ORGAN DONATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Organ Donation: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84140-3 1. Organ Donation-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on organ donation. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ORGAN DONATION .................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Organ Donation.......................................................................... 14 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 22 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ORGAN DONATION ........................................................................ 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Finding Nutrition Studies on Organ Donation .......................................................................... 65 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 66 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ORGAN DONATION .................................................. 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 69 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 75 General References ....................................................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ORGAN DONATION .................................................................... 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Dissertations on Organ Donation ............................................................................................... 77 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ORGAN DONATION .................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 79 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 84 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 86 Chapters on Organ Donation ...................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ORGAN DONATION ........................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Video Recordings ......................................................................................................................... 91 Bibliography: Multimedia on Organ Donation ........................................................................... 92 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ORGAN DONATION ..................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 95 Newsletters on Organ Donation................................................................................................ 100 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 100 Academic Periodicals covering Organ Donation ....................................................................... 101 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 111 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 113 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 119 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 121 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 121 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 121
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 127 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 127 ORGAN DONATION DICTIONARY....................................................................................... 129 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with organ donation is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about organ donation, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to organ donation, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on organ donation. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to organ donation, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on organ donation. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ORGAN DONATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on organ donation.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and organ donation, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Influence of Race on Approaching Families for Organ Donation and Their Decision to Donate Source: American Journal of Public Health. 89(2): 244-247. February 1999. Summary: African Americans with end stage organ failure wait longer than whites for organ transplants and are less likely to receive transplants. In order to devise strategies to increase donation among African Americans, health care providers need to better understand whether the process of donation in hospitals differs based on race. This article reports on a study to examine whether patients' race was associated with their families' being approached for organ donation and with obtaining consent. Logistic regression models were applied to data collected from records at 112 hospitals. Results showed that the odds that the family of a white patient was approached for donation were nearly twice those for the family of an African American. The odds of donation
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also differed by race, but the magnitude varied by patient and hospital characteristics. Much attention directed toward racial disparity in donation has focused on public attitudes. The authors of this study conclude that the behavior of hospital staff may also affect differences in rates. If all eligible families had been approached, and if the rate of donation observed in this study is applied, an additional 83 donations from African American patients and 240 donations from white patients would have resulted. 1 table. 26 references. (AA-M). •
Incentives for Organ Donation? Source: Lancet. 338(8780): 1441-1443. December 7, 1991. Summary: Although organ transplantation has been strikingly successful in only a few decades, the shortage of organs remains a serious obstacle to the full use of this therapeutic option. This article discusses recent appeals to increase donations by incentives rather than depending solely on the present altruistic system; specifically, financial and non-financial compensations to either the donors or their families have been proposed. The authors discuss attitudes toward alternative methods, donor-family compensation, and presumed consent, as reflected by a survey conducted in 1990 by a subcommittee of the Ad Hoc Donations Committee established by the United Network for Organ Sharing. 14 references.
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Anencephalic Infants as Organ Donors: The Medical, Legal, Moral and Economic Issues Source: Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society. 87(5): 184-187. October 1990. Summary: Anencephaly has recently attracted considerable attention because of the interest in using organs from anencephalic infants for transplantation. The purpose of this article is to update the medical community about the status of anencephalic organ donors, to underscore the complexity of the issue, and to explain why the authors believe that transplantation of organs from anencephalic donors cannot be considered for the present. Topics include a description of anencephaly, brain death determination, and a discussion of moral issues involved. 1 figure. 1 table. 10 references.
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Routine Inquiry About Organ Donation: An Alternative to Presumed Consent Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 325(17): 1246-1249. October 24, 1991. Summary: As the wait for organs for transplants becomes longer and the system of voluntary donation is failing to meet the ever-growing demand for organs, the idea of presuming that the deceased person would consent to the use of his or her organs for lifesaving transplantation is now receiving renewed and serious attention. Such a change in policy would require specific refusal rather than specific consent for the use of an organ. This article presents moral and practical reasons why presumed consent is not a viable option and why other approaches, including a truly systematic effort to ask about donation while patients are still alive and competent, are better, morally more defensible, and more effective. 13 references.
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Needs of Families of Organ Donors: Facing Death and Life Source: Critical Care Nurse. 19(2): 53-59. April 1999. Contact: Available from National Fulfillment Services. P.O. Box 611, Holmes, PA 19043. (800) 345-8112. Fax (610) 532-9001.
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Summary: Because of the catastrophic injuries that lead to brain death, most potential organ donors are in intensive care units (ICUs) where grieving families are entrusted to skilled critical care nurses. For families who must make decisions about organ and tissue donation, the unique circumstances surrounding the injury, treatment, and loss of their loved one create special needs and opportunities for nursing intervention. In this article, the authors offer information to help critical care nurses provide effective care for families facing the death of a family member and a decision about organ donation. The authors stress that every interaction between a critical care nurse and a potential donor family is an opportunity to bridge the broadening gap between supply and demand for organs for transplantation. Although discussion of donation contributes to only a small part of the family's grief experience, the recollection of that interaction can have a lasting effect on the bereavement process and can dramatically affect the family's perception of the organ donation experience. The influence of the nurse's sensitivity at the time of a family's agonizing decisions and emotional upheaval is critical to the family's long term response to grief. The authors review recent changes in hospital participation in organ donation, the problems of burnout and compassion fatigue, disenfranchised loss, responses and needs of the organ donor's family during the crisis of loss, and discussion of organ and tissue donation. 1 table. 37 references. •
Ethical Issues in Living Organ Donation: Donor Autonomy and Beyond (opinion) Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 38(1): 189-195. July 2001. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Despite nearly 50 years of experience with living kidney donation, ethical questions about this practice continue to haunt us today. This editorial addresses two issues: given the possibility of limited understanding and coercion, how physicians can be sure that a person who offers to donate an organ is acting autonomously and whether or not people have a right to donate. The universal requirement for informed consent is the traditional method for ensuring that a person is acting autonomously. But, while obtaining fully informed consent is desirable, it may not always be achievable or necessary. When the recipient is very dear to the potential donor, the donor may base his or her decision primarily on care and concern rather than on a careful weighing of risks and benefits. The author argues that consent that emanates from such deep affection should be considered just as valid as consent that is fully informed. But consent is not enough. There is no absolute right to donate an organ. If there were such a right, then some physician would be obligated to remove an offered organ upon request, regardless of the risks involved. The author does not believe that physicians have such an obligation. Physicians are moral agents who are responsible for their actions and for the welfare of their patients. Therefore, while the values and goals of the potential donor should be given great weight during the decision making process, physicians may justifiably refuse to participate in living organ donation when they believe that the risks for the donor outweigh the benefits. 34 references.
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Ethical Considerations in Organ Donation for Critical Care Nurses Source: Critical Care Nurse. 19(2): 60-69. April 1999. Contact: Available from National Fulfillment Services. P.O. Box 611, Holmes, PA 19043. (800) 345-8112. Fax (610) 532-9001. Summary: Ethical concerns are especially evident in the critical care environment, where life and death decisions are made daily. This article discusses current ethical issues
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related to organ donation and transplantation. The authors explore some useful decision making and educational strategies for critical care nurses in the development of ethical competence. After a discussion of the historical perspective, the authors cover the organ shortage, death and donation, the definition of death, organ commerce (buying and selling human organs), prisoners as organ donors or recipients, allocation concerns, directed donation, and consent issues and alternatives. The authors note that the critical shortage of organs for transplantation continues to force people to explore atypical solutions that in turn are directly related to a number of ethical concerns. The authors include two case studies to illustrate the points under discussion. The authors stress that determining, and discussing, and addressing the most common ethical issues will promote a more cohesive work group. The authors provide specific strategies for addressing the ethical issues inherent in the intensive care environment. 2 tables. 32 references. •
Significance of Increasing Organ Donations by African Americans and Implications for Nursing Practice Source: ANNA Journal. American Nephrology Nurses' Association Journal. 22(3): 313317. June 1995. Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses' Association. East Holly Avenue, Box 56, Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 256-2320. Summary: In this article, the author addresses the current crisis in organ donation by African Americans. The scarcity of organs donated by African Americans has an important impact on the number of organs available for transplantation. An increase in the total time African Americans spend on dialysis combined with difficulty in matching human leukocyte antigens make increased organ donation by African Americans essential. The author identifies barriers to organ donation and discusses the implications for nursing practice. Barriers identified include lack of transplant knowledge; religious fear, myths, and superstitions; mistrust of the medical community; fear of premature death; and racism, perceived and actual. 4 tables. 27 references.
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Using Race-Specific Community Programs to Increase Organ Donation Among Blacks Source: American Journal of Public Health. 84(2): 314-315. February 1994. Summary: In this article, the authors describe a community intervention program initiated to increase the number of African-American organ donors in the St. Louis metropolitan area. The authors describe how the project was started, the staff requirements, the approach taken, funding considerations, and results. They note that a comparison of referral and donor rates among candidates prior to the initiation of the programs (1988) and after several years of implementation (1991) demonstrates the effectiveness of their approach. In addition, increases in African-American referrals result in increased conversion of potential donors to actual donors. While consent rates for potential African-American organ donor families are still below the rates for white families, this report shows that African Americans can change their opinion about organ and tissue donation. The report dispels the incorrect impression that consent rates cannot be improved for African-American families.
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Increasing Organ Donation in the Black Community Source: Perspectives (Journal of the Council Of Nephrology Social Workers). Volume 12: 39-47. 1991.
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Summary: Nationally, African Americans represent almost 12 percent of the general population but constitute almost 30 percent of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population. A great discrepancy exists between the number of African Americans on dialysis and the number who become organ donors. This article reviews some of the many complex factors affecting this situation, including distrust of health providers, lack of transplant awareness, and religious beliefs. The authors present some approaches to increase this population's understanding of and their receptivity to the need for organ donation. The authors stress that health care providers who present organ donation requests must become more sensitized and overtly aware of the complex social, cultural, and familial factors that will ultimately affect an African American family's donation decision. 24 references. (AA-M). •
Educating the African-American Community on Organ Donation Source: Journal of the American Medical Association. 85(1): 17-19. January 1993. Summary: Organ donor campaigns designed for the African American community have been successful in improving community attitudes. This article reports on a pilot project seeking information to help develop a culturally sensitive donor campaign strategy. Three African American discussion groups were selected: adolescents (30 participants); adults (26 participants); and parent-child (33 participants). The author discusses issues including distrust of the medical system, availability of organs to African Americans, organ recipient selection, the importance of having African-Americans present educational programs, and what kind of appeals may have the greatest influcence on receptivity to organ donation. 6 references.
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UNOS Approves Plan to Increase Organ Donation in U.S. Executive Summary: Improvements in Organ Donation in the United States Source: UNOS Update. 7(7): 7. July 1991. Summary: The Ad-Hoc Organ Donations Committee of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) spent 18 months studying ways to increase the organ donor pool in the United States. A broad-based, two-year plan of action, pending financial and staffing considerations, was proposed. Topics addressed include improved organ procurement organization efficiency, intensified public and professional education, increased use of marginal donors, increased living organ donation, and providing incentives for cadaveric organ donation.
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Differences in Attitudes Toward Organ Donation Among African Americans and Whites in the United States Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 93(10): 372-379. October 2001. Contact: Available from National Medical Association. 1012 Tenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001. (202) 347-1895, ext. 267. Website: www.NMAnet.org. Summary: The availability of organs within the African American population has been an ongoing issue. Historically, African Americans donate organs at a much lower rate than whites. Thus, this study was designed to compare general attitudes between African Americans, whites, and other ethnic groups concerning the issue of organ donation and to identify the factors that hamper African Americans from becoming organ donors. The authors of this study conducted a 12 question survey of 249 African Americans, 492 whites, and a category of others defining themselves as 71 Asians, 23 Hispanics, 22 Native Americans, and 35 unknowns for a total sample of 892. Samples
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were taken from six United States cities. Thirty-eight percent of African Americans stated they would not donate organs, compared to 10 percent of whites. When asked why not, African Americans stated 'personal reasons,' followed by 'if I am an organ donor I won't get the necessary medical attention' as their top choices. White chose 'religious reasons,' followed by 'organs may be taken before I am dead' as their top choices. African Americans were more concerned with getting proper medical treatment as opposed to whites, who worried their organs might be taken before their death. Regarding family discussion pertaining to organ donation, 66 percent of African Americans stated no discussion. Whites had a 46 percent rate for no family discussion. Regarding trust of doctors, 46 percent of African Americans expressed lack of trust for doctors, with 23 percent of whites expressing lack of trust for doctors. The results of this study point to the areas that must be given more focus by African-American health care providers and educators. 7 figures. 1 table. 17 references. •
Organ Donation Enigma: A Medical Crisis With a Cure Source: For Patients Only. 4(6): 14-17, 24. November-December 1991. Summary: The emotional and often exasperating wait for an organ transplant is an all too familiar process for a great many dialysis patients. This article, from a magazine for kidney dialysis patients, reports on a new study that indicates there is hope for a replenished and more effective organ bank. Topics include the availability of an adequate donor base, the technology and legislation in existence to help the process, why the organ shortage persists, and the study conducted by Corporate Decisions, Inc. (CDI), a Boston-based management consulting firm. The author then discusses in some detail an optimal request process that is hoped to result in increased donation. 12 references. (AA-M).
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Testimony: Controversies in Organ Donation Source: ANNA Journal. American Nephrology Nurses' Association Journal. 19(4): 341343, 354. August 1992. Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses' Association. Box 56, East Holly Avenue, Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 256-2320. Summary: The National Kidney Foundation recently held four regional forums to discuss controversies in organ donation. This article is the written testimony submitted by the American Nephrology Nurses' Association that was presented orally by Ms. McNatt at the regional forum in Chicago on April 8, 1992. Topics include the shortage of organs for transplant, the use of financial incentives, the use of presumed consent, and the use of living donors. A final section addresses two interrelated minority issues relative to transplant: equity of distribution of organs and low rates of cadaveric donation. 21 references. (AA-M).
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Organ Donation: New Ways Needed to Keep Up With the Demand Source: Nephrology News and Issues. 4(5): 16-17. May 1990. Summary: The need for all transplant procedures is great, and growing, as patient selection criteria are relaxed to include younger, older, and sicker patients as transplant candidates. Because of the marked shortage of donor organs, and the tremendous demand for them, people have begun to devise rather ingenious and, in some instances, ill-advised schemes to improve their supply. The author notes that there has been only minimal growth in cadaveric organ procurement while at the same time there has been a
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substantial decline in the availability of living-related donors. Of course, patients with renal failure have a mechanical alternative for their treatment, i.e., dialysis. Indeed, the author cautions that there are conceivably many more dialysis patients who should be placed on the waiting list for transplantation, which would increase even further the need for donor kidneys. Selected statistics, including some international data, are included to document the increase in patients waiting for a transplant. •
Organ Donation and Blacks: A Critical Frontier Source: New England Journal of Medicine. 325(6): 442-444. August 8, 1991. Summary: The past decade has witnessed an inexorable widening in the gap between the supply of organs for transplantation and the need for organs by desperately ill transplant candidates. This discrepancy is particularly evident in the black population, with statistics indicating that less than 10 percent of organ donors are black, yet more than 50 percent of patients with end-stage renal disease are black. After describing two projects that addressed this discrepancy, the authors summarize some of the factors that made these projects successful: the approach has included the elaboration of a message specifically tailored to the community; the intensive use of volunteers; the use of black transplant recipients and patients awaiting transplantation as spokespeople; emphasis on coordination of all educational activities with local community activities; support from the private sector; and collaborative efforts involving both transplantation programs and private community organizations. 18 references.
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Organ Donation Declines Source: American Kidney Fund Newsletter for Health Professionals. 8(1): 6-7. 1991. Summary: The supply of donated organs is currently insufficient to meet the needs of those waiting for transplantation. This article discusses the factors that influence organ donation, required request legislation, societal changes and organ donation, and increasing public awareness about transplantation. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) is addressing many factors that impact organ donation through its various committees and by collecting and distributing data on organ donation. Future efforts will be directed at improving organ donation by assisting public and professional educational programs and by collecting and disseminating information about organ donation. 1 table. 6 references.
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Financial Compensation for Cadaver Organ Donation: Good Idea or Anathema Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 25(4): 2740-2742. August 1993. Summary: The transplant community is currently dealing with a number of proposals calling for the creation of financial incentives in the United States, as a solution to the shortage of cadaver organs and tissues. The authors of this article review the issue and explain why they believe that existing law and public policy should not be modified to permit compensation for organ or tissue donation. Topics covered include the ethical problems with compensation schemes and practical problems with compensation. The authors stress that compensation schemes convert donors into sources, human beings into products, thus undermining the foundational values requisite for respect for others and for self-esteem.
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Expanding the Living Organ Donor Pool: Positive Crossmatch and ABO Incompatible Renal Transplantation Source: Nephrology Nursing Journal. 30(2): 195-204. April 2003. Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses' Association. East Holly Avenue, Box 56, Pitman, NJ 08071-0056. (856) 256-2320. Fax (856) 589-7463. Website: www.annanurse.org. Summary: There is a significant shortage of donor kidneys. As a result, kidney transplant candidates wait for prolonged periods of time for an organ, and over eight die every day while awaiting a kidney transplant. To improve this situation, the transplant community has actively sought creative solutions to the organ shortage. This article explores ways to expand the living organ donor pool. The authors note that many patients have willing live donors who are excluded from donation due to a positive crossmatch or blood group incompatibility. The authors contend that plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin in combination can efficiently remove antibodies against donor tissue and blood group antigens and prevent these antibodies from returning after transplantation. Both strategies are complex but have good success rates and provide an opportunity for transplantation to those who might wait years for an organ or die waiting on the list. The authors conclude that knowledge of these new protocols is essential for the nephrology nurse who is often the first health care provider to discuss transplantation with end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. 3 figures. 3 tables. 34 references.
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African Americans And Organ Donors Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 83(12): 1057-1060. December 1991. Summary: This article addresses the problems of organ donation in the AfricanAmerican community, stressing that only through education and improved cooperation between the African-American community and the medical profession that insufficiencies in access to suitable organs for transplantations will be eradicated. The author reviews the laws governing the donation and procurement of organs, notably the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act and the National Organ Transplant Act, and then discusses issues specific to African-Americans as organ donors. The author emphasizes that African-American physicians must play more of a role in educating AfricanAmericans about organ donation issues and motivate their patients to become potential donors. 12 references.
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Organ Donation: Discussing the Option with the Family Source: Care of the Critically Ill. 12(3): 95-96. May-June 1996. Contact: Available from Care of the Critically Ill. Subscription Department, Macmillan Press, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS, UK. Fax 01256-810526. Summary: This article aims to allay clinical staff fears when offering the option of donation and to provide helpful guidelines regarding the approach to the family, formulated from current research and practical experience. The authors stress that offering the option of organ donation to the family of brainstem-dead patients, if performed with empathy in appropriate surroundings, will not increase their distress and can give them something positive in an otherwise negative situation. Topics include perceived difficulties in offering donation, communicating in crisis, timing of the request for donation, determining appropriate staff members for approaching the family, and particular areas of concern for the family. 9 references. (AA-M).
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Organ Donor Stamp Project: Petition Drive in Full Swing for U.S. Postage Stamp Promoting Organ Donation Source: For Patients Only. 3(6): 20-21 November-December 1990. Summary: This article describes the efforts of a current petition drive to support a U.S. postage stamp promoting organ donation. The author, president of a group that provides emergency financial support to renal patients, describes her work on behalf of promoting a postage stamp. The goal is to increase public awareness of the need for donor organs and thereby increase the number of organs donated. The author documents the continuing struggle for the creation of the postage stamp and includes suggestions for readers who wish to help or contribute to the effort.
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What You Need to Know About Organ Donation Source: Patient Care. 32(7): 94, 97-98, 100. April 15, 1998. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This article gives primary care physicians an update on organ donation, including current information on donor cards, mandated choice, presumed consent, brain death, and cadaver donor protocols. The author first encourages readers to have all their patients discuss organ donation with their family members, as this is the most important part of the process. The author then notes who organ donors usually are (most cadaveric donors were in good health but died suddenly from fatal neurologic injuries, primary central nervous system events, cerebrovascular accidents, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain tumors or injuries, accidents, drug overdose, smoke inhalation, suicide, or cardiac arrest). Living donors can donate bone marrow, a kidney, and portions of the lungs, liver, and pancreas. Most living-donor solid organ and bone marrow transplants are performed on a relative of the donor. While many more people need transplants than there are organs available, efforts at increasing the donor pool have not yet equalized supply and demand. The mandated choice proposal currently being debated would require competent adults to decide whether they wish to donate organs when they die. People would have to register their choice in a database when they obtain a driver's license or file a tax return. The question of whether mandated choice and presumed consent violate personal freedom or the right to privacy is controversial. The guidelines issued by the National Kidney Foundation about communication between donor families and transplant recipients are also discussed. These guidelines are based on the belief that donor families and recipients have the right to choose whether they want to communicate with each other. Confidentiality is ensured for those who decline to communicate, and those who want contact are first provided with written information. Other topics covered include payment for organ donation, reasons people don't want to donate or sign a donor card, cadaveric donors, and hospital protocols for organ donation. 1 table. 3 references.
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Organ Donation and Hospital Chaplains: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Concerns Source: Transplantation. 50(1): 25-29. July 1990. Summary: This article reports on a study in which the attitudes, religious beliefs, and participation levels of 110 practicing hospital chaplains concerning cadaver-organ donation are investigated. Chaplains respond that they are identifying with the emotional aspects of organ donation, in particular the grief and emotional trauma of the grieving family, not necessarily with theological dogma or religious issues. Donor rates
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of minority groups are discussed from the perspective of religious traditions and myths. Religious questions of next of kin are investigated, and recommendations are made for a comprehensive approach to cadaver-organ procurement. 5 tables. 8 references. (AA-M). •
Influence of Prior Thought and Intent on the Memorability and Persuasiveness of Organ Donation Message Strategies Source: Health Communication. 6(1): 1-20. 1994. Contact: Available from Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. 365 Broadway, Hillsdale, NJ 07642. (201) 666-4110. Summary: This article reports on a study that examined the influence of prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card on the memorability and persuasiveness of onesided and refutational messages about organ donation. Prior thought and intent about donation were found to exert a strong influence on belief and behavior change but not on attitude change. Regardless of message type, respondents low in prior thought and intent exhibited a negative belief change about the need for organ donation and took fewer organ donor cards (59 percent), whereas respondents high in prior thought and intent exhibited positive belief change and took significantly more organ donor cards (84 percent). Memorability of the messages was influenced by prior thought and intent, message type, and fear invoked by the messages. The next task for researchers interested in persuasion about organ donation is to find a message that induces positive belief, attitude, and behavior change in those low in prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card. 2 tables. 30 references. (AA-M).
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Improvement in the Organ Donation Rate at a Large Urban Trauma Center Source: Archives of Surgery. 131(2): 153-159. February 1996. Summary: This article reports on a study to implement and then evaluate the efficacy of a 'hospital development' (HD) plan designed to increase organ donation rates at an urban trauma center. Potential organ donors were identified from a retrospective review of all deaths at a urban, level I trauma center for 1991 to 1994. The reasons why potential donors did not become actual organ donors were categorized (identified as 'nonproductive donors'). Actual donors were defined as individuals in whom one transplantable organ was recovered. Changes in actual donor numbers and in nonproductive donor categories were compared for the pre-HD (1991-1992) and postHD (1993-1994) periods. The HD plan had six components: identification of key contact individuals, development and modification of relevant hospital policies, improvement in procurement agency visibility in hospital units, education of hospital staff regarding organ donation, institution of early onsite donor evaluations, and provision of feedback to hospital staff about the disposition of potential organ donors. Institution of the HD plan was associated with a highly significant increase in actual donors for the post-HD period (49.5 percent) as compared to the pre-HD period (26.1 percent). This increase was primarily because of a marked improvement in hospital staff identification and referral of potential donors. 3 figures. 5 tables. 30 references. (AA-M).
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Potential Supply of Organ Donors: An Assessment of the Efficiency of Organ Procurement Efforts in the United States Source: JAMA (Journal of American Medical Association). 267(2): 239-246. January 8, 1992.
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Summary: This article reports on a study undertaken to determine the potential supply of organ donors and to measure the efficiency of organ procurement efforts in the United States. Using a geographic database, the researchers found that over 23,000 people are currently awaiting a kidney, heart, liver, heart-lung, pancreas, or lung transplantation. Donor supply is inadequate, and the number of donors remained unchanged at approximately 4,000 annually for 1986 through 1989, with a modest 9.1 percent increase in 1990. Results showed that depending on the class of donor considered, organ procurement efforts are between 37 percent and 59 percent effective. The researchers conclude that many more organ donors are available than are being accessed through existing organ procurement efforts. 2 figures. 7 tables. 88 references. (AA-M). •
Organ Donation: A Critical Issue for Nephrology Today Source: ANNA Update. American Nephrology Nurses Association Update. p. 8-9. March-April 1991. Contact: Available from American Nephrology Nurses' Association. Box 56, East Holly Avenue, Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 256-2320. Summary: This article, written for an audience of nephrology nurses, stresses the critical lack of organs for transplantation. The author reviews the disparity between actual organ need and the number of organs donated, reminds the reader of the definition of brain death and the importance of dealing honestly and compassionately with the donor's family, and discusses the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act and the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS). The author stresses how important it is that all nephrology nurses actively participate in organ donation programs, to educate and support their patients who are organ recipients, and to support their professional colleagues who are involved in the donation process. 6 references.
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Organ Donation and Approaching the African-American Family: A Case for Understanding Over Expectation Source: Contemporary Dialysis and Nephrology. 11(12): 21-22. December 1990. Summary: This article's author, a member of both the organ procurement and AfricanAmerican communities, paints a clear picture of organ donation in black families who find themselves in a predominately white arena. The author contends that AfricanAmericans seem to be unresponsive to organ donation requests because they are being approached by the wrong people asking the wrong questions. Health professionals must become more informed about and responsive to cultural differences and communication styles in order to better serve the African-American community, including potential donors as well as recipients. This effort is greatly assisted when a family's awareness of organ donation has been previously enhanced through church-related activities, stories in the media, and community activities and involvement.
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Referral, Request, and Consent for Organ Donation: Best Practice-A Blueprint for Success Source: Critical Care Nurse. 19(2): 21-33. April 1999. Contact: Available from National Fulfillment Services. P.O. Box 611, Holmes, PA 19043. (800) 345-8112. Fax (610) 532-9001. Summary: This continuing education article reviews the practice guidelines for referral, request and consent for organ donation. The authors cover the limiting factors in organ
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donation, variables that affect organ donation rates, and nursing interventions that are likely to improve organ donation rates. The most limiting factors in organ donation are failure to determine which patients are potential organ donors, lack of referral of those patients to the organ procurement organization (OPO), and refusal of patients' families to consent to donation. The education of staff members is significantly associated with increased rates of donation; however, many staff members are not prepared to handle donation events effectively in their hospitals. Another situational variable that has a marked influence on donation rates is the timing of the request (i.e., when the request is made relative to when the family is informed of the death). The authors explore the issue of determining who should approach the family about consenting to donation, including the skills or traits necessary for those persons who are given the responsibility of approaching families about donation. A potential donor's age, cause of death, and race are associated with rates of donation. The authors conclude by summarizing and discussing the best practices for request for organ donation in the areas of referral, family care, consent coordination, and consent request. The authors stress that critical care nurses are the key ingredient in a hospital's successful donation program. Appended to the article is a posttest with which readers can qualify for Continuing Education credit. 2 figures. 7 tables. 66 references. •
Life or Death: The Issue of Payment in Cadaveric Organ Donation (commentary) Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 265(10): 1302-1305. March 13, 1991. Summary: This editorial argues that, because of an ever larger number of patients listed as candidate for lifesaving organs, the possibility of a death benefit payment to motivate families of potential organ donors should be studied. The author maintains that a death benefit of $1,000 paid through organ procurement organizations would not necessarily be coercive. Laws now prohibiting organ brokerage and assuring fair organ allocation would continue unchanged. The author concludes that, if organ recovery increases sufficiently, (something that public awareness programs, professional education, and legislation has not accomplished) a nationwide program could save thousands of lives. 1 table. 28 references.
Federally Funded Research on Organ Donation The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to organ donation. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to organ donation.
2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
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For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore organ donation. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for organ donation: •
Project Title: A PROGRAM TO INCREASE LIVING DONATIONS IN AFRICAN AMERI* Principal Investigator & Institution: Baliga, Prabhakar K.; Associate Professor; Surgery; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Racial disparities continue to exist in kidney transplantation despite the financial assurances provided by Medicare funding. African Americans make up more than 80% of the waiting list in South Carolina and receive half the cadaver kidneys procured. A major reason for this discrepancy is the poor organ donation rate in the African American community. Although living-donor transplantation offers the best therapeutic option for African American patients with end stage renal disease, only 13% of the transplanted kidneys in African Americans are from live donors. There are several recognized barriers to organ donation in the black community in the context of cadaver donation, but there is a paucity of information about live organ donation. Our overall hypothesis is that specific barriers to live organ donation in African American kidney transplant recipients and their families can be identified and overcome by an active intervention program and will lead to significantly improved live organ donation rates. A survey will first be conducted to identify specific barriers to live donor transplants in the African American community. Secondly, African American patients with end stage renal disease who are being evaluated for a kidney transplant will be randomized into a control or intervention group. African American patients and families in the control group will receive standard education provided by a non-minority member of the transplant team at the time of recipient evaluation. African American families randomized to the active intervention group (AIG) will receive the standard education from a minority nurse coordinator. An educator will ensure that content of information is uniform and is conveyed in a culturally sensitive manner. The AIG African American recipient and the family spokesperson will have additional educational sessions with the minority coordinator. Previous kidney recipient and donor African American families from the local community will meet with the recipients and families of the intervention group (AIG). Local volunteers from Area Health Education Consortium, National Kidney Foundation, Minority Pee Dee Health and Gift of Life Foundation will provide community support encouraging live organ donation. In addition to the educational interventions, AIG families identified as having significant financial hardships will be offered assistance such as travel vouchers and hotel coupons, child care support and possibly a one time reimbursement for loss of pay. It is expected that breaking down the barriers to live organ donation in the active intervention group will significantly increase donation rates. This will result in more number of African Americans receiving kidney transplants and improved graft and patient survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: COMMUNITY-BASED PLAN TO INCREASE MINORITY ORGAN DONATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Allen, Margaret D.; The Hope Heart Institute 528 18Th Ave Seattle, Wa 98122
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Fully half of the U.S. renal transplant waiting list is composed of minority patients. Yet, due in part to blood group and HLA frequencies, African-Americans must wait l year, and Asians 6 months longer than Caucasians for a donated kidney. One solution is to increase organ donation and living-related transplantation among minority groups. This grant utilizes a unique community-based outreach network to deliver information on organ donation and transplantation to the African-American and Asian communities in Seattle and Tacoma. The grant funds the production of an educational video suitable for community and classroom featuring local minority transplant recipients. Also, public service announcements targeting minorities, produced by local minority students, will be shown at the Department of Motor Vehicles offices. A program of instruction will be instituted in local schools. Educational materials will be distributed in local neighborhoods and churches by VISTA volunteers, local residents recruited from the targeted African-American and Asian communities. Neighborhood VISTA volunteers will gain job experience and receive credits toward higher education. A computerized database of community residents will be created to record donation preferences, educational level attained, and medicai histories, data that could be used in future epidemiologic studies on these communities. The efficacy of this educational program will be measured by surveys on attitudes toward donation, by a Washington state organ donor card registry, and by actual donation and transplantation rates by race. This program is a model for community leadership in the development and delivery of health care information which could be applied to other health care issues. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CORNEAL DONOR STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Beck, Roy W.; Director; Jaeb Center for Health Research, Inc. Suite 350 Tampa, Fl 33647 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Several emerging problem areas in corneal transplantation and organ donation are likely to reduce the availability of corneal donor tissues in the United States. Such a reduction would significantly jeopardize the visual health of thousands of Americans who currently depend upon the eye banking system to provide safe and effective corneal tissue for sight restoration on a timely basis. The most easily implemented solution is to increase utilization of older donor-age tissue which is currently discarded or not even collected. Although a definitive study has not been performed, the weight of current evidence suggests that donor age is not an important predictor of graft failure when other criteria for suitability of the donor tissue (e.g., endothelial cell count) are met. Unfortunately, a strong bias exists against use of older donor tissue by many corneal surgeons and eye banks. Many surgeons and eye banks have arbitrarily set an upper age limit for the use of corneal tissue. Therefore, a considerable amount of potentially usable donor tissue is either not being harvested or, if harvested, goes unused because of this bias. To provide these much needed data, the Corneal Donor Study (CDS) was developed. The specific objective of the study is to determine whether the graft-failure rate over a 5-year follow-up period is equivalent with corneal tissue from donors older than 60 years old compared with that from younger donors. The study protocol is summarized below. Exposure Variable: Age of donor tissue. Sample Size: 1000 patients with approximately half receiving tissue from donors > 60 and half from donors 2000 by specular microscopy according to the Eye Bank's usual routine, (2) Death to preservation time <15 hours if body or eyes
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refrigerated and <6 hours if not refrigerated, (3) Death to surgery time <7 days, (4) Age 10-79, (5) Phakic. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EVALUATION OF A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ORGAN DONATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodrigue, James R.; Associate Professor; Clinical & Health Psychology; University of Florida Gainesville, Fl 32611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: This revised proposal is designed in response to the federal government's initiative to increase national organ donation rates. It is well documented that the need for donor organs far exceeds the rate at which viable organs are donated, and that increasing donation rates is the most critical issue facing the field of clinical transplantation. To date, research efforts have focused mostly on enhancing public attitudes and willingness to become organ donors with comparably less scientific effort to identify those factors that are most predictive of actual next-of-kin donation consent. Since organ donation depends almost exclusively on the consent of family members it is imperative that we enhance our understanding of those variables that are likely to lead to favorable consent decisions. Using a conceptual model developed by Radecki and Jaccard, we will examine the associations of next-of-kin beliefs and attitudes and knowledge of the deceased's donation intentions to organ donation decisions. Variables hypothesized to be associated with donation decisions based on the extant literature include: next-of-kin belief structure, attitude toward organ donation, and coping resources. Approximately 250 next-of-kin to whom a donation request was targeted will be interviewed by telephone within two weeks of the request and assessed on several variables guided by the conceptual model. Hierarchical logistic regression will be used in the data analysis. It is expected that results from this study will enhance our understanding of the most salient individual and contextual factors that affect organ donation consent and guide the development of effective request strategies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: IMPACT OF STRUCTURE ON LIVING ORGAN DONATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Winsett, Rebecca P.; Assistant Professor; Nursing; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (taken from abstract) Prior to 1980?s, living donation offered the only hope for recovery from end-organ renal failure (1-7]. With improvements in Surgical technique [8], organ matching [9-11], rejection treatment [12,13] and organ preservation [14], cadaveric organ donation became the mainstay of transplantation efforts during the late 70?s through today [15, 16] even though LD graft survival has continued to surpass cadaveric (CD) graft survival [17,18]. Because CD donation became the mainstay of transplantation, national efforts focused on developing and maintaining an equitable distribution system for CD organs for transplantation and increasing CD donation [11, 19-21]. Although organ donor rates have improved over the last ten years, the supply of CD organs remains far short of the demand [15, 17] and individual transplant centers are returning to living donation to meet the increasing local needs [22-24]. Despite efforts to increase the LD rate, LD transplants has remained less than 30% for the last 10 years {17}. One explanation for the plateau in the LD rate is that; little effort is placed on the organizational and operational processes for identify, evaluating,
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and caring for living donors. As the nation turned towards CD donation, 1 transplant centers the national listing procedures so that CD transplant evaluation and follow-up became the primary model to address transplant candidate and recipient issues, leaving the LD process secondary in individual transplant centers. This secondary approach creates an environment where LD receives less priority and does not systematically address the donors? needs. It is apparent that a new systematic approach to the living donor is needed if transplant centers intend to increase living donor transplantation [221. This research study will evaluate transplant center and individual barriers and facilitators of living donation. Aim I will identify transplant center barriers and facilitators of living donation. Ann 2 will identify individual barriers and facilitators of living donation, and Aim 3 will seek to design a model living donor transplant program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BURN INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Tompkins, Ronald Gary.; John Francis Burke Professor of Surgery; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Prior to 1980's, living donation offered the only hope for recovery from endorgan renal failure (1-7]. With improvements in surgical technique [8], organ matching [9-11], rejection treatment [12,13] and organ preservation [14], cadaveric organ donation became the mainstay of transplantation efforts during the late 70's through today [15,15] even though LD graft survival has continued to surpass cadaveric (CD) graft survival [17,18]. Because CD donation became the mainstay of transplantation, national efforts focused on developing and maintaining an equitable distribution system for CD organs for transplantation and increasing CD donation [11,19-21]. Although organ donor rates have improved over the last ten years, the supply of CD organs remains far short of the demand [15, 17] and individual transplant centers are returning to living donation to meet the increasing local needs [22-24]. Despite efforts to increase the LD rate, LD transplants has remained less than 30% for the last 10 years [17]. One explanation for the plateau in the LD rate is that little effort is placed on the organizational and operational processes for identifying, evaluating, and caring for living donors. As the nation turned towards CD donation, l transplant centers the national listing procedures so that CD transplant evaluation and follow-up became the primary model to address transplant candidate and recipient issues, leaving the LD process secondary in individual transplant centers. This secondary approach creates an environment where LD receives less priority and does not systematically address the donors' needs. It is apparent that a new systematic approach to the living donor is needed if transplant centers intend to increase living donor transplantation [22]. This research study will evaluate transplant center and individual barriers and facilitators of living donation. Aim 1 will identify transplant center barriers and facilitators of living donation. Aim 2 will identify individual barriers and facilitators of living donation, and Aim 3 will seek to design a model living donor transplant program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: ORGAN DONATION IN THE BLACK COMMUNITY: A FOCUS ON FAMILY Principal Investigator & Institution: Arriola, Kimberly R.; Behavioral Scis & Hlth Educ; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322
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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed study will test the effectiveness of a culturally-sensitive organ and tissue donation intervention for African American (AA) families and clergy of AA religious organizations. Group 1 will participate in formative research that seeks to understand the needs, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, experiences, and vocabulary surrounding organ and tissue donation among family members and clergy. The remaining groups will participate in the intervention effectiveness trial. Group 2 (Comparison = C) will receive standard donation educational messages in the form of pamphlets and culturally-sensitive videotapes as well as education through the currently available outreach initiatives. Group 3 (Intervention = I) will receive the same intervention as Group 2 as well as: (a) culturally-sensitive written materials, (b) a familyoriented video that focuses on the donation process, and (c) an intervention educating the clergy of their religious organizations. The study will test two primary hypotheses: H1: Individuals receiving a culturally-sensitive family-oriented intervention (I) will show significantly greater increases in stage of readiness to discuss donation with family, stage of readiness for cadaveric donation, and stage of readiness for living donation than those who receive standard donation education (C). The primary goal of comparing groups C and I is to determine the efficacy of a culturally-sensitive familyoriented intervention developed using the "deep structure" model of cultural sensitivity described in Resnicow, Baranowski, Ahluwalia, and Braithwaite (1999) and the utility of involving clergy. H2: The effect of the intervention will be mediated by increased use of the intervention materials (assessed at posttest); knowledge about the donation process; trust of the medical establishment; and variables from the Trans-theoretical Model and Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein, 1967) such as decisional balance for discussing donation with family, committing to donation, and for cross-cultural donation; perception of social norms related to discussion and donation; and self-efficacy for discussing donation with family members. Mediation will be tested through structural equation modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: PHYSICIAN PEER MINORITY ORGAN DONATION EDUCATION MODEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojo, Akinlolu O.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The consent rate in potential cadaveric donors among racial minorities is 40-50% lower than in Whites. Ongoing programmatic evaluation of the consent process in the service area of the Transplantation Society of Michigan (the Organ Procurement Organization [OPO] for the State of Michigan) indicates that ten facilities accounting for 93% of minority cadaveric organ donor referrals deviate from the high yield approach of utilizing trained and designated donation specialists in the management of the donation request process. We hypothesize that physician behavioral change enabling a culturally sensitive and appropriately trained donation specialist to assume the primary/principal role in the donation request would yield a higher donation rate in minority organ donor referrals. We propose to: (a) develop a 4-hour professional focus group on donation management with eight specialty physician leaders; and (b) design a 2-hour Physician Peer Educational Program to be delivered by the designated physician leaders to a target audience of physicians in selected specialties who practice in the facilities with the highest concentration of
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minority organ donor referrals. The aims of this Physician Peer Minority Organ Donation Education Model (PMODEM) are: (1) to utilize the eight physician leaders as instructors/role models for physicians in selected specialties who regularly encounter brain death and thus, potential cadaveric organ donors (Emergency Medicine, Neurosurgery and Trauma); (2) to deliver a 2-hour "best donation management practice" CME program to 80 practicing physicians in the ten specified minority referral facilities; (3) to collect and manage prospective data on the donation management process in all facilities in the OPO; and (4) to conduct statistical analysis of the impact of the PMODEM on: (a) the use of trained designated requestor; (b) the next-of-kin consent rate among minorities; and (c) the minority donation rate in southeastern Michigan. Sample size calculations indicate a 90% power to detect a 20% increase in minority donor consent rate if 80 physicians undergo the 2-hour educational session. The use of trained designated requestor with expertise in obtaining consent from the next-of-kin has the greatest immediate potential to increase cadaveric organ donation in the racial minorities donors among whom approximately 50% currently refuse to give consent. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: RETENTION OF BONE MARROW DONORS IN A NATIONAL REGISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Switzer, Galen E.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1997; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: As bone marrow transplantation becomes one of the preferred treatments for life-threatening diseases of the blood, increasing numbers of patients must seek compatible marrow from unrelated donors. The low probability of finding a good patient-donor marrow match means that between one- to two-thirds of ill patients never locate a donor with perfectly compatible marrow. Furthermore, once volunteers are identified as a preliminary match for a patient, 30 to 40 percent are either unwilling or medically unable to actually donate marrow. Thus, volunteer attrition contributes significantly to the problems already inherent in finding a suitable donor candidate. Despite the critical importance of maintaining a large registry of unrelated volunteer donor candidates, no systematic studies of factors affecting the successful retention of such volunteers exists. The study proposed is designed to identify factors that affect the National Marrow Donor Program's (NMDP) success in retention of bone marrow volunteers. In particular, this study will examine the relationship of volunteer characteristics and donor center factors to volunteer psychological outcomes during two critical stages in the blood testing process and to donor center rates of volunteer cooperation at these stages. Longitudinal and cross-sectional survey data will be gathered from a total of 2,600 potential marrow donors who are at one of two critical decision points in the process leading to donation (DR-blood-typing, CT-blood-typing), and from personnel at the 100 NMDP donor centers. These data will allow the investigators to (a) describe the distribution and interrelationships between donor center structural characteristics and the strategies centers utilize for volunteer recruitment and retention, (b) determine which donor center factors (both structural and tactical) and volunteer background characteristics best predict positive volunteer-specific psychological outcomes at later typing stages, and examine and revise models of individual volunteer-specific outcomes and aggregate across-center retention rates. Study findings will promote better understanding of the donor management organizational characteristics that are central to successful retention of marrow
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volunteers, inform the revision of conceptual models of medical volunteerism, and guide future efforts to secure donors across the full range of living-organ donation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: THE MANAHATTAN HIV BRAIN BANK Principal Investigator & Institution: Morgello, Susan; Associate Professor; Pathology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by the applicant): The Manhattan HIV Brain Bank, a member of the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium, is a resource for the provision of wellcharacterized tissues and fluids from HIV-infected patients to NeuroAIDS investigators. In the previous funding period, infrastructure to facilitate the collection and distribution of tissues, fluids and information was built. We have thus established a successful HIV organ donation program in a seriously ill, largely minority and disadvantaged inner city population. In the next funding period, we propose: to increase the provision of information, tissues, and fluids from HIV-infected patients to qualified researchers investigating HIV pathogenesis; to establish a web site from which qualified investigators can learn about our program and manage transactions regarding specimen withdrawals, as well as download modular portions of a malleable database to facilitate recruitment, neurologic analysis, and neuropsychologic analysis of diverse patient populations; to continue development of collaborations with other large studies interested in HIV pathogenesis; for purposes of standardization, to participate in NNTC quality assurance programs; to continue to recruit HIV-infected patients into an organ donation program preceded by a longitudinal neurologic, neuropsychologic, and psychiatric study; to examine traditional clinico-pathologic correlations of premortem function with postmortem pathology; to focus on co-morbidities and health disparities in HIV-related CNS and PNS disorders; to define contributions of liver disease, substance disorders, and HIV on cognitive and neurologic dysfunction; and to create an organ donation program in an HIV-negative control cohort, that will serve as a source of virologic control materials and also aid in the dissection of hepatic influences on NeuroAIDS disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
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Project Title: UNDERSTANDING CONSENT TO TISSUE DONATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Siminoff, Laura A.; Professor of Bioethics; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Application) Despite the fact that tissue donation has greater public health implication and potentially affects many more donor families and recipients than solid organ donation, little research has been done on the consent process. Donated tissues provide heart valve replacements, skin grafts, and replacement of amputated bone in cancer patients. They are used in prosthetic surgery, treatment of facial wasting, and many other procedures. It is estimated that tens of thousands of patients are eligible to donate tissues. Nonetheless, most requests for tissue donation are refused (consent rates are no higher than 35%). Most importantly, recent controversies have raised questions about how requests are made for tissue donations. This 4-year study will directly examine the tissue request process used by Tissue Bank staff. We will assess the determinants of families? willingness to donate tissues, their informational needs, and the adequacy of consent practices. A sample of 1,400 tissue-eligible family
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decision makers and their tissue staff requesters will be recruited over a 30- month period. Cases will be randomly selected from a national sample from 13 tissue banks of families who made decisions about donating a family member?s tissue. This study will collect data from three sources: 1)donor-eligible patients? families; 2) requesters directly involved in asking for consent to tissue donation; 3) audiotaped recordings of the request for tissue donation. This study will be the first to comprehensively examine consent to tissue donation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for organ donation in the PubMed Central database: •
Non-heart-beating organ donation in Canada: Time to proceed? by Knoll GA, Mahoney JE.; 2003 Aug 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=180655
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Poisoned patients as potential organ donors: postal survey of transplant centres and intensive care units. by Wood DM, Dargan PI, Jones AL.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=270623
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
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To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with organ donation, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for organ donation (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A dangerous argument against organ donation. Author(s): Steinman TI. Source: Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2002 Autumn; 2(3): 473-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854601&dopt=Abstract
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A decade of continuous improvement in cadaveric organ donation: the Spanish model. Author(s): Matesanz R, Miranda B. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2002 January-February; 15(1): 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936422&dopt=Abstract
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A decade of continuous improvement in cadaveric organ donation: the Spanish model. Author(s): Matesanz R. Source: Nefrologia. 2001; 21 Suppl 5: 59-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881417&dopt=Abstract
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A focus on health care professionals in organ donation: a cross-sectional survey. Author(s): Bilgin N, Akgun HS. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 September; 34(6): 2445-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270474&dopt=Abstract
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A modified “Spanish model” for organ donation in the southeast region of Sweden. Author(s): Norberg U, Soderlind K, Franzen L, Loven C, Strandelius E, Wolfbrandt A, Backman L. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 February; 32(1): 72-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10700976&dopt=Abstract
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A proposal for an anonymous living organ donation in Germany. Author(s): Rittner CK, Besold A, Wandel E. Source: Legal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 2003 March; 5 Suppl 1: S68-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12935555&dopt=Abstract
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A public forum to promote organ donation amongst Asians: the Scottish initiative. Author(s): Baines LS, Joseph JT, Jindal RM. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2002 March; 15(2-3): 124-31. Epub 2002 February 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935169&dopt=Abstract
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A Swedish survey of young people's views on organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Sanner MA. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2002 December; 15(12): 641-8. Epub 2002 November 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478412&dopt=Abstract
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Academic community response to the Brazilian legislation for organ donation. Author(s): Roza BA, Schirmer J, Medina-Pestana JO. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 March; 34(2): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009585&dopt=Abstract
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Altruism and reciprocity in organ donation: compatible or not? Author(s): Daar AS. Source: Transplantation. 2000 August 27; 70(4): 704-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972238&dopt=Abstract
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Anaesthesia for organ donation in the brainstem dead. Author(s): Wace J, Kai M. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 June; 55(6): 590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10896635&dopt=Abstract
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Anaesthesia for organ donation in the brainstem dead. Author(s): Keep PJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2000 June; 55(6): 590. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10866725&dopt=Abstract
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Attitude of patients, the public, doctors, and nurses toward organ donation. Author(s): Reddy AV, Guleria S, Khazanchi RK, Bhardwaj M, Aggarwal S, Mandal S. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 February; 35(1): 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591287&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes and behavior related to organ donation and transplantation: a survey of university students. Author(s): Akgun S, Tokalak I, Erdal R. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 September; 34(6): 2009-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270294&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes and knowledge of Turkish physicians about organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Erdogan O, Yucetin L, Tuncer M, Kececioglu N, Gurkan A, Akaydin M, Yakupoglu G. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 September; 34(6): 2007-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270293&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of negev beduins toward organ donation: a field survey. Author(s): Rachmani R, Mizrahi S, Agabaria R. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 June; 32(4): 757-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856572&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes of religious people in Turkey regarding organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Kececioglu N, Tuncer M, Yucetin L, Akaydin M, Yakupoglu G. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 May; 32(3): 629-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812145&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes regarding organ donation from non-heart-beating donors. Author(s): Keenan SP, Hoffmaster B, Rutledge F, Eberhard J, Chen LM, Sibbald WJ. Source: Journal of Critical Care. 2002 March; 17(1): 29-36; Discussion 37-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040546&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes to organ donation among South Asians in the UK. Author(s): Sheikh A, Dhami S. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000 March; 93(3): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10741330&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes towards organ donation in Hong Kong. Author(s): Yeung I, Kong SH, Lee J. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 June; 50(11): 1643-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10795969&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to organ donation among housestaff physicians. Author(s): Spital A, Kittur DS. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 October; 22(5): 2414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2219415&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to organ donation in the Jewish community. Author(s): Feld J, Sherbin P, Cole E. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1998 March; 8(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9726215&dopt=Abstract
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Beyond the organ donor card: the effect of knowledge, attitudes, and values on willingness to communicate about organ donation to family members. Author(s): Morgan SE, Miller JK. Source: Health Communication. 2002; 14(1): 121-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853207&dopt=Abstract
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Black American attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Roberts KY. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1988 October; 80(10): 1121, 1123-4, 1126. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3249317&dopt=Abstract
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Blurring distinctions between the dying and the dead: a call for discernment in organ donation. Author(s): Rutecki GW. Source: Ethics Med. 1994 Autumn; 10(3): 60-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11652986&dopt=Abstract
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Boosting organ donation among Hispanics. Author(s): Weiss R. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 2003 January-February; 84(1): 13-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12592936&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation in a neurosurgical unit: audit of recent practice. Author(s): Gentleman D, Easton J, Jennett B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1990 November 24; 301(6762): 1203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2261561&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation in Germany: analysis of procurement in a neurosurgical unit and review of press reports. Author(s): Kleindienst A, Haupt WF, Hildebrandt G. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 1999; 141(6): 641-5; Discussion 645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929730&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation in Saudi Arabia. Author(s): Al-Attar B, Shaheen FA, Souquiyyeh MZ, Babiker AQ, Ahmed H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 August; 33(5): 2629-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11498095&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation. Author(s): Wig N, Wadhwa J, Aggarwal P, Handa R, Wali JP. Source: Natl Med J India. 1997 May-June; 10(3): 120-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9230601&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation. Author(s): Pearson IY. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1995 February; 23(1): 11-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778725&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation. Author(s): Lovasik D. Source: Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 2000 December; 12(4): 531-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11855256&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation: a two-year experience in ICU, Westmead Hospital. Author(s): Smith F, Pearson IY, Tyler C, Roby H, Currow H, Wincope P, Francis A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1989 October; 21(5): 3828-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2815292&dopt=Abstract
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Brain death and organ donation--a point of view. Author(s): Raper RF, Fisher MM. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1995 February; 23(1): 16-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778741&dopt=Abstract
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Brain stem death and organ donation. Author(s): Davies C. Source: Nursing in Critical Care. 1996 November-December; 1(6): 286-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594133&dopt=Abstract
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Brain stem death and organ donation. Author(s): Bodenham A, Berridge JC, Park GR. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1989 October 21; 299(6706): 1009-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2511940&dopt=Abstract
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Brain stem death and organ donation--11 years on. Author(s): Park GR, Wilkins M, Higgins T. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 October; 91(4): 577-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14504161&dopt=Abstract
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Brazil abolishes “presumed consent” in organ donation. Author(s): Csillag C. Source: Lancet. 1998 October 24; 352(9137): 1367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11656953&dopt=Abstract
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Brazilian's attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Duarte PS, Pericoco S, Miyazaki MC, Ramalho HJ, Abbud-Filho M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 March; 34(2): 458-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009590&dopt=Abstract
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Brazil's law on organ donation passed. Author(s): Csillag C. Source: Lancet. 1997 February 15; 349(9050): 482. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11654583&dopt=Abstract
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Cadaver organ donation and transplantation-an Indian perspective. Author(s): Shroff S, Navin S, Abraham G, Rajan PS, Suresh S, Rao S, Thomas P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 February; 35(1): 15-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591286&dopt=Abstract
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Cadaveric organ donation in Israel: the facts and the perspectives. Author(s): Singer P. Source: Ann Transplant. 1999; 4(1): 5-10. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850595&dopt=Abstract
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Cadaveric organ donation: encouraging the study of motivation. Author(s): Taub S, Maixner AH, Morin K, Sade RM; For the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. Source: Transplantation. 2003 August 27; 76(4): 748-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12973127&dopt=Abstract
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Cadaveric organ donation: rethinking donor motivation. Author(s): Sade RM. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 March 8; 159(5): 438-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10074951&dopt=Abstract
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Cadaveric organ donation: rethinking SPRT. Selection of Potential Recipients of Transplants. Author(s): Korzick KA, Terry PB. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1999 March 8; 159(5): 427-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10074949&dopt=Abstract
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Can same-sex partners consent to organ donation? Author(s): Chen RT, Glazier AK. Source: American Journal of Law & Medicine. 2003; 29(1): 31-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953317&dopt=Abstract
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Cardiovascular tissue banking in the non-cadaveric setting: ten-year experience of a university hospital-based bank with active organ donation program. Author(s): Mestres CA, Agusti E, Martinez A, Cabrer C, Manyalich M, Cartana R, Pomar JL. Source: J Heart Valve Dis. 2000 July; 9(4): 523-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10947045&dopt=Abstract
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Commentary: clear thinking and open discussion guide IOM's report on organ donation. Author(s): Potts JT, Herdman RC, Beauchamp TL, Robertson JA. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 1998 Summer; 26(2): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11657353&dopt=Abstract
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Commodification and exploitation: arguments in favour of compensated organ donation. Author(s): de Castro LD. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003 June; 29(3): 142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796432&dopt=Abstract
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Community promoters for organ donation: scheduling of the programme and assessment. Author(s): Kuravsky R, Lujan H, Pastrello J, Muglia A, Villareal F, Liendo M, Soratti C. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 February-March; 33(1-2): 1893-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11267558&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of black and white families' experiences and perceptions regarding organ donation requests. Author(s): Siminoff LA, Lawrence RH, Arnold RM. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 January; 31(1): 146-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545008&dopt=Abstract
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Consent and organ donation. Author(s): Cooper SM. Source: Rutgers Comput Technol Law J. 1985; 11(2): 559-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091919&dopt=Abstract
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Consent for organ donation: today and tomorrow. Author(s): Spital A. Source: Seminars in Dialysis. 1993 July-August; 6(4): 264-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11654078&dopt=Abstract
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Consent for organ donation: what are the ethical principles? Author(s): Sells RA. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 February; 25(1): 39-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11655153&dopt=Abstract
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Correlates of support for organ donation among three ethnic groups. Author(s): McNamara P, Guadagnoli E, Evanisko MJ, Beasley C, Santiago-Delpin EA, Callender CO, Christiansen E. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1999 February; 13(1 Pt 1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10081634&dopt=Abstract
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Critical care nurses' attitudes and knowledge related to organ donation. Author(s): Ingram JE, Buckner EB, Rayburn AB. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 2002 November-December; 21(6): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12473907&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural aspects of organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Lock M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 February-March; 31(1-2): 1345-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10083596&dopt=Abstract
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Cultural diversity and patients with reduced capacity: the use of ethics consultation to advocate for mentally handicapped persons in living organ donation. Author(s): Spike J. Source: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 2001; 22(6): 519-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939423&dopt=Abstract
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Current approaches to increase organ donation: a brief review from the United Kingdom perspective. Author(s): Jackson M, Poppitt E. Source: Transplantation. 2001 July 15; 72(1): 9-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11468526&dopt=Abstract
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Current status of transplant coordination and organ donation in India. Author(s): Singh P, Srivastava A, Kumar A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1998 November; 30(7): 3627-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838589&dopt=Abstract
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Deciding on cadaveric organ donation in Black African families. Author(s): Kometsi K, Louw J. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1999 December; 13(6): 473-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10617236&dopt=Abstract
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Decisions about organ donation should rest with potential donors, not next of kin. Author(s): Kluge EH. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1997 July 15; 157(2): 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9238145&dopt=Abstract
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Decoupling: what is it and does it really help increase consent to organ donation? Author(s): Siminoff LA, Lawrence RH, Zhang A. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2002 March; 12(1): 52-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993071&dopt=Abstract
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Delaware Valley organ donation system is national model. Author(s): Nathan HM. Source: Pa Med. 1998 June; 101(6): 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9650491&dopt=Abstract
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Detection of targets for organ donation in Turkey. Author(s): Kececioglu N, Tuncer M, Sarikaya M, Suleymanlar G, Ersoy F, Akaydin M, Yakupoglu G. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 December; 31(8): 3373-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616511&dopt=Abstract
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Determinants of familial consent to organ donation in the hospital setting. Author(s): McNamara P, Beasley C. Source: Clin Transpl. 1997; : 219-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9919407&dopt=Abstract
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Determining preferred educational methods for neurological surgery residents regarding organ donation. Author(s): Taylor G, McGaw J. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1998 March; 8(1): 30-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9726217&dopt=Abstract
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Developing a benchmark of organ donation rates for assessing hospital performance. Author(s): Hodgeman GK, Holt AW, Vedig AE, Heard PE, Dahlenberg GW. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 December; 29(8): 3305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414725&dopt=Abstract
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Development and testing of promotion materials on tissue and organ donation. Author(s): Brkljacic T, Feric I, Rihtar S. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2003 April; 44(2): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698516&dopt=Abstract
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Development of a successful non-heart-beating organ donation program. Author(s): Reiner M, Cornell D, Howard RJ. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2003 September; 13(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14558638&dopt=Abstract
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Differences in attitudes toward organ donation among African Americans and whites in the United States. Author(s): Minniefield WJ, Yang J, Muti P. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2001 October; 93(10): 372-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11688917&dopt=Abstract
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Disgust sensitivity and attitudes toward organ donation among African-American college students. Author(s): Sherman NC, Sherman MF, Smith RJ, Rickert-Wilbur P. Source: Psychological Reports. 2001 August; 89(1): 11-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11729529&dopt=Abstract
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Do patients want to talk to their physicians about organ donation? Attitudes and knowledge about organ donation: a study of Orange County, California residents. Author(s): Saub EJ, Shapiro J, Radecki S. Source: Journal of Community Health. 1998 December; 23(6): 407-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824791&dopt=Abstract
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Do the transplant games help organ donation? Author(s): Slapak M, Taylor R, Parrott N, Griffin P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 February-March; 29(1-2): 1479-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9123389&dopt=Abstract
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Does the potential for organ donation justify scene flights for gunshot wounds to the head? Author(s): Reilly PM, Sing RF. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 1996 April; 40(4): 675. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8614063&dopt=Abstract
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Does the public support organ donation using higher brain-death criteria? Author(s): DuBois JM, Schmidt T. Source: J Clin Ethics. 2003 Spring-Summer; 14(1-2): 26-36. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953351&dopt=Abstract
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Donation after cardiac death: non-heart-beating organ donation deserves a green light and hospital oversight. Author(s): Solomon MZ. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 March; 98(3): 601-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606900&dopt=Abstract
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Donor action in Spain: a program to increase organ donation. Author(s): Alonso M, Fernandez M, Mataix R, Rincon MD, Corrales JA, Burgos R, Miranda B. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 February-March; 31(1-2): 1084-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10083484&dopt=Abstract
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Donor action: a systematic approach to organ donation. Author(s): Wight C, Cohen B, Beasley C, Miranda B, Deblander G. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1998 August; 30(5): 2253-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9723460&dopt=Abstract
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Donor sepsis is not a contraindication to cadaveric organ donation. Author(s): Little DM, Farrell JG, Cunningham PM, Hickey DP. Source: Qjm : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians. 1997 October; 90(10): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9415346&dopt=Abstract
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Education related to organ donation and transplantation in undergraduate nursing schools: 1993 versus 2000. Author(s): Chabalewski FL, Ellis JM, McGaw LJ. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2002 December; 12(4): 243-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593062&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of an educational segment concerning organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Meier D, Schulz KH, Kuhlencordt R, Clausen C, Rogiers X. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 February; 32(1): 62-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10700971&dopt=Abstract
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Elective ventilation for organ donation. Author(s): Riad H. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1993 October 20-November 2; 50(8): 438, 441-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7802742&dopt=Abstract
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Emotional considerations and attending involvement ameliorates organ donation in brain dead pediatric trauma victims. Author(s): Vane DW, Sartorelli KH, Reese J. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2001 August; 51(2): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11493794&dopt=Abstract
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Encourage organ donation to help save lives. Author(s): Rodriguez DK. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1996 September; 21(9): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8884800&dopt=Abstract
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English nursing and medical students' attitudes towards organ donation. Author(s): Cantwell M, Clifford C. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2000 October; 32(4): 961-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095236&dopt=Abstract
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Estimating the economic impact of an initiative to increase organ donation in a transplant center. Author(s): Fowler RA, Nichols L, Letourneau BE, Castello P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 December; 29(8): 3259-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414707&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical and policy issues in altruistic living and cadaveric organ donation. Author(s): Spital A. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1997 April; 11(2): 77-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9113441&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical concerns with organ donation. Author(s): Chase P. Source: S C Nurse. 2002 October-December; 9(4): 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12448916&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical considerations in organ donation for critical care nurses. Author(s): Schroeter K, Taylor GJ. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1999 April; 19(2): 60-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401303&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical incentives--not payment--for organ donation. Author(s): Spital A. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1382-4; Author Reply 1382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400100&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical incentives--not payment--for organ donation. Author(s): Matas AJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1382-4; Author Reply 1382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12400099&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical incentives--not payment--for organ donation. Author(s): Mosimann F. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 October 24; 347(17): 1382-4; Author Reply 1382-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12397206&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical incentives--not payment--for organ donation. Author(s): Delmonico FL, Arnold R, Scheper-Hughes N, Siminoff LA, Kahn J, Youngner SJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 20; 346(25): 2002-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075064&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical issues in living organ donation: donor autonomy and beyond. Author(s): Spital A. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2001 July; 38(1): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431202&dopt=Abstract
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Ethical issues in organ donation and transplantation: are we helping a few at theexpense of many? Author(s): DePalma JA, Townsend R. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 1996 May; 19(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8705695&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics briefings: confidentiality; organ donation; insurance; the Icelandic database. Author(s): English V, Heath L, Romano-Critchley G, Sommerville A. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2000 June; 26(3): 215-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11645220&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics of paid organ donation and the use of executed prisoners as donors: a dialectic with professors Cameron and Hoffenberg. Author(s): Miller RB. Source: Kidney International. 1999 February; 55(2): 733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9987098&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics of paid organ donation. Author(s): Phadke KD, Anandh U. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2002 May; 17(5): 309-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042884&dopt=Abstract
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Ethics, mandated choice, and organ donation. Author(s): Meshkov AB. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1997 February 1; 126(3): 251-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027281&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing consent to organ donation among Israeli families. Author(s): Israeli A, Admon D, Hite Y, Woolfson N, Israeli N, Ayalon A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1996 October; 28(5): 2991-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8908148&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing organ donation and transplantation in the Middle East. Author(s): Shaheen FA, Souqiyyeh MZ. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 May; 32(3): 645-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10812151&dopt=Abstract
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Factors influencing the potential organ donation: a 6-yr experience of the New Jersey Organ and Tissue Sharing Network. Author(s): Frezza EE, Krefski LR, Valenziano CP. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 1999 June; 13(3): 231-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10383103&dopt=Abstract
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Family communication coordination: a program to increase organ donation. Author(s): Linyear AS, Tartaglia A. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1999 September; 9(3): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703402&dopt=Abstract
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Family discussion about organ donation among African Americans. Author(s): Atkins L, Davis K, Holtzman SM, Durand R, Decker PJ. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2003 March; 13(1): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688646&dopt=Abstract
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Family refusal in organ donation: analysis of three patterns. Author(s): Frutos MA, Ruiz P, Requena MV, Daga D. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 November; 34(7): 2513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431506&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal cerebral gunshot wounds: factors influencing organ donation. Author(s): Mackenzie DJ, Kulber DA, Howard T, Grode M, Hiatt JR. Source: The American Surgeon. 1993 November; 59(11): 764-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8239201&dopt=Abstract
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Fatal methanol poisoning and organ donation: experience with seven cases in a single center. Author(s): Hantson P, Vanormelingen P, Lecomte C, Dumont V, Squifflet JP, Otte JB, Mahieu P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 March; 32(2): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10715492&dopt=Abstract
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Financial compensation for cadaver organ donation: good idea or anathema. Author(s): Caplan AL, Van Buren CT, Tilney NL. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 August; 25(4): 2740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8356731&dopt=Abstract
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Financial considerations in living organ donation. Author(s): Jacobs C, Thomas C. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2003 June; 13(2): 130-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841520&dopt=Abstract
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Financial incentives for cadaver organ donation: an ethical reappraisal. Author(s): Arnold R, Bartlett S, Bernat J, Colonna J, Dafoe D, Dubler N, Gruber S, Kahn J, Luskin R, Nathan H, Orloff S, Prottas J, Shapiro R, Ricordi C, Youngner S, Delmonico FL. Source: Transplantation. 2002 April 27; 73(8): 1361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981440&dopt=Abstract
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Financial incentives in organ donation: can they work? Author(s): Helgeson MD. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 1992 July; 6(7): 20, 24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1407054&dopt=Abstract
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Financial incentives in organ donation: current issues. Author(s): Peters TG. Source: Dial Transplant. 1992 May; 21(5): 270, 273, 290. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11654010&dopt=Abstract
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Financial incentives: alternatives to the altruistic model of organ donation. Author(s): Siminoff LA, Leonard MD. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1999 December; 9(4): 250-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10889698&dopt=Abstract
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Five years' experience of an organ donation team in southern Israel. Author(s): Fisher A, Herzog LJ, Herzog EM. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1996 November; 32(11): 1112-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960085&dopt=Abstract
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France approves bill to encourage organ donation. Author(s): Dorozynski A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1994 April 30; 308(6937): 1119. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11644556&dopt=Abstract
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France creates opt out register for organ donation. Author(s): Dorozynski A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 July 25; 317(7153): 234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11645088&dopt=Abstract
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Free to choose. Organ donation. Author(s): Matthewman E. Source: Nurs Times. 1993 May 19-25; 89(20): 45-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321676&dopt=Abstract
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From agreement or disagreement regarding organ donation to cooperation: developing “key persons” in medical wards. Author(s): Azoury P, Kiedar R, Drory M, Nakache R. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 September; 33(6): 2894. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11543778&dopt=Abstract
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From the family perspective: critical care nurses are a critical link in organ donation. Author(s): Moritsugu KP. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1999 April; 19(2): 14, 18, 112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401298&dopt=Abstract
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Gender imbalance in living organ donation. Author(s): Biller-Andorno N. Source: Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy. 2002; 5(2): 199-204. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168995&dopt=Abstract
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Give and take. Why every black person needs to know about organ donation. Author(s): Gould M. Source: Health Serv J. 2003 May 8; 113(5854): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760143&dopt=Abstract
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Going the extra mile for organ donation. 1998 NN&I Quality of Life Award recipient joins '93 and '96 winners in Miami-area crusade to improve organ donation. Author(s): Neumann ME. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 1999 January; 13(1): 12-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10335178&dopt=Abstract
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Has the time come for more flexible organ donation? Author(s): Sombolos K, Tsakiris D. Source: Kidney International. 2001 February; 59(2): 801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168967&dopt=Abstract
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Helping a family through the organ donation process. Author(s): Johnson R, Reid S, Lichty S, Edelstein C, Stuber J. Source: Nursing. 2000 April; 30(4): 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797717&dopt=Abstract
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High security standards in organ donation and transplantation ISO 9001-certificate for organ procurement organisation in Germany. Author(s): Klein V. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2000; 13(3): 232-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10935708&dopt=Abstract
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Hispanic experience of organ donation in New York City. Author(s): Perez MS, Trevino L, Swasey L. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 August; 25(4): 2492-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8356644&dopt=Abstract
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Hispanic perceptions of organ donation. Author(s): Frates J, Garcia Bohrer G. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2002 September; 12(3): 169-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12371041&dopt=Abstract
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History of organ donation by patients with cardiac death. Author(s): DeVita MA, Snyder JV, Grenvik A. Source: Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 1993 June; 3(2): 113-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10126525&dopt=Abstract
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Hospital attitude survey on organ donation in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. Author(s): Pugliese MR, Degli Esposti D, Venturoli N, Mazzetti Gaito P, Dormi A, Ghirardini A, Costa AN, Ridolfi L. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2001 December; 14(6): 411-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11793039&dopt=Abstract
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Hospitals must ask next-of-kin about organ donation. Author(s): Marsden C. Source: Calif Nurse. 1987 December-1988 January; 83(10): 3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3690377&dopt=Abstract
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How can one balance duty to all cultures and ethnic groups with effective procurement and equitable distribution of organs for clinical transplantation? New evidence of the key importance of local primacy for a successful organ donation effort. Author(s): Rapaport FT, Waltzer WC, Anaise D. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 June; 22(3): 1007-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2349643&dopt=Abstract
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How can we improve organ donation rates? Research into the identification of factors which may influence the variation. Author(s): Cameron S, Forsythe J. Source: Nefrologia. 2001; 21 Suppl 5: 68-77. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881418&dopt=Abstract
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How to improve organ donation: results of the ISHLT/FACT poll. Author(s): Oz MC, Kherani AR, Rowe A, Roels L, Crandall C, Tomatis L, Young JB. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 2003 April; 22(4): 389-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681417&dopt=Abstract
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How to increase cadaver organ donation in Japan: a transplant recipients' approach. Author(s): Aoki S, Akiba Y, Aranami Y, Ohkubo M, Mizutani H, Nomura Y, Hayashi M, Nakanishi H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1992 October; 24(5): 2064-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1412976&dopt=Abstract
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How to promote organ donation: a successful experience at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Author(s): Chou NK, Ko WJ, Lee CJ. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 November; 34(7): 2556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12431521&dopt=Abstract
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Huge discrepancy between declared support of organ donation and actual rate of consent for organ retrieval. Author(s): Schutt GR, Smit H, Duncker G. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1995 February; 27(1): 1450-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7878940&dopt=Abstract
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Human immunodeficiency virus transmission by organ donation. Outcome in cornea and kidney recipients. Author(s): Schwarz A, Hoffmann F, L'age-Stehr J, Tegzess AM, Offermann G. Source: Transplantation. 1987 July; 44(1): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3299918&dopt=Abstract
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Hypothesis of insufficient efforts in respect to organ donation in some European regions. Author(s): Lange H, Viorescu L, Heck U. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1996 February; 28(1): 384-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644280&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of cadaveric organ donation on Taiwanese donor families during the first 6 months after donation. Author(s): Shih FJ, Lai MK, Lin MH, Lin HY, Tsao CI, Chou LL, Chu SH. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 2001 January-February; 63(1): 69-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11211067&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of culture and policy on organ donation: a comparison between two urban trauma centers in developed nations. Author(s): McCunn M, Mauritz W, Dutton RP, Alexander C, Handley C, Scalea TM. Source: The Journal of Trauma. 2003 May; 54(5): 995-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777916&dopt=Abstract
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Impact of school-based teaching on students' opinions of organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Weaver M, Spigner C, Pineda M, Rabun K, French L, Taylor L, Allen M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 February-March; 31(1-2): 1086-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10083485&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing African American organ donation: the St Louis experience. Author(s): Kappel DF, Whitlock ME, Parks-Thomas TD, Hong BA, Freedman BK. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 August; 25(4): 2489-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8356642&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing family consent for organ donation: findings and challenges. Author(s): Rocheleau CA. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2001 September; 11(3): 194-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949462&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing organ donation at a large inner city public hospital. Author(s): Dawidson I, Exley M, Remmich S, Sagalowsky A, Serbin M, Peterson T, Peters P. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 December; 25(6): 3139. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8266488&dopt=Abstract
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Increasing organ donation: a successful new concept. Author(s): Sade RM, Kay N, Pitzer S, Drake P, Baliga P, Haines S. Source: Transplantation. 2002 October 27; 74(8): 1142-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438961&dopt=Abstract
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Indian organ donation goes ahead without consent. Author(s): Sharma DC. Source: Lancet. 1999 March 27; 353(9158): 1076. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11657270&dopt=Abstract
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Infants, the dead donor rule, and anencephalic organ donation: should the rules be changed? Author(s): Pasquerella L, Smith S, Ladd R. Source: Med Law. 2001; 20(3): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713840&dopt=Abstract
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It is immoral to require consent for cadaver organ donation. Author(s): Emson HE. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003 June; 29(3): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796424&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and attitudes of nurses on a regional neurological intensive therapy unit towards brain stem death and organ donation. Author(s): Davies C. Source: Nursing in Critical Care. 1997 March-April; 2(2): 64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9873304&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge and opinions about organ donation among urban high school students: pilot test of a health education program. Author(s): Weaver M, Spigner C, Pineda M, Rabun KG, Allen MD. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 2000 August; 14(4 Pt 1): 292-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10945199&dopt=Abstract
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Knowledge of organ donation among one group of Brazilian professors of medicine. Author(s): Amaral AS, Roza BA, Galvao FH, Jardim KM, Medina-Pestana JO. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2002 March; 34(2): 449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12009586&dopt=Abstract
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Loss of donor livers and donor hearts: a retrospective study of organ donation in The Netherlands. Author(s): van Goor H, Bleichrodt RP, Scholte AL, Slooff MJ, Persijn GG. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1991 October; 23(5): 2555-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1926479&dopt=Abstract
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Malpractice & negligence: Arizona Court affirms immunity of organ donation personnel. Author(s): Cohen J. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 1998 Winter; 26(4): 360, 364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11066902&dopt=Abstract
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Mandated choice for organ donation. Author(s): Trotter G. Source: Health Care Ethics Usa. 1997 Spring; 5(2): 2-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11657186&dopt=Abstract
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Minisymposium. Definition of death, organ donation and interruption of treatment of Islam. Author(s): Hassaballah AM. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1996 June; 11(6): 9645. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671951&dopt=Abstract
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Mistrust in health care hurting organ donation. Author(s): Hull AR. Source: Nephrol News Issues. 1992 August; 6(8): 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1407063&dopt=Abstract
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Multiple organ donation does not influence kidney quality. Author(s): Hedman L, Persson H, Karlberg I, Frisk B. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 February; 22(1): 248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2309325&dopt=Abstract
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My son's liver transplant to change my stance on organ donation. Author(s): Caredeo K. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2003 March; 13(1): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688641&dopt=Abstract
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Myths & facts.about organ donation. Author(s): Anton ME. Source: Nursing. 2000 September; 30(9): 70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022550&dopt=Abstract
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Narrowing the organ donation gap: hospital development methods that maximize hospital donation potential. Author(s): Shirley S, Cutler J, Heymann C, Hart M. Source: The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation : the Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 1994 September-October; 13(5): 817-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7803422&dopt=Abstract
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New act regulating human organ transplantation could facilitate organ donation. Author(s): Woodcock TE. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 May 4; 324(7345): 1099. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11991925&dopt=Abstract
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New Cadaveric Organ Donation Program at the Social Security Mexican Institute: initial experience. Author(s): Soberanes A, Vicente A, Nunez S, Lagunas J, Calderon M, Galindo J, Espinosa A, Correa M, Vega J, Tovar B, Cervantes L, Holm A. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 February-March; 29(1-2): 1594-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9123436&dopt=Abstract
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Non-heart-beating cadaveric organ donation as a result of inefficient brain death certification is a useful compromise in the Indian context. Author(s): Mehra S, Bansal V, Kumar A, Jain S, Minz M, Sharma AK. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1998 November; 30(7): 3804-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9838667&dopt=Abstract
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Nonheartbeating cadaveric organ donation. Author(s): Orloff MS, Reed AI, Erturk E, Kruk RA, Paprocki SA, Cimbalo SC, Cerilli GJ. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1994 October; 220(4): 578-83; Discussion 583-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7944668&dopt=Abstract
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Non-heart-beating organ donation in Canada: Time to proceed? Author(s): Knoll GA, Mahoney JE. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 August 19; 169(4): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925425&dopt=Abstract
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Non-heart-beating organ donation. Author(s): Guest CB, Devitt JH. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 January 25; 162(2): 194. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674050&dopt=Abstract
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Non-heart-beating organ donation: process and review. Author(s): Edwards JM, Hasz RD Jr, Robertson VM. Source: Aacn Clinical Issues. 1999 May; 10(2): 293-300. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578715&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation and the anguish of failure. Author(s): Portmann J. Source: J Clin Ethics. 1999 Winter; 10(4): 324-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10791283&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation and transplantation as health programs in Italy. Author(s): Venturoli N, Venturi S, Taddei S, Ridolfi L, Pugliese MR, Petrini F, Monti M, Costa AN, Martinelli G. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2000 March; 10(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941329&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation by unrelated donors. Author(s): Levinsky NG. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2000 August 10; 343(6): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10933744&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation. Author(s): Scott-Conner C. Source: Iowa Med. 2000 July-August; 90(4): 30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10943088&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation. 2. Consent and patient rights. Author(s): Bothamley J. Source: Br J Theatre Nurs. 1999 December; 9(12): 573-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10887853&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation. 3. Brain stem death. Author(s): Bothamley J. Source: Br J Perioper Nurs. 2000 January; 10(1): 24-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013061&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: a case for a “presumed consent” law in Malaysia? Author(s): Lim KG. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1999 June; 54(2): 285-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10972047&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: increasing awareness. Author(s): Wade-Elliott R. Source: Nephrology Nursing Journal : Journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association. 2000 February; 27(1): 120. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10852699&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: is there a need for new legislation? Author(s): Howitt R. Source: Prof Nurse. 2000 January; 15(4): 236-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983137&dopt=Abstract
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Overhauling the organ donation system. Author(s): Roark DC. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 2000 June; 100(6): 44-8; Quiz 49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10892326&dopt=Abstract
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Paid non-related living organ donation: Horn of Plenty or Pandora's box? Author(s): Schlitt HJ. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 16; 359(9310): 906-7. Erratum In: Lancet 2002 September 7; 360(9335): 806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918904&dopt=Abstract
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Patients, families, and organ donation: who should decide? Author(s): May T, Aulisio MP, DeVita MA. Source: The Milbank Quarterly. 2000; 78(2): 323-36, 152. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10934996&dopt=Abstract
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Pennsylvania's voluntary benefits program: evaluating an innovative proposal for increasing organ donation. Author(s): Ubel PA, Bryce CL, Siminoff LA, Caplan AL, Arnold RM. Source: Health Aff (Millwood). 2000 September-October; 19(5): 206-11. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10992670&dopt=Abstract
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Post-mortem organ donation and grief: a study of consent, refusal and well-being in bereavement. Author(s): Cleiren MP, Van Zoelen AA. Source: Death Studies. 2002 December; 26(10): 837-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12440423&dopt=Abstract
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Presentation and outcomes for organ donation in patients with cerebral gunshot wounds. Author(s): Croezen DH, Van Natta TL. Source: Clinical Transplantation. 2001; 15 Suppl 6: 11-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903380&dopt=Abstract
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Presumed consent and other predictors of cadaveric organ donation in Europe. Author(s): Gimbel RW, Strosberg MA, Lehrman SE, Gefenas E, Taft F. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2003 March; 13(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688644&dopt=Abstract
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Pro/con ethics debate: is nonheart-beating organ donation ethically acceptable? Author(s): Whetstine L, Bowman K, Hawryluck L. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2002 June; 6(3): 192-5. Epub 2002 April 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12133176&dopt=Abstract
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Promoting organ donation among high school students: an educational intervention. Author(s): Anantachoti P, Gross CR, Gunderson S. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2001 September; 11(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11949463&dopt=Abstract
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Proxy consent to organ donation by incompetents. Author(s): Morley MT. Source: Yale Law J. 2002 March; 111(5): 1215-49. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11928746&dopt=Abstract
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Public policy, public opinion, and consent for organ donation. Author(s): Siminoff LA, Mercer MB. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 2001 Fall; 10(4): 377-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533404&dopt=Abstract
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Race/ethnic-based opinions on organ donation and transplantation among teens: preliminary results. Author(s): Spigner C, Weaver M, Pineda M, Rabun K, French L, Taylor L, Allen MD. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1999 February-March; 31(1-2): 1347-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10083597&dopt=Abstract
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Recommendations for nonheartbeating organ donation. A position paper by the Ethics Committee, American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Author(s): Ethics Committee, American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 September; 29(9): 1826-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11546995&dopt=Abstract
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Refining the law of organ donation: lessons from the French law of presumed consent. Author(s): Gerson WN. Source: N Y Univ J Int Law Polit. 1987 Summer; 19(4): 1013-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11650015&dopt=Abstract
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Refusal of consent for organ donation: from survey to bedside. Author(s): Yong BH, Cheng B, Ho S. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 November; 32(7): 1563. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11119834&dopt=Abstract
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Regulated commercialism of vital organ donation: a necessity? Con. Author(s): Fox RC. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 February; 25(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11655154&dopt=Abstract
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Religious altruism and organ donation. Author(s): Dixon DJ, Abbey SE. Source: Psychosomatics. 2000 September-October; 41(5): 407-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11015626&dopt=Abstract
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Respecting bodies and saving lives: Jewish perspectives on organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Mackler AL. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 2001 Fall; 10(4): 420-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533408&dopt=Abstract
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Rotterdam Symposium on living organ donation (Rotterdam, 6-7 Nov 1995) Author(s): Price D, Akveld H. Source: Int Dig Health Legis. 1997; 48(1): 77-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11656776&dopt=Abstract
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Routine organ donation: a communitarian organ procurement policy. Author(s): Nelson JL. Source: Responsive Community. 1994 Summer; 4(3): 63-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11653123&dopt=Abstract
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Royal College of Nursing. Critical care nursing forum. Organ donation: opting out? Author(s): McElligott M. Source: Intensive & Critical Care Nursing : the Official Journal of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses. 2000 June; 16(3): 130-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871540&dopt=Abstract
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Separate execution and organ donation. Author(s): Steinbock B. Source: The Hastings Center Report. 2000 May-June; 30(3): 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10862363&dopt=Abstract
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Sequential requests and organ donation. Author(s): Girandola F. Source: The Journal of Social Psychology. 2002 April; 142(2): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11999870&dopt=Abstract
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Sharing our body and blood: organ donation and feminist critiques of sacrifice. Author(s): Mongoven A. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2003 February; 28(1): 89-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715283&dopt=Abstract
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Should organ donation be automatic unless a person has expressly forbidden it? Author(s): Nelson JL, Murray T. Source: Health (N Y). 1993 October; Special Issue: 30. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11652697&dopt=Abstract
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Should the organ donation consent laws be overhauled? Author(s): Watson T, Clark M. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 March 28-April 1; 98(13): 16. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11974749&dopt=Abstract
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Should we opt out of organ donation? Author(s): Griffiths J, Ward E. Source: Nurs Times. 2002 November 26-December 2; 98(48): 18-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501521&dopt=Abstract
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Solid organ donation between strangers. Author(s): Ross LF. Source: The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics. 2002 Fall; 30(3): 440-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12497703&dopt=Abstract
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Spain model: world leaders in organ donation. Author(s): McMaster P, Vadeyar H. Source: Liver Transplantation : Official Publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society. 2000 July; 6(4): 501-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10915176&dopt=Abstract
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Strangers, intimates, and altruism in organ donation. Author(s): Daar AS. Source: Transplantation. 2002 August 15; 74(3): 424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12177630&dopt=Abstract
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Swedes positive to organ donation: results from a recent opinion poll. Author(s): Tibell A, Linder M, Lorentzon U, Mjornstedt L, Bergstrom C, Eklund L, Hedman H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 March; 35(2): 763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12644123&dopt=Abstract
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The case for financial incentives to encourage organ donation. Author(s): Lysaght MJ, Mason J. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 2000 MayJune; 46(3): 253-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10826731&dopt=Abstract
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The diagnosis is anencephaly and the parents ask about organ donation: now what? A guide for hospital counsel and ethics committees. Author(s): Bard JS. Source: West New Engl Law Rev. 1999; 21(1): 49-95. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12774804&dopt=Abstract
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The meanings of organ donation: Muslims of Pakistani origin and white English nationals living in North England. Author(s): Hayward C, Madill A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 August; 57(3): 389-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791483&dopt=Abstract
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The organ donation process-workshop. Author(s): Rachmani R. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2000 June; 32(4): 759-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10856573&dopt=Abstract
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The physician's role in discussing organ donation with families. Author(s): Williams MA, Lipsett PA, Rushton CH, Grochowski EC, Berkowitz ID, Mann SL, Shatzer JH, Short MP, Genel M; Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 May; 31(5): 1568-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771634&dopt=Abstract
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The potential for organ donation in a university hospital in Israel. Author(s): Finci S, Rachmani R, Arbel E, Mizrahi S. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2003 September; 5(9): 615-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14509147&dopt=Abstract
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The psychosocial meanings of living related kidney organ donation: recipient and donor perspectives--literature review. Author(s): Conrad NE, Murray LR. Source: Anna J. 1999 October; 26(5): 485-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10776076&dopt=Abstract
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They might as well be in Bolivia: race, ethnicity and the problem of solid organ donation. Author(s): Koch T. Source: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. 1999 December; 20(6): 563-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10765491&dopt=Abstract
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Trends in cadaveric organ donation in the United States: 1990-1999. Author(s): Ojo AO, Held PJ, Wolfe RA, Merion RM, Leichtman AB, Young EW, Guidinger M, Christensen L, Port FK; Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Source: Clin Transpl. 2002; : 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12971439&dopt=Abstract
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Trust: a factor for organ donation? Author(s): Ohler L. Source: Progress in Transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.). 2003 March; 13(1): 4-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688640&dopt=Abstract
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Ultrasound investigation prior to organ donation. Author(s): Lang EM, Lang T, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 April; 22(2): 431-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2326945&dopt=Abstract
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Understanding the law: organ donation. Author(s): Simpson HH 2nd. Source: Nurs Life. 1985 January-February; 5(1): 24-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3843862&dopt=Abstract
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Unrelated living organ donation: ULTRA needs to go. Author(s): Choudhry S, Daar AS, Radcliffe Richards J, Guttmann RD, Hoffenberg R, Lock M, Sells RA, Tilney N. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003 June; 29(3): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796438&dopt=Abstract
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Update on organ donation and retrieval in Spain. Author(s): Miranda B, Gonzalez Alvarez I, Cuende N, Naya MT, De Felipe C. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1999 April; 14(4): 842-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10328455&dopt=Abstract
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Update on organ donation in Georgia. Author(s): Aiken DG, Rodgers SB, Macon EJ, Waring GO. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1981 October; 70(10): 713-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7040572&dopt=Abstract
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Use of live organ donation: a necessary evil? Author(s): McMaster P, Mirza DF. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1995 February; 27(1): 103-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7878789&dopt=Abstract
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Using race-specific community programs to increase organ donation among blacks. Author(s): Hong BA, Kappel DF, Whitlock M, Parks-Thomas T, Freedman B. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1994 February; 84(2): 314-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8296963&dopt=Abstract
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Value of discussion groups in educating blacks about organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Townsend ME, Rovelli MA, Schweizer RT. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1990 April; 22(2): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2326901&dopt=Abstract
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Views of Muslim scholars on organ donation and brain death. Author(s): al-Mousawi M, Hamed T, al-Matouk H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 December; 29(8): 3217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414684&dopt=Abstract
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Voluntary organ donation brings death to life. Author(s): Klaus BN. Source: Pa Nurse. 1982 September; 37(9): 4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6752831&dopt=Abstract
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Voluntary organ donation: autonomy. tragedy. Author(s): Iserson KV. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 October 27; 270(16): 1930; Author Reply 1930-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8411543&dopt=Abstract
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Voluntary organ donation: autonomy. tragedy. Author(s): Kunin RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 October 27; 270(16): 1930; Author Reply 1930-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8280254&dopt=Abstract
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Walking the walk: behavior shifts to match attitude toward organ donation-Richmond, Virginia, 1994-1996. Author(s): Cosse TJ, Weisenberger TM, Taylor GJ. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 December; 29(8): 3248. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414700&dopt=Abstract
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Web monitor. Exploring the issue of organ donation. Author(s): Woods A. Source: Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing : Dccn. 1999 March-April; 18(2): 35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10640008&dopt=Abstract
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What do intensive care unit personnel think about organ donation? Opinion poll amongst transplant centers. Author(s): Wamser P, Goetzinger P, Gnant M, Sautner T, Steininger R, Muhlbacher F. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 December; 25(6): 3122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8266479&dopt=Abstract
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What's not wrong with conditional organ donation? Author(s): Wilkinson TM. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003 June; 29(3): 163-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796436&dopt=Abstract
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When a stranger offers a kidney: ethical issues in living organ donation. Author(s): Spital A. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998 October; 32(4): 676-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9774135&dopt=Abstract
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Who are the donors in organ donation? The family's perspective in mandated choice. Author(s): Klassen AC, Klassen DK. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996 July 1; 125(1): 70-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8644991&dopt=Abstract
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Why families deny consent to organ donation. Author(s): West R, Burr G. Source: Aust Crit Care. 2002 February; 15(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11979987&dopt=Abstract
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Why families say no to organ donation. Author(s): Exley M, White N, Martin JH. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 2002 December; 22(6): 44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518567&dopt=Abstract
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Winning hearts and minds: using psychology to promote voluntary organ donation. Author(s): Farsides T. Source: Health Care Analysis : Hca : Journal of Health Philosophy and Policy. 2000; 8(2): 101-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183441&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ORGAN DONATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and organ donation.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Organ Donation The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “organ donation” (or a synonym): •
Effect of nutritional state of brain-dead organ donor on transplantation. Author(s): Department of General Intensive Care, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tiqva, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Source: Singer, P Cohen, J Cynober, L Nutrition. 2001 Nov-December; 17(11-12): 948-52 0899-9007
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Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hormonal therapy in brain-dead potential organ donors. Source: Novitzky, D Cooper, D K Reichart, B Transplantation. 1987 June; 43(6): 852-4 0041-1337
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Peroperative fluid management of the brain-dead multiorgan donor. Author(s): Department of Anaesthesia, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. Source: Randell, T Orko, R Hockerstedt, K Acta-Anaesthesiol-Scand. 1990 October; 34(7): 592-5 0001-5172
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The role of thyroid hormone administration in potential organ donors. Author(s): Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, USA. Source: Salim, A Vassiliu, P Velmahos, G C Sava, J Murray, J A Belzberg, H Asensio, J A Demetriades, D Arch-Surg. 2001 December; 136(12): 1377-80 0004-0010
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ORGAN DONATION Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to organ donation. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to organ donation and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to organ donation: •
“Brainstem death,” “brain death” and death: a critical re-evaluation of the purported equivalence. Author(s): Shewmon DA. Source: Issues in Law & Medicine. 1998 Fall; 14(2): 125-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807242&dopt=Abstract
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“Get yourself a new heart”: Judaism and the organ transplantation issue. Author(s): Pearl AJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1990 December 15; 143(12): 1365-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2253147&dopt=Abstract
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“Hear a just cause, O Lord, attend to my cry”: organ donation and pastoral care. Author(s): Gallagher CM. Source: J Pastoral Care. 1997 Summer; 51(2): 213-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10169316&dopt=Abstract
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A novel volunteer intervention to increase organ donation. Author(s): Conti D, Jacoby L, Taft F. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2001 February-March; 33(1-2): 966-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11267148&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes and beliefs within the Sikh community regarding organ donation: a pilot study. Author(s): Exley C, Sim J, Reid N, Jackson S, West N. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1996 July; 43(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8816007&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes to organ donation among South Asians in an English high street. Author(s): Ahmed W, Harris S, Brown E. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 December; 92(12): 626-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10692883&dopt=Abstract
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Attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation. A model for understanding reactions to medical procedures after death. Author(s): Sanner M. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1994 April; 38(8): 1141-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8042059&dopt=Abstract
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Barriers to organ donation in the Jewish community. Author(s): Feld J, Sherbin P, Cole E. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1998 March; 8(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9726215&dopt=Abstract
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Compensating organ donors. Author(s): Rosner F. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1995 September 25; 155(17): 1912. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7677560&dopt=Abstract
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Do patients want to talk to their physicians about organ donation? Attitudes and knowledge about organ donation: a study of Orange County, California residents. Author(s): Saub EJ, Shapiro J, Radecki S.
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Source: Journal of Community Health. 1998 December; 23(6): 407-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824791&dopt=Abstract •
Driving donation: a geographic analysis of potential organ donors in the state of Ohio, USA. Author(s): Grubesic TH. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2000 October; 51(8): 1197-210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037210&dopt=Abstract
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Family communication coordination: a program to increase organ donation. Author(s): Linyear AS, Tartaglia A. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1999 September; 9(3): 165-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10703402&dopt=Abstract
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Five years' experience of an organ donation team in southern Israel. Author(s): Fisher A, Herzog LJ, Herzog EM. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1996 November; 32(11): 1112-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960085&dopt=Abstract
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Islamic position on organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Sellami MM. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1993 June; 25(3): 2307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8516910&dopt=Abstract
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Islamic views on organ donation. Author(s): Syed J. Source: J Transpl Coord. 1998 September; 8(3): 157-60; Quiz 162-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9866545&dopt=Abstract
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It is immoral to require consent for cadaver organ donation. Author(s): Emson HE. Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2003 June; 29(3): 125-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796424&dopt=Abstract
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John 15:13: a Protestant's view of organ donation. Author(s): Walters M. Source: Del Med J. 1988 September; 60(9): 513-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3181548&dopt=Abstract
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Meaningful beginnings from meaningless losses. Pastoral care with the families of non-living organ donors. Author(s): Farnum V.
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Source: Care Giver. 1988 September; 5: 130-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10290309&dopt=Abstract •
Obtaining consent for organ donation in nine NSW metropolitan hospitals. Author(s): Chapman JR, Hibberd AD, McCosker C, Thompson JF, Ross W, Mahony J, Byth P, MacDonald GJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1995 February; 23(1): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7778753&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation and hospital chaplains. Attitudes, beliefs, and concerns. Author(s): DeLong WR. Source: Transplantation. 1990 July; 50(1): 25-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2368147&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation and prudential deliberation. The opinions of physicians, other caregivers, and the public at large should be taken into consideration. Author(s): Cox J, Bayley C. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 2001 January-February; 82(1): 22-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219254&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation and transplantation: a Christian viewpoint. Author(s): Teo B. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1992 October; 24(5): 2114-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1413002&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation and transplantation--a Muslim viewpoint. Author(s): Rasheed HZ. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1992 October; 24(5): 2116-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1413003&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation consanguinity or universality. Author(s): Kishore RR. Source: Med Law. 1996; 15(1): 93-104. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8692005&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation in developing countries. Author(s): Pike RE. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1992 October; 7(10): 12-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1488073&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation in Israel: much too little but never too late. Author(s): Kramer MR.
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Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1996 November; 32(11): 1126-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8960088&dopt=Abstract •
Organ donation. Barriers, religious aspects. Author(s): Martinelli AM. Source: Aorn Journal. 1993 August; 58(2): 236-41, 244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8368812&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: a Catholic and interfaith perspective on its ethical warrants and contemporary public policy concerns. Author(s): McCarthy J. Source: Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy. 1993; 5(1-2): 109-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10129255&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: a pastoral care model. Author(s): Tartaglia A, Linyear AS. Source: J Pastoral Care. 2000 Autumn; 54(3): 277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11146995&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: the challenge for emergency nursing. Author(s): Cox J. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1986 July-August; 12(4): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3525943&dopt=Abstract
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Organ donation: the supply/demand discrepancy. Author(s): DeChesser AD. Source: Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care. 1986 November; 15(6): 547-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3639851&dopt=Abstract
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Payment for organ donation: unacceptable or a possible solution? Author(s): Drukker A. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2003 February; 18(2): 198-9. Epub 2003 January 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579411&dopt=Abstract
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Psychological aspects of organ donation: a critical review and synthesis of individual and next-of-kin donation decisions. Author(s): Radecki CM, Jaccard J.
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Source: Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association. 1997 March; 16(2): 183-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9269891&dopt=Abstract •
Public attitudes toward organ donation. A survey in a Turkish community. Author(s): Bilgel H, Bilgel N, Okan N, Kilicturgay S, Ozen Y, Korun N. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 1991 December; 4(4): 243-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1786064&dopt=Abstract
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Religious perspectives on organ donation. Author(s): Gillman J. Source: Critical Care Nursing Quarterly. 1999 November; 22(3): 19-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646448&dopt=Abstract
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Respecting bodies and saving lives: Jewish perspectives on organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Mackler AL. Source: Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : Cq : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees. 2001 Fall; 10(4): 420-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14533408&dopt=Abstract
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Sharing our body and blood: organ donation and feminist critiques of sacrifice. Author(s): Mongoven A. Source: The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy. 2003 February; 28(1): 89-114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715283&dopt=Abstract
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Sociological and cultural factors affecting consent for organ donation. Author(s): Evers KA, Lewis DD, Schaeffer MJ. Source: Critical Care Nurse. 1999 August; 19(4): 57-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614247&dopt=Abstract
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The meanings of organ donation: Muslims of Pakistani origin and white English nationals living in North England. Author(s): Hayward C, Madill A. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2003 August; 57(3): 389-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791483&dopt=Abstract
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The organ donation process through a review of the literature. Part 2. Author(s): Smith-Brew S, Yanai L.
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Source: Accident and Emergency Nursing. 1996 April; 4(2): 97-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8716428&dopt=Abstract •
The quest for organ donors: a theological response. Author(s): Thomasma DC. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1988 September; 69(7): 22-4, 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10288933&dopt=Abstract
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The stability of family decisions to consent or refuse organ donation: would you do it again? Author(s): Burroughs TE, Hong BA, Kappel DF, Freedman BK. Source: Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998 March-April; 60(2): 156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9560863&dopt=Abstract
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Theological reflections on organ donation and transplantation. Author(s): Nance MS, Davis WH Jr. Source: Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy. 1993; 5(1-2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10129258&dopt=Abstract
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Views of Muslim scholars on organ donation and brain death. Author(s): al-Mousawi M, Hamed T, al-Matouk H. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1997 December; 29(8): 3217. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9414684&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ORGAN DONATION Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to organ donation. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “organ donation” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on organ donation, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Organ Donation ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to organ donation. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Cognitive Response Model of the Effects of Persuasive Appeals for Organ Donation by Skumanich, Stephanie A., PhD from Lehigh University, 1993, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9312331
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Attitudes of Operating Room Nurses toward Organ Donation by Marcum, Linda Sue; Msn from Clarkson College, 2002, 95 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1408248
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Blood Donors' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Awareness of Others Concerning Organ Transplantation and Donation (organ Donation) by Denti, Jeanne Marie, PhD from Syracuse University, 1989, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8919515
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Critical Care Nurses' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Perceptions of Organ Donation by Kjerulf, Maria Christina E.; MS from D'Youville College, 2003, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413520
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Directed Donation: a Critical Examination of the Values Underlying Organ Donation and Allocation Policy by Fox, Mark D., PhD from Vanderbilt University, 1997, 253 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9803923
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Gifts to Strangers: Conflict and Accord in Organ Donation by Batten, Helen Levine, PhD from Boston College, 1988, 348 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8904004
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Improving the Organ Donation Process: Can Social Work Help? by Leahy, Dean Milton; PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054298
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Narrative and Logical Argument Messages That Persuade the High-willingness Target Audience to Become Potential Organ Donors: a Test of Attitude-behavior Consistency (persuasion) by Kopfman, Jenifer E., PhD from Michigan State University, 1995, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9605895
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Organ Donation Request: a Study of Policy Implementation by Four Hospitals by Moore, Wayne Richard, PhD from University of South Carolina, 1992, 210 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9239072
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Relative Efficacy of Imagery, Persuasion, and Empathic Messages for Inducing Commitment to Posthumous Organ Donation by Parisi-Rizzo, Nina, PhD from City University of New York, 1987, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8713782
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The Development of the Concept of an Ethnologous Organ Donor Network and a Preliminary Determination of Its Social Feasibility by Tamis, Lee G., PhD from Boston University, 1990, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9024470
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The Role of the Request Process and Consent for Organ Donation by Pisarra, Virginia Hengeveld, PhD from University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1996, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9629966
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
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CHAPTER 5. BOOKS ON ORGAN DONATION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to organ donation. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on organ donation include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on organ donation: •
Family and ADPKD: A Guide for Children and Parents Source: Kansas City, MO: Polycystic Kidney Research Foundation. 1997. 48 p. Contact: Polycystic Kidney Research (PKR) Foundation. 4901 Main Street, Suite 200, Kansas City, MO 64112-2674. (800) 753-2873 or (816) 931-2600. Fax (816) 931-8655. Email:
[email protected]. Website: http://www.kumc.edu/pkrf/. PRICE: $10 for members, $15 for nonmembers. ISBN: 0961456752. Summary: In this book, two physicians provide answers to the questions most commonly asked by children and parents about autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The book is divided into two sections: one for children and one for parents. For the convenience of the reader, the questions are organized into topics. In the children's section, the topics include general information, inheritance, diagnosis, and self care. The parents' section contains information about diagnosis and prognosis, taking
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care of the child, and family issues. Topics include the physiology and functions of the kidney, polycystic kidneys, deciding about screening tests, good habits that can prevent further damage to cystic kidneys, nutritional considerations. Other topics include participating in sports, drug therapy, hypertension (high blood pressure), relatives with ADPKD, dialysis, kidney transplantation, organ donation, ethical guidelines for disclosing information to a child, the natural course of the disease, and complications that can occur in children with ADPKD (including hypertension, kidney infection, blood in the urine, mitral valve prolapse, hernias). The authors also discuss establishing a routine of medical care and monitoring, how to know when to consult a health care provider for a child who has ADPKD and contracts a typical childhood illness, contraceptive use in teenagers with ADPKD, telling children about a parent's illness, psychosocial issues, and how readers can help with current research efforts, including those sponsored by the Polycystic Kidney Research Foundation. The authors explain complicated medical terms often associated with genetic diseases and replace them with common language. A brief subject index is included. 4 figures. •
Organ Procurement and Preservation Source: Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience. 1999. 250 p. Contact: Available from Landes Bioscience. 810 South Church Street, Georgetown, TX 78626. (512) 863-7762. Fax (512) 863-0081. Website: www.landesbioscience.com. PRICE: $45.00. ISBN: 1570594988. Summary: Organ retrieval now involves and affects not only the transplant professionals, but also the lives and professions of many others, such as staff at intensive care units and emergency rooms. There, not only physicians and surgeons are drawn into the recovery process, but also nurses, ministers, administrators, and others. This book was written as a reference text for those involved in organ transplantation, particularly in organ procurement and preservation. Eleven chapters cover the principles of brain death diagnosis, approaching the family, the physiologic consequences of brain death, assessing suitability of the cadaver donor, organ preservation, the optimal management for abdominal organ donation, optimal thoracic organ donor management, surgical technique for multiple organ recovery, surgical technique for thoracic organ recovery, the role of the Recovery Services Coordinator, and ethical issues in organ donation. The information is presented in concise format, with illustrations and charts offered where necessary. A detailed subject index concludes the text. The book is spiral bound.
•
Legislation Source: AIDS in the Workplace: Resource Materials. Contact: Bureau of National Affairs, Incorporated, Customer Service Center, 9435 Key West Ave, Rockville, MD, 20850, (800) 372-1033. Summary: This book chapter reproduces the text of municipal, State, and Federal AIDSrelated legislation, including applications of State handicap laws to AIDS. Ordinances and statutes relate to discrimination in employment, housing, treatment, business establishments, services, education, advertising, and insurance. Most provide for exceptions, discuss enforcement, and specify penalties for violations. Several emphasize the importance of education as a principle tool for preventing discrimination against individuals with Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS-related complex (ARC), and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Also included is a summary of AIDS laws enacted during the 1986 legislative sessions in 20 States. These
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relate to discrimination, testing, confidentiality, blood and organ donation, operation of bathhouses, education, AIDS reporting, infection control precautions, establishment of advisory committees, and appropriations for AIDS-related expenditures. A survey of the 50 States and the District of Columbia indicates that 34 States have indicated a willingness to accept AIDS-related discrimination complaints or have prohibited such discrimination. Selected State opinions and policy statements are appended. Finally, applicable Federal legislation is provided. •
The Kids' Book About Death and Dying: By and For Kids Source: New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company, Inc. 1985. 126 p. Contact: Available from Little, Brown and Company, Inc., 200 West Street, Waltham, MA 02154. (617) 890-2125, (800) 759-0190, (800) 286-9471 (Fax). $16.95 hardcover. ISBN 0316-75390-4. Summary: This book contains the observations, personal accounts, and feelings of children and adolescents on the subject of death and dying. The book was written by 14 children, aged 11 to 14, who were members of a class at the Fayerweather Street School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The class started its investigation of the subject of death by forming an informal discussion group. The children also created various exercises and projects that helped them express their feelings about death, read articles and books, and watched movies and television shows on the subject. Later, the class began interviewing other children, parents, and other adults on the topic and tape-recording the conversations. They talked to a wide variety of people in suicide-prevention centers, hospices, hospitals, funeral homes, and graveyards. They interviewed doctors, nurses, veterinarians, lawyers, rabbis, and priests. The children used the interviews as the basis for the writings that make up this book. The nine chapters cover the following topic areas: learning to talk about death; the causes of death and its medical definition; funerals, cremation, organ donation, and wills; the death of a pet, including how children should be told, personal stories, and burial; the death of older relatives and parents; the death of other children; violent deaths; the question of life after death; and what the children learned from writing this book. A bibliography with abstracts of eight other children's books on death and dying is included.
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Goodbye my child Source: Omaha, NE: Centering Corporation. 1992. 46 p. Contact: Available from Centering Corporation, 1531 N. Saddle Creek Road, Omaha, NE 68104. (402) 553-1200, (402) 553-0507 (Fax),
[email protected] (E-mail), http://www.webhealing.com/centering (Web site). $7.95 including shipping and handling. ISBN 1-56123-052-9. Summary: This book covers the many issues involved when a child dies. The publication discusses practical aspects of death, such as the autopsy, organ donation, and funeral planning, and includes a section on the progressive phases of grief. Also included are sections discussing the effects of such a loss on siblings, grandparents, friends, and the marriage relationship. Suggestions are included for dealing with these relationships and for helping oneself through grief.
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Organ Transplantation: Meanings and Realities Source: Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 1996. 290 p.
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Contact: Available from University of Wisconsin Press. 114 N. Murray Street, Madison, WI 53715. (800) 829-9959 or (608) 224-3898. Fax (800) 473-8310 or (608) 224-3924. PRICE: $22.95. ISBN: 0299149641. Summary: This book on the meanings of organ transplantation is the result of discussions among a group encompassing many religious and cultural traditions and many fields of expertise, including philosophy, art, religion, folklore, psychiatry, anthropology, literature, history, social psychology, and surgery. Twelve chapters cover topics including the realities of organ transplantation, the history of whole-body procurement, marketing and economic issues related to organ donation and transplantation, patient selection, why organ transplant programs do not succeed, the impact of organ donation on families, a surgeon's view of organ donation and transplantation, ideologies and brain death in Japan, aspects of Judaism affecting organ transplantation, and classical and historical myths of organ transplants. The authors consider issues of scientific advances in organ transplantation and their implications for medical morality, ambiguous images of organ transplantation in centuries of art and literature, the practices of organ procurement, and the complex bonds that are forged between donors, recipients, and their families. Each chapter offers references, and a subject index concludes the book. (AA-M). •
Plan Your Estate With a Living Trust: Wills, Probate Avoidance and Taxes Source: Berkeley, CA: Nolo Press. 1992. [220 p. approx.]. Contact: Available from Nolo Press. 950 Parker Street, Berkeley, CA 94710. (510) 5491976 or (800) 992-6656. PRICE: $19.95 plus $4.00 shipping and handling. ISBN: 0873370503. Summary: This book, written for people with small or moderate estates with a net worth of less than $600,000, is designed to help people understand and prepare for the property and legal issues that arise after one's death. The book describes what estate planning is, gives instructions for safely preparing estate plans, and provides examples of forms used in simple living trusts and basic wills. Since estate and financial planning are issues that are often faced by patients with Alzheimer's disease and their families, this book can help prepare them to plan for the future. The 24 chapters in the book address the following topics: instructions for using the book; personal concerns and estate planning; an overview of estate planning; state property ownership laws; inventorying one's property; beneficiaries and deciding who receives property; child custody and management of the children's property; avoiding probate and a chart of probate avoidance methods; revocable living trusts; joint tenancy; bank accounts, care registration, and security registration as devices for estate planning; life insurance; state law exemptions from normal probate; estate taxes; gifts; ongoing trusts for tax savings and property management; wills; durable powers of attorney and living wills; organ donation, funerals and burials; business ownership and estate planning; social security and pensions; doing one's own research or hiring lawyers or other experts; storing estate documents; and examples of couples and individuals and their experiences with estate planning. A glossary of terms, an appendix of estate forms, and an appendix depicting/highlighting the various states' death tax rules also are provided.
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Long Island Life - Line: A Comprehensive Health Care Directory for Long Island Contact: Junior League of Long Island, 1395 Old Northern Blvd, Roslyn, NY, 11576, (516) 484-0485.
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Summary: This directory offers access to health-care services in Long Island, NY. Organizations are broken into the following categories: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), alcoholism and drug abuse, bereavement, cancer, children, other diseases, handicapped services, heart and lung disease, home health care, hospice, mental health services, multiple service agencies, senior citizen services, visiting nurses, and women's services. The directory also includes information and advice on alcohol and drug abuse, estate planning, financial and legal affairs, funeral arrangement, organ donation, hospital social services, hospice and nursing home selection, living wills, and Social Security benefits. •
Being Positive: Living With HIV Contact: Health Education Authority, Programmes Management Division, HIV/AIDS and Sexual Health Programme, Trevelyan House, 30 Great Peter St, London, http://www.hea.org.uk. Summary: This monograph gives advice to persons who have been diagnosed with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It says the two important things to consider are how to maintain one's health and how to prevent further transmission of the virus. The monograph explains how HIV spreads, then turns to the importance of adjusting and maintaining a positive attitude. It looks at who needs to know about the diagnosis and how to tell them. Food safety advice is given, along with advice on drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The monograph explains treatment programs; safer sexual conduct; the need for contraception and the risks of pregnancy; the risks of blood and organ donation; and household precautions.
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Public Education in Organ and Tissue Donation: Review and Recommendations: A Planning Tool for the Transplant Community Source: Madison, WI: Medical Media Associates, Inc. 1991. 42 p. Contact: Available from Life Options Rehabilitation Program. Medical Education Institute, Inc, 414 D'Onofrid Drive., Suite 200, Madison, WI 53719. (608) 833-8033. Email:
[email protected]. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This report presents information and guidelines for people who are seeking to educate their communities about organ and tissue donation. The report is the result of a study commissioned to review pertinent research on public awareness and attitudes about organ donation; to review public education programs currently in use throughout the United States; and to confirm, revise, or expand upon strategic recommendations already in place for public education in organ donation. Profiles of two programs are included: Dow Chemical Company's 'Take Initiative Program,' and the American Red Cross' program, 'Buddies for Life.' 49 references.
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Liver Disorders Sourcebook Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. 2000. 591 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. 615 Griswold, Detroit, MI 48226. (800) 2341340. Fax (800) 875-1340. PRICE: $78.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0780802403. Summary: This Sourcebook provides basic health care information about liver functions, guidelines for liver health, and tests that assess liver distress. The book also presents the symptoms, treatments, and preventive measures available for liver cancer; hepatitis A, B, C, D and E; genetically based liver diseases; and other liver diseases. The liver transplantation process is explained. Specific topics include strategies for protecting the
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liver, risk factors, common laboratory tests in liver disease, liver biopsy, cancer tumor markers, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), infectious agents and parasites, pregnancy and the liver, jaundice in the healthy newborn, the liver's response to drugs, alcohol and the liver, acetaminophen, herbs and alternative medicine, galactosemia, Gaucher disease, hereditary hemochromatosis, Niemann-Pick disease, Wilson's disease, biliary atresia, cystic disease of the liver, fatty liver, gallstones, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, organ donation, and the bioartificial liver. A glossary, a directory of organizations and support groups with up to date contact information (including websites and email addresses), a listing of transplant centers, and a subject index conclude the volume. •
Time To Prepare: A Practical Guide for Individuals and Families in Determining One's Wishes for Extraordinary Medical Treatment and Financial Source: New York, NY: Union of American Hebrew Congregations Department of Jewish Family Concerns. 1994. 53 p. Contact: Union of American Hebrew Congregations Department of Jewish Family Concerns. Department of Jewish Family Concerns, 838 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10021. PRICE: $7.00. ISBN: 0807405345. Order Number: 243871. Summary: This workbook is designed to help older and sick people specify in advance their wishes for medical treatment, funeral arrangements, and other preparations for death. While some of the information and forms are intended for people of the Jewish faith, others are applicable to a more general audience. The workbook includes forms for recording life data, listing people to notify immediately after death, giving instructions for the funeral service and to the funeral director, listing the locations of important documents and items, and listing other necessary business contacts. It also has sample letters, a glossary of terms; information about advance directives for health care; information about Jewish traditions and views on death and dying; a list of additional resources; and samples of medical directives for various situations, an organ donation form, and a durable power of attorney for health care. Two of the medical directives specify the person's wishes if he or she develops Alzheimer's disease; one form applies if the person also has a terminal illness and the other applies if he or she does not.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “organ donation” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “organ donation” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “organ donation” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Gift of Life: A Page From the Life of a Living Organ Donor by Lynn Chabot-Long (1996); ISBN: 0965055558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965055558/icongroupinterna
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His Only Hope: A Child's View of Organ Donation by Walter H. Kaye (Illustrator), Tony Huesman (1998); ISBN: 0966900030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966900030/icongroupinterna
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Living organ donation in the nineties : European medico-legal perspectives; ISBN: 9090098453; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9090098453/icongroupinterna
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Manual of Vascular Access, Organ Donation and Transplantation by Richard L. Simmons, et al (1984); ISBN: 0387909656; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387909656/icongroupinterna
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Organ Donation and Transplantation (Bioethics Subject Files) by J. Childress (1984); ISBN: 999648078X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/999648078X/icongroupinterna
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Organ Donation and Transplantation: Psychological and Behavioral Factors by James Shanteau (Editor), et al (1990); ISBN: 1557980799; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557980799/icongroupinterna
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Organ donation assessing performance of organ procurement organizations : statement for the record by Bernice Steinhardt, Director, Health Services Quality and Public Health Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives (SuDoc GA 1.5/2:T-HEHS-98-131) by Bernice Steinhardt; ISBN: B00010Z7BG; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Z7BG/icongroupinterna
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Organ Donation Improvement Act of 2001 : report (to accompany H.R. 624) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office) (SuDoc Y 1.1/8:107-11) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B000114KYU; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000114KYU/icongroupinterna
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Organ Donations & Procurements: Index of New Information With Authors & Subjects by American Health Research Institute 1993 (1993); ISBN: 1559149361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559149361/icongroupinterna
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Organ donations : hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, second session : special hearing, September 10, 1998--Washington DC, September 12, 1998--Scranton, PA (SuDoc Y 4.AP 6/2:S.HRG.105-700); ISBN: 0160577012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0160577012/icongroupinterna
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Organ Donations: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Appropriations United States Senate One Hundred Fifth Congress Second Session: Special Hearings: September 10, by Arlen Spector (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 0756704677; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756704677/icongroupinterna
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Organ Donor Leave Act : report of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany H.R. 457 (SuDoc Y 1.1/5:106-143) by U.S. Congressional Budget Office; ISBN: B0001111B0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001111B0/icongroupinterna
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Questions & answers about organ donation (SuDoc HE 20.9002:OR 3/3/997) by U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services; ISBN: B00010THYO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010THYO/icongroupinterna
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The Multi-Organ Donor: Selection and Management by Robert S. D. Higgins (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0865423954; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0865423954/icongroupinterna
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Transplantation '97 - Improving Organ Donation and Optimizing Outcome (International Congress and Symposium Series (ICSS)) by R.W.G. Johnson; ISBN: 185315332X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/185315332X/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:8 •
Considerations of Anencephalic Infants as Organ Donors: A Working Document. Author: Loma Linda University Medical Center. Anencephalic Organ Donation Committee.; Year: 1991
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Controversies in Organ Donation: A Summary Report. Author: National Kidney Foundation.; Year: 1992; New York, NY: The Foundation, 1993
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Guidelines and Procedures for Organ Donation and Transplantation: Cooperative Procurement of Cadaveric Tissue and Organs for Transplantation. Author: Association of Illinois Transplant Surgeons.; Year: 1978; Chicago: Association of Illinois Transplant Surgeons, 1978
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Medicare conditions of participation for organ donation: an early assessment of the new donation rule Author: United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General. Office of Evaluation and Inspections.; Year: 2003; Boston: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, [2000]
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Organ donation: assessing performance of organ procurement organizations: testimony before the Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives Author: Steinhardt, B.; Year: 1998; Washington, DC: Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, 1998
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Organ Donation Request: A Study of Policy Implementation by Four Hospitals Author: Moore, Wayne Richard; Year: 2001; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International, 1992
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Organ Donation Study: Executive Summary of Focus Groups. Author: National Kidney Foundation.; Year: 1988; New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, 1992
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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
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Statutory Regulation of Organ Donation in the United States. Second Edition Author: Manson, R. Hunter; Year: 1986; Richmond, Va.: South-Eastern
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The organ donation process: causes of the organ shortage and approaches to a solution: an analysis of the content and methods of available studies Author: Gold, Stefan M.; Year: 2003; Cologne: The Centre, 2001; ISBN: 3933191556
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The Surgeon General's Workshop on Increasing Organ Donation: Proceedings, Washington, DC, 8-10 Jul 1991. Author: United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General.; Year: 1993; Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992
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The waiting game: crisis in the organ donor system: the complete story on organ donation and transplantation Author: Hoferichter, Norbert R.,; Year: 2001; Toronto: Abbeyfield Pub., 2001; ISBN: 189458404X http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189458404X/icongroupinterna
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Toward improving the rates of organ donation in the state of Wisconsin: review of the research evidence on public and professional attitudes Author: Pfeifer, Judie.; Year: 1991; Madison, WI: Wisconsin Network for Health Policy Research, [1997]
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Transplantation '97: improving organ donation and optimizing outcome Author: Johnson, Robert (Robert W. G.); Year: 1997; London: Royal Society of Medicine Press, Ltd., 1997; ISBN: 185316332X
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Variation in organ donation among transplant centers Author: United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. Office of Inspector General. Office of Evaluation and Inspections.; Year: 1979; [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, [2003]
Chapters on Organ Donation In order to find chapters that specifically relate to organ donation, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and organ donation using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on organ donation: •
International Legislation in Living Organ Donation Source: in Collins, G.M., et al., eds. Procurement, Preservation and Allocation of Vascularized Organs. Dorwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1997. p. 317-324. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Order Department, Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. Fax (617) 871-6528. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 9792342992. Summary: All over the world, living organ donation makes an important contribution to expansive organ procurement. This chapter on international legislation in living organ donation is from a text on the procurement, preservation, and allocation of vascularized organs. The creation of clear rules, the elimination of legal confusion, and the official endorsement of personal autonomy are some of the advantages of express legal permission for living organ donation. The authors note that, despite fundamental worldwide differences in cultural, philosophical, and legal traditions, an analysis of the
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worldwide legislative patterns demonstrates common underlying principles and, in general, a common approach to the ethical and social issues involved. The authors discuss informed consent, formal requirements for the donor's consent, minors and incompetents, donors in coercive situations, further consents required, recipient's informed consent, safety of donors, living non-related organ donation, and issues of commercialization. 49 references. •
Psychological Aspects in Living Organ Donation Source: in Collins, G.M., et al., eds. Procurement, Preservation and Allocation of Vascularized Organs. Dorwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1997. p. 325-330. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Order Department, Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. Fax (617) 871-6528. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 9792342992. Summary: At a time when there is an increasing shortage of postmortem (cadaver) organs that can be transplanted, living kidney transplantation has become a major treatment option for chronic renal disease. This chapter on the psychological aspects in living organ donation is from a text on the procurement, preservation, and allocation of vascularized organs. The author explores the impact of living kidney transplantation with the goal of determining whether and under which circumstances this treatment option can responsibly be recommended. The author first reviews some of the published research concerning the psychological impact of transplantation on the recipient and the donor, as well as on their relationship. The author also briefly considers the psychological impact of graft rejection. Very little research differentiates between patients who underwent postmortem versus living kidney transplantation. Research that explores the donor's perspective is nearly all from genetically related living donors. The author maintains that, despite a threatening commercialization of organ transplantation, in principle there are no legal or ethical reasons for an unqualified prohibition of non-related organ donation. The author concludes with brief recommendations for areas of future research, including dynamic contextual models, prospective longitudinal designs, and transplantation counseling. 34 references.
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Promoting Organ Donation Among Memorial Society Members Source: in Hardy, M.A., et al., eds. Psychosocial Aspects of End-Stage Renal Disease: Issues of Our Times. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. 1991 p. 139-150. Contact: Available from Haworth Press. 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. (607) 722-2493. PRICE: $32.95 plus $2.75 shipping and handling. ISBN: 1560241497. Summary: Memorial societies, nonprofit, nonsectarian volunteer organizations, are dedicated to education and consumer protection in all death-related activities. This chapter, from a book about the psychosocial aspects of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), discusses promoting organ donation among memorial society members. After a brief discussion of the donor organ shortage in the United States, the authors endorse greater family involvement by working with memorial societies in promoting organ donation. The authors list the advantages of greater involvement of memorial societies and then detail a study undertaken to measure the success of appealing to these groups. 2 tables. 9 references.
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Survey of Religious Attitudes Towards Organ Donation and Transplantation Source: in Collins, G.M., et al., eds. Procurement, Preservation and Allocation of Vascularized Organs. Dorwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1997. p. 333-338. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. Order Department, Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358. (617) 871-6600. Fax (617) 871-6528. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $275.00. ISBN: 9792342992. Summary: Questions regarding religious teachings on organ donation, particularly with respect to cadaver donation, are often raised. This chapter surveying religious attitudes toward organ donation is from a text on the procurement, preservation, and allocation of vascularized organs. The major monotheistic religions of the West (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), because of their shared origins, have similar conceptions of creation, of humans' relation to God, of the material and the spiritual, of the soul, of the sanctity of life, and of death and eschatology. Although religious discourse, sources (canonical literature), justifications, examples used, emphases, and lines of authority vary, all three religions in general support living organ donation, cadaver organ donation, and the establishment of death using brain-death criteria. All three generally accept that the diagnosis of physical death is best left to the physician. Hinduism and Buddhism both encourage living and postmortem organ donation. However, the tradition of Shinto, even though linked to Buddhist rituals, has not been able to encourage the development of cadaver organ donation in Japan; this may be a problem also in other traditions. The author discusses Islam in more detail, including the nature of disease and the obligation to seek treatment, qualities conducive to transplantation, Islamic law, rulings on transplantation by religious authorities, and xenotransplantation. 24 references.
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CHAPTER 6. MULTIMEDIA ON ORGAN DONATION Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on organ donation. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on organ donation is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “organ donation” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on organ donation: •
Organ Donation: A Dilemma for Black Americans Source: Chapel Hill, NC: Health Sciences Consortium. 1992. Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium (HSC). 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. PRICE: $195, HSC members $136.50. Order Number N911-VI-061. Summary: The need for organs to be used for transplantation far outweighs the supply. Black people in particular suffer a high incidence of kidney failure, but seem reluctant to donate organs. This videotape program addresses fears and misinformation concerning organ donation. Also shown are interviews with people who have received transplants and with those who are waiting for a transplant. (AA).
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Asking for Organ Donations Source: Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Medical Audio Visual Communications, Inc. 1994. (videocassette).
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Contact: Available from Medical Audio Visual Communications, Inc. Suite 240, 2315 Whirlpool Street, Niagara Falls, NY 14305. Or P.O. Box 84548, 2336 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario M6S 1TO, Canada. (800) 757-4868 or (905) 602-1160. Fax (905) 602-8720. PRICE: $350.00 (Canadian); contact producer for current price in American dollars. Summary: This videocassette on organ donation is one from a series of three programs that provides information for nurses and other medical personnel who are caring for a transplant patient. Approaching a family about organ donation can create a stressful situation for the nurse. The family needs to accept and comprehend the idea of brain death in a loved one. Because education is such an important first step, the video addresses the topic thoroughly. A depiction of a family and transplant team (chaplain, doctor, nurse, social worker) illustrates the nurse's role in the situation. In addition, basic information that the nurse needs to know is covered, such as facts on barriers to organ donation and criteria for organ and/or tissue donors. (AA-M). •
No Greater Love: Living Organ Donation Source: Memphis, TN: University of Tennessee. 1995. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Health Sciences Consortium. Distribution Department, 201 Silver Cedar Court, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-1517. (919) 942-8731. Fax (919) 942-3689. Email:
[email protected]. PRICE: $195.00 (nonmembers) or $146.25 (members). HSC catalog number N951-VI-070. Summary: This videotape is intended for use by organ donors and recipients and their families. It deals with living organ donation, specifically the kidney. Donors and their recipients are interviewed in this program and address questions directly related to their organ donation experience. Topics include the quality of life for the donor and recipient after the donation; related versus not-related donors and recipients; age considerations; and issues about longterm quality of life. The narrator, Nancy O'Keefe, was a dialysis nurse for 16 years who then became renal transplant coordinator for the University of Tennessee Medical Group. (AA-M).
Bibliography: Multimedia on Organ Donation The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in organ donation (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on organ donation: •
Organ donation [videorecording]: a dilemma for black Americans Source: sponsored by Transplantation Service, University Hospital, SUNY at Stony Brook, in cooperation with Howard University Transplant Center; Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; [Stony Brook, N.Y.]: Research Foundation, SUNY with support of Maternal and Child Health and Resources Development, Division of
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The Organ Donation Breakthrough Collaborative [electronic resource]: best practices final report Source: prepared by Clifford Goodman. [et al.]; Year: 2003; Format: Electronic resource; [Rockville, Md.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health
Multimedia 93
Resources and Services Administration, Office of Special Programs, Division of Transplantation, [2003]
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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ORGAN DONATION Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover organ donation.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on organ donation is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to organ donation. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “organ donation” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for organ donation: •
Romanian organ donor crisis blamed on govt Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 04, 2003
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Romanian organ donor crisis blamed on government Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 04, 2003
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Presumed-consent organ donation in Austria does not prevent shortages Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 26, 2003
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Organ donor registers may not be cost-effective Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 23, 2003
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U.S. legislators, interest groups divide over paying for organ donations Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 03, 2003
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U.S. lawmakers weigh payments for organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 03, 2003
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Organ donation may transmit Kaposi's sarcoma Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 07, 2003
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Info on recipients may spur organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 29, 2002
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Notion of financial incentives for organ donation raises controversy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 28, 2002
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Spain leads the world in per capita organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 26, 2002
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German doctors debate payment for organ donors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 20, 2002
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German doctors debate organ donor payments Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 20, 2002
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Medals, not money, recommended for US organ donors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 19, 2002
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Small donation to organ donors should be studied Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 2002
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Transplant surgeons urge pilot study of payment to defray organ donation cost Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 30, 2002
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Organ donations rise but still fail to meet need Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 23, 2002
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Organ donations rise but are still too low Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 23, 2002
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Mandatory organ donation seen as ethically preferable to consent system Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 12, 2002
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Maintaining cAMP levels may preserve lungs for organ donation Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 25, 2001
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Want to be an organ donor? Telling family is key Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 03, 2001
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Thompson announces national organ donor initiative Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 17, 2001
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Thompson announces national organ donation initiative Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 17, 2001
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HHS Secretary announces national organ donation initiative Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 17, 2001
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Total organ donations in US jumped more than 5% in 2000 Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2001
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Thompson urges hospitals to push organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 03, 2001
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Thompson urges hospitals to push organ donations Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 03, 2001
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Committee approves organ donor legislation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 28, 2001
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UK launches campaign to double organ donor register Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 27, 2001
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HHS plans organ donation awareness campaign Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 09, 2001
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US health secretary says organ donation a priority Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 02, 2001
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Transplant community issues consensus statement on live organ donation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 13, 2000
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Court rejects Wisconsin's organ donation suit Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 29, 2000
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UK group issues guidelines on organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 02, 2000
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Organ donations in US rise 4% in first half of year Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 2000
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Mothers of organ donors help others decide to donate Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 13, 2000
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HHS announces an increase in organ donations Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 12, 2000
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Mothers of organ donors help increase donation levels Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 28, 2000
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Altruistic organ donations may be among ways to expand organ pool Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 14, 2000
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World Medical Association will reconsider policy on presumed consent for organ donation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 10, 2000
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World Medical Association reconsiders policy on organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 10, 2000
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Current organ donation system failing sickest patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 14, 2000
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Gore announces new organ donor initiatives Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 27, 1999
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HHS to fund organ donation extramural program Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 01, 1999
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HHS to fund organ donation projects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 28, 1999
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Pennsylvania program ups organ donation Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 21, 1999
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Eastern Pennsylvania finds way to increase organ donation Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 1999
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Pennsylvania organ donation plan likely to face stiff opposition Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 10, 1999
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Pennsylvania to offer stipend to organ donors Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 07, 1999
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Number of organ donations increased in US in 1998 Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 20, 1999
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US organ donations up in 1998 Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 19, 1999
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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “organ donation” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to organ donation, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/)
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and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “organ donation” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Organ Donation Find newsletters on organ donation using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “organ donation.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
New Horizons Pre-Transplant Issues and Information Source: Kansas City, MO: Kidney Transplant Patient Partnering Program, Roche Laboratories. 1997. 5 p. Contact: Available from Kidney Transplant Patient Partnering Program. P.O. Box 16514, Kansas City, MO 64133. (800) 893-1995. Price: Free subscription. Summary: This newsletter is designed to provide spouses and other caregivers with information about kidney transplantation. The publication is based on the concept that family members who are informed about what's happening will be more understanding of the person undergoing the transplant and less fearful about the outcome. The newsletter is published three times per year and is part of the Kidney Transplant Patient Partnering Program (KTPPP), a free educational service of Roche Laboratories. This issue includes an article on coping as a caregiver, including practical suggestions for every day activities that can help caregivers and families get through this difficult time. Another article outlines the criteria of a 'healthy' living donor and the types of outpatient testing that any potential donor must undergo. Two additional articles cover how to take medications safely and accurately, and why it is important for everyone to promote organ donation awareness. One sidebar (perforated for removal from the newsletter) lists the instructional and patient support materials available from the KTPPP. The Kidney Transplant Patient Partnering Program was developed to help patients and their families understand and cope with the many physical and psychological issues that arise because of the kidney transplant process. (AA-M).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the
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search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on organ donation: •
Present Status of Renal Transplantation Source: AUA News. 2(1): 14, 16. January-February 1997. Contact: Available from AUA News. Williams and Wilkins, 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. Summary: This newsletter article updates readers about the present status of renal transplantation. Topics include the critical donor organ shortage; use of living related, living unrelated, and nonheart-beating donors; newer immunosuppressive regimens; and xenotransplantation. The current rate of organ procurement in the United States is 17 per million population with 30 to 50 cadaveric kidneys per million potentially available. Only half of the general population is willing to donate or consent to familial organ donation. Despite the low complication rate, only 32 percent of transplant centers used living unrelated donors in 1992, which represents a twofold increase from 1988. The 1-year graft survival rate is 86.5 percent compared to 79.8 and 90.9 percent for cadaveric graft and living related donor, respectively, yet 31 percent of centers do not present living unrelated donor as an option. Newer immunosuppressive drugs, including FK506 and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), can prolong graft survival. The major barrier to successful discordant xenotransplantation is hyperacute rejection (graft failure within minutes to hours because of preformed antibody deposition leading to vessel occlusion). The author concludes that the best way to address these renal transplantation issues is to prevent end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the first place.
Academic Periodicals covering Organ Donation Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to organ donation. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering organ donation that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute9: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
9
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.10 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
10 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 11 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “organ donation” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Guide to State Organ Transplant Activities in the United States Source: Rockville, MD: Public Health Service. 1990. 184 p. Contact: Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bureau of Health Resources Development, Parklawn Building, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 11A-22, Rockville, MD 20857. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: The purpose of this guidebook is to provide comprehensive, state-by-state profiles of public and private sector resources available to assist transplant candidates, recipients and their families, as well as potential organ donors. Section A of the guidebook provides a general introduction to the public programs and private organizations that currently assist in this area. Section B, organized by state, contains profiles that describe in more detail the nature of the resources that are available in each state to assist residents with organ donation and transplantation. This section explains how to gain access to these programs and who to contact for further information. Section B also includes the addresses and phone numbers of the medical transplant centers, tissue typing laboratories, and organ procurement organizations that exist in each state. The guide also may be useful for government officials, voluntary health organizations, organ procurement organizations, and health care providers.
•
Legal Techniques for Financial, Medical, and Personal Planning for Alzheimer's Families in New Hampshire Source: Concord, NH: New Hampshire Division of Elderly and Adult Services. January 1993. 13 p. Contact: Available from New Hampshire Division of Elderly and Adult Services. State Office Park South, 115 Pleasant Street, Annex I Building, Concord, NH 03301. (603) 2714687. PRICE: Free. Summary: This guide explores the legal techniques available in New Hampshire for financial and medical planning. In these areas, information is included on: financial decision-making devices (durable power of attorney; joint ownership; representative payee; conservatorship; trusts; gifts); and on health care planning (health care power of
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attorney; terminal care documents ('living will'); organ donation). The last section of the guide briefly describes some of the Medicaid program's financial eligibility rules in New Hampshire (spousal income allowance; spousal resource allowance; the home; transfer of property). •
Annual Report on the U.S. Scientific Registry for Organ Transplantation and the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Source: Richmond, VA: UNOS. 1990. 163 p. Contact: Available from UNOS United Network for Organ Sharing. Rebecca Woddell, Research and Policy Department, 1100 Boulders Parkway, Suite 500, P.O Box 13770, Richmond, VA 23225. (804) 330-8500. PRICE: $10. Summary: This report provides data reported by all organ transplant programs, histocompatibility laboratories, and organ procurement organizations throughout the U.S. on all types of organ transplants for the years 1988 and 1989. Sections include an executive summary, data on organ donation and procurement, the national transplant waiting list, transplantation, transplant outcomes, and organ disposition. Heart-lung, liver, pancreas, and kidney transplants are included. Extensive figures and tables illustrate the statistical data provided. Eleven appendixes reproduce some of the raw data.
•
Transplantation White Paper: Current Statistical Information About Transplantation in America Source: Washington, DC: Annenberg Washington Program. 1991. 18 p. Contact: Available from Annenberg Washington Program. 1455 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. The Williard Office Building, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20004. (202) 393-7100. PRICE: Single copy free; more than 20 copies, $1 each, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This White Paper report represents the joint efforts of the Annenberg Washington Program and the United Network for Organ Sharing to disseminate as widely as possible current, accurate information about organ and tissue transplantation. Designed primarily as a means to get information to the press, the report presents statistics on current transplant practice, the number of transplants, the one-year survival rates, the number of people on waiting lists, the organ procurement and transplantation network, organ donation, allocation of organs and tissues, the costs of transplantation, Medicaid coverage for organ transplants, and private insurance transplant coverage. The report concludes with a list of the contact information for eight organizations that can provide further information for the reader. 10 figures.
The NLM Gateway12 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.13 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. 12 13
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 7584 1212 521 14 5 9336
HSTAT14 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.15 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.16 Simply search by “organ donation” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists17 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.18 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.19 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for
14
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
15
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
16
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 17 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 18 The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 19 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on organ donation can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to organ donation. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to organ donation. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “organ donation”:
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•
Other guides Bone Marrow Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonemarrowtransplantation.html Heart Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hearttransplantation.html Liver Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/livertransplantation.html Lung Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungtransplantation.html Organ Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/organtransplantation.html Pancreas Transplantation http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/pancreastransplantation.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to organ donation, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Organ Donation and Transplantation Source: National Women's Health Information Center http://www.4woman.gov/faq/organ_donation.htm
•
Coping Donor Family Network Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/0%2C1082%2C0_538_%2C00.html
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Body Donation Source: Living Bank http://www.livingbank.org/bodydonation.html Dental Allograft Program Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/0%2C1082%2C0_539_%2C00.html Eye Donation and Corneal Transplantation: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers Source: Eye Bank Association of America http://www.restoresight.org/general/faqs.htm Hispanics Giving Hope Source: National Marrow Donor Program http://www.marrow.org/NMDP/hgh_english.html Myths about Organ Donation and Transplantation Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration http://www.organdonor.gov/myth.html
Patient Resources
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Organ/Tissue Donation: Statements from Various Religions Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/donate/tissue/relgstmt.html Questions and Answers on Living Donation Source: National Kidney Foundation http://www.kidney.org/recips/livingdonors/infoQA.cfm Steps of Marrow and PBSC (Peripheral Blood Stem Cell) Donation Source: National Marrow Donor Program http://www.marrow.org/DONOR/steps_of_donation.html Tissue Donation Process Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/0%2C1082%2C0_536_%2C00.html Tissue Services FAQ Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/faq/0%2C1096%2C0_105_%2C00.html Uniform Donor Card Source: American Medical Association http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/2112-2868.html What Is Tissue Donation? Source: American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/services/biomed/0%2C1082%2C0_535_%2C00.html •
Organizations American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org/ Eye Bank Association of America http://www.restoresight.org/ National Marrow Donor Program http://www.marrow.org/ National Organ and Tissue Donation Initiative Source: Dept. of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration http://www.organdonor.gov United Network for Organ Sharing http://www.transplantliving.org/
•
Research Organ Donations Increase When Families Have Good Information about the Donation Process Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality http://www.ahrq.gov/news/press/pr2001/organpr.htm
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•
Statistics 25 Facts about Organ Donation and Transplantation Source: National Kidney Foundation http://www.kidney.org/general/news/factsheet.cfm?id=30 Organ Facts Source: United Network for Organ Sharing http://www.transplantliving.org/OrganFacts/default.aspx
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on organ donation. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Organ Donation: Have You Thought About It? Source: Montreal, Quebec: Kidney Foundation of Canada. 199x. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Kidney Foundation of Canada. 300-5165, rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, QC H4A 1T6. (514) 369-4806. Fax (514) 369-2472. Website: www.kidney.ca. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure answers questions that readers have when they consider becoming an organ donor. Topics include the job of the kidneys (to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood); dialysis treatments and how they work; the success of kidney transplants; cost considerations; who can become an organ donor; the support of major religions for organ donation (all major religions accept organ donation as a gift of life to another person); concerns about the medical care given to people who have already signed a donor card; the need for donated kidneys; where kidneys for transplantation come from; how cadaveric donations happen; which organs and tissues can be donated (kidneys, eyes, heart, heart valves, lungs, liver, pancreas, bone, bone marrow, tendons, skin); and how to become an organ donor. The brochure emphasizes that organ donation is a personal decision, but that readers should educate themselves about the issues in order to make an informed choice. At the conclusion is a brief description of the Kidney Foundation of Canada, including patient services and public education programs.
Patient Resources
•
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Organ Donation: New Issues, New Controversies, Facts and Figures. News Briefings for Science Writers on Transplantation, Dialysis and Kidney Research (memorandum) Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, Inc. March 26-27, 1990. 20 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010 or (212) 889-2210. Summary: This technical paper prepared for the National Kidney Foundation's 1990 science writers news briefing on transplantation, dialysis, and kidney/urology research attempts to quantify the problem of need and supply as it applies to kidney transplantation. After providing an overview of the current level of kidney transplant activity in the United States, the author summarizes estimates of the actual need for kidney transplantation and identifies various factors that have contributed to the increased need for donor organs. The author then provides estimates of the actual as well as the potential supply of donor organs. Included in this discussion are some thoughts on what factors constrain donor supply and other factors that might well enhance donor availability. The paper concludes with a few ideas as to what the future might hold. Numerous tables and figures are included.
•
Fact Sheet: Thirty Facts About Organ Donation and Transplantation Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation. 1990. 5 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (212) 889-2210 or (800) 622-9010. PRICE: Free. Summary: While the success rates for transplant surgery have improved remarkably, growing shortages exist in the supply of organs and tissues available for transplantation. This fact sheet presents 30 facts about organ donation and transplantation. Learning more about organ and tissue donation will help every American to make an informed decision about this important issue. The facts presented include information about appropriate donor age; how many recipients could be helped by donor organs; which organs are appropriate for donation; the National Organ Procurement Transplantation Network; legislation on protocols for requesting donations; kidney transplantation facts and figures; the role of immunosuppressive drugs; statistics for other transplants, including heart, heart-lung, pancreas, cornea, bone marrow, skin, and bone graft; and the psychological and religious implications of organ donation. A brief closing section reports on the goals and activities of the National Kidney Foundation. Healthfinder™
Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
AMA Science Summary: This section links to various pages on the American Medical Association site dealing with genetics, infectious diseases, and organ donation. Source: American Medical Association http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7395
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•
FAQ - About Organ Donation Summary: This site provides answers to common questions and concerns from the general public on becoming a donor. Include moral and ethical issues, and minority participation. Source: Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=889
•
Organ Donation Web Site Summary: Administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), this site provides information and resources on organ donation and transplantation issues. Source: Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1386
•
Solid Organ Transplantation: Glossary Of Terms Summary: This glossary defines key terms used in the bone marrow and organ donation and transplant arena, and is designed to simplify complex scientific terms. Source: Office of Special Programs, Health Resources and Services Administration http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=888
•
Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Transplantation Summary: This fact sheet explains how transplantation works, the process itself, posttransplant care, financial issues, and organ donation. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6543 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to organ donation. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
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Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to organ donation. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with organ donation. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about organ donation. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “organ donation” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received
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your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “organ donation”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “organ donation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “organ donation” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.20
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
20
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)21: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
21
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
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•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
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ORGAN DONATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allografts: A graft of tissue obtained from the body of another animal of the same species but with genotype differing from that of the recipient; tissue graft from a donor of one genotype to a host of another genotype with host and donor being members of the same species. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Altruism: Consideration and concern for other people, as opposed to self-love or egoism, which can be a motivating influence. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anthropology: The science devoted to the comparative study of man. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a
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specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bereavement: Refers to the whole process of grieving and mourning and is associated with a deep sense of loss and sadness. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Atresia: Atresia of the biliary tract, most commonly of the extrahepatic bile ducts. [NIH]
Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of
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tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Burial: The act or ceremony of putting a corpse into the ground or a vault, or into the sea. The custom of burial is primeval and omnipresent in all cultures and civilizations, generally accompanied by ceremonial rites. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Canonical: A particular nucleotide sequence in which each position represents the base more often found when many actual sequences of a given class of genetic elements are compared. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU]
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Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Child Custody: The formally authorized guardianship or care of a child. [NIH] Cholangitis: Inflammation of a bile duct. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the
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classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneal Transplantation: Partial or total replacement of the cornea from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments,
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etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or crisis. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH]
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Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emergency Nursing: The specialty or practice of nursing in the care of patients admitted to the emergency department. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Eye Banks: Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH]
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Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallstones: The solid masses or stones made of cholesterol or bilirubin that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Graft Survival: The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Handicap: A handicap occurs as a result of disability, but disability does not always constitute a handicap. A handicap may be said to exist when a disability causes a substantial and continuing reduction in a person's capacity to function socially and vocationally. [NIH]
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Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Hemochromatosis: A disease that occurs when the body absorbs too much iron. The body stores the excess iron in the liver, pancreas, and other organs. May cause cirrhosis of the liver. Also called iron overload disease. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histocompatibility: The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormonal therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called hormone therapy or endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Hospice: Institution dedicated to caring for the terminally ill. [NIH] Hospital Units: Those areas of the hospital organization not considered departments which provide specialized patient care. They include various hospital special care wards. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount
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of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]
effects
of
foreign
Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]
Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infection Control: Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. [NIH] Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
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Intensive Care Units: Hospital units providing continuous surveillance and care to acutely ill patients. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils,
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and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]
Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Living will: A health care directive that tells others how a person would like to be treated if they lose their capacity to make decisions about health care; it contains instructions about the person's choices of medical treatment and it is prepared in advance. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Lung Transplantation: The transference of either one or both of the lungs from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membranes: Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that
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cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Minority Groups: A subgroup having special characteristics within a larger group, often bound together by special ties which distinguish it from the larger group. [NIH] Mitral Valve: The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart. [NIH] Mitral Valve Prolapse: Abnormal protrusion of one or both of the leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during systole. This may be accompanied by mitral regurgitation, systolic murmur, nonejection click, or cardiac arrhythmia. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nephrology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Organ Preservation: The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism). [NIH] Organ Procurement: The administrative procedures involved with acquiring organs for transplantation through various programs, systems, or organizations. It includes obtaining consent and arranging for transportation of donor organs, after tissue harvesting, to the hospital for processing and transplant. [NIH]
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Organ Transplantation: Transference of an organ between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pastoral Care: Counseling or comfort given by ministers, priests, rabbis, etc., to those in need of help with emotional problems or stressful situations. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pensions: Fixed sums paid regularly to individuals. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation
Dictionary 143
of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Presumed Consent: An institutional policy of granting authority to health personnel to perform procedures on patients or to remove organs from cadavers for transplantation unless an objection is registered by family members or by the patient prior to death. This also includes emergency care of minors without prior parental consent. [NIH] Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease. Slowly destroys the bile ducts in the liver. This prevents release of bile. Long-term irritation of the liver may cause scarring and cirrhosis in later stages of the disease. [NIH] Private Sector: That distinct portion of the institutional, industrial, or economic structure of a country that is controlled or owned by non-governmental, private interests. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Opinion: The attitude of a significant portion of a population toward any given proposition, based upon a measurable amount of factual evidence, and involving some
144 Organ Donation
degree of reflection, analysis, and reasoning. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another,
Dictionary 145
all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin graft: Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with mental processes operating in social groups. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU]
146 Organ Donation
Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Superstitions: A belief or practice which lacks adequate basis for proof; an embodiment of fear of the unknown, magic, and ignorance. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systole: Period of contraction of the heart, especially of the ventricles. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Terminal Care: Medical and nursing care of patients in the terminal stage of an illness. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Banks: Centers for acquiring, characterizing, and storing organs or tissue for future use. [NIH] Tissue Donors: Individuals suppling living tissue, organs, cells, blood or blood components for transfer or transplantation to histocompatible recipients. [NIH] Tissue Harvesting: The removal of organs or tissue for reuse, for example, for
Dictionary 147
transplantation. [NIH] Tissue Transplantation: Transference of tissue within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trauma Centers: Specialized hospital facilities which provide diagnostic and therapeutic services for trauma patients. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urology: A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes and the genital tract in the male. It includes the specialty of andrology which addresses both male genital diseases and male infertility. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]
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Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinarians: Individuals with a degree in veterinary medicine that provides them with training and qualifications to treat diseases and injuries of animals. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Waiting Lists: Prospective patient listings for appointments. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH]
149
INDEX A Abdominal, 80, 129, 142 ACE, 129 Acetaminophen, 84, 129 Adverse Effect, 129, 145 Algorithms, 129, 131 Allogeneic, 129, 136 Allografts, 129, 137 Alternative medicine, 84, 99, 129 Altruism, 24, 57, 59, 129 Alveoli, 129, 148 Amino Acid Sequence, 129 Anal, 129, 135 Analgesic, 129 Anthropology, 82, 129 Antibodies, 10, 129, 142 Antibody, 101, 129, 130, 132, 138 Antigen, 129, 132, 138 Anti-inflammatory, 129, 130 Antipyretic, 129, 130 Anuria, 130, 139 Aorta, 130, 137, 148 Aqueous, 130 Arrhythmia, 130, 141 Arterial, 130, 138, 143, 146 Arteries, 130, 131, 134, 137, 140 Atrium, 130, 141, 148 Atypical, 6, 130 Autopsy, 81, 130 B Bacteria, 130, 140, 145, 147 Base, 5, 8, 130, 131, 139 Bereavement, 5, 55, 83, 130 Bewilderment, 130, 133 Bile, 130, 132, 136, 139, 140, 143 Bile Ducts, 130, 136, 143 Bile Pigments, 130, 139 Biliary, 84, 130 Biliary Atresia, 84, 130 Biliary Tract, 130 Bilirubin, 130, 136, 138 Biopsy, 84, 130 Biotechnology, 22, 86, 99, 107, 131 Bladder, 131, 143, 147 Blood pressure, 80, 131, 138, 141 Blood vessel, 129, 131, 132, 135, 145, 146, 148 Body Fluids, 131, 135, 147
Bone Marrow, 11, 20, 114, 116, 117, 118, 131, 136, 140 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 20, 114, 131 Brain Stem, 45, 131 Branch, 125, 131, 142, 143, 145, 146 Burial, 81, 131 C Cadaver, 9, 11, 15, 28, 37, 41, 44, 71, 80, 88, 89, 131 Canonical, 89, 131 Carcinogenic, 131, 138 Cardiac, 11, 33, 40, 131, 141 Cardiac arrest, 11, 131 Causal, 131, 135 Cause of Death, 14, 131 Cell, 115, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135, 138, 139, 141, 144, 148 Central Nervous System, 11, 131, 143 Cerebral, 37, 55, 131, 132 Cerebral hemispheres, 131, 132 Cerebrovascular, 11, 132 Cerebrum, 131, 132 Child Care, 15, 132 Child Custody, 82, 132 Cholangitis, 84, 132 Cholesterol, 130, 132, 136 Chronic, 88, 132, 135, 138, 139, 143, 146 Chronic renal, 88, 132, 143 Clinical trial, 15, 107, 132, 133, 142, 143, 144 Cloning, 131, 132 Cofactor, 132, 143 Cohort Studies, 132, 135 Complement, 132, 133 Complementary and alternative medicine, 69, 76, 133 Complementary medicine, 69, 133 Computational Biology, 107, 133 Conception, 133 Confusion, 87, 133, 134, 147 Connective Tissue, 131, 133, 145 Consultation, 30, 133 Consumption, 133, 134, 144 Contraception, 83, 133 Contraceptive, 80, 133 Contraindications, ii, 133 Control group, 15, 133
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Coordination, 9, 14, 31, 36, 71, 133 Cornea, 41, 117, 133 Corneal Transplantation, 16, 114, 133 Coronary, 133, 134, 140 Coronary Thrombosis, 134, 140 Critical Care, 4, 5, 13, 14, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 39, 45, 46, 50, 53, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63, 73, 74, 77, 134 Cross-Sectional Studies, 134, 135 Curative, 134, 146 D Databases, Bibliographic, 107, 134 Decision Making, 5, 6, 134 Degenerative, 134, 137 Delivery of Health Care, 16, 134 Developing Countries, 72, 134 Diagnostic procedure, 99, 134 Diastolic, 134, 138 Digestion, 130, 134, 140, 146 Direct, iii, 134, 144 Discrimination, 80, 134 Disorientation, 133, 134 Disparity, 4, 13, 134 Disposition, 12, 109, 134 Dissection, 21, 134 Drive, ii, vi, 5, 11, 65, 83, 134 Drug Interactions, 134 Duct, 132, 135 E Efficacy, 12, 16, 19, 78, 135 Electrolytes, 130, 135, 139 Electrons, 130, 135, 139 Emergency Nursing, 73, 75, 135 Endothelial cell, 16, 135 End-stage renal, 7, 9, 88, 101, 132, 135, 143 Environmental Health, 106, 108, 135 Enzyme, 129, 135 Epidemiologic Studies, 16, 135 Epigastric, 135, 142 Erythrocytes, 131, 135 Ethnic Groups, 7, 30, 40, 135 Excrete, 130, 135, 139 Exocrine, 135, 142 Eye Banks, 16, 135 F Facial, 21, 135 Family Planning, 107, 135 Fat, 131, 135, 145 Fatigue, 5, 135 Fatty Liver, 84, 135 Forearm, 131, 136
G Galactosemia, 84, 136 Gallbladder, 129, 130, 136 Gallstones, 84, 136 Gas, 136, 137, 148 Gas exchange, 136, 148 Gastrin, 136, 137 Gastrointestinal, 136, 147 Gastrointestinal tract, 136, 147 Gene, 86, 131, 136 Genetics, 117, 136 Genital, 136, 147 Gland, 136, 142, 143, 146 Glomerular, 136, 139, 144 Glucose, 136 Governing Board, 136, 143 Graft, 15, 16, 17, 18, 88, 101, 117, 129, 136, 137, 141 Graft Rejection, 88, 136 Graft Survival, 17, 18, 101, 136 Graft-versus-host disease, 136, 141 Growth, 8, 134, 136, 140, 141, 146 H Handicap, 80, 136 Health Education, 15, 45, 83, 137 Health Services, 50, 85, 134, 137 Heart Valves, 116, 137 Hemochromatosis, 84, 137 Hemodialysis, 137, 139 Hemorrhage, 11, 137 Hepatic, 21, 137 Hepatitis, 83, 137 Hepatocytes, 137 Hereditary, 84, 137 Heredity, 136, 137 Histocompatibility, 109, 137 Hormonal, 66, 137 Hormonal therapy, 66, 137 Hormone, 66, 136, 137, 146 Hormone therapy, 137 Hospice, 83, 137 Hospital Units, 12, 137 Host, 129, 136, 137 Humoral, 136, 137 Hydrogen, 130, 137, 141 Hyperbilirubinemia, 137, 139 Hypertension, 80, 138 I Id, 67, 75, 116, 119, 124, 126, 138 Immune response, 130, 136, 138, 148 Immune system, 138, 147, 148 Immunity, 48, 138
Index 151
Immunodeficiency, 41, 80, 83, 138 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 80, 138 Immunoglobulin, 10, 129, 138 Immunosuppressive, 101, 117, 138 Indicative, 84, 138, 142, 148 Infarction, 134, 138, 140 Infection, 80, 83, 138, 140, 146, 148 Infection Control, 81, 138 Infertility, 138, 147 Informed Consent, 5, 88, 138 Ingestion, 138, 140, 142 Inhalation, 11, 138, 142 Initiation, 6, 138 Inlay, 138, 144 Intensive Care, 5, 6, 22, 27, 62, 66, 72, 80, 138, 139 Intensive Care Units, 5, 22, 80, 139 Internal Medicine, 19, 28, 36, 47, 48, 49, 63, 70, 139, 141 Interstitial, 139, 144 Intestines, 129, 136, 139 Intracellular, 138, 139 Intravenous, 10, 139 Invasive, 138, 139 Ions, 130, 135, 137, 139 Iris, 133, 139, 144 J Jaundice, 84, 138, 139 Joint, 82, 108, 109, 139 K Kb, 106, 139 Kidney Disease, 5, 35, 63, 79, 106, 118, 139 Kidney Failure, 91, 118, 135, 139 Kidney Failure, Acute, 139 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 139 Kidney Transplantation, 15, 80, 88, 100, 117, 139 L Leukocytes, 131, 139 Library Services, 124, 140 Liver, 11, 13, 21, 51, 59, 83, 109, 114, 116, 129, 130, 135, 136, 137, 140, 143 Liver cancer, 83, 140 Liver Transplantation, 59, 83, 114, 140 Living will, 48, 82, 83, 109, 140 Localized, 138, 140 Lung Transplantation, 13, 40, 51, 114, 140 Lymph, 135, 140 Lymphatic, 138, 140 Lymphoid, 129, 140 M Malignant, 140, 141, 145
Medical Records, 140, 145 MEDLINE, 107, 140 Membranes, 139, 140 Meninges, 131, 140 Mental Disorders, 140, 143 Mental Health, iv, 14, 83, 106, 110, 140, 143 Mental Health Services, iv, 14, 83, 110, 140 Mental Processes, 140, 143, 145 Methanol, 37, 140 MI, 83, 86, 127, 140 Microbiology, 130, 140 Microscopy, 16, 140 Minority Groups, 12, 16, 141 Mitral Valve, 80, 141 Mitral Valve Prolapse, 80, 141 Modeling, 19, 141 Modification, 12, 141, 144 Molecular, 107, 110, 131, 133, 141 Molecule, 130, 132, 141 Monitor, 62, 141 Mycophenolate mofetil, 101, 141 Myocardium, 140, 141 N Necrosis, 138, 140, 141 Need, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 43, 55, 79, 83, 87, 91, 96, 100, 108, 116, 117, 120, 132, 141, 142 Neoplasm, 141, 145 Nephrology, 6, 8, 10, 13, 23, 36, 50, 54, 61, 73, 141 Nephropathy, 139, 141 Nervous System, 131, 141 Neurologic, 11, 21, 141 Nursing Care, 141, 146 O Oliguria, 139, 141 Organ Preservation, 17, 18, 80, 141 Organ Procurement, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 19, 39, 51, 57, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 101, 108, 109, 117, 141 Organ Transplantation, 4, 23, 24, 39, 40, 51, 69, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82, 88, 109, 114, 118, 142 Outpatient, 100, 142 Overdose, 11, 142 Ownership, 82, 108, 142 P Palliative, 142, 146 Pancreas, 11, 13, 109, 114, 116, 117, 129, 137, 142, 147 Pastoral Care, 70, 73, 142
152 Organ Donation
Pathogenesis, 21, 142 Pathologic, 21, 130, 134, 137, 142 Patient Education, 48, 116, 122, 124, 127, 142 Patient Selection, 8, 82, 142 Pensions, 82, 142 Perception, 5, 19, 142 Pharmacologic, 142, 147 Physiologic, 80, 142 Physiology, 80, 141, 142 Pilot study, 70, 96, 142 Plasma, 129, 139, 142 Plasma cells, 129, 142 Plasmapheresis, 10, 142 Poisoning, 37, 142 Polycystic, 79, 143 Pons, 131, 143 Posterior, 129, 139, 142, 143 Practice Guidelines, 13, 110, 143 Presumed Consent, 4, 8, 11, 28, 43, 54, 57, 98, 143 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 84, 143 Private Sector, 9, 108, 143 Progressive, 81, 132, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144 Prostate, 143, 147 Protein S, 86, 131, 143 Protocol, 16, 52, 143 Psychiatric, 21, 140, 143 Psychiatry, 20, 82, 143, 148 Psychology, 17, 58, 63, 74, 143, 145 Public Health, 3, 6, 21, 61, 85, 87, 108, 110, 143 Public Opinion, 56, 143 Public Policy, 9, 73, 107, 144 Publishing, 22, 46, 53, 144 Pulmonary, 131, 133, 137, 139, 144, 148 Pulmonary Artery, 131, 144, 148 Pulmonary Edema, 139, 144 Pulse, 141, 144 Pupil, 133, 144 Q Quality of Life, 39, 92, 144 R Race, 3, 6, 14, 16, 43, 56, 60, 61, 144 Randomized, 15, 135, 144 Receptivity, 7, 144 Refer, 1, 132, 144 Regimen, 135, 144 Regurgitation, 137, 141, 144 Renal failure, 9, 17, 18, 144 Respiration, 141, 144 Respiratory Physiology, 144, 148
Restoration, 16, 144 Retinal, 134, 144 Retrospective, 12, 48, 145 Retrospective study, 48, 145 Risk factor, 84, 135, 145 S Sarcoma, 96, 145 Screening, 80, 132, 145 Self Care, 79, 145 Sepsis, 33, 145 Shock, 145, 147 Side effect, 129, 145, 147 Skeleton, 139, 145 Skin graft, 21, 145 Small intestine, 130, 137, 139, 145 Social Environment, 144, 145 Social psychology, 82, 145 Social Work, 6, 78, 92, 145 Soft tissue, 131, 145 Solvent, 140, 145 Specialist, 19, 119, 145 Species, 129, 142, 144, 145, 147 Spinal cord, 131, 132, 140, 141, 146 Steatosis, 135, 146 Stimulus, 134, 146 Stomach, 129, 136, 137, 139, 145, 146 Stress, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 146 Subacute, 138, 146 Subarachnoid, 11, 146 Subclinical, 138, 146 Superstitions, 6, 146 Support group, 84, 146 Survival Rate, 109, 146 Systemic, 130, 131, 138, 146 Systole, 141, 146 Systolic, 138, 141, 146 T Terminal Care, 109, 146 Therapeutics, 146 Thoracic, 80, 146, 148 Threshold, 138, 146 Thrombosis, 143, 146 Thyroid, 66, 146 Tissue Banks, 22, 146 Tissue Donors, 92, 146 Tissue Harvesting, 141, 146 Tissue Transplantation, 109, 147 Toxic, iv, 138, 140, 147 Toxicity, 134, 147 Toxicology, 108, 147 Toxins, 130, 138, 147 Trachea, 146, 147
Index 153
Transfection, 131, 147 Trauma, 11, 12, 20, 33, 34, 41, 45, 141, 147 Trauma Centers, 41, 147 Tumor marker, 84, 147 U Unconscious, 138, 147 Uremia, 139, 144, 147 Urethra, 143, 147 Urinary, 141, 147 Urinary tract, 147 Urine, 80, 130, 131, 139, 141, 147 Urology, 117, 147 V Vaccine, 143, 147
Vascular, 85, 138, 148 Vein, 139, 148 Venous, 143, 148 Ventilation, 34, 148 Ventricle, 141, 144, 146, 148 Veterinarians, 81, 148 Veterinary Medicine, 107, 148 Virus, 41, 80, 83, 148 W Waiting Lists, 109, 148 War, 38, 137, 148 White blood cell, 129, 139, 140, 142, 148 Windpipe, 146, 148
154 Organ Donation
Index 155
156 Organ Donation
