract

•

Toxic effect of the fruit of Passiflora adenopoda D. C. on humans: phytochemical determination. Author(s): Saenz JA, Nassar M. Source: Rev Biol Trop. 1972 July; 20(1): 137-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4347223&dopt=Abstract

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Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. Author(s): Fisher AA, Purcell P, Le Couteur DG. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2000; 38(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696928&dopt=Abstract

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Vasculitis associated with herbal preparation containing Passiflora extract. Author(s): Smith GW, Chalmers TM, Nuki G. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1993 January; 32(1): 87-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8422575&dopt=Abstract

journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PASSION FLOWER Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and passion flower.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Passion Flower The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.4 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

4 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “passion flower” (or a synonym): •

Antimicrobial activity of some tropical fruit wastes (guava [Psidium guava], starfruit [Averrhoa carambola], banana [Musa], papaya [Carica papaya], passionfruit [Passiflora edulis], langsat [Lansium domesticum], duku [Lansium sp.], rambutan [Nephelium lappaceum] and rambai [Baccaurea motleyana]). Author(s): Pertanian Malaysia Univ.,Serdang Selangor Darul Ehsan (Malaysia). Faculty of Food Science and Technology Source: Suhaila Mohamed Zaharah Hassan Norhashimah Abd Hamid PertanikaJournal-of-Tropical-Agricultural-Science (Malaysia). (December 1994). volume 17(3) page 219-227. Received 31 July 1995; (btb Q1 P4).

•

Phytotherapy aides in benzodiazepine withdrawal. Source: Leigh, E. HerbalGram (USA). (Spr 1998). (no. 42) page 19.

•

Quality control of medicinal plant preparations. The case of Passiflora incarnata L. tinctures. Author(s): Florence Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Florence Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Sanita Pubblica, Epidemiologia e Chimica Analitica Ambientale Source: Romani, A. Pinelli, P. Mulinacci, N. Gallori, S. Vincieri, F.F. Mancini, P. Rivistadi-Merceologia (Italy). (Jan-March 1999). volume 38(1) page 31-41.

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Weed seedbank evaluation and relative emergence dynamics in three perennial medicinal crops of organic farming systems [Tuscany]. Author(s): Pisa Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Agronomia e Gestione dell' Agroecosistema Source: Benvenuti, S. Falorni, C. Simonelli, G. Macchia, M. Italian-Journal-of-Agronomy (Italy). (July 2001). volume 5(1-2) page 29-37.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

4-Hydroxy-2-cyclopentenone: an anti-Pseudomonas and cytotoxic component from Passiflora tetrandra. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Source: Perry, N B Albertson, G D Blunt, J W Cole, A L Munro, M H Walker, J R PlantaMed. 1991 April; 57(2): 129-31 0032-0943

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A cyanogenic glycoside from Passiflora edulis fruits. Source: Chassagne, D. Crouzet, J. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. October 1998. volume 49 (3) page 757-759. 0031-9422

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A method for the practical quantification and kinetic evaluation of cyanogenesis in plant material. Application to Pteridium aquilinum and Passiflora capsularis. Source: Alonso Amelot, M.E. Oliveros, A. Phytochem-anal. Chichester, Sussex, UK : Wiley, c1990-. Sept/October 2000. volume 11 (5) page 309-316. 0958-0344

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Andromonoecy and variation in phenotypic gender of Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae). Source: May, P.G. Spears, E.E. Jr. Am-J-Bot. Columbus, Ohio : Botanical Society of America. December 1988. volume 75 (12) page 1830-1841. ill. 0002-9122

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Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India

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Source: Dhawan, K KuMarch, S Sharma, A J-Ethnopharmacol. 2001 December; 78(2-3): 165-70 0378-8741 •

Anti-inflammatory activity of Passiflora incarnata L. in rats. Source: Borrelli, F. Pinto, L. Izzo, A.A. Mascolo, N. Capasso, F. Mercati, V. Toja, E. Autore, G. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. 1996. volume 10 (suppl.1) page S104-S106. 0951-418X

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Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India. [email protected] Source: Dhawan, K Sharma, A Fitoterapia. 2002 August; 73(5): 397-9 0367-326X

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Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Panjab University, 160014, Chandigarh, India Source: Dhawan, K KuMarch, S Sharma, A Fitoterapia. 2001 December; 72(8): 922-6 0367-326X

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Assessment of the hypnotic/sedative effects and toxicity of Passiflora edulis aqueous extract in rodents and humans. Author(s): Escola Paulista de Medicina, 862 Rua Botucatu, 04023 Sao Paulo (Brazil) Source: Maluf, E. Barros, H.M.T. Frochtengarten, M.L. Benti, R. Leite, J.R. PhytotherapyResearch (United Kingdom). (1991). volume 5(6) page 262-266. passiflora edulis leaves medicinal properties toxic substances

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Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. Author(s): Laboratoire d'Ethnobotanique et de Pharmacologie, Universite de Metz, France. Source: Soulimani, R Younos, C Jarmouni, S Bousta, D Misslin, R Mortier, F JEthnopharmacol. 1997 June; 57(1): 11-20 0378-8741

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Biosynthesis of cyanohydrin glucosides from unnatural nitriles in intact tissue of Passiflora morifolia and Turnera angustifolia. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Jaroszewski, J W Rasmussen, A B Rasmussen, H B Olsen, C E Jorgensen, L B Phytochemistry. 1996 June; 42(3): 649-54 0031-9422

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Characterization of the aromatic profile in aqueous essence and fruit juice of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims F. Flavicarpa degner) by GC-MS and GC/O. Author(s): Citrus and Subtropical Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 Avenue S, N.W., Winter Haven, Florida 33881, USA. Source: Jordan, Maria J Goodner, Kevin L Shaw, Philip E J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2002 Mar 13; 50(6): 1523-8 0021-8561

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Chemical and pharmacological constituents of Passiflora alata Dryander, Passiflora edulis Sims and Passiflora incarnata L. Source: Pereira, C.A.M. Vilegas, J.H.Y. Revista-Brasileira-de-Plantas-Medicinais (Brazil). (October 2000). volume 3(1) page 1-12. 1516-0572

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Cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the coat protein gene of a new potyvirus infection South African Passiflora. Author(s): Department of Microbiology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. Source: Brand, R J Burger, J T Rybicki, E P Arch-Virol. 1993; 128(1-2): 29-41 0304-8608

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Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata linneaus: a comment on medicinal plants' standardization. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. [email protected] Source: Dhawan, K KuMarch, S Sharma, A J-Altern-Complement-Med. 2002 June; 8(3): 283-91 1075-5535

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Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia europaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Author(s): Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Source: Coleta, M Campos, M G Cotrim, M D Proenca da Cunha, A Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34 Suppl 1: S20-1 0176-3679

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Comparative pharmacological study of hydroethanol extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis leaves. Author(s): Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Source: Petry, R D Reginatto, F de Paris, F Gosmann, G Salgueiro, J B Quevedo, J Kapczinski, F Ortega, G G Schenkel, E P Phytother-Res. 2001 March; 15(2): 162-4 0951418X

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Correct identification of Passiflora incarnata Linn., a promising herbal anxiolytic and sedative. Source: Dhawan, K. KuMarch, R. Kumar, S. Sharma, A. J-med-food. Larchmont, NY : Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., c1998-. Fall 2001. volume 4 (3) page 137-144. 1096-620X

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Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus-Morocco and South African Passiflora virus are strains of the same potyvirus. Author(s): CSIRO Division of Biomolecular Engineering, Parkville, Australia. Source: McKern, N M Strike, P M Barnett, O W Dijkstra, J Shukla, D D Ward, C W ArchVirol. 1994; 136(1-2): 207-17 0304-8608

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Cyanogenesis of Passiflora colinvauxii, a species endemic to the Galapagos Islands. Source: Adsersen, A. Brimer, L. Olsen, C.E. Jaroszewski, J.W. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. May 1993. volume 33 (2) page 365-367. 0031-9422

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Cyanogenic allosides and glucosides from Passiflora edulis and Carica papaya. Author(s): Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. [email protected] Source: Seigler, D S Pauli, G F Nahrstedt, A Leen, R Phytochemistry. 2002 August; 60(8): 873-82 0031-9422

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Cyanohydrin glycosides of Passiflora: distribution pattern, a saturated cyclopentane derivative from P. guatemalensis, and formation of pseudocyanogenic alphahydroxyamides as isolation artefacts. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Jaroszewski, Jerzy W Olafsdottir, Elin S Wellendorph, Petrine Christensen, Jette Franzyk, Henrik Somanadhan, Brinda Budnik, Bogdan A Jorgensen, Lise Bolt Clausen, Vicki Phytochemistry. 2002 March; 59(5): 501-11 0031-9422

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Differential expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and perception of ethylene during ripening of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims). Author(s): Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Japan.

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Source: Mita, S Kawamura, S Yamawaki, K Nakamura, K Hyodo, H Plant-Cell-Physiol. 1998 November; 39(11): 1209-17 0032-0781 •

Effect of fresh passion fruit juice on the growth of rats [Passiflora edulis, protease, feed efficiency]. Source: Hashinage, F. Yamasaki, Y. Mitsunaga, Y. Gakujutsu-Hokoku-Bull-Fac-AgricKagoshima-Univolume Kagoshima : Kagoshima University. March 1983. (33) page 105108. 0453-0845

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Flavonoids from Passiflora palmeri. Source: Ulubelen, A. Mabry, T.J. Dellamonica, G. Chopin, J. J-Nat-Prod. Cincinnati, Ohio : American Society of Pharmacognosy. Mar/April 1984. volume 47 (2) page 384-385. 0163-3864

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Four cycloartane triterpenoids and six related saponins from Passiflora edulis. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, YamashiroCho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yoshikawa, K Katsuta, S Mizumori, J Arihara, S J-Nat-Prod. 2000 September; 63(9): 1229-34 0163-3864

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Genotypic characterization of xanthomonad strains isolated from passion fruit plants (Passiflora spp.) and their relatedness to different Xanthomonas species. Author(s): Department of Genetics, CBMEG, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil. Source: Goncalves, E R Rosato, Y B Int-J-Syst-Evol-Microbiol. 2000 March; 50 Pt 2811-21 1466-5026

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Identification and simultaneous analysis of harmane, harmine, harmol, isovitexin, and vitexin in Passiflora incarnata extracts with a novel HPLC method. Source: Grice, I.D. Ferreira, L.A. Griffiths, L.R. J-liq-chromatogr-relat-technol. Monticello, NY : Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2001. volume 24 (16) page 2513-2523. 1082-6076

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Isoscoparin-2”-O-glucoside from Passiflora incarnata. Source: Rahman, K. Krenn, L. Kopp, B. Schubert Zsilavecz, M. Mayer, K.K. Kubelka, W. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. July 1997. volume 45 (5) page 1093-1094. 0031-9422

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Mass spectral characterization of C-glycosidic flavonoids isolated from a medicinal plant (Passiflora incarnata). Author(s): Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (U.I.A.), Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium. Source: Li, Q M van den Heuvel, H Delorenzo, O Corthout, J Pieters, L A Vlietinck, A J Claeys, M J-Chromatogr. 1991 January 2; 562(1-2): 435-46 0021-9673

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Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Source: Speroni, E Minghetti, A Planta-Med. 1988 December; 54(6): 488-91 0032-0943

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New cycloartane triterpenoids from Passiflora edulis. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashirocho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan. [email protected] Source: Yoshikawa, K Katsuta, S Mizumori, J Arihara, S J-Nat-Prod. 2000 October; 63(10): 1377-80 0163-3864

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Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana. Author(s): Service of Immunology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo. Source: Giavina Bianchi, P F Castro, F F Machado, M L Duarte, A J Ann-AllergyAsthma-Immunol. 1997 November; 79(5): 449-54 1081-1206

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Oxygenated monoterpenoids from badea (Passiflora quadrangularis) fruit pulp. Author(s): Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota. Source: Osorio, C Duque, C Fujimoto, Y Phytochemistry. 2000 January; 53(1): 97-101 0031-9422

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Passibiflorin, epipassibiflorin and passitrifasciatin: cyclopentenoid cyanogenic glycosides from Passiflora. Source: Spencer, K.C. Seigler, D.S. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1985. volume 24 (5) page 981-986. 0031-9422

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Passicoccin: a sulphated cyanogenic glycoside from Passiflora coccinea. Source: Spencer, K. Seigler, D.S. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press. 1985. volume 24 (11) page 2615-2617. 0031-9422

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Passiflora and lime-blossoms: motility effects after inhalation of the essential oils and of some of the main constituents in animal experiment. Author(s): Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Buchbauer, G Jirovetz, L Jager, W Arch-Pharm-(Weinheim). 1992 April; 325(4): 247-8 0365-6233

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Passiflora incarnata (Passifloraceae): a new fruit crop. Source: McGuire, C.M. Econ-bot. Bronx, N.Y. : New York Botanical Garden. Apr/June 1999. volume 53 (2) page 161-176. 0013-0001

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Passifloricins, polyketides alpha-pyrones from Passiflora foetida resin. Author(s): Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Quimica, Medellin, Colombia. [email protected] Source: Echeverri, F Arango, V Quinones, W Torres, F Escobar, G Rosero, Y Archbold, R Phytochemistry. 2001 April; 56(8): 881-5 0031-9422

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Passiflorins, polyketides alpha-pyrones from Passiflora foetida resin. Source: Echeverri, F. Arango, V. Quinones, W. Torres, F. Escobar, G. Rosero, Y. Archbold, R. Phytochemistry-Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. April 2001. volume 56 (8) page 881-885. 0031-9422

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Pharmacological trials of crude extract of Passiflora alata. Source: Oga, S. Freitas, P.C.D. de Silva, A.C.G. da Hanada, S. Plant-Med-J-Med-PlantRes. Stuttgart, W. Ger. : Thieme-Stratton. August 1984. volume 50 (4) page 303-306. ill. 0032-0943

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Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110370, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA. [email protected] Source: Talcott, S T Percival, S S Pittet Moore, J Celoria, C J-Agric-Food-Chem. 2003 February 12; 51(4): 935-41 0021-8561

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Plant analysis by butterflies: occurrence of cyclopentenylglycines in Passifloraceae, Flacourtiaceae, and Turneraceae and discovery of the novel nonproteinogenic amino acid 2-(3'-cyclopentenyl)glycine in Rinorea. Author(s): Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Source: Clausen, Vicki Frydenvang, Karla Koopmann, Ricarda Jorgensen, Lise Bolt Abbiw, Daniel K Ekpe, Patrick Jaroszewski, Jerzy W J-Nat-Prod. 2002 April; 65(4): 542-7 0163-3864

Nutrition

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Prevention of chronic alcohol and nicotine-induced azospermia, sterility and decreased libido, by a novel tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety from Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in healthy male rats. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, - 160014, Chandigarh, India. [email protected] Source: Dhawan, K Sharma, A Life-Sci. 2002 November 15; 71(26): 3059-69 0024-3205

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Protoplast isolation, culture, and plant regeneration from Passiflora. Author(s): Department of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, UK. Source: Anthony, P Otoni, W Power, J B Lowe, K C Davey, M R Methods-Mol-Biol. 1999; 111169-81 1064-3745

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Restoration of chronic- Delta(9)-THC-induced decline in sexuality in male rats by a novel benzoflavone moiety from Passiflora incarnata Linn. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India. Source: Dhawan, K Sharma, A Br-J-Pharmacol. 2003 January; 138(1): 117-20 0007-1188

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Reversal of cannabinoids (delta9-THC) by the benzoflavone moiety from methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice: a possible therapy for cannabinoid addiction. Author(s): Pharmacognosy Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Source: Dhawan, K KuMarch, S Sharma, A J-Pharm-Pharmacol. 2002 June; 54(6): 875-81 0022-3573

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Role of chrysin in the sedative effects of Passiflora incarnata L. Source: Speroni, E. Billi, R. Perellino, N.C. Minghetti, A. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. 1996. volume 10 (suppl.1) page S98-S100. 0951-418X

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SBSE-GC-ECD/FPD in the analysis of pesticide residues in Passiflora alata Dryander herbal teas. Author(s): Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universita di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, Italy. [email protected] Source: Bicchi, C Cordero, C Iori, C Rubiolo, P Sandra, P Yariwake, J H Zuin, V G JAgric-Food-Chem. 2003 January 1; 51(1): 27-33 0021-8561

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Sedative effects of crude extract of Passiflora incarnata after oral administration. Source: Speroni, E. Billi, R. Mercati, V. Boncompagni, E. Toja, E. PTR,-Phytother-res. Sussex : John Wiley & Sons. 1996. volume 10 (suppl.1) page S92-S94. 0951-418X

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Separation of flavone C-glycosides and qualitative analysis of Passiflora incarnata L. by capillary zone electrophoresis. Source: Voirin, B. Sportouch, M. Raymond, O. Jay, M. Bayet, C. Dangles, O. El Hajji, H. Phytochem-anal. Chichester, Sussex, UK : Wiley, c1990-. Mar/April 2000. volume 11 (2) page 90-98. 0958-0344

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Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. Source: Dhawan, K. KuMarch, S. Sharma, A. J-ethnopharmacol. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. July 2002. volume 81 (2) page 239-244. 0378-8741

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The adjuvants aerosil 200 and Gelita-Sol-P influence on the technological characteristics of spray-dried powders from Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa. Author(s): Laboratorio de Desenvolvimento Galenico, Faculdade de Farmacia/UFRGS, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.

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Source: De Souza, K C Petrovick, P R Bassani, V L Ortega, G G Drug-Dev-Ind-Pharm. 2000 March; 26(3): 331-6 0363-9045 •

TLC determination of flavonoid accumulation in clonal populations of Passiflora incarnata L. Author(s): Department of Plant Biology, University of Perugia, Italy. Source: Menghini, A Mancini, L A Pharmacol-Res-Commun. 1988 December; 20 Suppl 5113-6 0031-6989

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Toxicity of Passiflora incarnata L. Author(s): The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia. Source: Fisher, A A Purcell, P Le Couteur, D G J-Toxicol-Clin-Toxicol. 2000; 38(1): 63-6 0731-3810

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Triterpene glycosides related to quadranguloside from Passiflora quadrangularis. Source: Orsini, F. Pelizzoni, F. Ricca, G. Verotta, L. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1987. volume 26 (4) page 1101-1105. 0031-9422

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

Nutrition

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PASSION FLOWER Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to passion flower. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to passion flower and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to passion flower: •

Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001 December; 78(2-3): 165-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11694362&dopt=Abstract

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Antitussive activity of the methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata leaves. Author(s): Dhawan K, Sharma A. Source: Fitoterapia. 2002 August; 73(5): 397-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165335&dopt=Abstract

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Anxiolytic activity of aerial and underground parts of Passiflora incarnata. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A.

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Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 December; 72(8): 922-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731118&dopt=Abstract •

Aphrodisiac activity of methanol extract of leaves of Passiflora incarnata Linn in mice. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 April; 17(4): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12722149&dopt=Abstract

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Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence in mice by a tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus: a non-habit forming anxiolytic. Author(s): Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Chhabra S. Source: Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [electronic Resource] : a Publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Societe Canadienne Des Sciences Pharmaceutiques. 2003 May-August; 6(2): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12935433&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral characterisation of the flavonoids apigenin and chrysin. Author(s): Zanoli P, Avallone R, Baraldi M. Source: Fitoterapia. 2000 August; 71 Suppl 1: S117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10930722&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioural effects of Passiflora incarnata L. and its indole alkaloid and flavonoid derivatives and maltol in the mouse. Author(s): Soulimani R, Younos C, Jarmouni S, Bousta D, Misslin R, Mortier F. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 June; 57(1): 11-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9234160&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effects of chrysin and benzoflavone on virility in 2-year-old male rats. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2002 Spring; 5(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511112&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative anxiolytic activity profile of various preparations of Passiflora incarnata linneaus: a comment on medicinal plants' standardization. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2002 June; 8(3): 283-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165186&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A.

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Source: Fitoterapia. 2001 August; 72(6): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543974&dopt=Abstract •

Comparative evaluation of Melissa officinalis L., Tilia europaea L., Passiflora edulis Sims. and Hypericum perforatum L. in the elevated plus maze anxiety test. Author(s): Coleta M, Campos MG, Cotrim MD, Proenca da Cunha A. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001 July; 34 Suppl 1: S20-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11518069&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the dissolution behaviour of some commercial herbal drugs and their preparations. Author(s): Taglioli V, Bilia AR, Ghiara C, Mazzi G, Mercati V, Vincieri FF. Source: Pharmazie. 2001 November; 56(11): 868-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817172&dopt=Abstract

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Fast supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection for multiresidue screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Brazil's medicinal plants. Author(s): Zuin VG, Yariwake JH, Bicchi C. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 January 24; 985(1-2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580482&dopt=Abstract

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Fatal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural therapy containing kava. Author(s): Gow PJ, Connelly NJ, Hill RL, Crowley P, Angus PW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 May 5; 178(9): 442-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720510&dopt=Abstract

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Inhibitory effect of herbal remedies on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetatepromoted Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation. Author(s): Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Tokuda H, Hang E, Mukainaka T, Nishino H, Sridhar R. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 2002 March; 45(3): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11884218&dopt=Abstract

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Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. Author(s): Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 October; 26(5): 363-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679026&dopt=Abstract

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Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Mobaseri M, Hosseini SH, Nikzad S, Khani M. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2001 October; 26(5): 369-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11679027&dopt=Abstract

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Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis). Author(s): Talcott ST, Percival SS, Pittet-Moore J, Celoria C. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 February 12; 51(4): 935-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568552&dopt=Abstract

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Preliminary evaluation of inhibition of matrix-metalloprotease MMP-2 and MMP-9 by Passiflora edulis and P foetida aqueous extracts. Author(s): Puricelli L, Dell'Aica I, Sartor L, Garbisa S, Caniato R. Source: Fitoterapia. 2003 April; 74(3): 302-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727500&dopt=Abstract

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Quantification of the flavonoid glycosides in Passiflora incarnata by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Marchart E, Krenn L, Kopp B. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 May; 69(5): 452-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12802728&dopt=Abstract

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Restoration of chronic-Delta 9-THC-induced decline in sexuality in male rats by a novel benzoflavone moiety from Passiflora incarnata Linn. Author(s): Dhawan K, Sharma A. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2003 January; 138(1): 117-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522080&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of cannabinoids (delta9-THC) by the benzoflavone moiety from methanol extract of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice: a possible therapy for cannabinoid addiction. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2002 June; 54(6): 875-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12079005&dopt=Abstract

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SBSE-GC-ECD/FPD in the analysis of pesticide residues in Passiflora alata Dryander herbal teas. Author(s): Bicchi C, Cordero C, Iori C, Rubiolo P, Sandra P, Yariwake JH, Zuin VG. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003 January 1; 51(1): 27-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502381&dopt=Abstract

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Stability of the constituents of Calendula, milk-thistle and passionflower tinctures by LC-DAD and LC-MS. Author(s): Bilia AR, Bergonzi MC, Gallori S, Mazzi G, Vincieri FF. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 October 15; 30(3): 61324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12367686&dopt=Abstract

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Suppression of alcohol-cessation-oriented hyper-anxiety by the benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus in mice. Author(s): Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002 July; 81(2): 239-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065157&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to passion flower; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleeplessness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Herbs and Supplements Benzodiazepines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Eugenia Clove Alternative names: Cloves; Eugenia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hops Alternative names: Humulus lupulus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hops Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Matricaria Alternative names: Chamomile; Matricaria chamomilla Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Incarnata Alternative names: Passionflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passion Flower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passion Flower Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Passionflower Alternative names: Passiflora incarnata Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Passionflower Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Skullcap Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Taraxacum Alternative names: Dandelion; Taraxacum officinale (Dhudhal) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valerian Alternative names: Valeriana officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Valerian Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca

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Valeriana Alternative names: Valerian; Valeriana officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valeriana Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Verbascum Alternative names: Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PASSION FLOWER Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to passion flower. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “passion flower” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on passion flower, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Passion Flower ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to passion flower. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Tritrophic Responses to Shading of Passiflora Biflora, and Neotropical Vine by Ward, Gordon Caster; PhD from University of Georgia, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f391313

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON PASSION FLOWER Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.5 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “passion flower” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on passion flower, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Passion Flower By performing a patent search focusing on passion flower, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 5Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on passion flower: •

Herbal treatments for improving skin appearance Inventor(s): Smith; Walter P. (46 Wakeman Rd., New Canaan, CT 06840) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,869,540 Date filed: March 29, 1996 Abstract: The invention provides herbal treatments for aged skin employing valerian extracts and other active herbal agents that are effective as relaxants. Surprisingly, mere ingestion of valerian tea on a daily basis is effective to reduce deep wrinkles. The treatments are particularly effective on persons afflicted by stress and are shown by clinical tests to reduce wrinkles and acne lesions and to improve skin texture and skin color without an increase in puffiness such as might be expected from mere hydration of the skin. The herbal agents can be administered either in a tea or a topical composition, and a combination of the two treatments is particularly effective. A preferred herbal agent is an aqueous valerian root extract. Other herbal agents include extracts of passion flower and mullein. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel herbal treatments for improving the appearance of unadorned skin, especially aged or deeply wrinkled skin. The treatments of the invention are novel herbal treatments that are effective to change the visual appearance of the skin itself when observed in an unadorned condition. In other words, the inventive treatments are not cosmetic treatments which provide opaque films to mask and alter the superficial appearance of the skin while leaving the naked skin unchanged, but rather are active treatments which induce biological changes that improve the skin's appearance. Some examples of agents used in such active treatments are alpha hydroxy acids and retinoids. Though they are not per se cosmetic masking treatments, the invention does provide, in one aspect, topical treatments that can be formulated into a wide range of cosmetics. More particularly, the invention provides proactive treatments such that the skin has a better appearance as a result of the treatment than it had before application of the treatment. A proactive treatment is to be distinguished from a prophylactic treatment which merely opposes or prevents some undesired effect occurring, as for example, when a sun screen protects against skin damage from ultraviolet rays. Although the treatments the invention provides may also, in some cases, be effective for treatment of disease conditions or skin abnormalities, treatments according to the invention are intended for improving normal, albeit aged, skin, especially to reduce, or reduce the appearance of, deep wrinkles. The invention provides proactive herbal treatments, employing complex biologically derived, plant source materials, that have beneficial effects on the appearance of unadorned skin. As skin ages it loses its attractive youthful appearance. Aging may be simple chronological passing of the years or photoaging induced by exposure to the sun. Wind, rain or other environmental stresses can cause or aggravate declines due to aging. With aging smooth, firm, clear, attractively colored skin can develop wrinkles, fine lines, flaccid texture, acne lesions, puffiness and poor color. These negative effects tend to congregate around the eyes and are particularly noticeable in the eye area, which is the focal point of a person's appearance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05869540__

Patents 29

•

Method for reducing daily stress and anxiety in adults Inventor(s): Bewicke; Calvery M. (San Anselmo, CA) Assignee(s): Natrol, Inc. (Chatsworth, CA) Patent Number: 6,080,410 Date filed: June 22, 1998 Abstract: A method is provided for reducing daily stress and anxiety in adults employing a novel dietary supplement composition that serves as a general relaxant. The supplement comprises pharmaceutical grade Kava root extract and at least one additional relaxing herb selected from the group consisting of Passion Flower, Chamomile Flower, Hops, and Schizandra Fruit. The most preferred composition of the dietary supplement, in capsule form, comprises: (a) about 200 mg pharmaceutical grade Kava root extract; (b) about 50 mg Passion Flower; (c) about 50 mg Chamomile Flowers; (d) about 50 mg Hops; (e) about 50 mg Schizandra Fruit; (f) about 5 mg talc; and (g) about 5 mg magnesium stearate. The method comprises administering the dietary supplement. A method is also provided for preparing the dietary supplement. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements, and, more particularly, to methods of preparing and administering a blend of Kava root extract and other relaxing herbs to reduce daily stress and anxiety in adults. Throughout history, humans have ingested and otherwise consumed a wide variety of substances to effect relaxation, stress reduction, and an overall sense of well-being and tranquility. Examples of such substances include alcohol, marijuana, and prescription drugs such as valium. However, many such substances have significant undesirable side effects, including impairment of mental faculties, involuntary sleep, and the likelihood of user addiction. Thus, many relaxants are unsafe, especially for long-term usage. One relaxant that does not typically exhibit any significant side effects is an extract from the Kavakava root (hereinafter "Kava root"), which consists of the dried rootstock and/or shoots of Piper methysticum Forst (Family: Piperaceae). The Kava root extract is known to induce general relaxation in humans when orally ingested. An aqueous macerate of the Kava root known as "kava" or "kawa" has been used on islands in the South Pacific in social gatherings and religious rituals for three thousand years. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06080410__

•

Pharmaceutical compositions for the management of premenstrual syndrome and alleviation of menopausal disorders Inventor(s): Shlyankevich; Mark (Waterbury, CT) Assignee(s): Bio-Virus Research Incorporated (San Mateo, CA) Patent Number: 5,569,459 Date filed: February 15, 1995 Abstract: A composition is disclosed for controlling the stimulation of estrogen production, which comprises:(a) 15 to 120 parts by weight of one or more phytoestrogen compounds calculated as a free aglycon form of isoflavone;(b) up to 75 parts by weight of dried licorice root extract;(c) 10 to 80 parts by weight of a sedative selected from the group consisting of Valerian root dry extract, passion flower dry extract, and Ginseng root powder;(d) up to 50, preferably 10 to 20 parts by weight of beta-carotene;(e) up to 200, preferably 15 to 150 parts by weight of pyridoxine hydrochloride;(f) up to 50,

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Passion Flower

preferably 12 to 30 parts by weight of Vitamin E;(g) up to 600, preferably 100 to 450 parts by weight of calcium contained in a biologically acceptable calcium salt;(h) up to 200, preferably 150 to 250 parts by weight of magnesium contained in a biologically acceptable magnesium salt;(i) up to 100, preferably 10 to 50 parts by weight of zinc contained in a biologically acceptable zinc salt;(j) up to 30 parts by weight of coumestan; and(k) up to 50 parts by weight of pantothenic acid; in admixture with a biologically acceptable inert carrier. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new pharmaceutical compositions that can be used as dietary supplements for the management of premenstrual syndrome and for alleviation of menopausal disorders and for control of stimulating estrogen production in a prepubescent female. More particularly, the invention relates to such pharmaceutical compositions and dietary supplements that contain natural soybean phytoestrogens of the isoflavone group. There are numerous chronic diseases that are a function of altered hormonal status, especially the sex hormones. The most dominant of all of the female hormones are the estrogens which control the reproductive system as well as the function of many other cells and tissues, including bones, as well as the cardiovascular and immune systems, angiogenesis, brain and nerves, and lipid metabolism, etc. Phytoestrogens and their metabolites (equol, etc.) possess weak estrogenic activity and compete for estrogen receptors in target tissues, including the central nervous system (hypothalamus/pituitary), uterus, breast cells, osteoblasts/osteoclasts, etc. Despite this weak intrinsic estrogenicity, the phytoestrogens may actually exert an attenuating antiestrogenic effect. See Rose, D. P., Nutrition, 8:47 to 51 (1992). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05569459__ •

Skin cream composition Inventor(s): Mausner; Jack (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Chanel, Inc. (Piscataway, NJ) Patent Number: 5,922,331 Date filed: March 26, 1997 Abstract: An improved skin cream composition according to the present invention provides protection against lumpiness, edema, and other effects of liposuction and cosmetic surgery, as well as increasing the smoothness of the skin. In general, a skin cream composition according to the present invention comprises: water, and emulsified and dispersed in the water: (1) a long-chain fatty acid ester of ascorbic acid; (2) a shortchain carboxylic acid ester of tocopherol; (3) a glyceryl ester complex comprising at least one glyceryl ester selected from the group consisting of glyceryl linoleate, glyceryl linolenate, and glyceryl arachidonate; (4) a first complex consisting essentially of water, propylene glycol, lecithin, caffeine benzoate, and palmitoyl carnitine; (5) a second complex consisting essentially of water, caffeine, carnitine, and hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans; (6) a third complex consisting essentially of glycerol, butcher broom extract, passion flower extract, glycogen, hydrolyzed collagen, and PEG 6-32; (7) calendula extract; (8) a water-glycol extract of chamomile; (9) hydrophilic microcapsules; (10) lipophilic microcapsules; and (11) microcapsules comprising methylsilanol elastinate. Other, optional cosmetic ingredients and ancillary ingredients can also be used.

Patents 31

Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to an improved skin cream composition. Modern environmental conditions, such as heating and air conditioning, exposure to the sun, and environmental pollution, exert severe stress on the skin and accelerate the natural aging process, resulting in wrinkles, loss of firmness and elasticity, age spots, discoloration, dryness, and other cosmetically undesirable effects. In addition, cosmetic surgery such as liposuction can cause additional damage to skin, resulting in effects such as lumping and edema. Although a number of cosmetic compositions for use on the skin already exist, there is a need for a simple-to-apply and effective all-in-one cosmetic treatment, such as a skin cream composition, that can promote significant retexturizing of the skin, increase its smoothness and firmness, while at the same time acting against skin damage resulting from cosmetic surgery such as liposuction. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05922331__

Patent Applications on Passion Flower As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.6 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to passion flower: •

Method for treating nicotine addiction and deterring tobacco use with hypericum perforatum Inventor(s): Friedman, Richard A.; (New York, NY), Rosenthal, Norman E.; (Rockville, MD) Correspondence: Shanks & Herbert; Transpotomac Plaza; 1033 N. Fairfax ST., Suite 306; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20010036486 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: A method of treating nicotine addiction or deterring tobacco use in a subject by administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of Hypericum perforatum or at least one active component thereof is disclosed. As disclosed, the composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition may also comprise a supplementary compound such as L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxy tryptamine, serotonin, calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide, kava-kava, a kava alkaloid, valerian, hops, a passion flower extract, vitamin C, or Echinacea. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/202,823, filed May 8, 2000, naming Norman E. Rosenthal, and Richard Friedman, which is herein incorporated by reference. The invention relates to a method of deterring, tobacco use, ending tobacco use, treating nicotine addiction, or a combination thereof in a subject by administering to the subject a composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of Hypericum perforatum, or at least one active component thereof or both. Tobacco use is the number one source of preventable death, primarily due to cardiovascular disease and cancer, in the United States. Approximately one-half of the 50 million smokers try to quit each year, but only about 6% of those who

6

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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attempt to quit succeed in the long term. See MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (1993) 42:504-507. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with passion flower, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on passion flower. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning passion flower. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON PASSION FLOWER Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to passion flower. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on passion flower include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “passion flower” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “passion flower” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “passion flower” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Duets: Bound by a Promise/Passion Flower/Book 5 by Diana Palmer; ISBN: 0373482264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0373482264/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flower by Jennifer Horsman; ISBN: 0821712209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821712209/icongroupinterna

•

Passion flower by Kathleen Thompson Norris (Author); ISBN: B00005XO7V; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005XO7V/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flower by Diana Palmer; ISBN: 1551661683; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1551661683/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flowers by John Vanderplank (Author); ISBN: 0262720353; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0262720353/icongroupinterna

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•

Passion Flowers by David Ritz; ISBN: 1556112831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556112831/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flowers by Caroline D'Arcy; ISBN: 1860230393; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1860230393/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flowers (Black Lace Series) by Celia Parker; ISBN: 0352331186; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0352331186/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flowers (Notable American Authors) by Julia Howe; ISBN: 0781232120; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0781232120/icongroupinterna

•

Passion Flowers in Businesses by Rosalind Erskine (2002); ISBN: 0755105052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0755105052/icongroupinterna

•

The Passion Flower by I. D. Norman (2001); ISBN: 9988800606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9988800606/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Passion Flower In order to find chapters that specifically relate to passion flower, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and passion flower using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PASSION FLOWER Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover passion flower.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on passion flower is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to passion flower. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “passion flower” (or synonyms).

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “passion flower” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to passion flower, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “passion flower” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Passion Flower Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to passion flower. In addition

Researching Medications

37

to these sources, you can search for articles covering passion flower that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

41

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

7

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

8 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 47 0 509 0 0 556

HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “passion flower” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

10

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

11

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

Physician Resources

45

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

15 Adapted 16

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

47

APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on passion flower can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to passion flower. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to passion flower. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “passion flower”:

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•

Other guides Bereavement http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bereavement.html Dietary Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/dietarysupplements.html Parkinson's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parkinsonsdisease.html Pulmonary Fibrosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pulmonaryfibrosis.html Sexual Health Issues http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sexualhealthissues.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to passion flower. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

Patient Resources

•

49

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to passion flower. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with passion flower. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about passion flower. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “passion flower” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “passion flower”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “passion flower” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “passion flower” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

51

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

18

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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Passion Flower

libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

19

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

53

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

55

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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Passion Flower

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

57

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

59

PASSION FLOWER DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation

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of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Aphids: A family (Aphididae) of small insects, in the suborder Sternorrhyncha, that suck the juices of plants. Important genera include Schizaphis and Myzus. The latter is known to carry more than 100 virus diseases between plants. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU]

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Asteraceae: The single, large family of flowering plants in the order Asterales. The family is also known as Compositae. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Butterflies: Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]

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Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calendula: Genus of annuals in the family Asteraceae that contains carotenoids, essential oils (oils, volatile), flavonoids, mucilage, saponins, and sterols. It is used both topically and internally. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabinoids: Compounds extracted from Cannabis sativa L. and metabolites having the cannabinoid structure. The most active constituents are tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. [NIH] Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH]

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Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes

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immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU]

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Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cyanides: Inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from nitriles, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU]

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Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Fallopian tube: The oviduct, a muscular tube about 10 cm long, lying in the upper border of the broad ligament. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Flaccid: Weak, lax and soft. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fulminant Hepatic Failure: Liver failure that occurs suddenly in a previously healthy person. The most common causes of FHF are acute hepatitis, acetaminophen overdose, and liver damage from prescription drugs. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites,

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including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and

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other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Cyanide: HCN. A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydroxy Acids: Organic compounds containing both the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. [NIH]

Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family Clusiaceae (Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Contains flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, tannins, and volatile oils (oils, essential). [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH]

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Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains alkaloids, lactones, kawain, methysticin, mucilage, starch, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative.

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[EU]

Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Macerate: Soften a solid or a tissue by steeping. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH]

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Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic

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cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitriles: Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from cyanides, which denotes inorganic salts of hydrogen cyanide. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU]

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Peripheral vision: Side vision; ability to see objects and movement outside of the direct line of vision. [NIH] Pesticide Residues: Pesticides or their breakdown products remaining in the environment following their normal use or accidental contamination. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Piper methysticum: For small images in peripheral vision, the product of intensity and the square root of the area stimulated is a constant for threshold effect. [NIH] Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potyvirus: A large genus of plant viruses of the family Potyviridae which infect mainly plants of the Solanaceae. Transmission is primarily by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The type species is potato virus Y. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU]

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Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called

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erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skin Abnormalities: Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

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Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific

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synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ultraviolet Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital

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rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants. [NIH]

Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

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INDEX A Acetaminophen, 59, 66 Acetylgalactosamine, 59, 67 Acetylglucosamine, 59, 67 Acidity, 59, 73 Acne, 28, 59, 75 Adenosine, 59, 61, 73 Adverse Effect, 59, 69, 75 Affinity, 59, 70 Agonist, 59, 65, 71 Alertness, 59, 61 Algorithms, 59, 61 Alkaline, 59, 62 Alkaloid, 7, 16, 31, 59, 71 Alternative medicine, 36, 59 Amino acid, 10, 59, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77 Anal, 6, 11, 60 Anatomical, 60, 63, 69 Angiogenesis, 30, 60 Antagonism, 60, 61 Antibody, 59, 60, 64, 69, 70 Antigen, 17, 59, 60, 64, 69, 70 Antimicrobial, 6, 60 Antioxidant, 10, 18, 60 Anus, 60 Anxiety, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17, 19, 20, 29, 60, 69, 72 Anxiolytic, 7, 8, 15, 16, 60 Aphids, 60, 73 Aqueous, 4, 7, 18, 28, 29, 60, 61, 70 Aromatic, 4, 7, 60, 73 Arteries, 60, 61, 64, 65, 71 Arterioles, 60, 61, 62 Ascorbic Acid, 30, 60, 68 Aseptic, 60, 76 Asteraceae, 61, 62 B Bacteria, 60, 61, 71, 73, 76, 78 Bactericidal, 61, 78 Base, 61, 69 Bereavement, 48, 61 Biochemical, 61, 75 Biotechnology, 3, 36, 43, 61 Biotic, 61, 77 Blood Coagulation, 61, 62 Blood Platelets, 61, 75 Blood pressure, 61, 62, 68 Blood vessel, 60, 61, 62, 63, 75, 76, 78

Bowel, 20, 60, 61, 69 Branch, 55, 61, 76 Breakdown, 61, 67, 73 Butterflies, 10, 61 C Caffeine, 30, 61 Calcium, 30, 31, 61, 62, 64 Calcium Carbonate, 31, 62 Calendula, 19, 30, 62 Cannabidiol, 62 Cannabinoids, 11, 18, 62 Cannabinol, 62 Capillary, 11, 18, 62, 78 Carbohydrate, 62, 67, 73 Carcinogenic, 62, 76, 78 Cardiac, 61, 62, 66, 71, 76 Cardiovascular, 30, 31, 62, 75 Cardiovascular disease, 31, 62 Carnitine, 30, 62 Carotene, 29, 62 Carotenoids, 62 Caudal, 62, 65, 68, 73 Cell, 9, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76 Cell Division, 61, 62, 73 Cellulose, 63, 73 Central Nervous System, 30, 61, 63, 67, 75 Cerebrovascular, 62, 63 Cervix, 63, 75 Chamomile, 22, 29, 30, 63 Chin, 63, 71 Choline, 63 Cholinergic, 63, 72 Chronic, 11, 18, 20, 30, 63, 69, 74, 76 Chronic Disease, 30, 63 Citrus, 7, 60, 63 Clinical trial, 3, 43, 63, 65, 74 Cloning, 7, 61, 63 Coenzyme, 60, 63 Collagen, 30, 60, 63, 67, 74 Colloidal, 63, 65 Complement, 8, 63, 64 Complementary and alternative medicine, 15, 23, 64 Complementary medicine, 15, 64 Computational Biology, 43, 64 Conception, 64, 66, 76 Connective Tissue, 60, 63, 64, 67

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Passion Flower

Contamination, 64, 73 Contraindications, ii, 64 Coronary, 62, 64, 65, 71 Coronary heart disease, 62, 65 Coronary Thrombosis, 65, 71 Coumarins, 63, 65 Cyanides, 65, 72 Cyclic, 61, 65 Cytotoxic, 6, 65 D Diagnostic procedure, 27, 36, 65 Diencephalon, 65, 68, 77 Diploid, 65, 73 Direct, iii, 65, 73, 75 Diuresis, 61, 65 Diurnal, 61, 65 Dopamine, 65, 71, 73 Double-blind, 17, 18, 65 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 65, 70 E Edema, 30, 31, 65 Elasticity, 31, 65 Elastin, 63, 65 Electrophoresis, 11, 18, 65 Emollient, 65, 67, 72 Endemic, 8, 66 Endocrine Glands, 66 Endogenous, 65, 66, 77 Environmental Health, 42, 44, 66 Enzymatic, 60, 62, 64, 66 Enzyme, 63, 66, 74 Epinephrine, 65, 66, 71, 77 Estrogen, 29, 30, 66 Estrogen receptor, 30, 66 Extracellular, 64, 66, 72 Extracellular Matrix, 64, 66, 72 Extraction, 17, 66 F Fallopian tube, 66, 75 Family Planning, 43, 66 Fat, 62, 65, 66, 70 Fetus, 66, 78 Flaccid, 28, 66 Flatus, 66, 67 Free Radicals, 60, 66 Fructose, 66, 67 Fulminant Hepatic Failure, 17, 66 Fungi, 66, 71, 78 G Gas, 17, 66, 67, 68, 72 Gastric, 62, 67 Gastrointestinal, 66, 67, 75

Gastrointestinal tract, 67, 75 Gelatin, 67 Gene, 7, 61, 67 Glucose, 60, 63, 67, 75 Glycerol, 30, 67 Glycine, 10, 60, 67, 71 Glycogen, 30, 67 Glycosaminoglycans, 30, 67 Glycoside, 6, 10, 67, 75 Glycosidic, 9, 67 Governing Board, 67, 73 Grade, 29, 67 Growth, 9, 60, 67, 73, 77 H Haploid, 67, 73 Headache, 61, 67, 74 Heart attack, 62, 68 Hemodialysis, 62, 68 Hemostasis, 68, 75 Hepatitis, 66, 68 Heredity, 67, 68 Heterotrophic, 66, 68 Hormonal, 30, 68 Hormone, 66, 68, 77 Hydration, 28, 68 Hydrogen, 59, 61, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 73 Hydrogen Cyanide, 65, 68, 72 Hydrophilic, 30, 68 Hydroxy Acids, 28, 68 Hydroxylysine, 63, 68 Hydroxyproline, 60, 63, 68 Hypericum, 8, 17, 31, 68 Hypertension, 62, 67, 68 Hypnotic, 7, 68 Hypothalamus, 30, 65, 68, 77 I Id, 12, 19, 48, 54, 56, 69 Immune response, 60, 69, 78 Immune system, 30, 69, 70 Impairment, 29, 69 Indicative, 33, 69, 78 Infarction, 65, 69, 71 Infection, 7, 60, 69, 70, 76 Inflammation, 21, 59, 68, 69, 73 Ingestion, 28, 69, 71 Inhalation, 10, 69 Inorganic, 65, 69, 70, 72 Insecticides, 69, 73 Insomnia, 20, 69, 72, 74 Intestinal, 62, 69 Intoxication, 69, 78 Intracellular, 61, 69, 74

Index 81

Intrinsic, 30, 59, 69 Involuntary, 29, 69, 71 Ionizing, 69, 77 K Kava, 17, 22, 29, 31, 69 Kb, 42, 69 Kinetic, 6, 69 L Laxative, 69, 70 Libido, 11, 70 Library Services, 54, 70 Life cycle, 67, 70 Linkages, 67, 70 Lipid, 30, 63, 67, 70 Lipophilic, 30, 70 Liver, 59, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70 Localized, 69, 70, 73 Locomotion, 70, 73 Lymphatic, 69, 70, 76 Lymphocyte, 60, 70 M Macerate, 29, 70 Magnesium Hydroxide, 70 Magnesium Oxide, 31, 70 Mediator, 70, 75 MEDLINE, 43, 70 Melanin, 70, 73, 77 Membranes, 62, 70 Meninges, 63, 70 Menstrual Cycle, 70, 74 Menstruation, 70, 74 Mental, iv, 3, 29, 42, 44, 63, 71, 74, 75 Methanol, 7, 11, 15, 16, 18, 71 MI, 57, 71 Microbe, 71, 77 Microbiological, 71 Microbiology, 7, 71 Modification, 60, 71 Molecular, 43, 45, 61, 64, 71, 74 Molecule, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 71, 72, 74 Motility, 10, 71, 75 Mutagenic, 71, 78 Myocardium, 71 N Nausea, 71, 74 Need, 31, 34, 49, 67, 71 Nervous System, 63, 70, 71, 77 Neurons, 71, 72, 76 Neurotic, 71, 78 Neurotransmitter, 59, 60, 65, 67, 71, 76 Niacin, 71, 77 Nicotine, 11, 31, 71

Nitriles, 7, 65, 72 Nitrogen, 59, 68, 72, 77 O Odour, 60, 72 Ointments, 63, 72 Optic Chiasm, 68, 72 Osteoblasts, 30, 72 Osteoclasts, 30, 72 Ovaries, 72, 75 Overdose, 66, 72 Oxazepam, 17, 72 Oxidation, 60, 72 P Pancreatic, 62, 72 Pelvis, 72, 78 Penis, 72, 75 Peptide, 59, 72, 74 Perception, 8, 72, 75 Perennial, 6, 68, 72 Peripheral vision, 73 Pesticide Residues, 11, 18, 73 Pesticides, 17, 69, 73 PH, 9, 73 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 63, 67, 73, 74 Pharmacologic, 73, 77 Phenylalanine, 31, 73, 77 Phosphorus, 62, 73 Pigments, 62, 73 Piper methysticum, 22, 29, 69, 73 Plant Viruses, 73 Plants, 8, 9, 16, 17, 59, 60, 61, 63, 67, 68, 73, 75, 77 Pneumonia, 64, 73 Polysaccharide, 60, 63, 73 Posterior, 60, 73 Potyvirus, 7, 8, 73 Practice Guidelines, 44, 73 Precursor, 63, 65, 66, 73, 77 Premenstrual, 29, 30, 74 Premenstrual Syndrome, 29, 30, 74 Progressive, 67, 74 Proline, 63, 68, 74 Prophylaxis, 74, 75 Propylene Glycol, 30, 74 Prostate, 74, 75 Protease, 9, 74 Protein S, 61, 74 Proteins, 59, 60, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 77, 78 Protozoa, 71, 74, 78 Psoriasis, 74, 75 Psychic, 70, 71, 74

82

Passion Flower

Psychoactive, 74, 77, 78 Public Policy, 43, 74 R Randomized, 17, 18, 74 Receptor, 60, 65, 74, 75 Receptors, Serotonin, 74, 75 Rectum, 60, 66, 67, 74 Red blood cells, 74, 75 Refer, 1, 63, 67, 70, 75 Regeneration, 11, 75 Relaxant, 29, 75 Reproductive system, 30, 75 Resorption, 72, 75 Retinoids, 28, 75 Rigidity, 73, 75 Rodenticides, 73, 75 S Salicylate, 63, 75 Saponins, 9, 62, 75, 76 Schizoid, 75, 78 Schizophrenia, 75, 78 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 75, 78 Screening, 17, 63, 75 Sedative, 7, 8, 11, 29, 69, 75, 78 Sequencing, 7, 75 Serotonin, 31, 71, 74, 75, 77 Side effect, 29, 59, 75, 77 Skin Abnormalities, 28, 75 Smooth muscle, 61, 75 Solid tumor, 60, 76 Solvent, 67, 71, 74, 76 Specialist, 49, 76 Species, 8, 9, 63, 66, 73, 76, 78 Spectrum, 76, 77 Spinal cord, 63, 70, 71, 76 Sterility, 11, 76 Steroid, 75, 76 Stimulant, 61, 76 Stress, 20, 21, 28, 29, 31, 71, 76 Stroke, 42, 62, 76 Subacute, 69, 76 Subclinical, 69, 76 Subcutaneous, 65, 76

Subspecies, 76 Synaptic, 71, 72, 76 Synaptic Transmission, 72, 76 Systemic, 61, 66, 69, 77 T Talc, 29, 77 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 62, 77 Third Ventricle, 68, 77 Threshold, 68, 73, 77 Thyroid, 21, 77 Thyroxine, 73, 77 Tissue, 7, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77 Topical, 28, 77 Toxic, iv, 4, 7, 68, 71, 77 Toxicity, 4, 7, 12, 77 Toxicology, 4, 44, 77 Toxins, 60, 69, 77 Transfection, 61, 77 Translation, 59, 77 Tryptophan, 31, 63, 75, 77 Tyrosine, 31, 65, 77 U Ultraviolet Rays, 28, 77 Unconscious, 69, 78 Uterus, 30, 63, 70, 72, 75, 78 V Vaccines, 78 Vagina, 63, 70, 75, 78 Valerian, 22, 23, 28, 29, 31, 78 Vascular, 69, 78 Venules, 61, 62, 78 Veterinary Medicine, 43, 78 Virulence, 77, 78 Virus, 8, 17, 29, 60, 73, 78 Volition, 69, 78 W Withdrawal, 6, 18, 72, 78 Womb, 75, 78 X X-ray, 77, 78 Y Yeasts, 67, 78

Index 83

84

Passion Flower